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Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Slepkova, N. V. "The Zoological Museum and Institute in Petrograd–Leningrad: from the First World War to the “Great Break” (1914–mid-1930s)." Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS 323, no. 3 (October 1, 2019): 268–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2019.323.3.268.

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This paper considers some aspects of the history of the Zoological Museum and the Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, which appeared on its base in 1931, during two decades following the outbreak of the First World War. It deals with the scientific, social and political consequences caused for the Zoological Museum by the First World War, two Revolutions of 1917 and subsequent Civil War. The paper describes establishment of the Museum’s Council, which ruled from 1917 to 1930, and an attempt to evacuate collections in 1917, as well as conditions under which the Museum zoologists had to work in the period of the wars and revolutions. The first years of the restoration of normal work of the Zoological Museum after the Civil War are considered, as well as the effects of the flood, which damaged the Ichthyological, Herpetological and Osteological departments of the Museum in 1924. The renaming of the Museum into the Institute during the reform of the Academy of Sciences in 1929–1934 is discussed as well as layoffs and repressions during this reform. The paper considers changes in the Exhibition Department, made on demand of the authorities. The information is given about the Faunistic Conference of 1932, which was hosted by the Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR under the slogan for “the Party’s” and “Bolshevik’s faunistic studies”.

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2

Davis, Stuart A., and Mark C. Dunning. "Flood Damage Mitigation Since the Great Midwest Flood of 1993: Issue Introduction." Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education 130, no. 1 (May 1, 2009): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1936-704x.2005.mp130001001.x.

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3

Bearden, Russell E. "The Great Flood of 1927: A Portfolio of Photographs." Arkansas Historical Quarterly 61, no. 4 (2002): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40022647.

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4

Randolph, Ned. "River Activism, “Levees-Only” and the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927." Media and Communication 6, no. 1 (February 9, 2018): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/mac.v6i1.1179.

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This article investigates media coverage of 19th and early 20th century river activism and its effect on federal policy to control the Mississippi River. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers’ “levees-only” policy—which joined disparate navigation and flood control interests—is largely blamed for the Great Flood of 1927, called the largest peacetime disaster in American history. River activists organized annual conventions, and later, professional lobbies organized media campaigns up and down the Mississippi River to sway public opinion and pressure Congress to fund flood control and river navigation projects. Annual river conventions drew thousands of delegates such as plantation owners, shippers, bankers, chambers of commerce, governors, congressmen, mayors and cabinet members with interests on the Mississippi River. Public pressure on Congress successfully captured millions of federal dollars to protect property, drain swamps for development, subsidize local levee districts and influence river policy.

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5

Lear, Bernadette A. "Pennsylvania Public Libraries and the Great Flood of 1936: Dark Clouds and Silver Linings." Pennsylvania Libraries: Research & Practice 2, no. 2 (November 12, 2014): 113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/palrap.2014.70.

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The Great Flood of 1936 damaged thousands of buildings, ruined millions of dollars’ worth of infrastructure and personal property, and left thousands of citizens homeless in Pennsylvania. Among affected institutions were 14 public libraries that lost books and records and/or sustained structural damage during the flood. This article recounts the experiences of the four libraries with the largest claims: the Cambria Library (Johnstown), the Annie Halenbake Ross Library (Lock Haven), Milton Public Library, and the James V. Brown Library (Williamsport). Lessons learned, unexpected opportunities to reshape collections and services, and advancement of professional knowledge about conservation of water-soaked materials are discussed. In addition, the article provides details about the Pennsylvania Library Association’s successful pursuit of state rehabilitation funds for affected libraries. Although the Great Flood of 1936 was an experience that no one would wish to repeat, it represents some silver linings in terms of public library history.

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6

Tvede, Arve M. "Floods Caused by a Glacier-Dammed Lake at the Folgefonni Ice Cap, Norway." Annals of Glaciology 13 (1989): 262–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500008016.

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The River Londalselva drains a part of the Søndre Folgefonni ice cap. On maps showing the topography of the basin, two potentially glacier-dammed lakes can be identified, the lakes of Blomsterskardvatn and Sauavatn. Four large floods occurred in the late summer or early autumn periods of the years 1938, 1944, 1948, and 1962, resulting in great damage to the farms in the settlement of Mosnes. After each of the earlier floods, river-protection work was carried out, but after the 1962 flood further protection efforts were considered too expensive and so the settlement was abandoned by its farmers in the mid-1960s. Originally, the floods were believed to result from the emptying of Blomsterskardvatn. However, field studies have revealed that in fact the floods actually orginated in Sauavatn. This paper suggests a possible flood-prevention measure, based on the construction of a 400 m long tunnel from Sauavatn, which would keep water levels low. The cost is estimated at approximately 5 million Norwegian kroner (NOK.) based on an exchange rate of 6.9 NOK = 1 $US in September 1988. The paper also stresses the importance of making proper hydrological investigations in other cases of flood.

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7

Tvede, Arve M. "Floods Caused by a Glacier-Dammed Lake at the Folgefonni Ice Cap, Norway." Annals of Glaciology 13 (1989): 262–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500008016.

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The River Londalselva drains a part of the Søndre Folgefonni ice cap. On maps showing the topography of the basin, two potentially glacier-dammed lakes can be identified, the lakes of Blomsterskardvatn and Sauavatn. Four large floods occurred in the late summer or early autumn periods of the years 1938, 1944, 1948, and 1962, resulting in great damage to the farms in the settlement of Mosnes. After each of the earlier floods, river-protection work was carried out, but after the 1962 flood further protection efforts were considered too expensive and so the settlement was abandoned by its farmers in the mid-1960s. Originally, the floods were believed to result from the emptying of Blomsterskardvatn. However, field studies have revealed that in fact the floods actually orginated in Sauavatn. This paper suggests a possible flood-prevention measure, based on the construction of a 400 m long tunnel from Sauavatn, which would keep water levels low. The cost is estimated at approximately 5 million Norwegian kroner (NOK.) based on an exchange rate of 6.9 NOK = 1 $US in September 1988. The paper also stresses the importance of making proper hydrological investigations in other cases of flood.

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8

Pekárová, Pavla, Ján Pekár, Dana Halmová, Pavol Miklánek, and Veronika Bačová Mitková. "Disaster Flood Scenario: Case Study of the Uh River at Lekárovce (Slovakia)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 906, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/906/1/012102.

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Abstract The occurrence of extreme floods in several river basins of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe over the last thirty years has drawn the attention of the public (as well as the competent authorities) to the problems of flood protection. Although the development and operational use of non-structural measures (such as flood forecasting and warning systems), represents one of the effective flood protection measures, the structural means (flood protection, levees, flood control reservoirs) are of great importance, too. Especially in the upper parts of the river basin, where the time between the detection of the causes of the flood (heavy rainfall) and its consequence (flood) is short and does not affect the effective protective activity (e.g. evacuation). Over the last 30 years, flood protections have been built along the Uh River (Slovakia, Ukraine) to protect the environment from floods. These dams adversely affected the storage capacity of water in the basin. This resulted in flood flows increase on the lower sections of the Uh River in Slovakia. These facts need to be demonstrated by the need to evaluate the proposed design values for those sections. The study presents an analysis of the long-term flood regime of the river Uh in the section Uzhhorod (Ukraine) - Lekárovce (Slovakia). The first part analyses the trend changes in the time series of maximum annual discharge Qmax in the stations Lekárovce and Uzhhorod on the basis of the observed Qmax data in these profiles (period 1931-2019). These Qmax series were subsequently used to estimate the maximum T-year discharge at the Lekárovce station for the changed conditions of the Uzhhorod - Lekárovce section. Using these derived data and the observed form of the summer flood hydrograph from July 1980, a 100-year flood scenario was developed for the Uh River in Lekárovce. The achieved results indicate a further increase in flood risk in Lekárovce.

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9

Zemanek, Alicja, and Piotr Köhler. "Historia Ogrodu Botanicznego Uniwersytetu Stefana Batorego w Wilnie (1919–1939)." Studia Historiae Scientiarum 15 (November 24, 2016): 301–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/23921749shs.16.012.6155.

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The university in Vilna (Lithuanian: Vilnius), now Vilniaus universitetas, founded in 1579 by Stefan Batory (Stephen Báthory), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, was a centre of Polish botany in 1780-1832 and 1919-1939. The Botanic Garden established by Jean-Emmanuel Gilibert (1741–1814) in 1781 (or, actually, from 1782) survived the loss of independence by Poland (1795), and a later closure of the University (1832), and it continued to function until 1842, when it was shut down by Russian authorities. After Poland had regained independence and the University was reopened as the Stefan Batory University (SBU), its Botanic Garden was established on a new location (1919, active since 1920). It survived as a Polish institution until 1939. After the Second World War, as a result of changed borders, it found itself in the Soviet Union, and from 1990 – in the Republic of Lithuania. A multidisciplinary research project has been recently launched with the aim to create a publication on the history of science at the Stefan Batory University. The botanical part of the project includes, among others, drafting the history of the Botanic Garden. Obtaining electronic copies of archival documents, e.g. annual reports written by the directors, enabled a more thorough analysis of the Garden’s history. Piotr Wiśniewski (1884–1971), a plant physiologist, nominated as Professor in the Department of General Botany on 1 June 1920, was the organiser and the first director of the Garden. He resigned from his post in October 1923, due to financial problems of the Garden. From October 1923 to April 1924, the management was run by the acting director, Edward Bekier (1883–1945), Professor in the Department of Physical Chemistry, Dean of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences. For 13 subsequent years, i.e. from 1 May 1924 to 30 April 1937, the directorship of the Garden was held by Józef Trzebiński (1867–1941), a mycologist and one of the pioneers of phytopathology in Poland, Head of the Department of Botany II (Agricultural Botany), renamed in 1926 as the Department of Plant Taxonomy, and in 1937 – the Department of Taxonomy and Geography of Plants. From May 1937 to 1939, his successor as director was Franciszek Ksawery Skupieński (1888–1962), a researcher of slime moulds. Great credit for the development of the Garden is due to the Inspector, i.e. Chief Gardener, Konstanty Prószyński (Proszyński) (1859–1936) working there from 1919, through his official nomination in 1920, until his death. He was an amateur-naturalist, a former landowner, who had lost his property. Apart from the work on establishing and maintaining the Garden’s collection, as well as readying seeds for exchange, he published one mycological paper, and prepared a manuscript on fungi, illustrated by himself, containing descriptions of the new species. Unfortunately, this work was not published for lack of funds, and the prepared material was scattered. Some other illustrations of flowering plants drawn by Prószyński survived. There were some obstacles to the further development of the institution, namely substantially inadequate funds as well as too few members of the personnel (1–3 gardeners, and 1–3 seasonal workers). The area of the Garden, covering approx. 2 hectares was situated on the left bank of the Neris river (Polish: Wilia). It was located on sandy soils of a floodplain, and thus liable to flooding. These were the reasons for the decision taken in June 1939 to move the Garden to a new site but the outbreak of the Second World War stood in the way. Despite these disadvantageous conditions, the management succeeded in setting up sections of plants analogous to these established in other botanical gardens in Poland and throughout the world, i.e. general taxonomy (1922), native flora (1922), psammophilous plants (1922), cultivated plants (1924/1925), plant ecology (1927/1928), alpinarium (1927–1929), high-bog plants (1927–1929), and, additionally – in the 1920s – the arboretum, as well as sections of aquatic and bog plants. A glasshouse was erected in 1926–1929 to provide room for plants of warm and tropical zones. The groups representing the various types of vegetation illustrated the progress in ecology and phytosociology in the science of the period (e.g. in the ecology section, the Raunkiaer’s life forms were presented). The number of species grown increased over time, from 1,347 in 1923/1924 to approx. 2,800 in 1936/1937. Difficult weather conditions – the severe winter of 1928 as well as the snowless winter and the dry summer of 1933/34 contributed to the reduction of the collections. The ground collections, destroyed by flood in spring of 1931, were restored in subsequent years. Initially, the source of plant material was the wild plant species collected during field trips. Many specimens were also obtained from other botanical gardens, such as Warsaw and Cracow (Kraków). Beginning from 1923, printed catalogues of seeds offered for exchange were published (cf. the list on p. ... ). Owing to that, the Garden began to participate in the national and international plant exchange networks. From its inception, the collection of the Garden was used for teaching purposes, primarily to the students of the University, as well as for the botanical education of schoolchildren and the general public, particularly of the residents of Vilna. Scientific experiments on phytopathology were conducted on the Garden’s plots. After Vilna was incorporated into Lithuania in October 1939, the Lithuanian authorities shut down the Stefan Batory University, thus ending the history of the Polish Botanic Garden. Its area is now one of the sections of the Vilnius University Botanic Garden (“Vingis” section – Vilniaus universiteto botanikos sodas). In 1964, its area was extended to 7.35 hectares. In 1974, after establishing the new Botanic Garden in Kairenai to the east of Vilnius, the old Garden lost its significance. Nevertheless, it still serves the students and townspeople of Vilnius, and its collections of flowering plants are often used to decorate and grace the university halls during celebrations.

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10

EVANS, DAVID. "Bessie Smith's ‘Back-Water Blues’: the story behind the song." Popular Music 26, no. 1 (January 2006): 97–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261143007001158.

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‘Back-Water Blues’, composed by Bessie Smith and recorded by her on 17 February 1927, has long been associated in the popular mind and even by some writers with the great flood of the lower Mississippi River and its tributaries that occurred that year. This is historically problematical because that flood began two months after Smith recorded her song. Through an examination of Smith's touring itinerary, the testimony of fellow entertainers who toured with her, newspaper reports, and other documents, it can be shown that the song was composed about a flood of the Cumberland River that struck Nashville, Tennessee, on Christmas morning, 1926. The lyrics of the song are interpreted with respect to the events of that flood.

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11

McFarland, Robert E., and John M. Barry. "Rising Tide: The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and How It Changed America." Environmental History 3, no. 1 (January 1998): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3985432.

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12

Watkins, Tri, and John M. Barry. "Rising Tide: The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and How It Changed America." Arkansas Historical Quarterly 57, no. 4 (1998): 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40027956.

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13

Salmond, John, and John M. Barry. "Rising Tide: The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and How It Changed America." Journal of American History 84, no. 4 (March 1998): 1543. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2568184.

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14

Knobloch, Dennis M. "Moving a Community in the Aftermath of the Great 1993 Midwest Flood." Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education 130, no. 1 (May 1, 2009): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1936-704x.2005.mp130001008.x.

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15

Park, Kyung Suk. "Relief of ‘Great Flood Disaster in 1931’ and International Cooperation : Foreign Personnel and Overseas Resources of the National Flood Relief Commission." CHUNGGUKSA YONGU (The Journal of Chinese Historical Researches) 130 (February 28, 2021): 237–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.24161/chr.130.237.

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16

Edgerton-Tarpley, Kathryn Jean. "From “Nourish the People” to “Sacrifice for the Nation”: Changing Responses to Disaster in Late Imperial and Modern China." Journal of Asian Studies 73, no. 2 (February 27, 2014): 447–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911813002374.

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This article seeks to spark a conversation about shifting conceptualizations of disaster under modernizing states. It employs case studies of two major disasters, the North China Famine of 1876–79 and the Yellow River flood of 1938–47, to map changes and continuities in Chinese responses to disaster. State approaches to the late-Qing famine both drew on a millennium of Chinese thinking about disaster causation and anticipated new issues that would become increasingly important in twentieth-century China. The catastrophic Yellow River flood occurred when China's Nationalist government deliberately breached a major dike in a desperate attempt to “use water instead of soldiers” to slow the brutal Japanese invasion. The Nationalist state's technologization of disaster, its rejection of cosmological interpretations of calamity, and its depiction of flood victims as heroes sacrificing for the nation mark departures from late-imperial responses to disaster, but foreshadow features of the devastating Mao-era Great Leap Famine of 1958–62.

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17

Shoji, Sumie. "A Study on the Reconstruction Plan in Kobe after the Hanshin Great Flood Disaster of 1938." HISTORICAL STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING 13 (1993): 421–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/journalhs1990.13.421.

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18

Day, John, Jaye Cable, Robert Lane, and G. Kemp. "Sediment Deposition at the Caernarvon Crevasse during the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927: Implications for Coastal Restoration." Water 8, no. 2 (January 25, 2016): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w8020038.

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19

Franczak, Paweł. "The significance of extreme floods in the transformation of mountain valleys and causing flood risk, on the example of the July 2001 flood that occurred in the upper catchment of the river Skawa." Science, Technology and Innovation 9, no. 2 (October 12, 2020): 10–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.5163.

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In July 2001, in the Carpathian basin of the Vistula, there was a lot of rainfall and storms. The meteorological situation of that time was similar to that of 1934 when a great flood occurred. On 25 July (2001st), in the upper part of the Skawa catchment, a violent storm occurred. Its centre was located right at Makowska Góra. The daily precipitation in Maków Podhalański was 190.8 mm that day. Most of the precipitation occurred during a storm. Although the precipitation was much lower in the other stations located in the drainage basin, the flow of the Skawa in Sucha Beskidzka was 660 m3 s-1, while the constructed dam in Świnna-Poręba – 1019 m3 s-1. Precipitation was so abundant that the floodplains terraces of the Skawa have been inundated, and made the streams flowing down the Makowska Mountain spill out of the trough. The centre of Maków Podhalański and the neighbouring streets were destroyed. The main current flowed through the streets of Źródlana, Krótka, Kościelna, Rynek, and Wolności. The biggest losses were caused by the Księży Potok and several smaller streams (Rzyczki, Grabce, and Czarny Potok) that poured out of the trough and flowed through them. The biggest losses have been incurred by the Budzów and Zembrzyce municipalities located on the other side of the mountain. The losses were caused by a small Paleczka stream.

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20

Wang, Harry, Jon Loftis, David Forrest, Wade Smith, and Barry Stamey. "Modeling Storm Surge and Inundation in Washington, DC, during Hurricane Isabel and the 1936 Potomac River Great Flood." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 3, no. 3 (July 21, 2015): 607–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse3030607.

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Hornbeck, Richard, and Suresh Naidu. "When the Levee Breaks: Black Migration and Economic Development in the American South." American Economic Review 104, no. 3 (March 1, 2014): 963–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.3.963.

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In the American South, postbellum economic development may have been restricted in part by white landowners' access to low-wage black labor. This paper examines the impact of the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 on black out-migration and subsequent agricultural development. Flooded counties experienced an immediate and persistent out-migration of black population. Over time, landowners in flooded counties modernized agricultural production and increased its capital intensity relative to landowners in nearby similar non-flooded counties. Landowners resisted black out-migration, however, benefiting from the status quo system of labor-intensive agricultural production. (JEL J15, J43, N32, N52, N92, Q54, R23)

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22

Neary, Vincent. "Review of Rising Tide: The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and How It Changed America by John M. Barry." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 124, no. 8 (August 1998): 873–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1998)124:8(873).

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23

Skelton, Leona. "'The Land is in Good Heart': Flood Mitigation and the Drainage Boards in Cumbria, 1844–1985." Global Environment 13, no. 2 (June 15, 2020): 404–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/ge.2020.130207.

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While much research has been done to utilise historic flood data, much more work is required to understand richly nuanced historic human relationships with water qualitatively. This article combines an in-depth oral history interview with a retired Cumbrian Land Drainage and Flood Risk Management engineer, whose career spanned from 1978 to 2011, with the documentary archives of the largely overlooked local Drainage Boards (DBs) and their successors after the Land Drainage Act (1930), Internal Drainage Boards (IDBs). These boards were established across Cumbria and the rest of England from the early nineteenth century to organise the collection of communal drainage rates charged by hectare of land to fund the installation and maintenance of flood prevention infrastructure. The records of these locally-specific, flexible and relatively small drainage boards demonstrate loudly and clearly the benefits of decentralised flood management, able to respond directly to the particularities of their own catchment's environment, residents, economy, infrastructure, topography and climatic challenges. It is vitally important to listen to the voices contained in the minute books of IDBs because they counterbalance historiographically-dominant narratives of top-down, large-scale infrastructural installations, inflexible centralisation of water governance and the powerlessness and gradual demise of many similarly small-scale, locally rooted and bottom-up organisations. The article argues that these local collectives, while far from being environmentalist, were nevertheless deeply in touch with the landscapes and waterscapes they managed and with intergenerational understanding of and respect for the watery environments within their boundaries. DBs and IDBs developed strong, deep and dynamic relationships with water as it coursed through the Cumbrian landscape. These boards also forged long-term relationships with central government and the Ministry of Agriculture. Those who served on Drainage Boards were regulators and stewards of the English landscape and their archival voices can tell us a great deal about how and why human relationships with water changed over the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

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Bartlett, Albert A. "The Problem is Still with Us RISING TIDE: The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and How It Changed America: John M. Barry." Physics Teacher 46, no. 8 (November 2008): 512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.2999078.

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25

Moreno Moreno, María Pura. "Cerámica y arquitectura : Palais de la céramique de Sèvres, de la verrerie et de la monnaie en L´Exposition internationale de Paris, 1937 = Ceramics and architecture: Palais de la Céramique de Sèvres, de la Verrerie et de la Monnaie at L´Exposition Internationale de Paris, 1937." Cuaderno de Notas, no. 21 (July 31, 2020): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.20868/cn.2020.4471.

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ResumenEste artículo analiza el Palais de la Céramique de Sèvres, de la Verrerie et de la Monnaie realizado por los arquitectos Robert Camelot y los hermanos Jacques y Paul Herbé para L’Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne de Paris, en 1937. La composición de su planta en U, procedente de las enseñanzas de L’École de Beaux Arts, unida a la puesta en valor de todo tipo de productos cerámicos, permitirá situarlo como uno de los numerosos pabellones expositivos que, a lo largo de la historia, apostaron por la fusión de arquitectura, construcción y decoración. La integración en sus envolventes de una gran variedad de piezas cerámicas, en diferentes formatos, enfocará la síntesis hacia la reivindicación del uso «jamais vu» , del recurso artesanal del barro cocido en aras a reinterpretar espacial y arquitectónicamente la belleza de lo elemental.AbstractThis article analyzes the Palais de la Céramique de Sèvres, de la Verrerie et de la Monnaie built by the architects Robert Camelot and the brothers Jacques and Paul Herbé for L’Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne de Paris, in 1937. Its U-shaped floor plan, coming from the teachings of L’École de Beaux Arts, along with the enhancement of all sorts of ceramic products, will place it as one of the many exhibition pavilions that, throughout history, bet for the fusion of architecture, construction and decoration. The integration into its walls of a great variety of ceramic pieces, in different formats, will focus the synthesis towards the demand for the use «jamais vu”, of the artisan resource of fired clay in order to reinterpret, spatially and architecturally, the beauty of the elemental.

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26

Huang, Jie, Fengyan Wu, Tiesong Hu, Luguang Liu, Jing Wang, Xin Wang, Changmei Liang, and Jia Liu. "Interactive Effects of Drought–Flood Abrupt Alternation on Morpho-Agronomic and Nutrient Use Traits in Rice." Agronomy 11, no. 11 (October 20, 2021): 2103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112103.

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The frequent occurrence of drought–flood abrupt alternation (DFAA) in Huaibei Plain has shown a great impact on local rice production. Pot experiments were performed in 2016–2018 to investigate the effects of co-occurring drought and flooding stresses on dry weight (DW), grain yield, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) uptake and use efficiencies (NUE, PUE and KUE) in rice. The results showed that DFAA changed the accumulation of biomass and nutrients among different organs in rice. Compared with control, DFAA significantly reduced the grain yield (−29.8%) and root DW (−30.0%), but increased the DW in stem and leaf (10.2% and 9.7%). The root/shoot ratio and morphological size of the root system in DFAA-treated plants was smaller than those of drought alone and flooding alone. Under DFAA stresses, the specific absorption rate of N, P and K increased significantly (47.9%, 31.8% and 32.8%, respectively), while NUE, PUE and KUE decreased significantly (−27.9%, −10.8% and −19.7%, respectively). The decrease of nutrient use efficiencies was mainly due to the redundant growth of branches and leaves, and the key factor limiting grain yield under DFAA conditions was the effective utilization of N. Compared with the earlier drought, the subsequent flooding might have more influence on rice growth, nutrient utilization and yield formation, but the interaction of the two weakened the cumulative effect of drought and flooding. These findings provide a scientific basis for establishing a nutrient and water management system of rice cultivation under transient soil moisture conditions.

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27

Zaytseva, Elena A. "The Origins of Creativity of P. G. Chesnokov." Vestnik slavianskikh kul’tur [Bulletin of Slavic Cultures] 66 (2022): 313–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37816/2073-9567-2022-66-313-319.

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The paper addresses the life and work of the outstanding Russian choir director, choir conductor, composer and teacher Pavel Grigoryevich Chesnokov (1877–1944) and is dedicated to the 145th anniversary of his birth. It touches upon the biographical, historical-contextual, stylistic, and performing aspects of his heritage. The life and creative path of Chesnokov fell into two eras, split by the events of 1917. As a student of Danilin and Golovanov, Taneyev and Vasilenko, Chesnokov, together with a group of like-minded people, participated in the creation of conducting and choral faculty of the Moscow Conservatory. Implementing Russian song folklore in his compositions, the composer turned to archaic genres: labor artel, round dance and more. His secular compositions — in particular over sixty choirs to verses by Russian and European poets — are enjoying great popularity up to this day. Among the academic genres as a significant component of the master's heritage, one should mention one-act opera or poem “Flood” (“Heaven and Earth”) to the composer's libretto after Byron. Created in 1917, it was performed for the first time more than a century later in 2019. Over four hundred choral compositions made it into the golden fund of Russian sacred music. In the book “Chorus and its Management” Chesnokov left his will as a mentor. Russian song folklore, temple music, traditions of domestic and foreign musical culture — these are the origins of the composer's melos which are of enduring significance to this day.

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Jones, Adam. "Still Underused: Written German Sources for West Africa Before 1884." History in Africa 13 (1986): 225–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3171543.

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It is gratifying to receive compliments when one publishes books, yet I have mixed feelings about some of the kind words awarded to my two volumes of translations from seventeenth-century German sources on west Africa. What some people seem to be saying is: “Thank God I won't have to waste time learning that language!” Not only does this attitude rest on the untenable assumption that a translation is an adequate substitute for the original; it also underestimates the importance of those German works which remain untranslated.For those interested in the colonial period, of course, the German literature and archival material is very rich--not only for Togo and Cameroun, but also for other countries, notably Liberia. As soon as the Germans became politically involved in west African affairs in 1884, there appeared a whole flood of publications dealing with this part of the world; and there is also a great deal of unpublished material for the whole period 1884-1939 which urgently calls for more attention from scholars interested in the African past. This is generally recognized (the usual excuse offered for not using the German material is the difficulty of access to the Potsdam archive); yet it is seldom appreciated how much German material there is for the period before 1884.

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Pokhylenko, A., O. A. Lykholat, O. O. Didur, Yu L. Kulbachko, and T. Yu Lykholat. "Morphological variability of Rossiulus kessleri (Diplopoda, Julida) from different biotopes within Steppe Zone of Ukraine." Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 9, no. 1 (March 6, 2019): 176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2019_24.

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Diplopoda play an important role in the processes of creating and maintaining soil fertility by implementing leaf litter destruction at its initial stages. Recently, in Ukraine the problem of soil fertility restoration has acquired a great urgency due to climate changes (aridity and temperature rising) and constantly increasing anthropogenic impact on natural biotopes, which often have Diplopoda as its element. The aim of this study was to evaluate the integrity of linear morphological characteristics of experimental animal Rossiulus kessleri (Lohmander, 1927) in different forest biotopes within semi-arid climate of the steppe zone. To determine the interrelation of morphological features, the method of correlation pleiades was used. It is established that 14 studied morphological characteristics of R. kessleri form the most powerful correlation pleiades with relative intensity values 0.64 and 0.93, within natural subwatereshed-ravine landscape and terrace flood plain forest conditions respectively. However, weakened one with 0.07 relative intensity value is observed within standing forest. Generally, the integrity of morphological characteristics of millipedes is increasingly prominent in the natural forest biotopes and extremely low in forest stands. Morphological variability of diplopods identified sylvatization degree of julidae's habitat. Relative potency value of correlation pleiades can be used for diagnostics of forest stands naturalization within the steppe zone of Ukraine.

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Porter, Kimberly K., and Kimberly K. Porter. "Rising Tide: The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and How it Changed America. By John M. Barry. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997. 524 pp. Hardbound $27.50; Softbound $15.00." Oral History Review 27, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ohr/27.1.163.

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31

Perrott, Bruce. "Retailing Tropical Plants in Queensland: A Family History." Queensland Review 10, no. 2 (November 2003): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1321816600003317.

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I am connected to a family nursery business that has been running for four generations. My links go back to the early 1890s when my great grandfather had a nursery at Upper Mt Gravatt. He then shifted to South Brisbane where he moved into floristry. The business, however, was destroyed in the flood of 1893. His daughter, my grandmother, married Tom Perrott who had started in a nursery business with a well known nurseryman in Brisbane called T. H. Woods. They established the shop in George Street. They were also in the florist business and, in 1919, they decided to buy a nursery at Herston, near Ballymore Park and the Royal Brisbane Hospital, which ran until 1963. In the meantime, they had bought another nursery at Enoggera in 1936 (which I now own), and ran the two nurseries simultaneously. At that time, the main part of the business was still floristry and they did quite well in the depression years. The nursery at Enoggera was a 20 acre dairy farm that had been purchased mainly for the purpose of growing flowers for the floral trade. We used to grow rows and rows of different annuals and creepers and anything we could plant to flower, including many camellias which are still there today. A team of women would arrive at 6 o'clock every morning to pick these flowers and prepare them for packaging and transporting to the floral room at Herston.

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Iglesias, Holly. "The Great Flood." Women's Review of Books 17, no. 7 (April 2000): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4023407.

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Williams, Jack. "The Great Flood." Weatherwise 47, no. 1 (March 1994): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00431672.1994.9925302.

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KRINITZSKY, E. L. "The Great Flood." Environmental & Engineering Geoscience xxv, no. 1 (February 1, 1988): 121–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gseegeosci.xxv.1.121.

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35

Rojecki, Andrew. "Political culture and disaster response: the Great Floods of 1927 and 2005." Media, Culture & Society 31, no. 6 (November 2009): 957–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0163443709344154.

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36

Montgomery, David R. "Emperor Yu's Great Flood." Science 353, no. 6299 (August 4, 2016): 538–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aah4040.

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37

Bond, Bruce. "The Last Great Flood." Missouri Review 14, no. 3 (1991): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mis.1991.0061.

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Berrien, William. "Spain Loses a Great Poet [1937]." World Literature Today 63, no. 2 (1989): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40144809.

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39

Allen, William H. "The Great Flood of 1993." BioScience 43, no. 11 (December 1993): 732–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1312316.

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Hickcox, David H. "The Great Flood of 1993." Focus on Geography 44, no. 1 (March 1994): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1949-8535.1994.tb00072.x.

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41

Kreutzwiser, Reid D., and Anthony O. Gabriel. "Ontario's Great Lakes Flood History." Journal of Great Lakes Research 18, no. 1 (January 1992): 194–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0380-1330(92)71285-4.

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42

Macías, J. L., P. Corona-Chávez, J. M. Sanchéz-Núñez, M. Martínez-Medina, V. H. Garduño-Monroy, L. Capra, F. García-Tenorio, and G. Cisneros-Máximo. "The 27 May 1937 catastrophic flow failure of gold tailings at Tlalpujahua, Michoacán, Mexico." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 15, no. 5 (May 27, 2015): 1069–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-1069-2015.

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Abstract. On 27 May 1937, after one week of sustained heavy rainfall, a voluminous flood caused the death of at least 300 people and the destruction of the historic El Carmen church and several neighborhoods in the mining region of Tlalpujahua, Michoacán, central Mexico. This destructive flood was triggered by the breaching of the impoundment of the Los Cedros tailings and the sudden release of circa 16 Mt of water-saturated waste materials. The muddy silty flood, moving at estimated speeds of 20–25 m s−1, was channelized along the Dos Estrellas and Tlalpujahua drainages and devastated everything along its flow path. After advancing 2.5 km downstream, the flood slammed into El Carmen church and surrounding houses at estimated speeds of ~ 7 m s−1, destroying many construction walls and covering the church floor with ~ 2 m of mud and debris. Revision of eyewitness accounts and newspaper articles, together with analysis of archived photographic materials, indicated that the flood consisted of three muddy pulses. Stratigraphic relations and granulometric data for selected proximal and distal samples show that the flood behaved as a hyperconcentrated flow along most of its trajectory. A total volume of the Lamas flood deposit was estimated as 1.5 × 106 m3. The physically based bidimensional (2-D) hydraulic model FLO-2D was implemented to reproduce the breached flow (0.5 sediment concentration) with a maximum flow discharge of 8000 m3 s−1 for a total outflow volume (sediment + water) of 2.5 × 106 m3, similar to the calculations obtained using field measurements. Even though premonitory signs of possible impoundment failure were reported days before the flood, and people living downstream were alerted, authorities ordered no evacuations or other mitigative actions. The catastrophic flood at Tlalpujahua provides a well-documented, though tragic, example of impoundment breaching of a tailings dam caused by the combined effects of intense rainfall, dam weakness, and inadequate emergency-management protocols – unfortunately an all-too-common case scenario for most of the world's mining regions.

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43

Macías, J. L., P. Corona-Chávez, J. M. Sanchéz-Núñez, M. Martínez-Medina, V. H. Garduño-Monroy, F. García-Tenorio, and G. Cisneros-Máximo. "The 27 May 1937 catastrophic flow failure of gold tailings at Tlalpujahua, Michoacán, México." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 2, no. 8 (August 20, 2014): 5361–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-2-5361-2014.

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Abstract. On 27 May 1937, after one week of sustained heavy rainfall, a voluminous flood caused the death of at least 300 people and the destruction of the historic El Carmen church and several neighborhoods in the mining region of Tlalpujahua, Michoacán, central Mexico. This destructive flood was triggered by the breaching of the impoundment of the Los Cedros tailings and the sudden release of 16 Mt of water-saturated waste materials. The muddy silty flood, moving at estimated speeds of 20–25 m s−1, was channelized along the Dos Estrellas and Tlalpujahua drainages and devastated everything along its flow path. After advancing 2.5 km downstream, the flood slammed into El Carmen church and surrounding houses at estimated speeds of ~7 m s−1, destroying many of construction walls and covering the church floor with ~2 m of mud and debris. Eyewitness accounts and newspaper articles, together with analysis of archived photographic materials, indicated that the flood consisted of three muddy pulses. This interpretation is confirmed and extended by the results of our geological investigations during 2013 and 2014. Stratigraphic relations and granulometric data for selected proximal and distal samples show that the flood behaved as a hyperconcentrated flow along most of its trajectory. Even though premonitory signs of possible impoundment failure were reported days before the flood, and people living downstream were alerted, authorities ordered no evacuations or other mitigative actions. The catastrophic flood at Tlalpujahua provides a well-documented, though tragic, example of impoundment breaching of a tailings dam caused by the combined effects of intense rainfall, dam weakness, and inadequate emergency-management protocols – unfortunately an all too common case-scenario for most of the world's mining regions.

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Hoa, Le Thi Viet, Pham Thi Huong Lan, and Le Minh Nguyet. "Assess the impact of land use changes on erosion and sedimentation in Dak Uy reservoir." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-114-2019.

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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Vietnam has about 6648 irrigation reservoirs with a total capacity of about 60 billion cubic meters. Up until now, there are 1,129 reservoirs of all types in the Central Highlands, most of them are smaller than 1 million m3 (in particular, Kon Tum has 70 lakes and 99 lakes in Gia Lai). In recent years, due to vegetation cover changes, there are an increase in surface flow, surface erosion and sedimentation of reservoirs. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the impact of land use change on erosion and sedimentation in Dak Uy reservoir in the Sesan river basin.</p><p> The Sesan River flows through the Gia Lai and Kon Tum province in Vietnam before entering the Ratanakiri and Stung Treng province in Cambodia. The coordinates of the Sesan catchment area in Vietnam are 107&deg;36'50'' to 107&deg;40'58'' east longitude and 13&deg;45'35'' to 15&deg;15'38'' north latitude.</p><p> DakUy reservoir was built in geographical position 14&deg;32'30 north latitude and 107&deg;58'10" east longitude in Dak Uy commune, Dak Ha district, Kon Tum province. Dak Uy reservoir is located on Dak Uy river which is the first level branch of Krong PoCo river in the Sesan river basin, in village 6, DakUy commune, Dak Ha district, Kon Tum province. Location of the construction is on the east of National Highway 14 and 20&thinsp;km from Kon Tum town to the North. Located on the right of the DakUy branch is the DakProng stream, and it is also the second level branch of the Krong PoCo river. Located on DakProng stream is Dak Prong reservoir.</p><p> The temperature varies between 19.7&thinsp;&deg;C and 24.2&thinsp;&deg;C. Rainfall begins in April with about 86&thinsp;mm. The highest precipitation, of 482.4&thinsp;mm, occurs in August. In December, rainfall declines sharply to about 1.5&thinsp;mm. Cultivation is done mainly in the wet season, which increases soil erosion and run-off. Slopes lose from 100 to 200 tons of soil/hectare/year. This translates to a nitrogen loss of between 150 kilograms and 200&thinsp;kg, a phosphate loss of between 30 kg to 60&thinsp;kg, and a potassium loss of between 130&thinsp;kg and 200&thinsp;kg.</p><p> There are eight main soil groups on the Sesan catchment: The gley group (GI) covers 1,761&thinsp;ha (0.15 percent of the area) in the northern districts except Dak Glei • The newly changed group (CM) covers 2,417&thinsp;ha (0.21 percent) and is found in the Kon Tum, Dak Ha and Sa They districts • The gray group (X) covers 857,108&thinsp;ha (73.76 percent) and is found throughout the region • The fluvial group (P) occupies 17,812&thinsp;ha (1.53 percent) and is usually found in the downstream of rivers and in Dak To, Dak Glei districts and Kon Tum, Plei Ku cities • The alite group (A) covers 6,865&thinsp;ha (0.59 percent) and is found in Dak Glei and Dak To • The yellow-red group (F) covers 227,159&thinsp;ha (19.55 percent) and is found in Pleiku city, Kon Plong, Chu Pah, Dac Doa, Duc Co and Ia Grai districts • The slope group covers 11,312&thinsp;ha (0.97%) and is found in Pleiku, Kon Tum, Chu Pah, Dac Doa, and Ia Grai • The bare topsoil (E) covers 23,966&thinsp;ha (2.06 percent) and is found in Kon Tum, Ia Grai, and Sa Thay districts.</p><p> The results of using SWAT model to assess the impact of the land use change on the flow and erosion of the Sesan river basin according to the vegetation status of 1983, 1993 and 2005 are illustrated accordingly: Table 3.3: Calculated results according to SWAT model.</p><p> In the same basin, in 1983 and 1993, average annual rainfall across the basin was approximately equal (in 1993 the rainfall was greater than that in 1983 around 50&thinsp;mm), but different land cover conditions gave different flow results. In 1993, the area of forest increased dramatically compared to 1983, both in terms of quantity and quality of forest, the peak flood was reduced and the total flow in flood season dropped significantly, whereas in the dry season, the figure also fell which indicated that the effect of planting is clear. Rain intensity of 1993 is smaller than that of 1983, hence the erosion in 1993 is lower than that of 1983.</p><p> In 2005, due to heavy deforestation, the area of forest in the basin was reduced and the area of cultivating fields rises compared to 1993, the flow increased compared to that of 1993. However, the reason of increasing flow and erosion It also resulted from the increase in annual average rainfall compared to 1993. The above results indicate that afforestation in the basin has created a good vegetation cover to reduce the possibility of washing away the nutrition of soil. Thus, the rain factor also plays an important role in forming the flow and causing erosion of the basin.</p><p> The factor of vegetation cover has a great impact on the ability to form runoff and erosion in the basin. The impact of forests on flows and sediments depends on the proportion of forest area in the basin and forest distribution in that area. According to the above results, the forest status in 2005 has better regulating effect if the forest coverage reaches about 60&ndash;65%. Thus, if the forest coverage is increased to about 60&ndash;80% for the whole region, it will increase the flow regulation ability, limit as much as possible erosion and soil washing away, protect soil, preserve water regulation ability, making rivers and streams have stable flow all year round, and creating many products from land and forests.</p><p> When changing the area used in the basin as above, there was a change in flood peak, the total flood in the dry season and flood season, plus erosion and nutrition. When changing the area of rich forest to non-forest, shrub or cultivation area, changes in flood peak as well as in flow volume was clear. Rich forests in the basin were mainly protection forests with a coverage of 60%. When converted to non-forest or shrub, the flow volume in the flood season increased 219.78&thinsp;mcm (approximately 9.38%) while the flow volume in the dry season fell by 32.33&thinsp;mcm (around 5.35%). The total erosion in the basin surface also rise 1.45 ton/ha (about 11.25%). This result prove that forest play integral parts in flood regulation and erosion reduction in the basin.</p><p> Calculated results from the model show that the level of erosion in the area corresponding to the forest status in 2005 compared to the figures of 1983 and 1993 is larger due to the change of the land cover in the basin, the area of non-forest area of 2005 decreased significantly compared to 1983 and 1993 (the figure for 1983, 1993 and 2005 was 53.68&thinsp;km<sup>2</sup> (around 64.68%), 34.67&thinsp;km<sup>2</sup> (equivalent to 41.78%), 28.64&thinsp;km<sup>2</sup> (about 34.51%) respectively. According to the forest status statistics in 2005 compared to the forest status in 1983 and 1993, although there was an increase in forest type, the area was still small, area of non-forest or shrub remained large. Calculation results indicate that corresponding to 2005 forest status, the amount of suspended sediment to the lake is: G<sub>0</sub>&thinsp;=&thinsp;2340 (ton/year), while with the 1983 forest status, the amount of suspended sediment to the reservoir is 2129 (ton/year) and the figure for 1993 is G&thinsp;=&thinsp;1828 (ton/ year), so when the forest area in the basin is reduced, the amount of sediment in the reservoir will increase, especially during the flood season. In the dry season, in general, when the forest area decreases, the flow tends to increase, the level of surface erosion also increases and this increase is significant in the flood season, while in other seasons, there is a tendency of more clearly reduction.</p><p> Altering the land use scenario in accordance with the current vegetation cover status or changing land use structure to assess the impact of land use changes and soil structure on the flow and erosion in the Sesan river basin. When changing the area of rich forest to non-forest, shrub or cultivation area, changes in flood peak as well as in flow volume was clear. When changing the area of each forest types into the cultivation land, which means changing from tree species with high water holding capacity to low water holding capacity, it increased flow during flood season and reduced flow in the dry season. Corresponding to the increase and decrease of flood in the flood season and dry season, the volume of erosion in the basin also changes as we change the forest area in the basin to different types of forests. When the forest has a large coverage, it will reduce rain intensity which causes erosion in the basin. It is clear that erosion increases when the level of human intervention is increased through land use processes in the basin.</p>

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45

O'Neill, K. M. "The Thousand-Year Flood: The Ohio-Mississippi Disaster of 1937." Journal of American History 99, no. 3 (December 1, 2012): 965–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jas480.

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46

Tobin, Graham A. "Distress and Disasters: Positive Outcomes of the Great Midwestern Floods of 1993." Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education 130, no. 1 (May 1, 2009): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1936-704x.2005.mp130001010.x.

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47

Takala, Irina. "The Great Purge." Journal of Finnish Studies 15, no. 1-2 (December 1, 2011): 147–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/28315081.15.1.2.10.

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Abstract The article discusses the impact of Stalin's repressions on the life of North American immigrants. It starts by recreating the historical background of the Great Purge, including the early anti-Finnish campaign of 1935–36 and “national operations” of the Soviet secret police (Narodnyj Komissariat Vnutrennikh del, NKVD), which became the basis for the second, much more disastrous Finnish operation of the NKVD during 1937 and particularly 1938. It then focuses on the Finnish operation of 1937–38 itself, discussing the reasons, course, scale, and effects of this operation. A special emphasis is placed, in particular, on the local initiatives in pushing forward the repression of Finnish immigrants in Soviet Karelia. The article also discusses the reactions of North American immigrants to the Great Purge. It concludes with a statistical analysis of North American victims of the Great Purge in Soviet Karelia, including its demographic and social impact on Canadian and American communities.

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48

Andresen, Joshua. "Revenge, Return, And The Great Flood." International Studies in Philosophy 39, no. 3 (2007): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/intstudphil200739312.

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Gabriel, Anthony O., Reid D. Kreutzwiser, and Christian J. Stewart. "Great Lakes Flood Thresholds and Impacts." Journal of Great Lakes Research 23, no. 3 (January 1997): 286–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0380-1330(97)70912-2.

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Austin, Lana. "The Great Flood, and: The Pig." Appalachian Heritage 44, no. 3 (2016): 82–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/aph.2016.0050.

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