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1
Protopapas, Georgios. "KURDISH AWAKENING AND THE SYRIAN CRISIS." Ali sodobni varnostni izzivi res potrebujejo povsem nove pristope?/ Do Contemporary Security Challenges Really Require Entirely New Approaches?, VOLUME 2012/ ISSUE 14/3 (September 30, 2012): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33179/bsv.99.svi.11.cmc.14.3.2.
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The Syrian crisis has been creating the preconditions for a Kurdish awakening in the sensitive region of the Middle East. The paper tries to analyse the prospects for Kurdish revolution that could redraw the borders of the Middle East with the creation of the “Greater Kurdistan”. The understanding of the greater Kurdish matter is approached through three significant parameters that relate to the regional politics and correlations. The first parameter is the Kurdish problem in Turkey and the role of the separatist organisation called “Worker Party of Kurdistan” (PKK), the second one is the Iraqi Northern Kurdistan a semi-autonomous region that could be used as precursor of the “Greater Kurdistan” and the third one relates the possibility of the Kurdish minority to create an autonomous Kurdish enclave in Syria. Nonetheless, there is no apparent and coordinated effort by the different Kurdish communities towards the creation of the Greater Kurdistan through a general uprising. Sirska kriza ustvarja razmere za kurdsko vstajo v občutljivi regiji Bližnjega vzhoda. Avtor v članku poskuša analizirati možnosti za kurdsko revolucijo, ki bi lahko spre- menila meje Bližnjega vzhoda z oblikovanjem velikega Kurdistana. Za razumevanje širše problematike Kurdistana uporabi tri glavne parametre, ki so povezani z regio- nalno politiko in medsebojnimi odnosi. Prvi parameter je problem Kurdov v Turčiji in vloga separatistične organizacije, imenovane Delavska stranka Kurdistana (PKK). Drugi parameter je iraški Kurdistan na severu države, deloma avtonomna pokrajina, ki bi lahko pomenila predhodnico velikega Kurdistana, tretji parameter pa je povezan z možnostjo, da kurdska manjšina ustvari avtonomno kurdsko enklavo v Siriji. Vendar pa ni zaznati očitne in usklajene namere različnih kurdskih skupnosti, da skozi vsesplošno vstajo ustanovijo veliki Kurdistan.
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Mardas, Joanna. "The Iraqi Kurdistan heritage in the face of regional development: preservation of archaeological sites and damage assessment — first provisional report)." Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 26, no. 1 (July 9, 2018): 809–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.1809.
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The five-year Upper Greater Zab Archaeological Reconnaissance (UGZAR) project was initiated in 2012 as one of a number of survey projects in the Iraqi Kurdistan aimed at, among others, damage assessment of archaeological sites and new threats to the preservation of these sites, resulting from Iraqi Kurdistan’s recent rapid development. The database produced within the frame of the UGZAR project can be used in heritage management. The paper presents the project’s interim results and discusses the main factors endangering archaeological sites in Iraqi Kurdistan today.
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Van Bruinessen, Martin. "Review: Islam and politics in Iranian Kurdistan at a time of revolution: the life of Ahmad Moftizadeh." Kurdish Studies 5, no. 1 (May 17, 2017): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ks.v5i1.421.
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Ali Ezzatyar, The Last Mufti of Iranian Kurdistan: Ethnic and Religious Implications in the Greater Middle East. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. xv + 246 pp., (ISBN 978-1-137-56525-9 hardback).For a brief period in 1979, when the Kurds had begun confronting Iran’s new Islamic revolutionary regime and were voicing demands for autonomy and cultural rights, Ahmad Moftizadeh was one of the most powerful men in Iranian Kurdistan. He was the only Kurdish leader who shared the new regime’s conviction that a just social and political order could be established on the basis of Islamic principles. The other Kurdish movements were firmly secular, even though many of their supporters were personally pious Muslims.
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Sharef, A. J., and R. N. Dara. "GREATER ZAB RIVER BASIN PLANNING (2050)." IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 52, no. 5 (October 21, 2021): 1150–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v52i5.1453.
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This research was aimed to study the management of water resources within international basins, among which is the study of water authorities within the Greater Zab River Basin (GZRB) in the Kurdistan region - Iraq, where it is an international river shared by Iraq and Turkey, and aims to develop the river basin management and international cooperation between the authorities Shared water within the basin, as well as identifying factors that affect implementation, the principles, and joint projects. On the other hand, the interactions of water users competing for water inside the river basin were identified. For this reason, the Water Evaluation Analysis Planning (WEAP) model was applied to the basin to determine the optimal GZR planning system and plan optimum operating policy. The main issue with this planning is how the system meets future water needs. For this reason, optimal monthly water distribution policies have been simulated using the WEAP model using the past 33 years' debt, and the revaluated GZRB performance. An ideal simulation scheme has been developed and implemented for different scenarios such as domestic needs, irrigation water, and ecological water. This study compared to the official figures in the planning work that took place in the eighties. As a result of these comparisons, the average annual water supply was 368.1 million cubic meters in August 2032. Accordingly, it was proposed that the construction of the Bekhme Dam was completed because it understood that the water requirements could not be met in the current conditions.
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Laugier, Elise Jakoby, Nawzad Abdullatif, and Claudia Glatz. "Embedding the remote sensing monitoring of archaeological site damage at the local level: Results from the “Archaeological practice and heritage protection in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq” project." PLOS ONE 17, no. 6 (June 15, 2022): e0269796. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269796.
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Today, the satellite-based monitoring of archaeological sites and site damage is a widespread practice, especially in conflict-affected regions. However, the vast majority of these remote sensing cultural heritage monitoring efforts have been led and conducted by remote researchers, and there remains an urgent need to embed this work within existing, in-country institutions at local and regional levels. Here, we present the archaeological site monitoring approach and results from the project Archaeological Practice and Heritage Protection in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, a collaborative project between the Sirwan Regional Project and Kurdish Iraqi archaeologists aimed at generating a fully functional and sustainable programme of archaeological site management co-created with, and managed by, Kurdish Iraqi archaeologists and antiquities officials. Between August 2018 and February 2020, 376 archaeological sites in the Sirwan/Upper Diyala River Valley region, located in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, were assessed for damage by Kurdish Iraqi archaeologists in collaboration with the Sirwan Regional Project. This work represents the first large-scale, systematic dataset of archaeological site conditions and longer-term damage in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI). Our results show that 86.7% of the assessed archaeological sites and 38.6% of the site surface area in this region were affected by damage between 1951–2018, and demonstrate the great urgency with which action must be taken to develop appropriate safeguarding measures for the KRI’s archaeological heritage. On the basis of these results, we outline relevant recommendations for the immediate protection of archaeological sites in Garmian and the greater Kurdistan Region.
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Yousif, Raghad Z., Rami S. Youeel, and Ferman I. Kareem. "A proposed P2P Kurdistan Academic Network Backbone (KANB), Based on Random Linear Network Coding." Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research 2, no. 3 (August 27, 2017): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24017/science.2017.3.19.
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The current rate of growth in computer network usage is a problematic issue motivates the inspiration to investigate less conventional solutions, similar to Network Coding (NC) which has attracted a lot of attention lately, to improve the bandwidth utilization and latency in computer networks. The objective of this paper is to show that the usage of Network coding is possible on enhancing the execution of Kurdistan Academic Network Backbone (KANB) to associate the primary ten urban communities in Kurdistan Region that almost contains a greater part of academic institutions. The proposed model applies peer to peer (P2P) multicasting on KANB, which does not require any centralized knowledge about the topology of the network. The Random Linear Network Coding (RLNC) has been utilized for its superior properties to address the problems of delay, throughput and lake of security associated with store-and-forward based classical networks. Simulation results point out the advantages of using network coding over the classical (store and forward) technique in term of improving the throughput gain and latency reduction. Hawler city the capital and greatest city in Kurdistan Region have been chosen as a source node while Slemani city has been elected as a sink, node. Thus, Network coding is applied at intermediate nodes.
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Ławecka, Dorota. "Newcomers and autochthons. Preliminary report on the 2016–2017 survey in the Kurdistan Autonomous Region, Iraq. Settlement pattern in the Ninevite 5 period (2012–2017)]." Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 27, no. 1 (April 11, 2018): 417–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.2008.
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The paper presents the results of the last two field campaigns (autumn seasons of 2016 and 2017) of the “Newcomers and autochthons” project, conducted since 2013 within the framework of the UGZAR (Upper Greater Zab Archaeological Reconnaissance) project in the upper Greater Zab area of the Kurdistan Autonomous Region of Iraq. A short preliminary account on the sites found during this period is followed by an overview of the Ninevite 5 settlement pattern based on data gathered over the course of six seasons of prospection within the research area.
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Aziz, Shuokr, and Sardar Bruska. "Applying mass balance dilution technique for wastewater disposal to Greater-Zab river in Erbil, Kurdistan region-Iraq." Reciklaza i odrzivi razvoj 14, no. 1 (2021): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ror2101031a.
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Treatment is essential for wastewaters prior to its disposal to the environment or water sources. Numerous wastewater treatment techniques are applied for the treatment of wastewater types. To date, dilution via mass balance approach has not been reported for treatment of various types of wastewaters in Erbil City, Kurdistan Region-Iraq. Consequently, the aim of this work was to examine the treatment of various types of wastewaters using dilution method by river water through applying mass balance approach. Characteristics of different types of wastewaters and Greater-Zab River water in Erbil City were studied. Slaughterhouse, tannery, municipal, landfill-leachate, dairy, and refinery wastewaters in Erbil City were used in the present work. Mass balance approach was applied to verify that dilution of various types of wastewaters using Greater-Zab river water. Dilution factor and required amount of river water were calculated. Temperature, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and Dissolved oxygen (DO) were studied using mass balance approach. Results revealed that dilution factor for Erbil wastewaters varied from 10.36 to 513.91. Mixing of wastewaters with Greater-Zab river water led to decreasing of DO in the river water by 3.525 % and increasing of BOD in the Greater-Zab River water. Dilution using various quantities of raw river water via applying mass balance approach resulted in decreasing the pollutants in the wastewaters to an acceptable level and it was regarded as a treatment process. Each type of wastewater needs a definite quantity of raw water for the treatment. Commonly, sedimentation is suggested prior dilution of wastewater with the Greater-Zab River water. Maximum discharge of 1,182 m3/s is sufficient for treatment of all mentioned types of wastewaters in Erbil City.
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Bashê, Shwan Khursheed. "DISTRIBUTION AND PHYLOGENETIC OF FRESHWATER MUSSEL UNIO TIGRIDIS BOURGUIGNAT, 1852 (BIVALVIA, UNIONIDAE) FROM GREATER ZAB RIVER, IRAQ." Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum 17, no. 2 (December 20, 2022): 291–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.26842/binhm.7.2022.17.2.0291.
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Freshwater mussels are a guild of stationary, suspended-feeding species; they perform significant ecological functions like nitrogen cycling, bioturbation that gives oxygen and habitat that other creatures need to survive, and increasing water clearance by filtration. Knowledge of the freshwater mussel Unio tigridis Bourguignat, 1852, distribution, and molecular study in Iraq was inadequate. In the current study, this species of freshwater Mussels belonging to the family Unionidae was collected from different locations in the Greater Zab River, from April to August 2022. The average water temperature of the site was arranged between (17.8 to 36.1 C°). All previous studies in the Kurdistan Region and Iraq were based on morphological characters and the current study was the first report of Unio tigridis that was confirmed by molecular genetics and COI gene, analyzed phylogenetically using Maximum Likelihood and Maximum Parsimony Methods.
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KHOSHNAW, L. S. H., and S. M. A. ABDULLAH. "ULTRAMORPHOLOGY AND MOLECULAR STUDIES OF DIPLOSTOMUM PARACAUDUM (TREMATODA) COLLECTED IN GREATER ZAB RIVER FROM KURDISTAN REGION, IRAQ." Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 21, no. 6 (2023): 5163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/2106_51635173.
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Akbar, Sirwan Aziz. "The Genetic Diversity And Ancestry of A Small Sample from Greater Kurdistan: Insights from Dna Sequencing Results." Journal of Duhok University 26, no. 2 (September 20, 2023): 403–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26682/sjuod.2023.26.2.35.
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Ławecka, Dorota. "Newcomers and autochthons. Preliminary report on 2013 activities in the Kurdistan Autonomous Region, Iraq." Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean XXIV, no. 1 (February 28, 2016): 591–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.0095.
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The aim of the project “Newcomers and autochthons” is a detailed analysis of the archaeological remains dated to the Late Chalcolithic and Ninevite 5 periods found during the survey conducted in the Upper Greater Zab area. The article presents a preliminary report on the field activities in the fall of 2013.
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Mahmood, Rozhgar Khorsheed, Hawta Tareq Faieq, Zaid Saad Ismail, Idrees Sadeq Kanabi, Saif Qudama Younus, Swran Jawamir Jwmaa, Baban Jabbar Othman, Bayar Gardi, and Diyar Abdulmajeed Jamil. "Critically evaluate the relationship between the organisational effectiveness and its international environment." International Journal of Language, Literature and Culture 2, no. 3 (2022): 12–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijllc.2.3.2.
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The purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between organizational effectiveness and international environment. The study was carried out among small and medium enterprise in Erbil, Kurdistan. Total of 53 participants involved in this study. Five-point Likert scales was used in this study ranging from not important at all to very important. The findings demonstrated that the correlation analysis between organizational effectiveness and international environment. The value of Pearson Correlation = .858** which is greater than 0.01 this means that there is a positive and strong correlation between organizational effectiveness and international environment. Furthermore, it was found that the value of Beta=.858 which is greater than 0.01 this indicates that there is a positive relationship between organizational effectiveness and international environment.
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Koliński, Rafał. "Settlement history of Iraqi Kurdistan: an assessment halfway into the project." Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 26, no. 1 (July 9, 2018): 579–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.1810.
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The objectives of the “Settlement history of Iraqi Kurdistan” project include the identification and recording of archaeological sites and other heritage monuments across an area of more than 3000 km2 located on both banks of the Greater Zab river, north of Erbil. A full survey of the western bank was carried out over three field seasons, in 2013, 2014 and 2015 (leaving the Erbil/Haūler province to be studied in the next two seasons). To date, at least 147 archaeological sites dating from the early Neolithic Hassuna culture to late Ottoman times have been registered. Moreover, the project documented 39 architectural monuments, as well as the oldest rock reliefs in Mesopotamia dating from the mid 3rd millennium BC, located in the village of Gūnduk. Altogether 91 caves and rock shelters were visited in search of Paleolithic and Pre-Pottery Neolithic remains. The paper is an interim assessment of the results halfway into the project, showing the trends and illuminating gaps in the current knowledge.
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Al-Abdallah, Ghaith, and Sarhang Jumaa. "User-Generated Content and Firm Generated Content: A Comparative Empirical Study of the Consumer Buying Process." ISSUE TEN 6, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 10–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.25079/ukhjss.v6n1y2022.pp10-31.
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This research determines the impact of content marketing (user-generated content (UGC) and firm-generated content (FGC)) on the consumer buying process for telecommunication products and services in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI). The study attempts to compare the impact of UGC and FGC on the consumer buying process. To achieve this aim, the study utilized a descriptive quantitative methodology. The population of interest for this research is all consumers of telecommunication products in the KRI. Primary data was collected from 402 online questionnaires from a convenience, snowball, sample from the main provinces of Kurdistan. The results indicate that all FGC marketing dimensions have a statistically significant positive direct effect on the consumer buying process, while only content valence and information richness of UGC dimensions have a statistically significant positive direct effect. FGC valence has the greatest impact on the consumer buying process, closely followed by FGC trustworthiness, and then FGC information richness. Between the two examined types of content, FGC has a greater impact than UGC on the consumer buying process for telecommunication products and services. Telecommunications marketers and management should thus prioritize the identified FGC dimensions in their marketing strategies for optimum resource allocation efficiency. Further discussion is provided.
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Abdulrahman, Mahmoud D., Fattma Z. Mohammed, Saber W. Hamad, Harmand A. Hama, and Abubakar A. Lema. "Medicinal Plants Traditionally Used in the Management of COVID-19 in Kurdistan Region of Iraq." ARO-THE SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF KOYA UNIVERSITY 10, no. 2 (November 15, 2022): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.14500/aro.11042.
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Coronaviruses are infectious respiratory tract illnesses, but they can also affect the digestive tract and infect both humans and animals. The new coronavirus results in complicated health problems all over the world. The most urgent concern of all researchers around the world has been the treatment of the virus. The following study aimed to use quantitative ethnobotany to help scientist in addressing the deadly virus. Expert sampling method was adopted with the aid of an in-depth interview guide. Thirty-nine respondents were interviewed. Eighty-one medicinal plant species from 35 families were documented. Males 25 (64.1%) constitute the greater percentage of the total respondents. Majority of the respondents had formal education. Eighty-one medicinal plant species from 35 families were documented. Leaves are the most utilized 25.8 followed by seed 17.7 and fruits 12.1%, respectively. Relative frequency of citation ranged from 0.5 to 0.9, whereas the FL value ranged from 0.4 to 0.85, revealing how effective the documented plant species are in the management of COVID-19 in the region. A greater amount of research into documented medicinal plants is warranted because of the high likelihood that they contain many active ingredients.
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GHAREB, Mazen, Hawraman KARIM, Shvan SALIH, and Hiwa HASSAN. "SOCIAL MEDIA AND SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS: A CASE STUDY IN KURDISTAN SOCIETY." Applied Computer Science 14, no. 3 (September 30, 2018): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/acs-2018-19.
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These days, Social Media which is includes (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Linkedin) is an extremely well known social correspondence media. Individuals use Social Media to express their musings, thoughts, sonnets, and distresses on them. In the period of data superhighway, greater part of the young people are not sharing their challenges, issues, irregularity, powerlessness and disappointment with their folks in Kurdistan of Iraq. Be that as it may, they share with their companions on Social Media. Hence, their companions are making remarks, giving havens and affections to them. Because of absence of instruction and encounters on innovation, gatekeepers in Kurdistan don't know about the correspondences and addictions on social Medias. In this manner, there are producing holes in social relationships in the community. In this paper, a review has based and finding the effect of social media on personal and community relationships. Calculation dissects the practices of youngsters' by gathering data from a survey. Guardians and educators conclusions are additionally viewed as about the exercises of understudies on home and foundations. Here, age cutoff points of focused adolescents are somewhere in the range of 16 and 60. From this investigation, powerless connection amongst guardians and their adolescent youngsters have been taken note. The significant issue was that teenagers are investing more energy on social media and guardians need them to the table amid contemplate time and educational time.
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Fayeq Yaseen, Dilgash, Mohammed Amin Yasin Taha, Hasan Saleem Nabi, and Abdulaziz Jameel Younis. "Study of Some Wood-charcoal Characters Produced from Some Tree Species of Duhok Province." Journal Of Duhok University 23, no. 2 (December 14, 2020): 146–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.26682/ajuod.2020.23.2.18.
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This investigation was done in the laboratory of college of agricultural engineering sciences – University of Duhok to study some wood-charcoal quality produced from some local wood species in Kurdistan region Iraq. In market, the quality of wood charcoal produced from tree species is varied due to divers’ anatomical structure and carbonizing temperature process. As a consequence, understanding the factors controlling the quality of wood charcoal is an important issue for both producers (sellers) and consumers (buyers). In most charcoal factories, wood charcoal are produced without determining of their quality whereas each quality of wood charcoal has its own properties, price and uses. The quality of charcoal made from some selected local wood species (Quercus aegilops, Salix alba, Malus domestica, and Populus alba) were evaluated. The woods species were collected from Zaxo district of Duhok province and were transformed into wood-charcoal using a steel kiln for pyrolysis. The analysis of physical and chemicals such moisture content percentage [MCP] , volatile matter percentage [VMP] , ash content percentage [ACP] and fixed carbon percentage [FCP], of the produced wood-charcoal were proximately resolved using the (ASTM D3176 – 15) method. The results showed, for the first time on all around the Kurdistan region of Iraq, the quality of wood charcoal produced from these wood species. The highest value off moisture content (2.375%) was with Malus domisteca as compared with Populus alba which was (1.000%), highest volatile matter (21.125%) was with Quercus aegilpops compared with Populus alba (4.125%), high ash content recorded (4.875%) with Quercus aegilpops compared with Salix alba (2.250%) and the fixed carbon was greater value in Populus alba which was (92.125%) compared with Quercus aegilpops (72.875%). In addition, these species present significant divergence in term of good quality of wood charcoal and the (populous alba) gave the superior quality of wood charcoal from the rest wood species. Therefore, the results of this study have a high assessment for managers of Kurdistan governmental and private charcoal factories as a suggestion which wood species is suitable in order to achieve better quality of wood charcoal.
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Ławecka, Dorota. "Newcomers and autochthons. Preliminary report on the 2014–2015 survey in the Kurdistan Autonomous Region, Iraq." Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 25 (May 15, 2017): 511–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.1876.
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The paper presents the results of the “Newcomers and autochthons” project conducted within the framework of the UGZAR field project in the Upper Greater Zab region in 2014– 2015 (continued from 2012 and 2013). A preliminary recapitulation of the Late Chalcolithic 3–5 settlement pattern focuses on the so-called Uruk expansion, manifested in the presence of artifacts belonging to the southern Mesopotamian Uruk culture on some of the surveyed sites.
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Payton, Joanne L. "For the Boys in the Family: An Investigation Into the Relationship Between “Honor”-Based Violence and Endogamy." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 32, no. 9 (June 5, 2015): 1332–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260515588918.
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Germaine Tillion’s classic work of ethnology My Cousin, My Husband related so-called “honor”-based violence (HBV) to the institution of cousin marriage as a response to women’s entitlement to inheritance within the Greater Mediterranean Region. This article will scrutinize Tillion’s position using original survey data gathered in the Kurdistan region of Iraq, finding that although there is a correlation between HBV and cousin marriage, Tillion’s association of this with inheritance laws is inadequate. An alternative position is proposed, in which the relationship between HBV and cousin marriage is situated in coercion around marriage, intergenerational tensions, and in-group exclusivity, exacerbated by the contemporary politics of nationalist neopatrimonialism and an economy based in oil rentierism.
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Merza, Muayad A., Bewar M. Yousif, Muhammed K. Younus, Bizav M. Omer, and Hewa I. Ahmed. "Characteristics of patients with HBeAg negative chronic hepatitis B virus infection in Duhok, Kurdistan region." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 6, no. 8 (July 25, 2018): 2615. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20183242.
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Background: The objective of this study was to characterize patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B in Duhok province.Methods: We recruited all patients with HBeAg negative chronic hepatitis B virus infections who visited viral hepatitis clinic in Azadi Teaching Hospital between September 2015-December 2017. The main evaluation parameters were: serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, serum albumin, total serum bilirubin (TSB), viral load. Few patients were subjected to Fibro-test, Fibroscan, or liver biopsy.Results: There were 251 patients. The mean age of the patients was 35.75±14.40 years. One hundred fifty-seven cases were male and 94 cases were female. The baseline mean of ALT, AST and viral load was 42.09±2.71U/L, 30.26±19.65U/L, and 1421197.08±14436692.04IU/ml, respectively. Compared with women, men have significantly higher values of ALT and AST, serum albumin, and TSB. There were 217 chronic inactive carrier (IC) patients and 34 chronic active hepatitis (AH) patients. ALT, AST, and viral load levels were significantly higher among AH patients.Conclusions: The majority of patients showed nil to mild liver injury. The higher level of ALT in males is a supporting guide to follow the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) considering 30U/L and 19U/L levels for males and females, respectively. There was preponderance of males in AH, which indicates greater frequency of advanced fibrosis in such patients. There was a greater probability of AH in old aged people. Serum albumin and TSB were not good markers for differentiation between AH and IC state. Twenty-four patients had ALT above twice upper limit of normal level, but 34 patients showed AH based on liver biopsy, firboscan or fibrotest.
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Solaiman, Muslih A., Hikmat S. Al-Jaleel, and Imaddadin Hassan. "Water Quality Parameters Evaluation of Sipna Stream, Duhok area, Kurdistan Region-Iraq." Tikrit Journal of Pure Science 28, no. 4 (August 25, 2023): 41–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjps.v28i4.1528.
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Due to the security situation surrounding the Sipna area, there has been a rapid migration of the population to the Sipna area over the past fifteen years, which has increased agricultural activities as well as some small and medium factories. This has necessitated the evaluation of the water quality and its appropriateness for various uses in the Sipna area. The Sipna stream, which is part of the Greater Zab River, is located in the Sheladize area, 60 km to the northeast of Duhok City in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region. Between the low-flow season (12-October/2021) and the high-flow season (18-April/2022), forty surface water samples were taken by polyethylene bottle from both seasons. The study aims to assess the quality of surface water and the extent of the impact of human activities on the Sipna stream and the possibility of using it as a database for comparison in the future. The findings indicate that Ca-bicarbonate and TDS values range from 219-606 ppm with an average of 321 ppm for the dry season and 188-685 ppm with an average of 251 ppm for the wet season, it is the dominant water type in the study area. According to to mean values, the main ion concentrations for cations were Ca2+> Mg2+> Na+> K+, and HCO3-> SO42-> Cl-> NO3- anions. The most prevalent hydrochemical natural processes are rock weathering and its mainly responsible for the water quality in the study area. Water indices and comparisons to the WHO standard revealed that the Sipna stream's quality is suitable for use as drinking water and a wide range of other purposes.
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Hassan, Zuber I. "Molecular Phylodiagnosis of Taenia hydatigena from Stray Dogs in Erbil Province-Kurdistan Region/Iraq." Polytechnic Journal 11, no. 2 (December 30, 2021): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.25156/ptj.v11n2y2021.pp26-30.
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Taenia hydatigena is one of the most prevalent taeniid species of livestock and dogs. A total of 52 fecal samples were collected from September 2019 to May 2020. The highest prevalence rate was observed in Rural area (21.15%, 11/52), as compared to Urban area (15.38%, 8/52). Nineteen (9 males and 10 females) out of 52 dogs were infected with T. hydatigena; there were no significant differences in prevalence based on molecular technique was observed between females (19.23%) and males (17.31%). The DNA’s of taeniid eggs were extracted, amplified, and sequenced by targeting of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1). The partial nucleotide sequence was submitted to the GenBank and recorded under accession number (MT298194-MT298197). Molecular analysis indicates that the specimens characterized in this study belong to the same species and shared greater 98.71–100% identity with cox1 sequences of T. hydatigena. This is the first molecular diagnosis of T. hydatigena in the stray dogs at Erbil Province. The data are a useful for health and educational authorities responsible for designing and implementing effective measures for disease control.
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Obed, Sami A., Parzhin A. Mohammed, and Dler H. Kadir. "The Estimation of (Covid-19) Cases in Kurdistan Region Using Nelson Aalen Estimator." Cihan University-Erbil Scientific Journal 5, no. 2 (September 30, 2021): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24086/cuesj.v5n2y2021.pp24-31.
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It is described how the Nelson–Aalen estimator may be used to control the rate of a nonparametric estimate of the cumulative hazard rate function based on right censored as well as left condensed survival data, furthermore how the Nelson–Aalen estimator can be utilized to estimate various amounts. This technique is mostly applied to survival data and product quality data similar to the incorporated relative mortality in a multiplicative model with outer rates and the cumulative infection rate in a straightforward epidemic model. It is shown that tallying measures produce a structure that permits to a brought together treatment of all these different conditions, and the main little and massive sample properties of the assessor are summarized. This estimator is a weighted average of the Nelson-Aalen reliability estimates over two time periods. The suggested estimator's suitability and utility in model selection are reviewed. And a real-world dataset is evaluated to demonstrate the proposed estimator's suitability and utility. This work proposes a simple and nearly unbiased estimator to fill this gap. The information was gathered from the Ministry of Health's website between October 1, 2020, and February 28, 2021. The results of the Nelson Allen Estimator demonstrated that the odds of surviving were higher during a short period of time after being exposed to the virus. As time passes, the possibilities become slimmer. The closer the estimate comes to value 1 from 0.5 upward, the greater the chances of surviving the infection.
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Rogg, Inga, and Hans Rimscha. "The Kurds as parties to and victims of conflicts in Iraq." International Review of the Red Cross 89, no. 868 (December 2007): 823–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383108000143.
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AbstractAfter decades of fighting and suffering, the Kurds in Iraq have achieved far-reaching self-rule. Looking at the history of conflicts and alliances between the Kurds and their counterparts inside Iraq and beyond its borders, the authors find that the region faces an uncertain future because major issues like the future status of Kirkuk remain unsolved. A federal and democratic Iraq offers a rare opportunity for a peaceful settlement of the Kurdish question in Iraq – and for national reconciliation. While certain groups and currents in Iraq and the wider Arab world have to overcome the notion that federalism equals partition, the Kurds can only dispel fears about their drive for independence if they fully reintegrate into Iraq and show greater commitment to democratic reforms in the Kurdistan Region.
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Lužnjanin, Vladimir. "The Iraqi Kurds’ Desire for Statehood and the Role of Israel." Oriental Courier, no. 1 (2023): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s268684310025313-2.
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The paper analyzes the Kurdish issue in present-day Iraq and how it affects today’s constellation of forces in the Middle East. Emphasis is placed on Israeli-Iraqi Kurdish relations and ties. First, how the state of Israel has supported the Iraqi Kurds in their struggle to gain greater autonomy within Iraq, and finally independence, since its inception. Secondly, it shows the history of Israeli-Iraqi Kurdish relations and how they developed. Namely, what role did the Iraqi Kurds once play in Israels conflict with the Arab states, what role do they have now and what role can they play in the future. At the end of the paper, predictions are made about the future of the Iraqi Kurdistan Region, whether as an independent state or within a confederated Iraq.
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Hamad-Ali, Sh J., and L. A. Ali. "Piscicola geometra (Linnaeus, 1761) leech parasitizing two fish species hosts from Greater Zab near Aski-Kalak, Kurdistan-Iraq, morphological and molecular investigations." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 761, no. 1 (May 1, 2021): 012113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/761/1/012113.
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Hussain, Serena. "Islamic Universalism or Ethno-nationalism? Exploring identity salience within a Kurdish migrant community in Britain." Kurdish Studies 9, no. 2 (October 31, 2021): 205–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ks.v9i2.619.
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This article examines identity salience among members of a Kurdish Muslim migrant community in England. The study, in contrast to previous research on the Kurdish diaspora, focuses on religious identity in a small-city context, with recently arrived migrants, predominately from Iraqi Kurdistan. In-depth interviews highlight how ethnic repression within sending nations results in greater politicisation of ethnicity and in turn salience over all other identities, even within a non-Muslim setting. As such, findings did not demonstrate growing salience of religious identity over ethno-national identities, in order to close ranks with other Muslim minorities in a local context, as described in literature on ‘Islamic diasporas’. Abstract in Kurmanji Gerdûnparêziya îslamî ya netewparêziya nijadî ? Vekolîna girîngiya nasnameyî di civateke Kurdên koçber li Brîtanyayê de Ev nivîsar girîngiya nasnameyî ya li nav endamên civateke Kurdên misilman ên koçber li Inglîstanê vedikole. Li berevajiyê lêkolînên bihorî yên li ser diyasporaya kurd, ev vekolîn li ser nasnameya dînî ya koçberên nûhatî, pirraniya wan ji Kurdistana Êraqê ve, di çarçoveya bajarokeke piçûk de radiweste. Hevdîtinên hûrgilî bal dikişînin ser polîtîzebûna bêhtir a ku bi encama zordestiya nijadî li neteweyên birêkêr pêk hat û, li ser vê, girîngiya meztir a nasnameya nijadî li ber hemû nasnameyên din, heta di hawirdoreke ne-misilman de jî. Weha, van encam hane girîngiya zêde ya nasnameya olî li hember nasnameyên nijadî-neteweyî nîşan nedaye, li berevajiyê destbiratiya herêmî ya bi kêmneteweyên misilman ên din re ku di edebiyata li ser ‘diyasporayên misilman’ de tê dîtin. Abstract in Sorani Îslamî cîhanî yan nasêwnallîzmî êtnî? Lêkollîneweyek le ser giringî nasnamey êtnî le nêwan komellêk koçberî kurd le le Berîtanya Em wutare şirovey giringî nasnamey êtnî le nêwan endamanî komellêk koçberî musullmanî kurd dekat le Berîtaniya. Twêjîneweke be pêçewaney twêjînewekanî pêştir le ser rewendî kurd le tarawge, tîşk dexate ser nasnamey ayinî le nêw koçberî tazegeyştû le Kurdistanî ‘Êraqewe, le çwarçêwey şarêkî biçûkda. Çawpêkewtinî dûrxayan derîxistwe ke çawsanewey êtnî le wllatî koçkirdinewe debête hoy besiyasîbûnî nasnamey êtnî û zallbûnî be ser nasnamekanîtir da, tenanet le nêwendî namusullmanekanîş da. Le ber ewe encamekan zallî nasnamey ayinî be ser nasnamey êtnî dernaxen bo nizîkbûnewe le gell kamayetiy musullmanekanîtir le nêwendî nawxoda, wek leserçawekanîtir le ser musllmananî tarawge baskrawn. Abstract in Zazaki Îslamî cîhanî yan nasêwnallîzmî êtnî? Lêkollîneweyek le ser giringî nasnamey êtnî le nêwan komellêk koçberî kurd le le Berîtanya Em wutare şirovey giringî nasnamey êtnî le nêwan endamanî komellêk koçberî musullmanî kurd dekat le Berîtaniya. Twêjîneweke be pêçewaney twêjînewekanî pêştir le ser rewendî kurd le tarawge, tîşk dexate ser nasnamey ayinî le nêw koçberî tazegeyştû le Kurdistanî ‘Êraqewe, le çwarçêwey şarêkî biçûkda. Çawpêkewtinî dûrxayan derîxistwe ke çawsanewey êtnî le wllatî koçkirdinewe debête hoy besiyasîbûnî nasnamey êtnî û zallbûnî be ser nasnamekanîtir da, tenanet le nêwendî namusullmanekanîş da. Le ber ewe encamekan zallî nasnamey ayinî be ser nasnamey êtnî dernaxen bo nizîkbûnewe le gell kamayetiy musullmanekanîtir le nêwendî nawxoda, wek leserçawekanîtir le ser musllmananî tarawge baskrawn.
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Mahmood, Nozad H., Dler H. Kadir, and Hawkar Q. Birdawod. "The Full Factorial Design Approach to Determine the Attitude of University Lecturers towards e-Learning and Online Teaching due to the COVID-19 Pandemic." Cihan University-Erbil Scientific Journal 6, no. 1 (February 10, 2022): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24086/cuesj.v6n1y2022.pp20-25.
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The purpose of this study was to determine faculty members' attitudes toward online learning in Kurdistan region universities. The study examined the biographic and personal characteristics of the lecturer towards e-learning. The data was collected among faculty members at Cihan University-Sulaimaniya, and to analyze the data, a full factorial design with five main factors at two levels and no central points was applied for this specific purpose. The study's findings indicated that there was no significant relationship between gender and lecturer attitude towards e-learning. In comparison to teachers with an MSc degree, those with a PhD have a more negative attitude toward e-learning. Furthermore, full-time faculty members have a greater positive effect on teachers' attitudes than part-time lecturers. Likewise, the results indicate that lecturers who earned their most recent education degrees outside of Iraq have a more favorable attitude. Similarly, lecturers in the sciences are more favorable to e-learning than those in the arts and social sciences. In addition, the findings demonstrated that the interaction factors (Gender) and (Education Degree) have a negative effect on lecturers' attitudes when they are combined. Besides that, the interaction of factors (Country of Last Education Degree) and (Faculty Member Types) improves attitudes toward e-learning. Based on the results, it is suggested that academic staff receive e-learning training to deepen their knowledge and understanding of such a modern teaching system. There is also a need to enhance factors related to positive attitudes towards e-learning among university lecturers. The findings of this study are necessarily significant to both teachers and educational organizations in Kurdistan Region universities.
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Ahmed, Sarwar M. R. "Evaluation of Heavy Metals Concentration in Some Bottled Water Brands in Kurdistan Region." Science Journal of University of Zakho 9, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2021.9.1.771.
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Recently Bottled waters became the main resources for drinking water supply, where the use of bottled waters in some region has exchanged the distribution system of drinking water. However, several different chemicals may be found in drinking bottled water, for instance heavy metals, that have accumulated in lethal amounts which could affect human health after prolonged periods of exposure. Therefore, this study was carried out to evaluate some bottled water brands in Kurdistan region of Iraq in term of their contents of heavy metal comparing with both WHO and SQI water standards. About 108 samples were collected (18 brands; 6 samples from each brand) from October to December 2019, bought randomly from grocery shops and supermarkets in Duhok, Erbil and Sulaymaniyah city, Kurdistan region, Iraq. Cobalt (Co), Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), Chromium (Cr), Iron (Fe), Selenium (Se) and Mercury (Hg) concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Heavy metal pollution index (HPI), degree of contamination (Cdeg) and heavy metal evaluation index (HEI) were also calculated for evaluating the overall quality of bottled water. Results of individual criteria revealed that, excluding Cd and Hg, heavy metals content in all bottled water samples were lower than approved limits according to Iraqi's (IQS:417) and WHO standards. Though, the results exhibited that Cd content in some of the studied water samples was greater than the allowable limits (3μg/L) according to the depended standards. Concerning the values of metal pollution indices, although there were higher HPI values than critical value (100) in three water brands i.e. Al-Joud, Al-Waha and Sanbenedetto, the indices values for all other bottled water were below the critical value. According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that except for Cd value in few brands and all Hg values, the studied bottled water are safe for drinking. Moreover, companies of bottled water package are recommended to monitor their products through analyzing the water sample periodically and use activated carbon filtration to ensure the safety of drinking bottled water.
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Othman, Arsalan Ahmed, Ahmed F. Al-Maamar, Diary Ali Mohammed Amin Al-Manmi, Veraldo Liesenberg, Syed E. Hasan, Ahmed K. Obaid, and Ayad M. Fadhil Al-Quraishi. "GIS-Based Modeling for Selection of Dam Sites in the Kurdistan Region, Iraq." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 4 (April 15, 2020): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9040244.
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Iraq, a country in the Middle East, has suffered severe drought events in the past two decades due to a significant decrease in annual precipitation. Water storage by building dams can mitigate drought impacts and assure water supply. This study was designed to identify suitable sites to build new dams within the Al-Khabur River Basin (KhRB). Both the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the weighted sum method (WSM) were used and compared to select suitable dam sites. A total of 14 layers were used as input dataset (i.e., lithology, tectonic zones, distance to active faults, distance to lineaments, soil type, land cover, hypsometry, slope gradient, average precipitation, stream width, Curve Number Grid, distance to major roads, distance to towns and cities, and distance to villages). Landsat-8/Operational Land Imager (OLI) and QuickBird optical images were used in the study. Three types of accuracies were tested: overall, suitable pixels by number, and suitable pixels by weight. Based on these criteria, we determined that 11 sites are suitable for locating dams for runoff harvesting. Results were compared to the location of 21 preselected dams proposed by the Ministry of Agricultural and Water Resources (MAWR). Three of these dam sites coincide with those proposed by the MAWR. The overall accuracies of the 11 dams ranged between 76.2% and 91.8%. The two most suitable dam sites are located in the center of the study area, with favorable geology, adequate storage capacity, and in close proximity to the population centers. Of the two selection methods, the AHP method performed better as its overall accuracy is greater than that of the WSM. We argue that when stream discharge data are not available, use of high spatial resolution QuickBird imageries to determine stream width for discharge estimation is acceptable and can be used for preliminary dam site selection. The study offers a valuable and relatively inexpensive tool to decision-makers for eliminating sites having severe limitations (less suitable sites) and focusing on those with the least restriction (more suitable sites) for dam construction.
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Aryal, Yubraj. "Radical Politics in Practice: The Self-organising and Self-managing Kurdish Confederalism." Deleuze and Guattari Studies 12, no. 2 (May 2018): 185–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/dlgs.2018.0303.
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Today, looking at the Middle East, through and beyond the dust and smoke of war, it is apparent that new forms of politics and democracy are being shaped in social practices and by social experimentation. We are referring to the people's councils that have been established in various places in the Kurdistan region, and through which people are taking greater responsibility for and control of their daily lives and the places where they live. Those involved refer to these councils in the context of ‘democratic autonomy’ and ‘democratic confederalism’, which indicates that they are not simply to be considered as just local initiatives, but also contribute to a larger project or idea and way of thinking about and doing politics. We may not fully comprehend this form of politics, yet this should challenge academics and those interested in developing new forms of democracy to take a closer look.
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Abdullah, Nabaz Nawzad, Snobar Junayd Rasol, and M. Prabhu. "Impacts of leadership style on the organizational job performance Surveying public sector organizations in Kurdistan Region." Tikrit Journal of Administrative and Economic Sciences 17, no. 54, 3 (June 30, 2021): 444–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjaes.17.54.3.28.
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The style of leadership is important to organizational job performance. This study intends to investigate the leading style of leadership, which has a greater impacts on organizational job performance. It also studies the relationship between four common leadership styles including democratic, autocratic, charismatic, and transformational leadership on the organizational job performance in public sector organizations. The data was collected by using quantitative methods and the result was obtained upon 90 respondents. The findings indicate a significant relationship between charismatic leadership, transformational leadership, and organizational job performance. However, democratic leadership was found to have an insignificant but positive relationship with organizational performance. Autocratic leadership is also found to have a negative and insignificant relationship with organizational job performance as employees have the least saying and leaders using coercion and enforce their decision on employees without their participation. The study also indicated that charismatic leadership has the most effective effects on organizational job performance followed by the transformational leadership style. Democratic leadership has the least contribution to organizational job performance. This study helps public sector organizations in Kurdistan Region to enhance productivity, satisfaction, and commitment of the employees that together maintain organizational job performances.
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Arev Merza Astifo. "A Study of the Cultural Intricacies that the Students Face during Language Learning Processes." گۆڤاری ئەکادیمیای کوردی, no. 56 (September 24, 2023): E121—E154. http://dx.doi.org/10.56422/ka..56.442.
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Learning strategies are selected based on insights and analysis that are based on a common global academic foundation. A set of complications negatively affect the process of receiving the applied English language and have many negative psychological and achievement effects on students, and therefore this study seeks to investigate the impact of common ideological and cultural complexities among students on learning applied English linguistics. A quantitative methodology was adopted, where a questionnaire has been distributed online among a sample of (300) teachers working in different English departments at Kurdistan/ Erbil Universities. SPSS 23 was used to evaluate the gathered replies, and the results revealed that numerous cultural complications influence students' acquisition of applied linguistics, such as the traditions and customs of eastern civilizations, which do not favour language learning. Another cultural complexity is the shyness that affects the learner when he/she practices the language in front of others. Moreover, many other erroneous ideologies affect the learning of English applied linguistics including students’ contempt for modern teaching methods of the English language, and the false belief among students that learning English is not compatible with the culture and Islamic teachings of society. Moreover, the study concluded that there is a strong negative correlation with statistical significance between the ideological and cultural complexities of students and the learning of applied English linguistics in English departments at Kurdistan University, through the analysis of statistical data. It was also found that complexities are more influential in learning applied English than cultural complexities. The researcher recommends the necessity for teachers to deal with a greater degree of awareness with the current generations in dealing with these complexities, by making the English language away from the wrong ideology recognized before, and focusing on teaching it as an important and global foreign language, and that mastering it is important in achieving development.
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Meshabaz, Ronak Abdulazeez, and Mustafa Ismail Umer. "Assessment of industrial effluent impacts on soil physiochemical properties in Kwashe Industrial Area, Iraq Kurdistan Region." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1120, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1120/1/012037.
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Abstract The present investigation was conducted to assess the quality of industrial effluents of Kwashe industrial area in Kurdistan region, Iraq and evaluate the potential effects of these effluents on the quality of soil. Industrial effluents samples were collected at from the discharge point of various industries including (oil refineries, plastic, paper and printing, steel, aluminum, leather tanning, paint, food, detergent, fertilizer, construction, nylons, metals pipe, chemical, asphalt and petroleum product) at three different locations and analyzed for various physic-chemical characteristic. Soil samples were collected from different fields and analyzed for several soil properties. Result revealed; nearly almost physicochemical characteristics of industrial effluents are higher than the permissible levels of worldwide standard. Result also shows that the quality of industrial effluents is significantly deteriorated much more with the distance it passes through two plains in the region. Almost soil properties are negatively affected by effluents, organic matter in the soil affected by industrial effluents is higher 5 times greater than the normal range of organic matter in the soil due to the continuous deposition of petroleum hydrocarbons in the soil. Soil content of macronutrients is significantly affected by industrial effluents. Significant correlation between some studied soil parameters were found as determination coefficients (R2) are highly significant (P<0.01).
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Al-Abdallah, Ghaith, and Jegr Ababakr. "Brand Experience and Customer Loyalty in Dentistry: The Role of Perceived Brand Authenticity." International Journal of Dentistry 2023 (November 24, 2023): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/2541243.
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This study investigates the impact of brand experience (BE) on customer loyalty (CL) and examines the possible mediating effect of brand authenticity (BA) and the moderating effect of frequency of visits on the original relationship between BE and CL in dental practices. A descriptive, deductive, and quantitative research methodology was applied, with a self-administrated survey questionnaire over a cross-sectional convenience sample from dental clinics and centers in Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, and Duhok (Iraqi Kurdistan). Data were collected in July and August 2022. SPSS AMOS 26 was used for analyzing 952 patients’ responses. The results indicate that BE has a statistically significant positive effect on CL. However, only affective experiences, cognitive experiences, and behavioral experiences have a statistically positive effect on CL. BA has a significant direct mediation effect on the original relationship between BE and CL. In addition, a greater frequency of dental visits improves the BE and impacts CL. Discussion, recommendations, and future research orientation are provided.
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Omer, Ameera W., Hazhar T. A. Blbas, and Dler H. Kadir. "A Comparison between Brown’s and Holt’s Double Exponential Smoothing for Forecasting Applied Generation Electrical Energies in Kurdistan Region." Cihan University-Erbil Scientific Journal 5, no. 2 (November 30, 2021): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.24086/cuesj.v5n2y2021.pp56-63.
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The process of producing electricity from sources of energy is known as electricity production. Electric also isn't freely accessible in environment, thus it should be "manufactured" (i.e., converting another kinds of energy to electrical energy) by utilities with in electricity industry (transportation, distributing, and so on).Moreover, the objective of this study is to compared of Brown’s as well as Holt’s Double Exponential Smoothing also build a best forecasting time series model among two smoothing model forecasting, as well as focuses on optimizing characteristics to use the golden section technique. This exponential smoothing approach has been one of the time series forecasting methods that would be used to forecast (Generation Electrical) with in Kurdistan area. The issue that arises with this technique is determining the appropriate parameters to reduce predict inaccuracy. In addition, Data used in this paper are (Generation Electrical) in Kurdistan region for (132) months from 2010 to 2020. The study revealed that such data is trending modeled, indicating that a double exponential smoothing (DES) approach from Brown & Holt can be used with the (Stratigraphic & Minitab) software. There are the same results but the Result of analysis more depend on the R-program. The difference among the forecast findings acquired with optimum parameters as well as the assaying data was utilized to assess the feasibility of the forecast by completing normality and randomness tests. Ultimately, the outcomes of parameterization show that the optimal value of α that in DES Brown is (0.22) as well as the optimal MAPE is 9.23616 percent, whereas in DES Holt the optimal is (0.95) as well as the optimal β is (0.05) via the optimal MAPE of 8.08586 percent. This MAPE of a DES Brown technique is greater than the MAPE of a DES Holt approach. Feasibility experiments revealed that both approaches are capable of predicting. Depending on the value of MAPE as well as evaluation process, DES Holt's was recognized as the main prediction model.
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Akhmedov, Teub A. "Socio-Political Activities of Kurdish Organizations in Russia in 1990–2022." Общество: философия, история, культура, no. 9 (September 20, 2023): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24158/fik.2023.9.16.
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The article examines the process of formation and establishment of Kurdish diaspora organizations in the Rus-sian Federation. The author traces the historical stages of resettlement of representatives of the ethnos to the Russian Federation from the beginning of the XIX century, when the territories of the Caucasian peoples were annexed to the Russian Empire. Particular attention in the article is paid to the self-organization of the Kurds in the late XX – early XXI centuries. It is aimed at studying of the historical development of the socio-political and cultural organizations of the Kurds in Russia, as well as their relationship with the political organizations of the Greater Kurdistan region. The article scrutinizes special attention to the All-Russian Public Organization “Feder-al National-Cultural Autonomy of Kurds of the Russian Federation” from the moment of registration in 2000 to the present day. The author attempts to trace the process of structures activities created by Russian Kurds in cooperation with ethnic socio-political structures of the Caucasus and Central Asia countries during the period under consideration.
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Ahmed, Ghafoor, and Shuela Sheikh-Abdullah. "Potassium Mobility Potential of Forest Soil In Kurdistan Region, Iraq, As Estimated By Quantity- Intensity (Q/I) Relationships." Journal of Geoinformatics & Environmental Research 1, no. 1 (October 2, 2020): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.38094/jgier115.
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This study aimed to assess potassium(K) 's potential mobility for some soils located in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Five soil samples were collected from a depth of (0-30) cm. For each sample, 5g of soil was equilibrated with 50 ml of 0.01 M CaCl2, amended with different K concentrations, and incubated for 24 h at 298 Kelvin. The supernatant was filtered, and K, Ca, and Mg were determined. Potassium exchange equilibrium was calculated from quantity-intensity (Q/I) isotherms. Mean AReK values for all studied soils ranged between 2.4x10-3 to 3.6x10-3(mol L-1)1/2, which reveals that K was preferentially held at inner potions. The amount of labile K(KL) ranged from 0.479 to 1.191cmolc kg-1 in studied soils. The highest value of KL was in Kanypanka while the lowest value was in Goizha. The potential buffering capacity (PBCK) was between 619.56 and 857.37 cmolc kg-1(mol L-1) -1/2. All studied soils were characterized by low percent K saturation and a high ability to replenish K concentration in the soil solution. Gapon selectivity coefficient was relatively high and ranged from 5.64 to 7.88 L mol-1. Higher values of KL indicate a greater K release into the soil solution. Such a high affinity of K to the solid soil phase was attributed to both the elevated organic matter content in these soils and their strong buffering capacities.
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Mam-Rasul, Ghafoor, and Shuela Sheikh-Abdullah. "Potassium Mobility Potential of Forest Soil In Kurdistan Region, Iraq, As Estimated By Quantity- Intensity (Q/I) Relationships." Journal of Applied Science and Technology Trends 3, no. 01 (June 27, 2022): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.38094/jastt301168.
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This study aimed to assess potassium(K) 's potential mobility for some soils located in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Five soil samples were collected from a depth of (0-30) cm. For each sample, 5g of soil was equilibrated with 50 ml of 0.01 M CaCl2, amended with different K concentrations, and incubated for 24 h at 298 Kelvin. The supernatant was filtered, and K, Ca, and Mg were determined. Potassium exchange equilibrium was calculated from quantity-intensity (Q/I) isotherms. Mean AReK values for all studied soils ranged between 2.4x10-3 to 3.6x10-3(mol L-1)1/2, which reveals that K was preferentially held at inner potions. The amount of labile K(KL) ranged from 0.479 to 1.191cmolc kg-1 in studied soils. The highest value of KL was in Kanypanka while the lowest value was in Goizha. The potential buffering capacity (PBCK) was between 619.56 and 857.37 cmolc kg-1(mol L-1) -1/2. All studied soils were characterized by low percent K saturation and a high ability to replenish K concentration in the soil solution. Gapon selectivity coefficient was relatively high and ranged from 5.64 to 7.88 L mol-1. Higher values of KL indicate a greater K release into the soil solution. Such a high affinity of K for the solid soil phase was attributed to both the elevated organic matter content in these soils and their strong buffering capacities.
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Journal, Baghdad Science. "An Ecological Observation on Inland water Ecosystem in Erbil –Iraq Kurdistan with particular reference to blue green algae Glaucospira." Baghdad Science Journal 11, no. 3 (September 7, 2014): 1387–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.11.3.1387-1396.
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Regular sampling for six months from January to July 2012 were taken in small, shallow, perennial, standing ponds near the Greater Zab River, Gwer district, Erbil. A variety of physicochemical parameters were determined. Air and water temperature were falling between 15.2 - 34.7 ? C and 15.5 and 26.5 ?C. The waters are neutral (pH 7.38-8.27), hard, alkaline, salty, high in TDS and EC (892-966?S/cm, and rich in nutrients (NO3: 2.1-4.1mg/l, PO4: 0.33-0.62 mg / l , SO4: 24.7-80.2 mg / l ). The attention fixed on a filamentous blue- green algae Glaucospira Lagerheim, 1982) which is new to Iraqi flora. It is a filament (trichome), solitary, pale or yellowish blue – green, without sheath, Screw like coiled, motile, some of them are actively motile. In this study nine species were identified, classified and described with their original and hand drawing, photo vis.; Glaucospira sp.: syn. Spirulina abreviata Lemm. ex Kleb. and Lemm. , G. agilissima Lag., G. laxissima G.S.West syn.: Spirulina laxissima f. major Des., Glaucospira sp. syn.: Spirulina tenuior Lag.,Glaucospira sp. Syn.: Spirulina corakiana Playf., Glaucospira sp.syn.: Sprulina nodosa Scham. Glaucospira sp. syn.: Spilurina baltica Mart.,Glaucospira sp. Syn.: Spirulina magnifica Cop. And Glaucospira sp. syn.: Spirulina subtilissima Mostly they are from Spiralina Turpin ex Gomont.
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Aziz, Farhad Hassan, Fikrat M. Hassan, and Balkes Haje Rasul. "An Ecological Observation on Inland water Ecosystem in Erbil –Iraq Kurdistan with particular reference to blue green algae Glaucospira." Baghdad Science Journal 11, no. 3 (September 7, 2014): 1387–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2014.11.3.1387-1396.
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Regular sampling for six months from January to July 2012 were taken in small, shallow, perennial, standing ponds near the Greater Zab River, Gwer district, Erbil. A variety of physicochemical parameters were determined. Air and water temperature were falling between 15.2 - 34.7 ? C and 15.5 and 26.5 ?C. The waters are neutral (pH 7.38-8.27), hard, alkaline, salty, high in TDS and EC (892-966?S/cm, and rich in nutrients (NO3: 2.1-4.1mg/l, PO4: 0.33-0.62 mg / l , SO4: 24.7-80.2 mg / l ). The attention fixed on a filamentous blue- green algae Glaucospira Lagerheim, 1982) which is new to Iraqi flora. It is a filament (trichome), solitary, pale or yellowish blue – green, without sheath, Screw like coiled, motile, some of them are actively motile. In this study nine species were identified, classified and described with their original and hand drawing, photo vis.; Glaucospira sp.: syn. Spirulina abreviata Lemm. ex Kleb. and Lemm. , G. agilissima Lag., G. laxissima G.S.West syn.: Spirulina laxissima f. major Des., Glaucospira sp. syn.: Spirulina tenuior Lag.,Glaucospira sp. Syn.: Spirulina corakiana Playf., Glaucospira sp.syn.: Sprulina nodosa Scham. Glaucospira sp. syn.: Spilurina baltica Mart.,Glaucospira sp. Syn.: Spirulina magnifica Cop. And Glaucospira sp. syn.: Spirulina subtilissima Mostly they are from Spiralina Turpin ex Gomont.
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Saeed, Ava, and Hishyar Najeeb. "Oxidative DNA Damage in Relation to the Severity of COVID-19 Infection in Duhok City, Kurdistan Region- Iraq." Journal of Life and Bio Sciences Research 4, no. 01 (January 5, 2023): 01–05. http://dx.doi.org/10.38094/jlbsr40178.
Full textAbstract:
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has rapidly spread across the globe since its outbreak in Wuhan, China, in 2019. Clinical evidence suggests higher oxidative stress in COVID-19 patients, and this worsening redox status which may contribute to disease progression. The present study aimed to investigate the oxidative Deoxyribonucleic acid damage in patients with mild and severe COVID-19 infection and to evaluate its relationship to the disease progression and severity. A case-control study was conducted from September 2021 to January 2022 in Duhok city, Kurdistan Region-Iraq. 180 individuals have participated. Among 88 COVID-19 cases, 92 healthy volunteers as the control group, with ages ranging (18-45) years. Patients were divided into two groups according to the severity of infection (mild cases, severe cases). Serum level of 8-OHdG and malondialdehyde (MDA) were assessed as oxidative stress biomarkers. Serum levels of 8-OHdG were considerably higher in patients with COVID-19 infection in comparison to the control group, (p<0.01). The further statistical analysis has revealed a significantly higher 8-OHdG in blood in female cases with severe COVID-19 infection compared cases with a mild infection, (p<0.01). Serum MDA levels in severe cases were higher, statistically significant when compared with the control group (p=0.007). Severe cases had higher level of MDA than in mild case, in male cases (p<0.05) in female cases (p<0.0001). The current data suggest that patients who were infected severely with COVID-19 are under huge oxidative stress attack. Analysis of data shows that severe cases of COVID-19 infection had significantly greater level of serum 8-OHdG than in healthy control subjects.
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Dler H. Baban and Mostafa M. Ahmed. "Characterization of the Carbonate Reservoir Unit A of the Upper Triassic Kurra Chine Formation in the well SH-4, Shaikan Oilfield, Iraqi Kurdistan Region, Using Wireline Log Data." Tikrit Journal of Pure Science 26, no. 2 (December 3, 2022): 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjps.v26i2.122.
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Unit A of Kurra Chine Formation has been studied in the well Shaikan - 4 (SH-4) at Shaikan Oilfield in Northern Iraqi Kurdistan Region. The available conventional wireline log data and the existed core test values have been used to characterize the reservoir properties of the studied unit and to determine the flow efficiency of the reservoired fluids. The dolomite and anhydrite dominated lithology of the studied unit contains low percentages of shale except the upper most part of the unit in which shale content exceeds 30%. The porosity is less than 5% in most parts of the unit and secondary porosity comprises less than 4% of the total porosity in some horizons. The shale content consists primly of Illite and Chlorite and distributes in a dispersed pattern. Hydrocarbons are exist almost along the studied unit in saturations exceeding 70% at the middle and lower part of the unit. No effective permeable intervals observed at the upper part of the unit, whereas permeable zones of greater than 70mD are observed at the lower part. Three reservoir units distinguished in Kurra Chine A unit based on variations in shale content, porosity, and permeability. The studied unit contains four distinctive types of Hydraulic Flow Units (HFU) of less than 2.0, 20-5.5, 5.5-10, and greater than 10 Flow Zone Indicator (FZI) values. The calculated net to gross pay ratio for the studied Kurra Chine A Unit appeared to be about 28% representing the collective 52m net pay to the 184m gross thickness of the studied A Unit.
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Lia, Brynjar. "A Kurdish al-Qaida? Making Sense of the Ansar al-Islam Movement in Iraqi Kurdistan in the Early 2000s." Religions 13, no. 3 (February 26, 2022): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel13030203.
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Initially construed as the vital link between Saddam Husayn’s Iraq and al-Qaida in the runup to the Iraq war, the Ansar al-Islam (AI) group formed in Iraqi Kurdistan in December 2001 has been the subject of intense debate and huge media coverage. In academic research, however, its history, evolution and affiliation have received surprisingly little academic scrutiny. Commonly depicted as an al-Qaida affiliated group or a sub-group controlled by al-Qaida’s emerging organization in Iraq (AQI), the AI group should—this article argues—instead be understood as a strong independent-minded group with an ideology and operational pattern distinct from that of AQI. Although sharing many commonalities, the AI and AQI became de facto rivals, not allies. Contrary to accepted wisdom, the AI and its first successor group remained a distinct Salafi-jihadi insurgent group largely focused on fighting ‘the near enemy’, i.e., Kurdish and Iraqi authorities. It strongly resisted repeated calls for joining al-Qaida’s new umbrella organization in Iraq, the Islamic State of Iraq (ISI) in 2006, and it paid no homage to AQI’s or ISI’s leaders. Also on the international level, the groups were fundamentally different. As opposed to al-Qaida’s terrorist plotting abroad, the AI’s international network were hierarchical structures, geared towards raising logistical and financial support as well as recruitment. The article highlights the need for greater attention to the complexities and nuances in patterns of contacts and cooperation between militant Islamist extremists. Informed by the growing scholarship on the multifaceted nature of contemporary jihadism, its numerous manifestations in local settings, and its strong internal rifts, this paper seeks to redress the early reductionist portrayal of the AI movement.
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Khalaf, Akram Abbas. "Estimating Soil Hydraulic Parameters of Different Textured Soils in Semiarid Duhok Conditions - Iraqi-Kurdistan Region by using RETC Program." Kufa Journal for Agricultural Sciences 13, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 6–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.36077/kjas/2021/v13i2.3651.
Full textAbstract:
RETC is a computer program that can be used to estimate soil hydraulic functions by easily determining soil properties. Using van Genuchten model in the RETC program gave high accuracy for estimating the hydraulic functions e.g., θ (h), k (θ) and D (h), also the mentioned program is considered a good tool for potential optimization of water management especially though calculating irrigation water after consuming 60% of the available water in root zone restoring technique.
In the current study surface, soil samples (0 – 30 cm) from eight locations with a wide range in texture were collected RETC code is used to refine the water retention curve through minimizing the residual error according to van Genuchten – Mualem approach (1980). the obtained results indicated that the sum square SSQ (residual error) values becomes smaller after refining for eight studied soils which were (Avkendal, Berderash, Chemrash, Kanisark, Keperto, Khanik, Qerwola and Terbsbia), which their SSQ values before RETC refining were ( 0.0470264, 0.0680298, 0.0240080, 0.0190478, 0.0396200, 0.0166960, 0.094400 and 0.0199100) whereas these values decrease as fallowing (0.000333400, 0.000942618, 0.0000997008, 0.000167315, 0.002448800, 0.000243300, 0.00080000, and 0.000099917 ) with ha high coefficient of determination (R2) greater than (0.964) and the maximum refining was (0.000099917) at Chemrash silty clay loam soil with 0.9986 (R2), whereas the minimum value was(0.002448800) at Keperto loamy soil with 0.9720(R2) and this means higher precision in fitting using the retention model.
RETC code was used to analyze soil water retention curve and hydraulic conductivity functions which are the key parameters in any quantitative description of water flow into the unsaturated zone of soils, van Genuchten et. al. (1991)
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Hussain, Gulistan Ali, Mustafa Ismail Umer, and Musher Rasheed Ahmed. "Influences of Spatial and Seasonal Variation on Khabur River Pollution by Municipal Wastewater in Zakho District, Iraq Kurdistan Region." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1120, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1120/1/012033.
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Abstract Samples of water were collected from the Khabur River in Zakho city in Iraqi Kurdistan Region in three seasons, the summer, autumn, and winter of 2021, at three different locations, before arriving at the city, inside the city, and after passing the city, and some Physio-chemical properties of water were determined to evaluate the spatial and seasonal variation effects on the renowned Khabur River properties. The result revealed the dissolved oxygen DO, biological oxygen demand is significantly (p<0.01) influenced by the summer season than autumn and winter, as the high temperature minimizes the dissolvability of oxygen necessary for life in the water, however, the level of BOD in Khabur river in three seasons not exceeded the recommended level of WHO and Iraqi slandered 3 mg/l. The pH of the Khabur River is not significantly affected by seasonal changes, while EC is significantly affected by seasonal variation. The alkalinity of the Khabur River is significantly higher in summer than in autumn and winter, and the opposite of almost all the studied parameters that increased in winter. The river has a total hardness greater than 200 mg/l as well as total calcium and magnesium. Hardness is significantly high in winter, as the dissolution of both Ca and Mg from bedrock and soil is increased by the action of heavy rainfall on the eroded soil. Regarding the spatial variation, the most studied parameters of the Khabur deteriorated when the river enters Zakho city, as approximately all the sewage water of this city is discharged into the river without any proper treatment.
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Faist, Thomas. "Transnational social spaces out of international migration: evolution, significance and future prospects." European Journal of Sociology 39, no. 2 (November 1998): 213–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003975600007621.
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Transnational social spaces denote the circular flow of persons, goods, information and symbols across countries that have been triggered in the course of international labor migration and refugee flows. The question is how such transnational phenomena can be described, catagorued and explained. What are the implications for the adaptation of international migrants and their descendants in the economic, political and cultural realms in the countries of setdement? First, this discussion clarifies basic concepts, such as transnational social space and the main resources involved, such as various forms of social capital, the norm of reciprocity, solidarity, information and control. Second, the analysis outlines some causal macro-factors that may have opened up opportunities for migrants to build transnational spaces to a greater extent than before World War Two. Third, a few forays into the empirical realm serve to sketch the lineaments of the German-Turkish transnational social spaces: the emergence of Turkish niche businesses in Germany and transnational businesses spanning both countries; efforts of some Kurdish organizations to establish a homeland called ‘Kurdistan’; and collective identity among secondgeneration German-Turks in the religions realm, involving Islamic thought and organizations, but also secular forms of everyday culture. The article concludes with a discussion of factors that may limit the future growth of transnational social spaces.
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Hussein, Zhina M., and Musher R. Ahmed. "ACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS IN CELERY PLANT APIUM GRAVEOLENS AND SOIL IRRIGATED WITH WASTEWATER WITHIN DUHOK CITY KURDISTAN OF IRAQ." Science Journal of University of Zakho 11, no. 2 (May 31, 2023): 254–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.2.1007.
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Wastewater contains poisonous metals which can be moved and accumulated in plants before entering the human body through the food chain. The aim of this research was to investigate the concentrations of toxic metals such as Nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and copper (Cu) in wastewater, celery plant and farmlands soils of Duhok city Kurdistan of, Iraq. The heavy metals accumulation in the Celery plants, soil and water samples were analyzed by using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results obtained showed that the mean concentrations of Pb, Ni, and Cu in the wastewater and Celery plants samples ranged from 0.45±0.08 to 5.95±0.2, 0.18±0.01 to 1.95±0.28, 0.02± 0.01 to1.13±0.23 mg/L respectively. The pattern of metal buildup in wastewater-irrigated soil is in the order: Cu > Pb > Ni, and the mean concentration of Pb, Ni and Cu in soil ranged between 21.68±0.42 to 118.57±0.07, 1.27±0.47 to 5.70±0.23, 1.28±0.24 to ± 15.12 0.53 mg/kg-1, respectively. While the mean concentration of Pb, Ni and Cu in celery leaves ranged from 1.04±0.22 to 5.22±0.60, 0.52± 0.22 to 4.31± 0.12, respectively. 1.34 ±0.22 to 19.47±0.82, 1.23±0.04 to 7.29± 2.53, 1.01±0.05 to 5.76±1.32 mg/ kg-1, respectively. According to this study, roots contain more heavy metals than leaves. According to the findings, a few of the sampling sites had Pb, Ni, and Cu values that were exceeded the permissible concentration. Celery plants cannot be planted in the Duhok Valley to prevent excessive heavy metal exposure to human health through vegetables, where the main irrigated water source is sewage from the local municipalities. Celery plant irrigation with wastewater has much greater levels of heavy metals than the controls.
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Kane, Jeremy C., Brian J. Hall, Paul Bolton, Laura K. Murray, Ahmed Mohammed Amin Ahmed, and Judith K. Bass. "The Association of Domestic Violence and Social Resources With Functioning in an Adult Trauma-Affected Sample Living in Kurdistan, Northern Iraq." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 33, no. 24 (March 27, 2016): 3772–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260516639582.
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Domestic violence (DV) and other experienced trauma types increase the risk for impaired functioning. Access to social resources may provide a buffer to existing risks and allow individuals to continue and build functioning. This cross-sectional study investigated the direct effects of DV and access to social resources (perceived social support, social integration, and frequency of social contact), as well as their potential interactive effects, on daily functioning among 894 male and female trauma survivors who attended primary care clinics in Kurdistan, Iraq in 2009 and 2010. Experiencing DV was not associated with functioning for males ( p=.15) or females ( p=.60), suggesting that in the context of a trauma-affected sample, the experience of DV may not significantly increase the risk for functional impairment. Greater amounts of social integration were associated with less functional impairment among males ( p<.01) and females ( p<.05); social integration was associated with less functional impairment among males only ( p<.01); and frequency of social contact was associated with less functional impairment among females only ( p<.05), indicating that the association between social resource type and functioning differed by gender. Social resources had a stronger effect on functioning among men compared to women. Among males who experienced DV, social integration was the only social resource associated with less functional impairment ( p<.01); among male trauma survivors who did not experience DV, social support was the only resource associated with less functional impairment ( p<.01). Further investigation into these associations is warranted to inform intervention strategies for survivors of DV and other traumas in post-conflict settings.