Journal articles on the topic 'Greece Civilization To 146 BC'
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1
Dularidze, Tea. "Information Exchange and Relations between Ahhiyawa and the Hittite Empire." Studia Iuridica 80 (September 17, 2019): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.4785.
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The majority of scholars identify the long-disputed term Ahhiyawa found in the Hittite texts as Achaea of the Homeric epics. According to the Hittite texts, Ahhiyawa and Hittite relations can be dated from the Middle Kingdom period. The term was first used in the records of Suppiluliuma I (1380-1346). Documents discussed (the records of Mursili II and Muwatalli II) demonstrate that Ahhiyawa was a powerful country. Its influence extended to Millawanda, which evidently reached the sea. Especially interesting is the “Tawagalawa letter” dated to the 13th century BC, in which the Hittite king makes excuses for his blunder committed at an early age. The Hittite king takes a diplomatic step towards the resolution of the conflict and starts negotiations with a party (Ahhiyawa) that could act as a mediator. We can infer from the letter that Ahhiyawa had its representatives in Millawanda, while its relations with the Land of the Hatti were managed through envoys. The powerful position of Ahhiyawa is also evident from Tudhaliya IV’s letter to the ruler of Amurru, where he refers to the kings of Egypt, Babylon, Assyria, and Ahhiyawa as to his equals. Thus, Ahhiyawa of the Hittite texts fully corresponds to Homeric Achaea. The invaders have three appellations in The Iliad: the Achaeans, the Danaans, and the Argives. The Achaeans can be found in Hittite documents, while the Danaans are mentioned in the Egyptian sources. Ahhiyawa is the land of the Achaeans, which laid the foundation for the development of the Hellenic civilization in the Aegean. It can be argued that the Greeks were actively involved in the foreign policy of the ancient Near East. The information conveyed by the Greek tradition is supported by the archeological finds confirming the rise of the Hellenes in the continental Greece from the 14th century BC. According to the tradition, the Mycenaeans went far beyond the Near East, reaching Colchis (The Argonaut legend).
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Angelakis, A. N. "Urban waste- and stormwater management in Greece: past, present and future." Water Supply 17, no. 5 (March 22, 2017): 1386–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.042.
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Urban wastewater and storm management has a long history which coincides with the appearance of the first organized human settlements (ca. 3500 BC). It began in prehistoric Crete during the Early Bronze Age (ca. 3200 BC) when many remarkable developments occurred in several stages known as Minoan civilization. One of its salient characteristics was the architecture and function of its hydraulic works and especially the drainage and sewerage systems and other sanitary infrastructures in the Minoan palaces and other settlements. These technologies, although they do not give a complete picture of wastewater and stormwater technologies in ancient Greece, indicate that such technologies have been used in Greece since the Minoan times. Minoan sanitary technologies were transferred to the Greek mainland in the subsequent phases of Greek civilization, i.e. in the Mycenaean, Classical, Hellenistic, Roman, and present times. The scope of this article is the presentation and discussion of the evolution of waste- and stormwater management through the long history of Greece, focusing on the hydraulic characteristics of sanitary infrastructures. Also, the present and future trends of wastewater and stormwater management are considered. Practices achieved in prehistoric Greece may have some relevance for wastewater engineering even in modern times.
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Koutsoyiannis, D., N. Mamassi, and A. Tegos. "Logical and illogical exegeses of hydrometeorological phenomena in ancient Greece." Water Supply 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2007): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2007.002.
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Technological applications aiming at the exploitation of the natural sources appear in all ancient civilizations. The unique phenomenon in the ancient Greek civilization is that technological needs triggered physical explanations of natural phenomena, thus enabling the foundation of philosophy and science. Among these, the study of hydrometeorological phenomena had a major role. This study begins with the Ionian philosophers in the seventh century BC, continues in classical Athens in the fifth and fourth centuries BC, and advances and expands through the entire Greek world up to the end of Hellenistic period. Many of the theories developed by ancient Greeks are erroneous according to modern views. However, many elements in Greek exegeses of hydrometeorological processes, such as evaporation and condensation of vapour, creation of clouds, hail, snow and rainfall, and evolution of hydrological cycle, are impressive even today.
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Akbar, Reza. "SEJARAH PERKEMBANGAN ILMU FALAK DALAM PERADABAN INDIA DAN KETERKAITANNYA DENGAN ISLAM." Jurnal Ilmiah Islam Futura 17, no. 1 (August 1, 2017): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/jiif.v17i1.1511.
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Although it is acknowledged that Islamic astronomy developed very rapidly during the Abbasid period (750-1258 AD), it should be noted that before the advancement of astronomy of the Islamic world, Muslim scholars of the time were very incentive to translate astronomical books from other nations, one of them was from India. There were at least two factors that led to the emergence and development of astronomical science in pre-Islamic Indian civilization. The first, the teachings of Hinduism that made the sun as the ruler and source of life. The second, the influence of civilization from other nations such as Egypt, Persia, and Greece. In pre-Islamic times, there were a number of names of historical figures of Indian astronomy namely Lagadha, Yajnavalkya (800-900 BC), Aitareya Brahmana (about 900-800 BC), Aryabhata (476-550 AD), Varahamihira (499-587 AD) Brahmagupta (598-668 AD), Bhaskara II (1114-1185 AD), and Nilakantha Somayaji (1444-1544 AD). While in Islam, there was a number of names namely Mulla Farid, Mulla Chand, Mulla Tayyib, Mulla Mahmud Jaunpuri (1606-1651 AD), Ghulam Hussain Jaunpuri (1790-1862 AD) and others. The results of civilization of Indian astronomy is clearly visible with the ancient astronomical texts, the concept of the universe, the Hindu calendar, observatory, zij (astronomical tables), and astronomical tools such as gnomon, Yasti Yantra, Ghati Yantra, astrolabe, and others.
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Potter, Liz. "British Philhellenism and the Historiography of Greece: A Case Study of George Finlay (1799-1875)." Historical Review/La Revue Historique 1 (January 20, 2005): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hr.176.
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<p>This article offers a case study of George Finlay, a British philhellene whose intellectual make-up deserves more attention than it has previously been given (1). Unlike many Western European philhellenes who returned home disillusioned with Greece, Finlay spent his life in Athens (2); and unlike the overwhelmingly classicising Hellenism of his British contemporaries, his was a Hellenism that insisted on the interest and instructiveness of the history of Greece from the Roman period onwards (3). From a study of his <em>History of Greece BC 146 to AD 1864 </em>(4), and an analysis of its influences (5) and its uses (6), the article portrays Finlay as a complex, supple and interesting thinker. He is of particular interest to the nineteenth-century historian of political ideas for the ways in which he inherited and re-shaped ideas associated with civic virtue, philosophic history and contemporary liberalism.</p>
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Pettegrew, David. "D. Graham J. Shipley, The Early Hellenistic Peloponnese: Politics, Economies, and Networks 338-197 BC. pp. xxxii+355, 1 ill., 9 maps, 7 tables. 2018. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 2018978-0-521-87369-7, hardback $120." Journal of Greek Archaeology 5 (January 1, 2020): 610–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/jga.v5i.464.
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The ‘decline’ of the polis in the late Classical and early Hellenistic periods numbers among the stock elements of historical narratives of ancient Greece. In the conventional rendition baked into old textbook descriptions of Greek civilization, the aftermath of the Peloponnesian War marked the end of a golden age as city-states devolved into a downward cycle of power play, hegemonic contest, and warfare that ended only with the conquests of Philip II and Alexander. The polis thereafter lost its autonomy, political directive, and ideological essence. As one popular textbook of western civilization put it recently: ‘With the advent of Macedonian control, once-independent poleis became subject cities whose proud political traditions were no longer relevant.’ This picture of decline, decay, and irrelevance remains common today despite a range of recent scholarship reappraising the early Hellenistic period in Greece.
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Tarasevych, Viktor. "Antique civilization: the birth of a polis state." Ekonomìčna teorìâ 2022, no. 1 (April 20, 2022): 5–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/etet2022.01.005.
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This article continues the series of publications on the universum evolution of ancient civilization, its subcivilizations and is devoted to the consideration of controversial socio-economic and political processes in the Athenian area of Ancient Greece in the second half of the 8th - the first half of the 4th century. BC e. Attention is focused on the characteristics of the important stages of state formation in Athens. It is shown that the accelerated development of market and commodity-money relations in the 7th - 6th centuries. BC e., catalyzed, among other things, by the great colonization, multiplies the ranks of unborn, but rich artisans, merchants, merchants, usurers, debtor fetes, contributes to the displacement of patriarchal slavery by the classical one. The deepening gap between the changed and growing economic role of these clusters and their political lack of rights, as well as the split of Eupatrides into marketers and traditionalists, stimulated important pro-state reforms, including the codification of customary law, the establishment of courts, the beginning of the formation of administrative-territorial districts that do not coincide with the tribal territorial division. It is shown that the decomposition of the tribal system took place with the participation of the tribal nobility itself, pursuing selfish interests, which led to the victory of the diacrii and the emergence of the state. The role of Solon’s political activity in the formation of the Athenian state, the tyranny of Peisistratus, the reforms of Cleisthenes-Pericles, which contributed to the birth of the polis-state, are analyzed. And if in the overwhelming majority of cases political regimes drift from democracy to authoritarianism and totalitarianism, then in Athens, on the contrary, democratization dominates. It is concluded that it is with the reforms of Pericles in Athens that the formation of a democratic system in its classical form is completed.
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Rutter, Jeremy. "Margaretha Kramer-Hajos. Mycenaean Greece and the Aegean World: Palace and Province in the Late Bronze Age." Journal of Greek Archaeology 3 (January 1, 2018): 451–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/jga.v3i.541.
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Diachronic surveys of Mycenaean civilization, our term for the material culture that flourished above all on the central and southern Greek mainland during the six or seven centuries (ca. 1700/1600-1000 BC) we assign to the Late Bronze Age, typically and understandably focus on the regional cores of that culture in the northeast (Argolid and Corinthia) and southwest (Messenia) Peloponnese where it arose and has been most extensively documented. The overview of this culture provided by Margaretha Kramer-Hajos (hereafter MK-H) is refreshingly different in its spatial focus on the Euboean Gulf region of east-central Greece (figs. 1.1-1.2) as well as in its conceptual emphasis on certain aspects of network theory and human agency.
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Ahmed, Abdelkader T., Fatma El Gohary, Vasileios A. Tzanakakis, and Andreas N. Angelakis. "Egyptian and Greek Water Cultures and Hydro-Technologies in Ancient Times." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 23, 2020): 9760. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229760.
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Egyptian and Greek ancient civilizations prevailed in eastern Mediterranean since prehistoric times. The Egyptian civilization is thought to have been begun in about 3150 BC until 31 BC. For the ancient Greek civilization, it started in the period of Minoan (ca. 3200 BC) up to the ending of the Hellenistic era. There are various parallels and dissimilarities between both civilizations. They co-existed during a certain timeframe (from ca. 2000 to ca. 146 BC); however, they were in two different geographic areas. Both civilizations were massive traders, subsequently, they deeply influenced the regional civilizations which have developed in that region. Various scientific and technological principles were established by both civilizations through their long histories. Water management was one of these major technologies. Accordingly, they have significantly influenced the ancient world’s hydro-technologies. In this review, a comparison of water culture issues and hydro-structures was adopted through the extended history of the ancient Egyptians and Greeks. The specific objectives of the work are to study the parallel historical cultures and hydro-technologies, assessing similarities and differences, and to analyze their progress since primitive times. The tools adopted for the research include visits to historical aeras and museums, comments, consultations, correlation and exhibitions available in the cyberspace. Review results herein showed that dams and canals were constructed in ancient Egypt to manage the flood of the Nile river and develop irrigation systems from ca. 6000 BC. In the second millennium BC, Minoans managed the flow of the streams via two dams, to protect arable land from destruction after intense rainfall and to irrigate their farms. Additional results showed that ancient Egyptians and Greeks invented many devices for lifting water for plant irrigation such as the shadouf, sakia and tympanum and pumps, of which some were already in use in Mesopotamia for irrigating small plots. The ancient Egyptians were the first who discovered the principle and the basis of coagulation (after ca. 1500 BC). They used the alum for accelerating the settlement of the particles. Additionally, the ancient Greeks developed several advanced water treatment technologies since the prehistoric times. To sum up, the study captured many similarities between two civilizations in water technologies. In addition, it confirmed the sustainability and durability of several of those hydro-technologies since they are still in use up to now in many places.
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Liddel, Peter. "Liberty and obligations in George Grote’s Athens." Polis: The Journal for Ancient Greek Political Thought 23, no. 1 (2006): 139–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/20512996-90000090.
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In this article it is suggested that George Grote’s History of Greece (1846–56) employed a narrative history of Greece in an attempt to resolve the philosophical problem of the compatibility of individual liberty with considerable obligations to society. His philosophical achievement has been largely ignored by modern classical scholarship, even those who follow his lead in treating fifth-century Athens as the epitome of Greek civilization. The present reading of Grote’s History is informed by John Stuart Mill’s use of Athenian examples. Outlining the evidential, moral and spatial parameters of Grote’s fifth-century Athens, it is argued that Grote understood fifth-century Athens to be amodel intellectual and liberal society, in which the performance of obligations by citizens coexisted with individual and political liberty. Grote explained the decline of Athenian power in the fourth century BC by reference to the neglect of obligations, and in doing so, married historical explanation to political theory.
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Khan, S., E. Dialynas, V. K. Kasaraneni, and A. N. Angelakis. "Similarities of Minoan and Indus Valley Hydro-Technologies." Sustainability 12, no. 12 (June 16, 2020): 4897. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12124897.
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This review evaluates Minoan and Indus Valley hydro-technologies in southeastern Greece and Indus Valley Pakistan, respectively. The Minoan civilization first inhabited Crete and several Aegean islands shortly after the Late Neolithic times and flourished during the Bronze Age (ca 3200–1100 BC). At that time, the Minoan civilization developed fundamental technologies and reached its pinnacle as the first and most important European culture. Concurrently, the Indus Valley civilization populated the eastern bank of the Indus River, its tributaries in Pakistan, and the Ganges plains in India and Nadia (Bangladesh), spreading over an area of about one million km2. Its total population was unknown; however, an estimated 43,000 people resided at Harappa. The urban hydro-technologies, characteristics of a civilization can be determined by two specific aspects, the natural and the social environment. These two aspects cover a variety of factors, such as climate and social conditions, type of terrain, water supply, agriculture, water logging, sanitation and sewerage, hygienic conditions of communities, and racial features of the population. Therefore, these factors were used to understand the water resources management practices in early civilizations (e.g., Minoan and Indus Valley) and similarities, despite the large geographic distance between places of origin. Also discussed are the basic principles and characteristics of water management sustainability in both civilizations and a comparison of basic water supply and sanitation practices through the long history of the two civilizations. Finally, sustainability issues and lessons learned are considered.
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Cline, Eric H. "Revisiting 1177 BCE and the Late Bronze Age Collapse." Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology and Heritage Studies 10, no. 2 (May 1, 2022): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jeasmedarcherstu.10.2.0181.
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ABSTRACT In 2021, a revised and updated version of 1177 BC: The Year Civilization Collapsed was published, in order to include all the new data that had appeared in the intervening seven years. As noted there, we now have additional evidence for drought and climate change around 1200 BCE, in regions stretching from Italy and Greece to Egypt, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, and Iran. There is also new textual evidence for both famine and invaders in Ugarit immediately prior to its destruction. As outlined in this essay, taken from arguments in the revised edition, I continue to believe that there was no single “smoking gun” that can explain the upheaval that ended the Bronze Age and that it took a “perfect storm” of catastrophes to bring the era to an end in these regions.
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Ghilardi, Matthieu, David Psomiadis, Valérie Andrieu-Ponel, Maxime Colleu, Pavlos Sotiropoulos, Fausto Longo, Amedeo Rossi, et al. "First evidence of a lake at Ancient Phaistos (Messara Plain, South-Central Crete, Greece): Reconstructing paleoenvironments and differentiating the roles of human land-use and paleoclimate from Minoan to Roman times." Holocene 28, no. 8 (May 27, 2018): 1225–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683618771473.
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Phaistos was one of the most important Minoan palaces in Crete and previous studies have addressed its relationship with the paleo-seashore position during historical times. Here, we reconstruct the environmental evolution of Phaistos from Early Minoan to Roman times. Study of two stratigraphic sections and nine boreholes drilled in the westernmost part of the Messara Plain has revealed the stratigraphy of the Mid- to Late-Holocene sediments. Laboratory analyses comprise granulometry, magnetic susceptibility measurements and identification of mollusks, diatoms and pollen grains. Eighteen radiocarbon dates provide a robust chronostratigraphy. In addition, a geophysical survey (electric resistivity tomography (ERT) method) was conducted to reveal the sub-surface morphology in the coring area. The results reveal that a freshwater lake existed from ca. 2100–2000 BC to ca. 1200–1100 BC, which subsequently became swampland until ca. 700 BC. A lake retreat is identified at ca. 1200–1000 BC and can be interpreted as resulting from the 3.2 cal kyr BP rapid climate change (RCC) dry event, observed elsewhere in the Eastern Mediterranean. Subsequently, from the 7th to the 5th century BC, there was the input of detrital material and fluvial dynamics prevailed until at least Roman times. The origin of the lake and its disappearance are discussed in the context of regional climate change and local tectonic activity, without excluding possible human influences. We also reconstruct the vegetation history for the period from the Late Minoan to the Early Archaic period. Pollen analysis reveals a Mediterranean maquis landscape dominated by Olea, together with hygrophilous vegetation, and highlights a clear transition from limnic to swampy environmental conditions around 1100 BC. The pollen sequence is also important for assessing the impact of the 3.2 cal. kyr BP RCC event and for assessing the possibility of an abrupt discontinuity in human activity around Phaistos after the demise of the Minoan Civilization.
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Susmann, Natalie M. "Regional Ways of Seeing: A Big-Data Approach for Measuring Ancient Visualscapes." Advances in Archaeological Practice 8, no. 2 (April 16, 2020): 174–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aap.2020.6.
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AbstractArchaeologists have long acknowledged the significance of mountains in siting Greek cult. Mountains were where the gods preferred to make contact and there people constructed sanctuaries to inspire intervention. Greece is a land full of mountains, but we lack insight on the ancient Greeks’ view—what visible and topographic characteristics made particular mountains ideal places for worship over others, and whether worshiper preferences ever changed. This article describes a data collection and analysis methodology for landscapes where visualscape was a significant factor in situating culturally significant activities. Using a big-data approach, four geospatial analyses are applied to every cultic place in the Peloponnesian regions of the Argolid and Messenia, spanning 2800–146 BC. The fully described methodology combines a number of experiences—looking out, looking toward, and climbing up—and measures how these change through time. The result is an active historic model of Greek religious landscape, describing how individuals moved, saw, and integrated the built and natural world in different ways. Applied elsewhere, and even on nonreligious locales, this is a replicable mode for treating the natural landscape as an artifact of human decision: as a space impacting the siting of meaningful locales through history.
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Tanner, Michael. "Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil." Royal Institute of Philosophy Lecture Series 20 (March 1986): 197–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1358246100004136.
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Although Nietzsche's greatness is recognized more universally now than ever before, the nature of that greatness is still widely misunderstood, and that unfortunately means that before I discuss any of Beyond Good and Evil (henceforth BGE) in any detail, I must make some general remarks about his work, his development and the kind of way in which I think that it is best to read him. Unlike any of the other philosophers that this series includes, except Marx and Engels, Nietzsche is very much concerned to address his contemporaries, because he was aware of a specific historical predicament, one which he would only see as having worsened in ways which he predicted with astonishing precision in the century since he wrote his great series of works. For he was above all a philosopher of culture, which is to say that his primary concern was always with the forces that determine the nature of a particular civilization, and with the possibilities of achievement which that civilization consequently had open to it. One of the reasons that The Birth of Tragedy, his first book, published when he was twenty-eight, created such a surge of hostility in the world of classical scholarship was that in it, whilst undertaking an investigation of what made possible the achievements of fifth century BC Greece in tragic drama, he felt it necessary to elicit the whole set of fundamental beliefs which the Greeks shared, and also to draw metaphysical conclusions from the fact that they were able to experience life in such a way that they needed great tragedies in order to endure it.
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Tanner, Michael. "Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil." Royal Institute of Philosophy Lecture Series 20 (March 1986): 197–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0957042x00004132.
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Although Nietzsche's greatness is recognized more universally now than ever before, the nature of that greatness is still widely misunderstood, and that unfortunately means that before I discuss any of Beyond Good and Evil (henceforth BGE) in any detail, I must make some general remarks about his work, his development and the kind of way in which I think that it is best to read him. Unlike any of the other philosophers that this series includes, except Marx and Engels, Nietzsche is very much concerned to address his contemporaries, because he was aware of a specific historical predicament, one which he would only see as having worsened in ways which he predicted with astonishing precision in the century since he wrote his great series of works. For he was above all a philosopher of culture, which is to say that his primary concern was always with the forces that determine the nature of a particular civilization, and with the possibilities of achievement which that civilization consequently had open to it. One of the reasons that The Birth of Tragedy, his first book, published when he was twenty-eight, created such a surge of hostility in the world of classical scholarship was that in it, whilst undertaking an investigation of what made possible the achievements of fifth century BC Greece in tragic drama, he felt it necessary to elicit the whole set of fundamental beliefs which the Greeks shared, and also to draw metaphysical conclusions from the fact that they were able to experience life in such a way that they needed great tragedies in order to endure it.
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El far, Georg. "Can a Materialistic Philosophy Produce a Moral System? "Epicurean Model"." Jordan Journal of Social Sciences 15, no. 3 (January 22, 2023): 288–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.35516/jjss.v15i3.833.
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The main problem in this research was the answer to the question posed about the possibility of the existence of an ethical system based on a materialistic philosophy and not on an idealistic and metaphysical philosophy as was customary in establishing ethical systems. It has nothing to do with idealism or metaphysics. Rather, Democritus adopts the atomic materialist philosophy as its theoretical basis and does not depend on reason or divine laws as a criterion and judgment in moral issues, but rather nature, the sense of pleasure and the avoidance of pain as a spontaneous judgment of human and animal life alike. Herefore, this philosophy resorts to liberating man from the fear of death and the fear of the gods, so that this fear and anxiety do not spoil human life and deprive him of enjoying life itself. We have revealed in this research that the pleasure that the Epicureans are talking about is mainly the pleasure of the stomach, but it is not a reckless and exaggerated pleasure, but rather a pleasure that seeks simplicity and seeks to establish a calm life that is not disturbed by the pain resulting from the pursuit of more pleasures, the results of which are greater pain. The Greek philosopher Epicurus, who lived in the fourth century BC and a contemporary of both the Greek philosopher Aristotle and the philosopher Zeno, the founder of Stoicism that opposed his philosophical school, had established Epicureanism in Athens, Greece, to respond to the questions of the Greek public about the necessities of the historical stage and the decline of civilization after the death of AlexanderMacedonian in 324 BC.
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Lazarovici, Gheorghe, and Magda Lazarovici. "Rolul sării în procesul de neolitizare din sud-estul Europei." Anuarul Muzeului Etnograif al Transilvaniei 31 (December 20, 2017): 290–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.47802/amet.2017.31.17.
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In order to understand the process of neolithisation of Southeastern and Central Europe, must be underlined the important role played by Transylvania through the numerous springs and salt lakes. The whole Carpathian arch of Transylvania is surrounded by impressive salt sources (Map 1). After a cold period in Europe between 6300-6100 BC, around 6000 BC there is a heating that corresponds to Greece and Anatolia with very hot and dry periods, which causes small pastoral communities to migrate from the Greek-Macedonian areas to the north. These first shepherds’ communities with sheep flocks, defined with a general term, as Early Neolithic, migrate northwards and sit in salt areas. In the Carpatho-Danubian Basin, this civilization is defined by archaeologists with the term Starčevo-Criş culture. The first horizon was defined as Monocrom- Frühkeramik and Starčevo-Criş IA respectively (shortly SC). Very soon, finding out the beneficial conditions (pastures, forests, mountains with alpine pastures, but especially salty springs), other communities with large cattle come, laying the foundations of some important Early Neolithic sites in Transylvania: Cristian, Ocna Sibiului, Miercurea Sibiului, Gura Baciului and those in Apahida – Cojocna zone. Migration after migration and diffusion sought and used salt sources which together with the environmental factor (pastures, forests, and alpine meadows) contributed to the neolithisation process. In SE Transylvania, Moldova, central and north Crişana neolithisation process starts only with the evolved phases of the Starčevo-Criş culture. The most interesting and important discoveries related with the end of Early Neolithic are those of Lunca – Poiana Slatinii (Neamţ County). The salt roll for the neolithisation processes of N Hungary, Slovakia (Hurbanovo and Biňa, Košice-Červeny Rak a.s.o.) and E Austria (Prellenkirche a.s.o.) is related with the evolved phases of SC culture (Zăuan, Tăşnad – Sere). Neolithic sites located in area of salt sources of Someş and Tisa basins prove also ethno-cultural exchanges (obsidian import of NE Hungary, SW Slovakia and maybe other).
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James, N. "Integration and independence in the Mediterranean world - A.T. Grove & Oliver Rackham. The nature of Mediterranean Europe: an ecological history. 384 pages, 313 b&w & colour figures, 35 tables. 2001. New Haven (CT): Yale University Press; 0-300-084439 hardback £45. - Jon P. Mitchell. Ambivalent Europeans: ritual, memory and the public sphere in Malta, xvi+275 pages, 9 figures. 2002. London: Routledge; 0-41527153-3 paperback. - Greg Woolf. Becoming Roman: the origins of provincial civilization in Gaul, xviii+296 pages, 3 maps, 17 illustrations. 1998. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 0-521-41445-8 hardback £40 & US$64.95 - Andrew J. Shortland (ed.). The social context of technological change: Egypt and the Near East, 1650-1550 BC: proceedings of a conference held at St Edmund Hall, Oxford, 12–14 September 2000. x+273 pages, 55 figures, 13 tables. 42 colour photographs. 2001. Oxford: Oxbow; 1-84217-050-3 paperback £28 & US$45. - Eliezer D. Oren (ed.). The Sea Peoples and their world: a reassessment (University Museum Monograph 108, University Museum Symposium Series 11). xx+360 pages, 146 figures, 5 tables. 2000. Philadelphia (PA): University of Pennsylvania Museum; 0-924171-80-4 hardback $59. - Paul Åström Trial trenches at Dromolaxia-Vyzakia adjacent to Areas 6 and 8 (Hala Sullan Tekke 11; Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology XLV: 11). 68 pages, 77 b&w figures, 5 colour figures. 2001. Jonsered: Paul Äslröm; 91-7081-111-3 paperback Kr250. - A.T. Reyes. The stamp-seals of ancient Cyprus. xvii+286 pages, 545 figures. 2001. Oxford: Oxford University School of Archaeology; 0-947816-52-6 hardback £45 & US$65. - Katharina Giesen. Zyprische Fibeln: Typologie und Chronologie. 467 pages, figures, tables. 2001. Jonsorod: Paul Äström; 91-7081-171-7 paperback Kr350. - A.M. Snodgrass. The Dark Age of Greece: an archaeological survey of the eleventh to the eighth centuries BC (2nd edition), xxxiv+456 pages, 138 figures. 2000. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press; 0-7486-1404-4 hardback £57.50, 0-7486-1403-6 paperback £19.95. - Maria Eugenia Aubet. The Phoenicians and the West: politics, colonies and trade (2nd edition; tr. Mary Turton). xv+432 pages, 106 figures, 3 tables. 2001. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 0-52179161-8 hardback £47.50 & US$69.95, 0-521-79543-5 paperback £1 7.95 & US$24.95." Antiquity 76, no. 291 (March 2002): 241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00119568.
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Istoria, Admin Wisnu. "BENTURAN ANTAR PERADABAN (CLASH OF CIVILIZATION) DALAM PERSIAN WAR 490 BC-480 BC." ISTORIA: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Ilmu Sejarah 9, no. 1 (April 3, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/istoria.v9i1.6259.
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Abstract This research was to elaborate the big battles between Greece and Persian in the past called by historian as Persian War. The civilization was one of the most influential factors as source of conflict in the past. The art, philosophy, and technologies by which Greece people were highly endeavors for humankind for several centuries. On the contrary, Persians civilization will be masterpiece for Eastern world. Darius, king of Persians, was the ambitious man, wishes to conquer West Asian and Greece to aggrandize her emporium and brought the Persian into the biggest in the world. This research use of historical method involving four steps: heuristic, critic, interpretation and historiography. The researcher use Herodotus book (Histories) to describe the Persian War and comparing with another source such as: paper from Kevin Wheeler. Afterward I analyze with the clash of civilization by which introduce by Huntington. Samuel P Huntington made a hypothesis that the fundamental source of conflict in this new world will not be primarily ideological or primarily economic. The great divisions among humankind and the dominating source of conflict will be cultural. The Persian War was took place in 490-480 BC represent of this hypothesis. Keywords: the Clash of civilization, Persian War.
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Kolaiti, Eleni, and Nikos Mourtzas. "New insights on the relative sea level changes during the Late Holocene along the coast of Paros Island and the northern Cyclades (Greece)." Annals of Geophysics 63, no. 6 (December 29, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.4401/ag-8504.
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Geomorphological and archaeological indicators of former sea levels along the coast of Paros enabled us to determine and date six distinct sea level stands and the relative sea level (rsl) changes between them, as well as plot the rsl curve for the last 6,300 years. The Late Holocene history of the rsl change in Paros began with the sea level at 4.90 ± 0.10 m below mean sea level (bmsl) dated to the Late Neolithic period (4300 BC-3700 BC). The next sea level at 3.50 ± 0.20 m bmsl is dated to the Geometric and Archaic period of the Cyclades (1050 BC-490 BC) and most probably lasted during the Hellenistic period (323-146 BC). The sea level at 2.40 ± 0.25 m bmsl is dated to the Roman period (146-400 AD) and the next sea level at 1.35 ± 0.20 m bmsl to the Venetian period of the Cyclades (1207-1537). The sea level at 0.80 ± 0.10 m bmsl is dated to after the Venetian period, during the Ottoman rule of the island (1537-1821). The youngest sea level stand at 0.45 ± 0.10 m is attributed to the recent change in the sea level after the late 19th c. onward. The separation between glacio-hydro-isostatic signals and the observed rsl change on Paros Island, in an area of seismic quiescence, demonstrates a significant tectonic component in the rsl changes. Moreover, the sea level stands deduced from Paros in comparison with those from the northern Cyclades indicate a uniform tectonic behaviour of the entire northern and central section of the Cyclades plateau.
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Athanasiades, Harris. "Enlightenment and School History in 19th Century Greece: the Case of Gerostathis by Leon Melas (1862-1901)." Espacio, Tiempo y Educación 4, no. 1 (January 30, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.14516/ete.146.
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Students in present-day Greek schools are taught History as a biography of the Greek nation from the Mycenaean times to the present. Over the course of three millennia, the Greek nation has experienced three periods of cultural flourishing and political autonomy: (i) the period of Antiquity (from the times of legendary King Agamemnon to those of Alexander the Great), (ii) the Byzantine period (from Justinian’s ascension in the 6th century to the Fall of Constantinople in 1453), and (iii) the modern era (from the War of Independence in 1821 to the present day). However, in this article we argue that in the 19th century the history taught in Greek schools differed substantially from the tripartite schema described above. In support of our thesis, we examine the most popular school textbook of the 19th century, O Gerostathis, by Leon Melas. In the Gerostathis, the history of the Greek nation is identified with that of Classical Greece (i.e. from the 6th century BC to the 4th century BC), which is held up as an exemplary era worthy of emulation. In contrast, the rise of Macedon under Philip II signals the cultural decline of the Greeks and the loss of their political autonomy, which was not regained for two millennia, until the 1821 national revolution. In that period, the Greek nation ceased not to exist, but survived as a subjugate of the Macedonians, the Romans, and finally the Ottomans. The Byzantine, on the other hand, is described as an unremarkable period of decadence that is only worth mentioning in relation to its final period, that of the Palaeologus dynasty, which bestowed upon the Greeks a legacy of resistance against the Ottomans. We argue that the above reading of the Greek past owed much to the Enlightenment, which as an intellectual movement still exerted a powerful influence (albeit to a gradually diminishing degree) on Greek intellectuals up to the latter third of the 19th century.
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Viquar, Uzma, Sadaf Joweria, Nargish Firdaus, and Ahmed Minhajuddin. "A STRUCTURED SUMMARY ABOUT UNANI SYSTEM OF MEDICINE IN PRESENT ERA: AN OUTLOOK." GLOBAL JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH ANALYSIS, July 15, 2021, 200–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.36106/gjra/2915612.
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The Unani system of Medicine started in Greece and was developed by Arabs into an elaborate medical science based on the frame work of the teaching of Hippocrates (460-370 BC) and Galen(131-210 AD). Since that time Unani medicine has been known as Greco-Arab Medicine. After Hippocrates (460- 370 BC) Roman, Arab and Persian scholars enriched the system considerably, of whom Galen stabilized the foundations on which Arab physicians like Razi (850-925 AD) and Ibn Sina (980-1037 AD) constructed an imposing edice. It was introduced in India by the Mughals and soon it took rm roots on Indian soil. The system found immediate favour from [1] the masses and soon spread all over the country . Over the centuries, this system has assimilated so well in the Indian civilization that today it has become an integral part of the healthcare delivery system of India.
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Biswas, Md Ataur Rahman. "The Cyprus Issue: Reflection on TRNC." Arts Faculty Journal, December 13, 2012, 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/afj.v4i0.12937.
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Cyprus is a Eurasian island country located in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, east of Greece, south of Turkey, west of Syria and Lebanon and north of Egypt. Cyprus is the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. The earliest known human activity on the island dates back to around the 10th millennium BC. At a strategic location in the Middle East, Cyprus has been occupied by several major powers, including the empires of the Hittites, Assyrians, Egyptians, Persians, Rashidun and Umayyad Arab caliphates, Lusignans, Venetians, and Ottomans. Settled by Mycenean Greeks in the 2nd millennium BCE, the island also experienced long periods of Greek rule under the Ptolemaic Egyptians and the Byzantines. In 333 BC, Alexander the Great conquered the island from the Persians. The Ottoman Empire conquered the island in 1571 and it remained under Ottoman control for over three centuries. It was placed under British administration in 1878 until it was granted independence in 1960, becoming a member of the Commonwealth the following year. In this paper an attempt is made to discuss the details about the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) commonly called Northern Cyprus, which is a self-declared state that comprises the northeastern part of the island of Cyprus recognized only by Turkey and the problems associated with it. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/afj.v4i0.12937 The Arts Faculty Journal Vol.4 July 2010-June 2011 pp.137-146
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MEMİŞ, Ekrem. "The Origin, Identity and Contributions of the Etruscans to Roman Civilization." Kafkas Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, April 25, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56597/kausbed.1080533.
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The people known as Etruscans is actually an important folk group formed by the mingling of Anatolian Trojans and Scythians of Turkish origin in Italy and transforming the existing village culture in Italy into urban culture.
While Greeks called them Tyrsenes or Tyrhenes, Romans called this people Tuscanians or Etruscans. However, the Etruscans called themselves Rasenna.
The Trojans who emerged as the representatives of the Eastern Block in the Trojan War, which is regarded as the first great struggle of the Eastern and Western worlds in human history, were defeated by the Achaeans representing the West at the end of a ten-years struggle. After a while, the Trojans, who had to participated in the Sea Peoples Migration, found themselves at the gates of Egypt. The Trojans, who participated in both the first and second stages of the Sea Peoples Migration, unfortunately lost their struggle against the Egyptian Pharaohs. Having to return to their homeland in Çanakkale region, the Trojans, seeing that their homeland had become uninhabitable, migrated to the İzmir region. However, because of the Achaean immigrants who migrated to this region from Greece, they left Anatolia completely at the beginning of the 10 th century BC and migrated to the Toscana region of Italy by sea.
About two centuries after this event, we come across two Turkish tribes who entered Anatolia over the Caucasus. These are Scythian and Cimmerian tribes. The Cimmerians, who established hegemony over Anatolia for about 80 years, also abolished the Phrygian Kingdom in Central Anatolia.
According to Herodotos, the Scythians, who entered Anatolia after the Cimmerians and ruled Eastern Anatolia for 28 years, invaded the Southern Russia lands emptied by the Cimmerians and established the Great Scythian Empire there. But, some groups of the Scythians continued their march in the west direction and reached the West Anatolia shores and immigrated to Italy from here by ships. This group of the Scythians and the Trojans, who had previously immigrated to Italy, mingled and merged and paved the way for the formation of a new community in Italy where the Turkishness features predominated, who are called the Etruscans or Tursacanians.
In this study, we will try to reveal what role the Etruscans played in the formation of Roman civilization in the light of written and archaeological sources.