Journal articles: 'Greek Americans – Ethnic identity'

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Constantinou, Stavros T., Milton E. Harvey, and Karen H. Larwin. "Development and Validation of an Adult Greek-American Identity Scale." Journal of Methods and Measurement in the Social Sciences 8, no. 1 (February 28, 2018): 20–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v8i1.22020.

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The current investigation demonstrates the development of an identity instrument, specifically for the measurement of Greek-American ethnic identity: the Adult Greek-American Identity Scale (AGIS). This scale construct validity was assessed with data collected from six Greek Orthodox parishes in northeastern Ohio. As an expansion of earlier research, this study demonstrates that the Greek-American Identity Scale successfully captures the salient elements of this complex and multifaceted phenomenon under four constructs: Ethos, Network, Diaspora, and Attitude. This study makes contributions to three areas of ethnic studies. First, it contributes to the literature on Greek-Americans, a small and understudied ethnic group. Second, this study provides an example of scale development which, although ethnic group specific, can be modified and applied to other ethnic groups. Third, this study makes a contribution to the growing literature that uses structural equation modeling (SEM) in the study of ethnic identity.

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Isaac, Jeffrey C. "Immigration Politics." Perspectives on Politics 9, no. 3 (September 2011): 501–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s153759271100288x.

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“You are a Greek Jew? I thought all Greeks were Orthodox?” As a Jewish-American growing up in New York City, whose paternal grandparents were Jews who had emigrated from Greece in the 1920s, I was frequently asked this question by well-meaning—if confused—friends and acquaintances. Indeed, while “Greek Jew” has always been a central aspect of my multiply-hyphenated American identity, in fact my grandfather Morris Isaac, né Izaki, was from Salonika and, it turns out, he himself grew up as a Turkish Jew under the Ottoman Empire, only to discover after World War I that he was in fact (now) not a Turkish but a Greek Jew (which was not, in the parlance of his time, synonymous with being an authentic “Greek”). Greek (Orthodox) or Jewish? Greek or Turkish? Pogroms, wars, “ethnic cleansings,” and sometimes even genocides have been undertaken to resolve such questions, and indeed my ancestors experienced all of these things in the opening decades of the twentieth century. For my family, such traumas are part of the story of how my grandparents came to leave Greece and migrate to the US and become Americans and US citizens (alas, many of their relatives were not able to leave, and most ultimately perished at the hands of the Nazis).

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Roback, Jennifer. "Plural but Equal: Group Identity and Voluntary Integration." Social Philosophy and Policy 8, no. 2 (1991): 60–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052500001138.

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During this period, when disciples were growing in number, a grievance arose on the part of those who spoke Greek, against those who spoke the language of the Jews; they complained that their widows were being overlooked in the daily distribution.When Americans think of ethnic conflict, conflict between blacks and whites comes to mind most immediately. Yet ethnic conflict is pervasive around the world. Azerbijanis and Turks in the Soviet Union; Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland; Arabs and Jews in the Middle East; Maoris and English settlers in New Zealand; Muslims and Hindus in India and Pakistan; French and English speakers in Quebec; Africans, Afrikaaners, and mixed-race people in South Africa, in addition to the tribal warfare among the Africans themselves: these are just a few of the more obvious conflicts currently in the news. We observe an even more dizzying array of ethnic conflicts if we look back just a few years. Japanese and Koreans; Mongols and Chinese; Serbs and Croats; Christians and Buddhists in Viet Nam: these ancient antagonisms are not immediately in the news, but they could erupt at any time. And the history of the early Christian Church recounted in the Acts of the Apostles reminds us that suspicion among ethnic groups is not a modern phenomenon; rather, it is ancient.The present paper seeks to address the problem of ethnic conflict in modern western democracies. How can our tools and traditions of participatory governments, relatively free markets, and the common law contribute to some resolution of the ancient problems that we find within our midst? In particular, I want to focus here on the question of ethnic integration.

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Iancu, Anca-Luminiţa. "“Nice Greek Girls Are Supposed to Marry Greek Boys … and Feed Everyone”: Food, Gender, and Ethnicity in My Big Fat Greek Wedding (2002)." East-West Cultural Passage 21, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 71–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ewcp-2021-0005.

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Abstract My Big Fat Greek Wedding (2002) captures the complex life of a Greek-American family and the struggles of the main protagonist, Toula Portokalos, to reconcile her own desires as a second-generation immigrant with those of her ethnic parents, especially in terms of gender roles and expectations. In the movie, Toula's journey towards self-discovery as a confident woman is peppered with food references, as food represents an essential “ingredient” that brings and holds the family together. Therefore, this essay sets out to examine how food practices and choices are both a reflection of ethnic identity and of conflicting generational beliefs about gender roles and expectations in the traditional family portrayed in My Big Fat Greek Wedding.

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Stalikas, Anastassios, and Efie Gavaki. "The Importance of Ethnic Identity: Self-Esteem and Academic Achievement of Second-Generation Greeks in Secondary School." Canadian Journal of School Psychology 11, no. 1 (December 1995): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/082957359501100102.

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One of the variables that has recently attracted the attention of researchers is that of ethnicity. However, most studies have been conducted in an American social context and with populations prominent in the USA. Very few studies have been conducted to examine ethnicity in a Canadian context and with an ethnic group that is prominent in Canada. This study has been conducted to examine the relationship between ethnic identity, self-esteem, and academic achievement in second-generation Greek-Canadian secondary schoolchildren. The results indicated that a strong and positive relationship exists between the three variables and that a positive ethnic identity is related to better self-esteem and higher academic achievement. Implications for schools, education, and policy are discussed.

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Mingo, Chivon. "BLACK GREEK LETTER ORGANIZATIONS: FACILITATING HEALTH PROMOTION FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS ACROSS THE LIFECOURSE." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.1429.

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Abstract African Americans remain underrepresented in accessing and utilizing evidenced-based health promotion interventions (EBIs). Challenges with dissemination and implementation of EBIs further corroborate existing racial/ethnic health/healthcare disparities. Therefore, there is a need to identify effective ways to increase the widespread adoption of health promotion behaviors among African Americans across the life course. It is plausible that engaging in non-traditional partnerships (i.e., community groups or organizations valued in the community with the capacity and infrastructure) could result in greater adoption and improved utilization of EBIs among African Americans. Although frequently overlooked as a study variable in empirically sound public health research, Black Greek Letter Organizations (BGLO) could be an innovative and practical approach to advancing health in the African American community. It is necessary to gain preliminary evidence of feasibility (e.g., motivation, target population reach, acceptability, ). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to conduct a content analysis to identify the intentions and communication trends of BGLOs as it pertains to public health and the African American community and assess population reach and perceptions by evaluating responses to communication specific to health promotion.We assessed health promotion patterns of four BGLOs in a ten-county metropolitan area. Coded content included communication via the organization’s webpage, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Instagram, and LinkedIn from a five-year time period. Findings confirm that BLGOs are invested in the health and well-being of the community, place emphasis on mitigating health inequities, and are uniquely positioned to serve as stakeholders for the translation of EBIs to end-users.

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Mingo, Chivon. "BLACK GREEK LETTER ORGANIZATIONS: FACILITATING HEALTH PROMOTION FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS ACROSS THE LIFECOURSE." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 496–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.1907.

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Abstract African Americans remain underrepresented in accessing and utilizing evidenced-based health promotion interventions (EBIs). Challenges with dissemination and implementation of EBIs further corroborate existing racial/ethnic health/healthcare disparities. Therefore, there is a need to identify effective ways to increase the widespread adoption of health promotion behaviors among African Americans across the life course. It is plausible that engaging in non-traditional partnerships (i.e., community groups or organizations valued in the community with the capacity and infrastructure) could result in greater adoption and improved utilization of EBIs among African Americans. Although frequently overlooked as a study variable in empirically sound public health research, Black Greek Letter Organizations (BGLO) could be an innovative and practical approach to advancing health in the African American community. It is necessary to gain preliminary evidence of feasibility (e.g., motivation, target population reach, acceptability, ). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to conduct a content analysis to identify the intentions and communication trends of BGLOs as it pertains to public health and the African American community and assess population reach and perceptions by evaluating responses to communication specific to health promotion.We assessed health promotion patterns of four BGLOs in a ten-county metropolitan area. Coded content included communication via the organization’s webpage, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Instagram, and LinkedIn from a five-year time period. Findings confirm that BLGOs are invested in the health and well-being of the community, place emphasis on mitigating health inequities, and are uniquely positioned to serve as stakeholders for the translation of EBIs to end-users.

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Issari, Philia. "Greek American Ethnic Identity, Cultural Experience and the ‘Embodied Language’ of Dance: Implications for Counseling." International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling 33, no. 4 (September 24, 2011): 252–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10447-011-9135-3.

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O'Sullivan, Robert. "Greece, Poland, and the Construction of American Irish Catholic Identity in the New York Truth Teller, 1820–1845." Journal of American Ethnic History 42, no. 2 (January 1, 2023): 77–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/19364695.42.2.03.

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Abstract The Greek War of Independence (1821–1832) and the abortive November Uprising in Poland (1830–1831) were two major developments in nineteenth-century European history, and both became central to foundational narratives of European modernity. These events have, however, received scant attention by American immigration historians. Despite this neglect, both were integral to how the New York Truth Teller, the leading Irish Catholic newspaper in New York in the years before the Famine, attempted to consolidate an Irish Catholic ethnic identity in the United States. The Truth Teller's contributors interpreted the Greek and Polish conflicts through reference to a specific narrative of Irish history as one of unparalleled suffering. In doing so, the paper kept American Irish Catholics informed about contemporary events in Europe. In comparing Irish Catholic history to the contemporary struggles of Greece and Poland, the Truth Teller insisted that neither Greece nor Poland had experienced suffering comparable to the persecution of Protestant Ascendency Ireland. This article is a corrective to scholarship that has underemphasized the importance of the Truth Teller to Irish Catholic identity in the United States before the Famine and undervalued the relevance of European events for the construction of American Irish Catholic identity.

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Georgalidou, Marianthi, Vasilia Kourtis-Kazoullis, and Hasan Kaili. "Humor in conversation among bilinguals." European Journal of Humour Research 10, no. 3 (October 11, 2022): 168–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.7592/ejhr.2022.10.3.625.

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In this study, we analyse conversations recorded during ethnographic research in two bilingual communities on the island of Rhodes, Greece. We examine: (a) the bilingual in Greek and Turkish Muslim community of Rhodes (Georgalidou et al. 2010, 2013) and (b) the Greek-American/Canadian community of repatriated emigrant families of Rhodian origin (Kourtis-Kazoullis 2016). In particular, combining interactional and conversation analytic frameworks (Auer 1995; Gafaranga 2007), we examine contemporary approaches to bi-/multilingualism focusing on the pragmatics of humour in conversations among bilinguals. We scrutinise aspects of the overall and sequential organisation of talk as well as instances of humour produced by speakers of different ethnic origin, generation, and social groups. We focus on the construction of “otherness,” which reflects the dynamic interplay between the micro-level of conversational practices and the macro-level of discourse involving contrasting categorisations and identities pertaining to differently orientated ethnic and social groups. Based on the analysis, we will show a) how humorous targeting orients in-groups versus out-groups, and b) mediates the dynamic process of constructing the identity of speakers who, being members of minority linguistic communities, represent “otherness.”

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Hess, Julie, Christopher Cifelli, and Victor III Fulgoni. "Differences in Dairy Intake Among Americans by Ethnicity and Age: NHANES 2015–2018." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 1042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab053_035.

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Abstract Objectives Consuming dairy foods helps Americans meet recommendations for calcium, vitamin A, vitamin D, and protein. The Healthy U.S.-Style Dietary Pattern in the 2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) recommends 3 daily servings of low-fat or fat-free milk, cheese, and yogurt for those 9 years and older, 2.5 servings for children 4–8 years and 2 servings for children 2–3 years. The objective of this study was to assess dairy consumption by Americans 2 years of age and older to identify population groups at higher risk for underconsumption. Methods Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2015–2016 and 2017–2018, we evaluated the daily intake of total dairy foods, milk (total, white, flavored), cheese (total and cottage cheese separately), yogurt (regular and Greek), and milk substitutes (soy, rice, almond and others) by Americans, separating into groups by age (2 + years, 2–4 years, 4–8 years, 9–13 years, 14–18 years, 19 + years) and ethnicity (Asian, Hispanic, non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic White). Dairy serving amounts were defined as MyPlate serving size cup-equivalents. Results Regardless of age or ethnicity, Americans did not meet the DGA's dairy intake recommendations. Average total daily dairy intake for Americans ages 2 + was 1.57 ± 0.03 cup-equivalents, with 0.73 servings coming from milk and 0.73 from cheese. Children ages 2–4 and 4–8 years came the closest to meeting recommendations, consuming an average of 1.93 ± 0.06 and 1.93 ± 0.05 servings, respectively, of dairy foods daily. Intake fell to 1.83 ± 0.06 daily servings among children ages 9–13, more than 30% below the recommendation that children begin consuming 3 daily servings at age 9. Daily dairy intake continued to decrease among those 14–18 years (1.75 ± 0.07 servings) and among adults 19+ (1.48 ± 0.03 servings). Among those ages 2 and older, non-Hispanic Black Americans had the lowest average intake (1.18 ± 0.04 servings daily) and non-Hispanic White Americans (1.67 ± 0.03) had the highest. Across all ethnic groups, plain milk was consumed in greater quantities than any other dairy food. Conclusions Both age and ethnic disparities exist in dairy intake for Americans. Improving adherence to dairy recommendations from the DGA could help Americans move closer to nutrient recommendations and overall healthy dietary patterns. Funding Sources National Dairy Council.

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Emberling, Geoff, Jonathan M. Hall, and Sian Jones. "Ethnic Identity in Greek Antiquity." American Journal of Archaeology 103, no. 1 (January 1999): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/506583.

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Hall, Jonathan M. "Ethnic Identity in Greek Antiquity." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 8, no. 2 (October 1998): 265–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774300001864.

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How should archaeologists approach ethnicity? This concept, which has such wide currency in social and anthropological studies, remains elusive when we seek to apply it to the archaeological past. The importance of ethnicity in our late twentieth-century world can easily lead us to believe that it must long have been a key element in human relations and awareness. The practice of defining oneself and one's group by contrast and opposition to other individuals and other groups, from the family level upwards, appears a basic feature of human behaviour. Ethnicity is a part of this social logic, though ethnic groups, and ethnicity itself, are notoriously difficult to define.Can we identify and distinguish ethnic groupings in the archaeological record? Had one posed that question earlier this century the answer would have no doubt have made immediate reference to the ‘culture-people hypothesis’; the idea that archaeological assemblages may be combined into ‘cultures’ defined by recurring features, be they metalwork, ceramic forms and decoration, or lithic technology. Each culture so defined might be equated (hypothetically at least) with a former people. Ethnographic studies, however, have long shown that these equations are overly simplistic. Phenomena such as the ‘Beaker culture’ are no longer assumed to be the material expression of a single ethnic group.Where historical evidence is available, it may be able to overcome some of the difficulties and examine just how a historical ethnic group — as perceived and defined by its own members — relates to a body of archaeological material. Jonathan Hall's study of ethnic identity in ancient Greece provides an excellent example of just such an approach. It also raises broader issues concerning the definition of ethnicity and its recognition in the archaeological record. Hall himself takes the view that ethnicity depends on what people say, not what they do; hence material culture alone, without supporting literary evidence, is an insufficient basis for the investigation of ethnic identity in past societies. To accept that view is to rule out the study of ethnicity for the greater part of the human past; we may suspect that ethnic groups played a part, but be unable to identify any surviving cultural parameters. Against such a pessimistic assessment, however, there is the contrary argument, that ethnicity may be expressed as well in material culture as in words. Should that be the case, archaeology may indeed be well equipped to open a window on past ethnicity, whether or not there are relevant contemporary texts.We begin this review feature in our usual way, with a summary by Jonathan Hall of the arguments set out in his book. Five commentators then take up the theme, raising comments and criticisms to which Hall responds in a closing reply.

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Giavrimis, Panagiotis, Emmanouil Tsagkatos, and Ekaterini Nikolarea. "ETHNIC IDENTITY: PERCEPTIONS OF GREEK STUDENTS." Social work and education 7, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 347–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.25128/2520-6230.20.3.9.

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이주연. "Korean Americans" Leisure and Their Ethnic Identity." Korean Journal of Cultural Sociology 4, no. 1 (May 2008): 6–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17328/kjcs.2008.4.1.001.

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Newton, Barbara J., Elizabeth B. Buck, Don T. Kunimura, Carol P. Colfer, and Deborah Scholsberg. "Ethnic identity among Japanese-Americans in Hawaii." International Journal of Intercultural Relations 12, no. 4 (January 1988): 305–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0147-1767(88)90028-4.

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Schmidt, Garbi. "Chaldean Americans: Changing Conceptions of Ethnic Identity." Journal of American Ethnic History 20, no. 4 (July 1, 2001): 96–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27502753.

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Worrell, Frank C., Rodolfo Mendoza-Denton, and Amanda Wang. "Introducing a New Assessment Tool for Measuring Ethnic-Racial Identity: The Cross Ethnic-Racial Identity Scale–Adult (CERIS-A)." Assessment 26, no. 3 (March 18, 2017): 404–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191117698756.

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In this article, we examined the psychometric properties of scores on a new instrument, the Cross Ethnic-Racial Identity Scale-Adult (CERIS-A) for use across different ethnic and racial groups. The CERIS-A measures seven ethnic-racial identity attitudes—assimilation, miseducation, self-hatred, anti-dominant, ethnocentricity, multiculturalist inclusive, and ethnic-racial salience. Participants consisted of 803 adults aged 18 to 76, including African Americans (19.3%), Asian Americans (17.6%), European Americans (37.0%), and Latino/as (17.8%). Analyses indicated that CERIS-A scores were reliable, and configural, metric, and scalar invariance were supported for the seven factors across gender; however, Miseducation, Ethnic-Racial Salience, and Ethnocentricity scores achieved only metric invariance across ethnic-racial groups. Self-Hatred, Ethnic-Racial Salience, Anti-Dominant, and Ethnocentricity scores were significantly and meaningfully related to race-based rejection sensitivity scores, providing evidence of convergent validity. We concluded that the CERIS-A is a potentially useful instrument for examining ethnic-racial identity attitudes across multiple racial/ethnic subgroups in the United States.

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Mukherjee, Sahana, and Michael J. Perez. "All Americans are Not Perceived as “True” Americans: Implications for Policy." Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8, no. 1 (February 11, 2021): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2372732220984806.

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The United States is a nation of immigrants with significant ethnic and racial diversity. Yet, American identity is associated with European-Americans and their cultural values, defining ethnic minorities as less American. Experiences of identity denial are associated with negative mental and physical health outcomes, as well as lower political and civic engagement. Perceptions of prototypical American-ness link to a wide range of social policy about language, affirmative action, and redistribution. A cultural psychological perspective analyzes the contexts that promote exclusive conceptions of American identity, and it focuses on individual people who make up these contexts. Policies that recognize minority-group cultures and acknowledge the historical injustices against them can promote inclusive conceptions of American identity.

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Weng, Suzie S., and Shinwoo Choi. "Asian Americans’ Ethnic Identity Exploration and the Role of Ethnic Community in a Southern City in the United States." Societies 11, no. 3 (September 7, 2021): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soc11030109.

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This qualitative study explores Asian Americans’ ethnic identity concerning their process of exploring their own identity belonging and the impact of an ethnic community in a southern city in the United States. The South has mainly consisted of European Americans and African Americans. However, it has diversified to include an increasing number of Latinx and Asian Americans over the last several decades. Yet, the growing Asian American community remains disparate in its ethnic identity and nationality. Therefore, this study uses the phenomenological method to provide a more in-depth understanding of ethnic identity in an Asian American community within a southern region of the United States. Themes emerging from interviews included the need to bridge two worlds, the desire to be part of a community, and the existence of a two-layer community involving both ethnic and racial identity. This study contributes to a greater understanding of Asian Americans’ experiences in and adaptation to the Southern region within the United States. Implications for practice are provided for social workers when working alongside Asian American clients.

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Stewart, Charles. "Forget Homi! Creolization, Omogéneia, and the Greek Diaspora." Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 15, no. 1 (March 2006): 61–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/diaspora.15.1.61.

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An early colonial model of creolization asked whether migrants to the New World underwent such drastic denaturing as to no longer be considered trustworthy compatriots. Homelands and their overseas colonies actively debated the moral meaning of change. In this essay, this structural model of creolization is applied to understand the relationship between the Greek state and its diaspora in the United States. That relationship has been governed by the ethnonationalist concept of omogéneia, which means “of the same génos or ancestry” but also “homogeneity.” In the twentieth century, omogeneís referred mainly to ethnic Greeks born and raised abroad and not possessing Greek citizenship. The idea of ethnic homogeneity became increasingly hard to sustain as Greek-Americans lost linguistic and cultural competence. The structural model of creolization guides the exploration of Greek homeland–diaspora negotiations of cultural and linguistic change in the American case. Greek-Americans are both ethnic Americans and diaspora Greeks at the same time. Although hybridity and creolization have been held up in postcolonial studies (e.g., Homi Bhabha) as productive of creative political agency, this study reveals a troubled dimension of creolization in the Greek diaspora. Omogéneia has implicitly become an othering term for those who are not linguistically and culturally competent according to homeland models and standards. A word that initially extended a welcome to ethnic Greeks left behind in Ottoman lands at independence in 1832 is now crumbling under the weight of its own contradictions.

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Greene, Stacey, Gabrielle Gray, Niambi Michele Carter, and Ray Block. "Americanness and the “Other” Americans." National Review of Black Politics 1, no. 3 (July 2020): 396–429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nrbp.2020.1.3.396.

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American identity has become a racialized norm that is primarily applied to those racially identified as White. We examine what it means to be an American from the perspective of racial and ethnic minorities who may not be viewed as prototypical Americans. Because we know comparatively little about what American identity means for those who are not White, it is important to understand this attachment in order to understand how “other” Americans articulate their identity and how their political actions and attitudes are influenced by those sentiments. Using the 2016 Collaborative Multiracial Post-Election Survey, we examine attachment to American identity for racial and ethnic minorities (i.e., Blacks, Asians, and Latino/a people) to evaluate levels of political participation and sentiments toward discrimination. Using a novel measure of Americanness (measured here as the extent to which people feel “allegiance” to America and their sense of “belonging” as Americans) we describe the differences between how racial and ethnic groups view their American identity, and how that perception influences electoral and nonelectoral participation. We find not only that there are differences in how various groups attach to American identity, but also that the impact of this identity attachment on electoral and nonelectoral participation is moderated by race and ethnicity.

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Brook, Judith S., Elinor B. Balka, David W. Brook, Pe T. Win, and Michal D. Gursen. "Drug Use among African Americans: Ethnic Identity as a Protective Factor." Psychological Reports 83, no. 3_suppl (December 1998): 1427–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1998.83.3f.1427.

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This study examined the multiple components of ethnic identity, the place of this ethnic identity set in the mediational model of the path to drug use predicted by our family interactional framework, and the protective role of each component of ethnic identity. The participants were 259 male and 368 female African Americans in late adolescence. They responded to a structured questionnaire in individual interviews. We found that few of the specific components of ethnic identity were significantly related as main effects to drug use. Most of the effect of ethnic identity was mediated by the family set of variables. Each of the components of ethnic identity offset risks or enhanced protective factors from the ecology, family, personality, and peer domains, thereby lessening drug use. This pattern highlights the importance of incorporating ethnic identity into drug prevention programs which serve African-American youth.

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Chung, Leeva Chiling, and Stella Ting‐Toomey. "Ethnic identity and relational expectations among Asian Americans." Communication Research Reports 16, no. 2 (March 1999): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08824099909388713.

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Kiang, Lisa, Susan Harter, and Nancy R. Whitesell. "Relational expression of ethnic identity in Chinese Americans." Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 24, no. 2 (April 2007): 277–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407507075414.

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Kiang, Lisa, and David T. Takeuchi. "Phenotypic Bias and Ethnic Identity in Filipino Americans." Social Science Quarterly 90, no. 2 (June 2009): 428–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6237.2009.00625.x.

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Nindyasmara, Ken Ruri. "NEGOTIATION OF IDENTITY IN DIASPORIC LITERATURE: A CASE STUDY ON AMY TAN’S THE HUNDRED SECRET SENSES AND LESLIE MARMON SILKO’S CEREMONY." Rubikon : Journal of Transnational American Studies 3, no. 1 (July 18, 2019): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/rubikon.v3i1.47838.

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Negotiation of identity has become an important issue because its never-ending process always relates to conflicts, differences and similarities. Chinese Americans and Native Americans are two distinct diasporic communities amongst other ethnic group in the U.S. As minorities, they experience prejudice, discrimination and exclusion from mainstream American culture and society. This research aims to reveal the negotiation of identity of Chinese Americans and Native Americans which is reflected on their literature. Literature is seen as the record of diasporic experience of both ethnic groups. This research is qualitative conducted under Post-Nationalist American Studies. Post-colonial, hegemony and representation theories are used to help the process of data analysis. The primary data is taken from The Hundred Secret Senses written by Amy Tan and Ceremony written by Leslie Marmon Silko. The secondary data are taken from books, journals, and internet sources. The finding of the research shows that Chinese Americans and Native Americans negotiate their identity by choosing or combining competing values. The construction of identity is done through the reenactment of ethnic root and the adaptation to mainstream American cultural values. Sense of belongingness, history and socio-cultural background become the determining factors of identity negotiation. In brief, they construct hybrid identity to survive and to counter American hegemony. Compared to Native Americans, Chinese Americans are more blending to mainstream American culture. However, both novels depict their hybrid identity. Keywords: identity negotiation, diasporic literature, diaspora communities, hegemony, hybrid identity

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Karoulla-Vrikki, Dimitra. "English or Greek language? State or ethnic identity?" Language Problems and Language Planning 25, no. 3 (December 31, 2001): 259–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.25.3.04kar.

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Language planning in the domain of the courts in Cyprus is of interest because of the concealed salience placed upon the link between language and either state or ethnic identity. The article first examines the dominant role of English in court from 1960 until 1988 as reflecting Cyprocentric state identity associations. It then investigates the establishment of the use of Greek after the enactment of Law N.67/1988 brought the reversal of the linguistic situation. The law, which aimed at putting into action the provisions on language of the 1960 Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus and at safeguarding the use and protection of Greek, derived from Hellenocentric tendencies and its ultimate purpose was to foster Greek ethnic identity rather than to enhance the identity of the state of Cyprus. The above observations are illustrated in the analysis of the legislation on language in the courts, the linguistic situation in the judicial proceedings, and the court verdicts/judgments pertaining to language use. Finally, the article draws parallels between Fishman’s ‘nationism’ and ‘nationalism’ and the Greek-Cypriots’ language selections and identity orientations.

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Karakasidou, Anastasia. "Politicizing Culture: Negating Ethnic Identity in Greek Macedonia." Journal of Modern Greek Studies 11, no. 1 (1993): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mgs.2010.0204.

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Wolfram, Walt, and Clare Dannenberg. "Dialect Identity in a Tri-Ethnic Context." English World-Wide 20, no. 2 (December 31, 1999): 179–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.20.2.01wol.

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This study examines the development of a Native American Indian variety of English in the context of a rural community in the American South where European Americans, African Americans and Native American Indians have lived together for a couple of centuries now. The Lumbee Native American Indians, the largest Native American group east of the Mississippi River and the largest group in the United States without reservation land, lost their ancestral language relatively early in their contact with outside groups, but they have carved out a unique English dialect niche which now distinguishes them from cohort European American and African American vernaculars. Processes of selective accommodation, differential language change and language innovation have operated to develop this distinct ethnic variety, while their cultural isolation and sense of "otherness" in a bi-polar racial setting have served to maintain its ethnic marking.

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Atari, Rawan, and Suejung Han. "Perceived Discrimination, Ethnic Identity, and Psychological Well-Being Among Arab Americans." Counseling Psychologist 46, no. 7 (October 2018): 899–921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000018809889.

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In this study, we examined associations among perceived discrimination, ethnic identity dimensions (exploration, resolution, affirmation), and psychological well-being (self-esteem, life satisfaction, flourishing) among 156 Arab Americans. Multiple moderated regression analyses revealed that perceived discrimination was negatively associated, and ethnic identity resolution and affirmation were positively associated, with psychological well-being. Ethnic identity affirmation moderated the association between perceived discrimination and flourishing by buffering the negative effect of perceived discrimination. Ethnic identity resolution and exploration did not moderate the associations between perceived discrimination and psychological well-being. Affirmation both promoted and protected well-being, resolution promoted well-being, and exploration was not associated with promoting or protecting well-being. We discuss implications to help Arab American clients develop and capitalize on their ethnic identity, promote their well-being, and buffer against perceived discrimination.

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Dornic, Stan, Lars Nystedt, Tarja Laaksonen, and Lenore Arnberg. "Evaluational Reactions to Speech: The Role of Ethnic-Linguistic Status." Perceptual and Motor Skills 69, no. 1 (August 1989): 307–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1989.69.1.307.

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Two groups of native Swedes listened to short stories, related in Swedish by Greek and American immigrants in Sweden, and rated the speakers on 15 personality traits as well as on five aspects of language proficiency. American speakers were rated more favorably than Greek speakers on two traits, namely, educated and capable. On language proficiency, Greeks and Americans were rated similarly except for the “grammar” aspect on which the latter obtained higher ratings. Speakers' time of residence in Sweden was strongly underestimated by raters, more for Americans than for Greeks. Correlations between ratings of personality and ratings of language proficiency were positive and significant on both affective and competence-related traits for the Greek speakers, while there were no significant correlations for the American speakers. The results are seen as giving support to the assumption that in judging personality from spoken language, attitudinal rather than linguistic factors play a major role, particularly if the speakers' ethnic-linguistic status is high.

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Matsuo, Hisako. "Identificational Assimilation of Japanese Americans: A Reassessment of Primordialism and Circumstantialism." Sociological Perspectives 35, no. 3 (September 1992): 505–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1389332.

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Using both quantitative and qualitative data collected in Portland, Oregon during 1989, this study tests two contradictory models of ethnic identity: primordialism and circumstantialism. Two questions are addressed: 1) does the third generation of Japanese Americans retain ethnic identity or has the group achieved complete identificational assimilation?; and 2) what factors impacted the group's identificational assimilation? The study suggests that there is attenuation of ethnic identity between successive generations. However, multivariate analyses indicate that the seemingly different ethnic identity of the second and third generations does not necessarily evidence the significance of generation in the identificational assimilation. Childhood and adult social networks are found to have the greatest effect on ethnic identity. This study also found that generational shift does not lead to identificational assimilation if and when successive generations are placed in the same circumstances.

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Bacchus, Nazreen S. "Belonging and boundaries in Little Guyana: Conflict, culture, and identity in Richmond Hill, New York." Ethnicities 20, no. 5 (October 4, 2019): 896–914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468796819878885.

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Research on the assimilation of contemporary second-generation Americans has shown that ethnic enclaves are saturated with several cultural, religious, and transnational amenities that facilitate the process of immigrant integration in the United States. Missing from this research is a discussion of how middle-class, second-generation Americans use urban enclaves as a means of remaining attached to their ethnic identities. One such group with members who has achieved middle-class status and remained culturally attached to their enclave is Indo-Guyanese Americans of Indian Caribbean descent. This ethnographic study examines the ways in which second-generation Indo-Guyanese Americans use familial, cultural, and religious interactions in Little Guyana to create a sense of belonging and community. As the descendants of re-migrants, their multiethnic identities are complicating their assimilation in American society. Their experiences with racialization and social exclusion from white, South Asian American, and non-co-ethnic circles have pushed them toward developing their multiethnic identity. I use the term ethnic restoration to discuss how second-generation Indo-Guyanese Americans are using transnational ethnic consumption, religious institutions, and co-ethnic interactions to validate their ethnic identities and resist racialization. Their engagement in ethno-religious institutions in Richmond Hill is central to this analysis, as they embrace their Indian Caribbean identities more intensely after experiencing racialization. The findings of this research point to the need to understand why middle-class second-generation Americans are ethnically attached to urban enclaves.

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Koutrelakos, James. "Ethnic Identity: Similarities and Differences in White Groups Based on Cultural Practices." Psychological Reports 112, no. 3 (June 2013): 745–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/17.10.pr0.112.3.745-762.

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The present study examined variability in ethnic identity among the ethnic groups that comprise the White racial category. Based on participants' ethnic self-labels, high school and college students ( n = 495) were assigned to one of six groups: Armenian, Greek, Jewish, European, Mixed White ancestry (“Irish and Italian”), and Pan-ethnic (“White”). Individuals who identified with Specific White groups (Armenian, Greek, Jewish) had higher ethnic identity scores than individuals who identified with Nonspecific White groups (European, Mixed, Pan-ethnic). Specific White groups also had more heritage education, ethnic language competency, and religious participation than Nonspecific White groups. Regression analyses indicated that ethnic language competency and religious participation positively predicted ethnic identity for both Specific and Nonspecific White groups, controlling for age, sex, and generation. For the Specific White group, heritage education interacted with ethnic language to increase ethnic identity for students with low (but not medium or high) competency.

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Russell, Greg. "John Quincy Adams and the ethics of America's national interest." Review of International Studies 19, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 23–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210500117322.

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This essay examines John Quincy Adams' diplomatic and ethical thinking and explores the implications of this legacy for the exercise of American power in contemporary world affairs. Both as America's most accomplished Secretary of State i n the nineteenth century, and through his voluminous public and private papers, Adams helped to identify the normative foundations of the national interest. In particular, he defined the limits of America's obligations to defend human rights and t o intervene on behalf of revolutionary principles in the quarrels of distant nations. Attention focuses here upon Adams' contribution to historic debates concerning: (1) individual and national rights which must be defended if freedom is to be maintained; (2) the basis for American neutrality in the 1790s; and (3) the claims upon American diplomacy generated by the independence movements of South American and Greek patriots.

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Luconi, Stefano. "Forging an Ethnic Identity: The Case of Italian Americans." Revue Française d Etudes Américaines 96, no. 2 (2003): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rfea.096.0089.

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Stoller, Eleanor Palo. "SAUNA, SISU AND SIBELIUS:. Ethnic Identity Among Finnish Americans." Sociological Quarterly 37, no. 1 (December 1995): 145–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1995.tb01989.x.

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Stoller, Eleanor Palo. "Sauna, Sisu and Sibelius: Ethnic Identity Among Finnish Americans." Sociological Quarterly 37, no. 1 (January 1996): 145–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1996.tb02335.x.

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Nishikawa, Aki, Chad G. Balz, and Joseph R. Ferrari. "Age-Related Comparisons for Ethnic Identity by Japanese and Americans." Psychological Reports 84, no. 3 (June 1999): 862–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1999.84.3.862.

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131 young and 93 older Japanese and 121 young Americans completed measures of cultural individualism–collectivism and locus of control Men reported a higher mean score on internal locus of control than women. Americans had a higher mean on individualism and Japanese on collectivism. There was no effect for age-related differences in cultural identity or locus of control.

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Filippidou, Eleni. "Ethnic Groups on the Move: Acculturation Dance Strategies of the Greek Gagauz." Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies 9, no. 4 (November 29, 2022): 139–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/1316.

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The field of this research is the area of Thrace in Greece, in which people from various ethnic groups coexist for almost a century. Most of these ethnic groups moved to the area, after voluntary migrations in 1923. The newcomers were classified as "refugees" and were treated hostilely by the locals. One of these ethnic groups that was treated hostilely was the Gagauz, a Turkish-speaking ethnic group. The aim of this research is to study the acculturation strategies of the Gagauz in their attempt to be accepted in Greek society. This study attempts to investigate the way in which the Gagauz construct and reconstruct their ethnic identity through dance. Data was gathered through the ethnographic method as this is applied to the study of dance. The interpretation of the research data in order to approach the ethnic identity of the Gagauz was based on the theoretical perspective of cultural and social construction or constructivism. This theory, in order to highlight the ethnic identity of the Gagauz, is used under the analytical terms of "acculturation" according to the multicultural model proposed by Berry. From the analysis and interpretation of the ethnographic data, it was found that the construction of the ethnic identity of the Gagauz in Greece is a fluid process, in the reconstruction of which an important factor is the degree of its acculturation. The Gagauz, experiencing a social reality that seeks to have multiple identities at the same time, change the meanings of their actions always in relation to their social environment. Thus, on the one hand, they choose to have a Greek Thracian ethnic identity, on the other Gagauz ethnic identity, and on a third level they self-identify as Greek Gagauz. So, depending on their circumstances and feelings, they choose a different ethnic identity.

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Beaupre, Adam J., Reed Reichwald, Xiang Zhou, Elizabeth Raleigh, and Richard M. Lee. "Korean Adoptee Identity: Adoptive and Ethnic Identity Profiles of Adopted Korean Americans." New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development 2015, no. 150 (December 2015): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cad.20124.

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Efremov, Е. А. "Formation of ethnic and diasporic identity among Koreansin the USA." BULLETIN Series of Sociological and Political sciences 70, no. 2 (June 25, 2020): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2020-2.1728-8940.25.

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The issue of the formation of ethnic and diasporic identities was considered by both domestic and Western scholars. In particular, the issue of the formation of diasporas has always been considered through the prism of the notion of classical diasporas, however, modern globalization processes force the emergence of “new” diasporas, the qualities of which the predominant part of Korean Americans possess present day. Contrary to popular belief, the community of Korean Americans is not homogeneous, but bimodal - in terms of language, kinship, generation, identity and class, time of immigration.

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Kibria, Nazli. "Race, Ethnic Options, and Ethnic Binds: Identity Negotiations of Second-Generation Chinese and Korean Americans." Sociological Perspectives 43, no. 1 (March 2000): 77–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1389783.

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This article examines the dynamics of race and ethnic options for those racially labeled “Asian” in U.S. society. Drawing on sixty-four in-depth interviews with second-generation Chinese and Korean Americans, I look at how Asian racial categorization and its dynamics shape informal, everyday social encounters between Asians and non-Asians. These dynamics suggest an ethnic bind — a sense of uncertainty and conflict about the meaning and significance of ethnic identity and practice, stemming from the multiple and contradictory pressures surrounding it. The second-generation Chinese and Korean Americans experienced pressures both to cultivate their Chinese and Korean membership and to downplay or minimize it. For those labeled “Asian,” the ethnic bind is part of the social terrain on which ethnic identity is produced, with ethnic options emerging out of the contests and negotiations surrounding them.

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Salgado, Casandra D. "Mexican American Identity: Regional Differentiation in New Mexico." Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 6, no. 2 (September 11, 2018): 179–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2332649218795193.

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Existing research inadequately addresses the variation in Mexican Americans’ patterns of ethnic identification. Drawing on 78 interviews, I address this question by exploring how conceptions of ancestry and nationality shape ethnic identification among New Mexico’s long-standing Mexican American population, Nuevomexicanos. I find that Nuevomexicanos emphasized their ties to Spanish heritage within the history of New Mexico to explain their ethnicity and to construct their identity in opposition to Mexican immigrants. Although Nuevomexicanos varied in their claims to Mexican ancestry, they generally prioritized their roots in the original Spanish settlement of New Mexico to emphasize distinctions in ancestry, nationality, and regionality from Mexican immigrants. Moreover, despite Nuevomexicanos’ persistent claims to Spanish ancestry, they did not perceive themselves as racially White. Instead, Spanish ancestry was integral to Nuevomexicano identity because it enabled them to highlight their regional ties to New Mexico and long-time American identities. Thus, I argue that Nuevomexicanos’ enduring claims to Spanish ancestry represent a defensive strategy to enact dissociation from stigmatized Mexican immigrants. Overall, these findings show that Mexican Americans’ dissociation strategies are contingent on how they define themselves as members of an ethnic and national community. These findings also indicate that “Mexican American” as an identity term is a loosely maintained membership category among “Mexican Americans” because of their intragroup heterogeneity.

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Park, Saemyi. "Asian Americans’ Perception of Intergroup Commonality with Blacks and Latinos: The Roles of Group Consciousness, Ethnic Identity, and Intergroup Contact." Social Sciences 10, no. 11 (November 19, 2021): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10110441.

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This study explores the factors that influence Asian Americans’ perception of interracial commonality with Blacks and Latinos. Using the 2018 Civic Engagement and Political Participation of Asian Americans Survey, this research tests a model of competing theoretical explanations for Asian Americans’ intergroup commonality: group consciousness, group identity, views of discrimination, and intergroup contact. Results from ordered logistic regression analyses suggest that group consciousness, ethnic identity, and intergroup contact via friendship are robust predictors of Asian Americans’ feelings of closeness to Blacks and Latinos. However, Asian Americans’ perceptions of discrimination are unlikely to result in higher levels of the perceived commonality with outgroups. This study provides a valuable addition to the existing literature on interminority relations by identifying opportunities for Asian Americans to join cross-racial alliances. The conclusion of the article points to the important role that community-based organizations can play in bringing specific Asian American ethnic groups into such coalitions and promoting direct interactions between Asian Americans and other racial groups.

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Sherry, Alissa, Keith Wood, Emily B. Jackson, and Nadine Kaslow. "Racist Events and Ethnic Identity in Low Income, African Americans." Journal of Applied Social Psychology 36, no. 6 (June 2006): 1365–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-9029.2006.00063.x.

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Bailey, Benjamin. "Language and negotiation of ethnic/racial identity among Dominican Americans." Language in Society 29, no. 4 (October 2000): 555–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404500004036.

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The ethnolinguistic terms in which the children of Dominican immigrants in Rhode Island think of themselves, i.e. as “Spanish” or “Hispanic,” are frequently at odds with the phenotype-based racial terms “Black” or “African American,” applied to them by others in the United States. Spanish language is central to resisting such phenotype-racial categorization, which denies Dominican Americans their Hispanic ethnicity. Through discourse analysis of naturally occurring peer interaction at a high school, this article shows how a Dominican American who is phenotypically indistinguishable from African Americans uses language, in both intra- and inter-ethnic contexts, to negotiate identity and resist ascription to totalizing phenotype-racial categories. In using language to resist such hegemonic social categorization, the Dominican second generation is contributing to the transformation of existing social categories and the constitution of new ones in the US.

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DUBOIS, SYLVIE, and MEGAN MELANÇON. "Creole is, Creole ain't: Diachronic and synchronic attitudes toward Creole identity in southern Louisiana." Language in Society 29, no. 2 (April 2000): 237–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404500002037.

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Creole identity in Louisiana acquired diverse meanings for several ethnic groups during the French and Spanish regimes, before and after the purchase of the Louisiana Territory, and through the last part of the 20th century. In spite of a strong shift toward “Black” identity by many African Americans in the state, those who are fluent Creole French speakers now seem to be the repository of Louisiana Creole identity. This article presents a diachronic study of the different meanings applied to Creole identity which resulted from dramatic social, political, and economic changes. It also delimits and defines the actual attributes of Creole identity within two representative African American communities. Because of the historical and political conditions underlying Creole identity, African Americans who still identify as Creoles insist on linguistic attributes, rather than on the criterion of race, as essential characteristics of their ethnic identity.

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Kelly, Mary E. "Ethnic Conversions: Family, Community, Women, and Kinwork." Ethnic Studies Review 19, no. 1 (February 1, 1996): 81–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/esr.1996.19.1.81.

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According to the straight-line theory of assimilation, ethnic groups by the third or fourth generation should be entirely assimilated into mainstream society and should identify themselves as “Americans.” Yet there has been a resurgence of ethnicity among white ethnics in the United States that has led to a renewed interest in particular ethnic groups and their cultures. Third- and fourth-generation European Americans claim an ethnic identity even though their ties to their ancestral homeland may be tenuous. Lithuanian Americans in Kansas City, Kansas, in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s would seem to provide support for the straight-line theory of assimilation, yet since the 1980s they have reconstituted themselves through the Lithuanians of America organization and are experiencing a renewal of their ethnic identity. The Lithuanian American community in Seattle, Washington, also experienced ebbs and flows in the activism and unity of its members. The community was active at the turn of the twentieth century, next revitalized by Lithuanian emigres following World War II, and then became active again in the late 1970s after a decade of inaction. Members of the two groups were given questionnaires in the early 1990s to address the ethnic identity fluctuations as well as the role of non-ethnics in the organizations. One of the more exciting findings from the surveys and from participant observation was the extensive role of “ethnic converts” in the Kansas City organization, and their lesser (but still significant) role in the Seattle Lithuanian-American community.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Greek Americans – Ethnic identity'

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