Academic literature on the topic 'Greece – Intellectual life – 21th century'

The studies of mediaeval historians since the beginning of this century have made the originality of the Middle Ages so clear to us that we are now in danger of forgetting the continuity of the mediaeval world with that of Classical Greece. One similarity between these two periods that seems worthy of exploration is their common conviction that a man's intellectual life depends in some originative way upon his moral life.

This article presents the letters sent by the late nineteenth-century English writer Elizabeth Mayhew Edmonds to the Greek folklorist Nikolaos G. Politis. While a preoccupation with folklore and ethnology predisposed the Victorian public to take a narrow view of Greek society, Edmonds's interest in both vernacular culture and the literary, social and political life of modern Greece enriched the complex cultural exchange that developed between European (Neo)Hellenists and Greek scholars. This European-wide discourse promoted modern Greece as an autonomous subject of study, worthy of intellectual pursuit.

<p>This article offers a case study of George Finlay, a British philhellene whose intellectual make-up deserves more attention than it has previously been given (1). Unlike many Western European philhellenes who returned home disillusioned with Greece, Finlay spent his life in Athens (2); and unlike the overwhelmingly classicising Hellenism of his British contemporaries, his was a Hellenism that insisted on the interest and instructiveness of the history of Greece from the Roman period onwards (3). From a study of his <em>History of Greece BC 146 to AD 1864 </em>(4), and an analysis of its influences (5) and its uses (6), the article portrays Finlay as a complex, supple and interesting thinker. He is of particular interest to the nineteenth-century historian of political ideas for the ways in which he inherited and re-shaped ideas associated with civic virtue, philosophic history and contemporary liberalism.</p>

Any powerful treatise comes from qualified enough evidence in Scientific Century 21th. Empirical research can supplement that lack of sufficient evidence to build stronger. There are many topics to discuss how important IPRs (Intellectual Property Rights) or ICs (Intellectual Property Rights Capital) are, but lack of advanced analysis for how separate countable IPRs affect SMEs in detail. We utilize 800 enterprises, which have a real trading record with company A from 1991 to 2017 and have paid tax to government, to analyze above problem through correlations, hypothesis and regression methods. The goal of this research is to supplement existing shortage evidence in details not to argue any questions for any researcher. We hope the outcome of this research can be a worthful and a better reference or guidance for those SMEs, or entrepreneurs, or managers, or government…etc. in the future. We know that power of life comes from the condition of Survival, at the same time, all continuous contribution of SMEs come from the condition of SMEs Survival, too. Here, the major goals of this study are how separate countable IPRs affects the condition of SMEs Survival to support those propositions, what emphasize the importance of IPRs. Finally, we suggest a guideline of IPRs investment priority sequence for those leaders or owners of entrepreneurs, SMEs…etc., who plan to make IPRs investment strategy decision.

<p>The aim of this article is to unfold and analyze the view of America held by<br />John Gennadius [Ioannis Gennadios], one of the most important diplomats of nineteenthcentury<br />Greece. Having spent most of his life in England as a member of the Greek legation,<br />which he served for more than 20 years, Gennadius was influenced by the ongoing British<br />discussion of the “American miracle”. His perception was, however, fostered during two<br />visits to America, a professional one (1888) and a private one (1893-1894). He was involved<br />in American political life as the official negotiator of the Greek government, but also<br />enjoyed the culture, witnessed the wealth and the galloping development and made many<br />acquaintances. All of this made an impression on him. He commented on the importance<br />of British influence on American civilization, acknowledged the material and intellectual<br />progress of its people and foresaw the potential of its thriving economy in world politics.</p>

Soil is a non-renewable resource essential for life existence. During the last decades it has been threatened by accelerating erosion with negative consequences for the environment and the economy. The aim of the current study was to assess soil loss changes in a typical Mediterranean ecosystem of Northern Greece, under climate change. To this end, freely available geospatial data was collected and processed using open-source software package. The widespread RUSLE empirical erosion model was applied to estimate soil loss. Current and future rainfall erosivity were derived from a national scale study considering average weather conditions and RCMs outputs for the medium Representative Concentration Pathway scenario (RCP4.5). Results showed that average rainfall erosivity (R-Factor) was 508.85 MJ mm ha h−1 y−1 while the K-factor ranged from 0.0008 to 0.05 t ha h ha−1 MJ−1 mm−1 and LS-factor reached 60.51. Respectively, C-factor ranged from 0.01 to 0.91 and P-factor ranged from 0.42 to 1. The estimated potential soil loss rates will remain stable for the near future period (2021–2050), while an increase of approximately 9% is expected by the end of the 21th century (2071–2100). The results suggest that appropriate erosion mitigation strategies should be applied to reduce erosion risk. Subsequently, appropriate mitigation measures per Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) categories are proposed. It is worth noting that the proposed methodology has a high degree of transferability as it is based on open-source data.

Today we hear more and more that until our country realizes fundamental European values, it will not be able to become a full member of the “European family”. But it should be emphasized that this process began long before Ukraine gained independence and the leading role in this was played by foreign consuls of Europe and America. The countries that created the modern world as it is, where the foundations of modern statehood, civil society, an efficient market economy, and a system of social justice were laid. Therefore, this article is dedicated to highlighting the role of these representatives in the implementation of European values in the south of Ukraine in the late XIX – early XX centuries. Being in the port cities of the region, which then opened wide horizons for commercial activity, and using all opportunities to maximize the protection of the interests of their state and citizens, foreign consuls, through the development of public-social life of the region, contributed to the implementation of priority values. There were many consuls who made a significant contribution to the development of urban territories, their improvement, the enrichment of the spiritual and intellectual life of the townspeople. Consulates of Greece, Norway, Sweden, Germany, Italy, Belgium, England, Denmark, Portugal, Brazil and Argentina deserve special attention. Awareness of the importance of education, spiritual status of the population and the development of the city as a whole made positive changes. At the end of XIX – beginning of XX century the South of Ukraine began to occupy leading positions in the foreign economic activity of the Russian Empire. Of course, it cannot be said that this was done solely through the work of foreign representatives, but they nevertheless managed to prove that the unity of values is the foundation on which the European Union stands today.

Abstract. Introduction. Active recreation tourism is more effective for physical, emotional, intellectual recreation than passive recreation tourism. Active forms of tourism give dosed in terms of volume and intensity of physical activity for participants, which is the main factor in their recreation and effective recovery. Active tourism is becoming an increasingly important segment of the tourism industry. Active tourism includes more and more types of recreational and tourist and tourist and sports activities. It performs several functions - health, prevention, rehabilitation, training, and education. World experience shows that recently the share of active, extreme, and adventure tourism is growing rapidly. Therefore, the study of current trends in the world and domestic experience of organization of active tourism is relevant. Purpose. The article aims to study current trends in the world and domestic experience in the organization and functioning of active tourism. In the long run, this will help improve the tourist image of the country, region, community and increase tourist flows. Results. International practice shows that, at the present stage of the development of economic systems, tourism is the most dynamically developing area. It is also worth noting that international tourism for some developing countries is the main export ofservices and one of theprincipalsources of foreign exchange in these countries; acts as a stabilizing lever for the formation of their budgets and credit and financial relations with other states. At the beginning of the XXI century, international tourism became one of the most important economic activities in the world, and its history begins long before the invention of the word tourist in the late 18th century. According to the Western tradition, organized trips can be found in ancient Greece and Rome, which claim origins as "heritage tourism" (historical monuments of recognized cultural significance) and beach resorts. Analysis of global trends in active tourism shows that there is a growing interest in more extreme travel "nomadic recreation"; familyextreme trips; immersion in the ocean; space travel; micro-trips or weekend tours; extreme-recovery. In response to the growing demand, travel agencies in the European Union offer a wide range of cycling tours, hiking, rafting, diving, sightseeing, and fauna. Analysis of the development of tourism in Ukraine shows that due to the fast pace of life, inactive, addiction to gadgets, more and more tourists today have begun to prefer active recreation. This holiday will be especially interesting for citizens who live in highrise buildings, among the asphalt and want to change their everyday life for a while for the beauty and splendor of nature. Each region of Ukraine has potential opportunities for the development of each type of tourism: hiking, biking, car, water, fishing, hunting, horseback riding, and mountaineering. In recent years, there has been an increasing number ofspecialized tour operators and guides offering relevant services. Also, the network ofspecialized shops, suppliers, points of hire, and service of modern tourist equipment, establishments, various tourist information, maps, guides are expanded. Conclusions. It is claimed, thatthe word demand is growing for active, extreme tourism because humanity is increasingly suffering from overwork and digital dependence. Given that most areas suffer from overtourism new concepts of recreation are becoming increasingly popular, where it is possible to restore inner peace, mental and spiritual condition. In addition, the identity of local culture and the identity of territory have a significant influence on interest among tourists. Ukraine has the potential for the development of active types of tourism. Also, the world experience will help diversify the range of ideas for the development of tourism.

Western scholars who separate between science and religion have brought <br />people in the final point of civilization. Therefore, the duty of Moslem scholar in the 21th century is to rebuild the spiritual intellectual integrity in the frame of science and civilization. The main responsibility of Moslem scholars, nowadays, in reaching the brightness of life is reconstructing science paradigm by relocating God as the main stream of thought. The bright time of Madinah civilization is the starting point of the glory of Islamic civilization which successfully has entered all over the world. Therefore, intellectual orientation which has become Moslem’s responsibility is to reform the principles of Madinah civilization to be reconstructed to the present time. This is very important issue as Madinah civilization has not established yet that will be possible for Moslem scholars can speak much about the 21th century civilization. At the beginning of Islam period, the fight proposed by Moslem scholars was deconstructed the Jahiliyah’s way of thinking, furthermore, the great jihad of Moslem scholars in the present time is reconstructing the scientific way of thinking which is currently empirical-minded. Moreover, the Moslem scholar’s responsibility is to present spiritualism in scientific discourse. The integration of science and religion has become conceptualization of his science, hence, al Quran will be always the eternal source of science.

Literary researcher, translator and English literature professor Orhan Burian is one of the distinguished intellectuals of the early republican history. He entered Cambridge University in England in 1933 with a government scholarship and graduated from there in 1936. The education he received at this university had a great influence on the shaping of his views on people, the world and literature. After returning to Turkey from England, Burian entered DTCF (Faculty of Languages, History and Geography) as an assistant and became an associate professor and then a professor there at a young age. He worked as a translator in the Translation Office of the Ministry of National Education established by Hasan Ali Yücel and translated many works from English literature into Turkish. Orhan Burian is an intellectual who has endeavored to give a humanist direction to Turkish thought and literature. His articles in this manner were first published in the journals Yücel and Ufuklar. According to him, humanism is the nullification of all dogmatic thoughts that hinder human contemplation and the liberation of the human mind. Since the freed mind will be in a state of constant search and doubt, the life and art coming out of this mind will not be about indisputable ideas and issues that are believed to be resolved; they will be a product, a mirror of the dynamism peculiar to human nature. Orhan Burian perceives humanism as adapting the dynamic mind and rich philosophy of Ancient Greece and Rome to 20th century thought. He sees "humanitas" as a guide, not "divinitas", to literature and the human being who is the subject of literature. He thinks of it as the application of ancient Greek and Roman secularism and humanity to 20th century Turkish thought and literature, which freed the West from the mental domination of the church and led to the Renaissance and skepticism. This article analyzes the articles written by Orhan Burian in Yücel, Ufuklar and some other journals and tries to understand and present his position in the history of Turkish thought and literature. In the conclusion part of the article, a general evaluation was made about Burian's universe of ideas and writing. This general evaluation belongs to the author of the article.

Defence date: 25 January 2019
Examining Board: Prof. Ann Thomson, European University institute; Prof. Pavel Kolár, European University institute; Prof. Dimitris Tziovas, University of Birmingham; Prof. Matthias Middel, Universität Leipzig
Historicizing Postmodernism through the prism of cultural transfers: The case of Greece (1974-2010), examines the various transformations of the concept of postmodernism in the Greek intellectual framework, between 1970 and 2010, and situates them in a wider transnational context. It is focused mainly on the academic fields of history, literary criticism/Philology, and social theory and it is deployed around three interrelated questions; two preliminary questions concerning the postmodern debates in the Greek context, and the central research question, which seeks to bring the debates into a transnational context: Firstly, a) what were the Greek perceptions of postmodernism? More particularly, what did the concept of postmodernism mean for the intellectuals who entered the debates around its definition and features, depending on their field of expertise, and on the particular moments they attempted to define it in the period under examination? Secondly, b) how has the debate on postmodernism affected the aforementioned subject areas, in such a way that it radically changed the terms of discussion on their regulatory epistemological foundations; and how have the changes in the social, economic and political context of the past 40 years shaped and reshaped the various different arguments regarding postmodernism in the level of ideas. Finally, c) How did the debate around postmodernism in the Greek intellectual circles relate with intellectuals of other national frameworks?

Defence date: 29 May 1998
Examining board: Prof. John Brewer, European University Institute ; Prof. Richard Johnson, The Nottingham Trent University ; Prof. Mark Mazower, University of Sussex ; Prof. Luisa Passerini, European University Institute, Supervisor
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017

The longevity of the magazine Revue des Deux Mondes, its position among the French magazines, its contents, contributors and directors, all prominent scholars of France, establish the Revue des Deux Mondes as an important record of intellectual and political life in the nineteenth century, as well as of the way in which the West in general and France in particular regarded contemporary Greece during the same period. This study aims to provide an overview of all Greek-themed articles in the magazine from 1829 to 1899, with the purpose of exploring the various aspects of ancient and contemporary Hellenism, in relation to France’s foreign policies as well as the activities of the French School at Athens.