Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Great Flood of 1937'

The Great Appalachian Flood of 1977 was a historic flood that killed over 100 people, damaged nearly 1,500 homes, and displaced almost 30,000 Appalachian residents. The flood lasted from April 2nd to April 5th, 1977 affecting southwestern Virginia, eastern Kentucky, southern West Virginia, and eastern Tennessee. This project focuses on the disaster relief efforts by the incarcerated population of Wise County Correctional Facility, commonly known as Unit 18, in Wise, Virginia. This project utilized locally produced primary sources known as the Mountain Community Television interviews. These interviews were archived online through the Appalshop Archives in Whitesburg, Kentucky. The Mountain Community Television interviews used for this project were recorded three to four weeks following the early April flood in Wise by media activists and volunteers. The reporters interviewed incarcerated men from Unit 18, the administrative staff and correctional officers at Unit 18, local business owners, and residential community members of Wise. This article examines how the community of Wise, Virginia reacted to the disaster relief efforts in the community. The disaster relief work performed by Unit 18 inmates in the aftermath of the 1977 flood exemplifies a growing reliance on prison laborers in central Appalachia specifically, and rural America more generally. The majority of residential community members in Wise expressed NIMBY (Not in My Backyard) attitudes toward the prison facility and incarcerated population at Unit 18. On the other hand, local business owners who directly benefited from disaster relief work and prison labor changed their opinions about Unit 18 inmates. This project details how the April flood influenced local business owners to move from "Not In My Backyard" to an expanding reliance on incarcerated labor. Most of the Wise community retained NIMBY perceptions about Unit 18 and the incarcerated population after the April flood relief efforts excluding local business owners, a small but important sect of the Wise population. The article concludes by examining Unit 18 inmates' reflections on their labor, wages, and the rehabilitation programs at the Wise County Correctional Facility in the late 1970s.
Master of Arts
In 1977, a catastrophic flood impacted the central Appalachian region of the United States. This flood later became known as the "Great Appalachian Flood of 1977." The flood primarily affected small towns and rural communities in southwestern Virginia, eastern Kentucky, eastern Tennessee, and southern West Virginia. Disaster relief efforts in the aftermath of the flood varied across the region causing regional activists to criticize the government's relief efforts. In Wise, Virginia imprisoned men from Wise Correctional Facility Unit 18 volunteered to help the local community in their time of need. This project pays direct attention to Wise, VA community members' changed or solidified opinions about the local prison population at Wise Correctional Unit 18. The writing examines how Unit 18 prisoners viewed their role in the Wise community, their labor and wages, and the different approaches to prisoner rehabilitation. This project uses primary sources from the Appalshop Archives labeled as the Mountain Community Television interviews. In the late 1970s, Mountain Community Television interviewers were a group of local activists and volunteers that circulated broadcasts in southwestern Virginia. The Mountain Community Television interviews were conducted in the following weeks after the Great Appalachian Flood in Wise,Virginia. The interviews describe how local business owners of Wise and Unit 18 correctional administrators worked closely to change the working relationship between the community and the inmates at Unit 18. The vast majority of community members of Wise did not change their opinions about the location of the prison or the population of Unit 18 despite prisoners volunteering to help the community in the aftermath of the flood. On the other hand, the imprisoned population at Unit 18 advocated for more inclusion in the community with an expansion of educational and rehabilitative programs at the correctional facility after. This research is important because it highlights how rural communities and small towns contribute to mass incarceration in the United States. The project can be used to explain how Wise, Virginia directly, and central Appalachia generally, became an important landscape for the U.S. prison regime before the end of the twentieth century.

This thesis attempts to analyze the impact of disaster capitalism on the areas affected by the Great Flood of 1993. Using Naomi Klein’s book, the Shock Doctrine, I selected three variables that can be indicators of disaster capitalism. Unemployment rates, new private housing units authorized by permit, and employment in the mining, logging, and construction industry are used. I use a comparison of means test and a difference-in- differences estimate to find if the variables were changed as a result of the flood. Unemployment rates seemed to be affected by the crisis and strongly support Klein’s theories of disaster capitalism.

This thesis considers the state preservation and use of Nottinghamshire country houses during the mid-twentieth century, from the initiation of mass requisition in 1937 until 1967 when concerns for architectural preservation moved away from the country house. This thesis reviews literature on the landed estate in the twentieth century and the emergence of preservationist claims on the country house. Three substantive sections follow. The first discusses the declining representation of landowners within local governance in Nottinghamshire and the constitution of the County Council, and considers how estate space was incorporated within broadened concerns for the preservation of the historic environment and additionally provided the focus for the implementation of a variety of modern state and non-state functions. The second section considers how changing policy and aesthetic judgements impacted upon the preservation of country houses. Through discussion of Rufford Abbey, Winkburn Hall and Ossington Hall I consider the complexities of preservationist claims and how these conflicted with the responsibilities of the state and the demands of private landowners. The third section considers how estate space became valued by local authorities in the implementation of a variety of new modern educational uses, including the teacher training college at Eaton Hall and a school campus development at Bramcote Hills. The thesis concludes by considering the status of the country house in Nottinghamshire since 1967, and contemporary demands on the spaces considered historically in this study.

The thesis deals with Britain's early Cold War history and the political history of the Church of England. It mainly uses primary sources, and contributes to our growing understanding of the early Cold War, especially in its cultural/religious elements. It explores how the Church of England dealt with the development of the early Cold War in Britain. It argues that in order to understand better the Church of England's role, an account of its perspective on issues of state modernisation dating back to at least the 1930s is necessary. It was then, during a decade of authoritarianism, and especially at the Oxford Conference of 1937, that the Church' standpoint towards secularisation was established, while the transnational agenda of the ecumenical movement was also adopted and internalized by Church of England. The thesis also examines the agencies which it built and worked with: in particular the British Council of Churches and the World Council of Churches. As the Church is the Established Church, its relationship with specific government agencies, especially the British Foreign Office and the Ministry of Information also became increasingly important. The thesis reveals the Church of England's lack of autonomy in time of crisis and the importance of key individuals for the institutional leadership of the Church. Its ecumenical agenda had played an important role, but this was under pressure after the War, as a Europe-wide Christian community was increasingly challenged by 'Western Union' plans for a Cold War Western, Christian community and bloc. By 1948 the Church had been enrolled in the Cold War between East and West which was apparent in its alignment with British government policies and its withdrawn role in the ecumenical community. The thesis adds to our understanding of the Church of England's relationship to the state in these years, and contributes to the cultural dimension of the early Cold War in Britain.

The objective of the research reported in this thesis was to develop a technique to monitor the dynamics of sediments and nutrients entering the coastal ocean with river plumes associated with high intensity low frequency events (e.g. floods), using ocean colour remote sensing. To achieve this objective, an inverse bio-optical model was developed, based on analytical and empirical relationships between concentrations of optically significant substances and remote sensing of water-leaving radiance. The model determines concentrations of water-colouring substances such as chlorophyll, suspended sediments, and coloured dissolved organic matter, as well as the values of optical parameters using water-leaving radiances derived from the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS). To solve atmospheric correction in coastal waters, the aerosol type over clear waters is transferred to adjacent turbid water pixels. The vicinity of the Herbert River, central Great Barrier Reef zone, Australia, was used as a case study for the application of the algorithm developed. The satellite ocean colour technique was successfully validated using sea-truth measurements of water-colouring constituents acquired in the area during various seasons throughout 2002-2004. A high correlation between chlorophyll and dissolved organic matter was found in the coastal waters of the region, and when the bio-optical model was constrained to make chlorophyll a function of dissolved organic matter, the relationship between in situ and satellite-derived data was substantially improved. With reliable retrieval of the major water-colouring constituents, the technique was subsequently applied to study fluxes of particulate and dissolved organic and inorganic matter following a flood event in the Herbert River during the austral summer of 1999. Extensive field observations covering a seasonal flood in the Herbert River in February 2004 revealed high sediment and nutrient exports from the river to the adjacent coastal waters during the flood event. Due to rapid settling, the bulk of the sediment-rich influx was deposited close inshore, while the majority of nutrients exported from the river were consumed by phytoplankton in a relatively small area of the coastal ocean. With the help of ocean colour remote sensing, it was demonstrated that river-borne sediments and nutrients discharged by a typical flood in the Herbert River are mostly precipitated or consumed within the first 20 km from the coast and therefore are unlikely to reach and possibly affect the midshelf coral reefs of this section of the Great Barrier Reef lagoon.

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited
Floods are the nation's greatest natural disaster. According to the U.S. Geological Survey, floods cause an average of $6 billion of property damage, claim 140 lives, and prompt more Presidential disaster declarations per year than any other hazard. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is the lead for federal response to natural disasters. FEMA was the lead agency in 1993 when floods caused an estimated $1 8 billion in damage in the Midwest. The scope and damages of this historic disaster led FEMA to change its approach to floodplain management, flood protection, flood mitigation, disaster response, and recovery. FEMA and federal emergency response further evolved following the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001 and Hurricane Katrina in 2005. The latest changes resulted in a national response framework for all levels of government to prepare and respond to all natural and manmade hazards. In 2008, the Midwest experienced its second "500-year flood" in fifteen years. This thesis examines whether changes to national disaster response and investments in flood mitigation over the last fifteen years have improved preparation, protection, and response capabilities at the federal, state, and local levels.

This thesis will demonstrate that the British leaders saw the policy of non-intervention during the Spanish Civil War as the best option available under the circumstances, and will also focus on the role of the Royal Navy in carrying out that policy. Unpublished sources include Cabinet and Admiralty papers. Printed sources include the Documents on British Foreign Policy, newspaper and periodical articles, and memoirs. This thesis, covering the years 1936-37, is broken down into six chapters, each covering a time frame that reflected a change of policy or naval mission. The non-intervention policy was seen as the best available at the time, but it was shortsighted and ignored potentially serious long-term consequences.

This thesis presents a three-area local case study of expressions of public opinion and the ‘public mood’ regarding British policy towards Germany and defence preparations. The period covered is November 1937 to September 1939. By using local case studies, which existing scholarship has largely ignored, the thesis adds to the national synthesis of events during this period, thereby allowing a more complete history to emerge. The inclusion of local case studies confirms much of the existing narrative but challenges some of the traditional assumptions on issues such as the level of opposition to appeasement and the changes that had already taken place prior to March 1939, when elite opinion shifted. That shift therefore marked the culmination of a process that had begun over a year earlier. This process had been the result of a series of international crises, which provided the psychological changes required in the mind of the British public to enable the nation to prepare for war, despite the continuing desire to avoid a conflict. By combining an analysis of expressions of opinion towards foreign policy with actions taken as part of defence preparations, the thesis identifies the Munich crisis as the major turning point, but it would require a further crisis before the change could be incorporated into mainstream opinion.

En esta tesis se estudia la economía de Ecuador durante los años 1920s y 1930s y el impacto que tuvo en ella la Gran Depresión de 1929. En 1929 se estima que en Ecuador había una población de entre 1,5 y 2,2 millones de habitantes, con sólo un 14% viviendo en núcleos urbanos. Los síntomas de la Gran Depresión se sintieron en primer lugar a través del comercio externo, altamente relacionado con los Estados Unidos. Pero la Gran Depresión acabó impactando en cinco macro variables: el comercio externo, los ingresos gubernamentales, las reservas de oro, la inflación y el Producto Interno Bruto. En esta tesis se presenta la evolución de estas variables en el contexto de las políticas económicas desarrolladas por los sucesivos gobiernos ecuatorianos, y de la situación internacional, especialmente en Latinoamérica. De 1927 a 1932, la “misión Kemmerer” tuvo el objetivo de sostener la estabilidad fiscal y monetaria, para lo que estableció el patrón oro. De 1932 a 1937, el ‘período de inestabilidad e inconvertibilidad se caracterizó por el rechazo al patrón oro, el aumento de la oferta monetaria y el agresivo endeudamiento público. En este contexto, el poder adquisitivo de los salarios pasó por tres etapas: antes de la crisis internacional presentan una tendencia de aumento con ciertas fluctuaciones; al inicio de la Gran Depresión, de 1929 a 1932, aumentan de forma importante; en la tercera etapa, de 1932 a 1937, los salarios reales disminuyen hasta ubicarse por debajo de los registrados en 1927. Se concluye que la evolución de los salarios reales de Ecuador se asemeja a la registrada en América Latina.
In this thesis, the economy of Ecuador is studied during the 1920s and 1930s alongside with the impact of the Great Depression on Ecuador in 1929. In 1929 there was an estimated population of between 1.5 and 2.2 million people in Ecuador with only 14% living in urban areas. Symptoms of the Great Depression were felt primarily through external trade, highly related to the United States. But the Great Depression ended up impacting the Ecuadorian economy in five-macro variables: foreign trade, government revenue, gold reserves, inflation and Gross Domestic Product. The analysis in these variables is presented in the context of the Ecuadorian economic policies, which were pursued by consecutive Ecuadorian governments, and in the context of the international situation, especially in Latin America. From 1927 to 1932, the main objective of the "Kemmerer mission" was the fiscal and monetary stability, which established the gold standard. From 1932 to 1937, the period of instability and inconvertibility was characterized by the rejection of the gold standard, an increasing money supply, and an aggressive government borrowing. In this context, the purchasing power of wages went through three stages: before the international crisis, an increasing trend with some fluctuations; at the beginning of the Great Depression, from 1929 to 1932, real wages increased significantly; in the third stage, from 1932 to 1937, real wages decreased to be below those recorded in 1927. It is concluded that the evolution of real wages of Ecuador resembles the evolution registered for Latin America.

This thesis provides the first analysis of occupational therapy and art therapy from an art historical viewpoint. Based on archival material, it examines how modern artists, art pedagogues, schools and museums theorised, implemented and publicised therapeutic art-making practices. It focuses on four case studies in Britain and the US (1937-1946): occupational therapy by László Moholy-Nagy at the School of Design, founded as the New Bauhaus (Chicago); art therapy by Arthur Segal (London and Oxford); Northfield Military Hospital (Birmingham); and The Arts in Therapy exhibition series at the Museum of Modern Art (New York). Elucidating the concepts, practices and display of therapeutic art across these institutions, this research presents new intersections between modern art and medicine. It contributes to the history of art, the history of healing, and the growing medical humanities concerned with their entanglement. Therapeutic approaches defined art as an experiential process, shifting emphasis away from objects, with focus on the psychological and physiological effects on makers rather than what they produced. Consequently, this thesis expands art historical remits by presenting narratives of art that are culturally, socially and politically situated but that predominantly concern ideas, processes and effects on individuals rather than objects, images and performances by them.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Global warming will result in a sea level rise of between 0.25 and 0.82 m by 2090, as well as an increase in intensity and frequency of both extreme sea level and extreme rainfall events. In consequence, low-lying areas will be permanently inundated, extreme waves will penetrate further inland and flood intensity and frequency will increase. Estuaries are subject to the effect of both extreme sea levels and extreme floods and water levels in estuaries are expected to increase, under both open and closed conditions. As a response to expected higher flood levels, setback lines have been legislated in South Africa. For cases where a flood level study has not been undertaken, a minimum setback line at the 5 m above mean sea level (MSL) contour is prescribed in terms of the National Environmental Management Act (Act 107 of 1998). This study assessed the adequacy of the 5 m setback line, under the effects of climate change, for Great Brak estuary. Local features of the Great Brak estuary may influence flood levels. Specifically, the lagoon of the Great Brak estuary, below the N2 Bridge, is small at 1.1 x 0.7 km. Further, it is constrained at the upstream end by road and rail embankment, and on the left bank by steep slopes. A sand barrier at the mouth is at times breached, both naturally and artificially. Artificial breaching is initiated when the sand barrier is between 1.5 and 2.0 m high, or when a flood is forecast. The barrier has previously reached 2.7 m, higher than the still water level of the sea, which has not exceeded 2 m above MSL. There is a populated island about 180 m upstream of the mouth. The greater extent of the island is below 2.5 m above MSL. Mike11 software was used to generate flood levels on which the conclusions of this study are based. The study determined that the influence of the increased sea levels does not extend much beyond the N2 Bridge. This may be a peculiarity of the Great Brak estuary, due to the influence of the three bridges and the road and rail embankments. For the scenario where Mean High Water Springs coincides a with an extreme sea storm and there is a 100-year riverine flood, the flood level in the estuary is 3.16 m at the mouth, increasing to 4 m upstream of the N2 bridge. In the scenario where the barrier height was raised to 4 m above MSL, the flood levels were 4.52 m downstream of, and 5 m upstream of, the N2 Bridge. Extensive inundation of properties in the floodplain and on the Island will occur, as well as the inundation of the N2 embankment. The probability of such an extreme sea level event occurring at the same time as peak runoff of a 100-year riverine flood is unlikely. It is the conclusion of this study that, for the Great Brak River, the 5 m setback line, as prescribed, is sufficient for an extreme situation where a future 100-year flood coincides with the MHWS coincides and an extreme sea storm raising the sea level to 2.65 above current MSL.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Aardverwarming sal lei tot 'n styging van seevlakke van tussen 0.25 en 0.82 m teen 2090, sowel as 'n toename in intensiteit en frekwensie van beide stormseevlak en reënval. Gevolglik sal laagliggende gebiede permanent oorval word, stormgolwe verder in die binneland dring en vloed intensiteit en frekwensie toeneem. Riviermondings is onderhewig aan die effek van beide hoë seevlakke en vloede. Om die negtaiewe effekte van hoër vloedvalktes te bekamp word ‘n minimum terugsetlyn van 5 m bo seevlak voorgeskryf, in terme van die Wet op Nationale Omgewingsbestuur (Wet 107 van 1998). Hierdie is van toepassing waar ‘n vloedlyn studie nie onderneem is nie. Hierdie studie beoordeel die geskiktheid van die 5 m terugsetlyn, onder die invloed van klimaatsverandering, vir Groot Brak rivier monding. Plaaslike kenmerke van die Groot Brak monding mag vloed vlakke beïnvloed. Spesifiek, die Groot Brak monding meer het ‘n oppervak van net 1,1 x 0,7 km; is in die stroomop rigting beperk deur pad en spoor walle; en word op linkeroewer deur steil hellings vesper. Die sandversperring by die word kunsmatig oopgemmak wanneer die sand versperring tussen 1,5 en 2,0 m hoog is, of wanneer 'n vloed voorspel word. Hierdie sandversperring het al voorheen 2.7 m hoogte beriek, hoër as die 2 m maksimum historiese stilwater vlak van die seë. Daar is 'n bevolkde eiland sowat 180 m stroomop van die mond. Die die eiland is meestelik onder 2.5 m bo seevlak. Mike11 sagteware is gebruik om vloed vlakke, waarop die bevindinge van hierdie studie gebaseer is, te bepaal. Hiedie studie bevind dat die effek hoër voedvlakke trek nie veel verder stroomop as die N2 brug, oontlike weens die voorkoms van die drie bruë. In die geval waar ‘n uiterste seëstorm terselfde tyd voorkon as die lente hoogwater gety endie 100 jaar river vloed, sal die watervlak in the mondingsmeer tot 3.16 m bo huidiglike seëvlak styg by die mond, en tot 4 m bo huidiglike seëvlak by die N2 brug. In die geval waar die sandversperring by the riviersmond 4 m verhoog is, sal die watervlak in the mondingsmeer tot 4.5 m bo huidiglike seëvlak styg by die mond, en tot 5 m bo huidiglike seëvlak by die N2 brug. Faktore nie in ag geneem in hierdie studie sluit in die uitwerking van die verhoogde afloop, sediment verandering en die effek van windgolwe oor die ondingsmeer. Wydverspreide vloeding van ontwikkelde areas aangrensend to vloedvlakte sal voorkom, insluitend die oorstroing van die N2 padwal. Die waarskynlikheid is klein dat ‘n uiterste seëstorm terselfde tyd voorkom as the lengte hoogwater gety en die 100 yaar rivier vloed. Dit is dus die gevolgtrekking van hierdie studie dat die 5 m terugsetlyn soos voorgeskryf, voldoende is vir Groot Brak rivier vir so ‘n uiterste geval.

Desde finales del siglo XIX, la masiva emigración desde las zonas rurales convirtió a la ciudad de Shanghai en la mayor metrópoli de China y una de las mayores del mundo. Utilizando como fuentes las estadísticas oficiales publicadas por el Gobierno de Nanjing y numerosos archivos históricos e informes contemporáneos, esta tesis es una de las primeras investigaciones que se propone cuantificar la población de Shanghai y la migración interna durante la República China, y analizar las características de los inmigrantes. El resultado muestra que cerca de 4 millones de inmigrantes entraron en Shanghai entre 1850 y 1949, constituyendo casi el 80 por ciento de la población de la época. Tanto el volumen como la duración de esta masiva migración son excepcionales en la historia. La mayoría de los inmigrantes eran jóvenes, hombres y mujeres, que llegaron de las zonas rurales cercanas, principalmente de dos zonas: Subei y Jiangnan. Esta migración a Shanghai se explica por factores de expulsión del campo y factores de atracción en la ciudad. En las zonas rurales la productividad agrícola se había estancado, la tierra estaba distribuida de manera muy desigual, y la producción agrícola y no agrícola estaba cada vez más integrada en el mercado internacional después de la apertura forzada por la Guerra de Opio. Cuando surgieron ‘factores de expulsión’, como desastres naturales o crisis económicas, los campesinos tuvieron que abandonar el campo para buscar oportunidades en otros lugares. En cuanto a los factores de atracción, el rápido desarrollo del comercio, la industria y los negocios en Shanghai después de la apertura trajeron una gran prosperidad a Shanghai, y crearon gran cantidad de oportunidades de empleo. La acelerada industrialización de Shanghai después de 1920 creó una gran demanda de mano de obra en las industrias manufactureras, intensivas en trabajo, que producían especialmente para la exportación. La importancia de las redes sociales, formadas por las conexiones personales y las asociaciones de origen, explica la fuerte segmentación de inmigrantes de diferentes orígenes en el mercado de trabajo de Shangai. A partir de las estadísticas de salarios industriales (1930-1936), la tesis analiza la desigualdad del ingreso mediante el análisis de regresión, para verificar esta segmentación de lugares de origen, que se suma a las segmentaciones tradicionales de género, sector ocupacional y tipo de remuneración. La Gran Depresión tuvo un impacto diferente en la economía de China que en los países occidentales. Debido al patrón monetario de plata y a la oferta de dinero suficiente, no se produjo la devastadora crisis bancaria que existió en Occidente, y la industria siguió mostrando crecimientos positivos gracias a la inversión. La crisis provocó desempleo en algunos sectores, pero la demanda de trabajo agregada siguió creciendo y el salario real incluso aumentó ligeramente. Esta es la razón fundamental que explica la aparente paradaja de que los inmigrantes siguieran llegando a Shanghai durante la Depresión.
As a result of massive rural-urban migration, Shanghai transformed from a small coastal city into the largest metropolis in China. Using the official statistics published by the Nanjing Government, and historical archives and surveys, this research is one of the first attempts to quantify the population of Shanghai and internal migration in Republican China, and to analyse the characteristics of Shanghai’s immigrants. The research findings show that around four million migrants flocked to Shanghai between 1850 and 1949 to make up almost 80 per cent of its population. The scale and duration of the migration make Shanghai’s case an exceptional one. Most of the immigrants were young men from nearby rural areas — Subei and Jiangnan. This massive migration to Shanghai was caused by ‘push factors’ in the countryside and ‘pull factors’ in the city. In rural areas, agricultural productivity had stagnated, land holdings were unevenly distributed, and both agricultural and non-agricultural production were tied in with international markets after China’s opening up to foreign trade following The Opium War. When ‘push factors’, such as natural disasters or economic crises arose, hordes of labourers were forced to leave their villages to seek opportunities elsewhere. ‘Pull factors’ were Shanghai’s rapid development of commerce, industries and business with the growth of foreign trade and investment. This created huge numbers of jobs — especially in manufacturing — as Shanghai began industrialising in the 1930s. Labour force segmentation occurred among immigrants, largely based on their places of origin and as a result of their different personal connections and networks. Using the industrial wage statistics (1930-1936), this research uses regression analysis of income to verify this segmentation and compare it with other, traditional segmentation patterns such as those based on gender, occupations and type of workers. The Great Depression had differing impacts on China’s economy. With its silver-based currency and a sufficient money supply, China did not suffer a banking crisis. Thus, unlike in Western countries, Chinese industry received enough investment and liquidity to continue growing. Although the crisis caused evident unemployment in some sectors, overall demand for workers kept rising and real wages grew slowly. This was the key reason why net migration to Shanghai rose throughout the crisis.

This thesis examines the attempts made by Carl Goerdeler, Ludwig Beck, Ernst von Weizsacker and Adam von Trott zu Solz to obtain the support of the British government in their effort to overthrow the Nazi regime between 1937 and 1940. The circumstances surrounding each mission are detailed, including the degree of readiness on the part of the German opposition for a coup d'etat and the particular form of support sought from the British to increase the chance of success in each case. Consideration is given to the factors which conditioned the British reaction to the resistance emissaries, including the British foreign policy imperatives of the moment, important events in European relations and the attitude and degree of influence wielded by the statesmen to whom the German resistance emissaries addressed themselves.

The record-breaking flood of 1993 provides an excellent opportunity to address many issues to the interest of GCIP-Mississippi: the large-scale characteristics of the hydrometeorology, the predictability of ECMWF model, and the sensitivity of mesoscale simulation. The effects of meridional and zonal vapor transport on precipitation production have been examined in the observation as well as in the ECMWF/TOGA and ERA data. Components of atmospheric and terrestrial water balance were compared. Cloud water change/flux activity, convection feature, diurnal variation, and land-atmospheric interaction were investigated, and intercompared among the three data sets. The intercomparison has demonstrated partial improvement from TOGA to ERA. It also indicates possible internal inconsistencies in the ERA, the ability and inability of simulating large-scale or mean fields and fine-scale extremes. It reveals the impacts of the new soil hydrology and boundary layer schemes in ERA in warmer and winter times, and the possible influence on surface hydrology. A 9.5-day (28 June to 7 July 1993) simulation study by the Penn State/NCAR MM5 mesoscale model, with the help of enhanced IR images from GOES satellite data was carried out. The sensitivity of MCS simulations to different cumulus parameterization schemes and explicit moisture schemes was investigated. The model is considerably skillful in the environmental steering wind direction, but greatly limited in the orthogonal direction. The model could not reproduce the "last-hour" rain--an extraordinary MCC, indicating that the model lacks representation of the mechanisms responsible for modifying the environmental controls on the evolution of long-lived MCSs, particularly after the system reaches its maximum extent.

Late in 1931, the International Labour Organization (ILO) estimated that worldwide unemployment had reached 20-25 million. The ILO was also mindful that the consequences of unemployment were borne by dependents and concluded that the number of people directly affected by unemployment was therefore probably in the region of 50-60 million. The thesis revisits this old theme of the 'Hungry Thirties' but considers it in a new and different way. Most histories of unemployment during the Great Depression have been presented in national terms but this study examines unemployment from an international perspective by utilizing the League of Nations and ILO as sites through which to explore how debates about unemployment and how to respond to it were being internationalized. Utilizing the vast archives of the League of Nations and ILO, the thesis focuses on a series of interconnected themes - public works and economic policy, migration, housing, and nutrition - themes that the League and ILO identified as being the 'fallout' from unemployment. It builds on recent research of the League and ILO that has revealed more complex histories of these two international organizations and that has recognized that the 'technical' agencies were core functions that consumed significant resources of personnel and money. Crucially, this work not only continued during the 1930s but thrived even as the political atmosphere darkened; it is, therefore, a history that offers another side to the autarky and nationalism of the 1930s. The thesis also connects the technical agencies of the League of Nations to the ILO and, in contrast to the customary treatment of the interaction of these two organizations that emphasizes inter-agency tension, it identifies how the collaboration was an important step in the rediscovery of the fundamental connection between economy and society by linking economic policy to social and physical welfare.

La presente etude se propose d'illustrer les liens entre la poetique des films, l'histoire du cinema et la necessite d'une approche interpretative d'inspiration litteraire et philosophique. Une longue introduction presente la "discipline" en justifiant le recours au terme de poetique, et s'attache a demontrer - ou a rappeler - que le cinema n'est pas l'art de l'image. Une premiere partie definit la notion de metafilm, en la distinguant des autres productions consacrees au cinema et en proposant l'idee d'un genre ouvert. La seconde partie etudie le deploiement historique du genre a hollywood. La conclusion rappelle l'importance du mepris comme fil conducteur des etudes metafilmiques
The object of this study is to establish the relationships between poetics of film, film history and the claim of an interpretation based upon a literary background and a philosophical point of view. A "metafilm" is not just one more "movie-about-themovies". This study will attempt to show how, from show people to fedora, the hollywood tradition provides a real discourse of the film

This thesis considers the eutrophication of our coastal systems and the potential for anthropogenic driven change in these systems. The influence of river waters and plume driven nutrients and sediments into nearshore systems is also documented. Known changes in the Great Barrier Reef and associated Queensland catchments, including land use change, river water quality, flood plume extent and variation, coral cover, coral reef processes and any related changes are presented. This research spans a number of large, long term data sets collected over the last 10 years, including long term chlorophyll a data set, and flood plume extents and water quality concentrations both in plumes and around inshore coral reefs. Modelling of all this data demonstrates that the inshore reef of the GBR is becoming more productive, with assessment of risk being highest for the inshore reefs adjacent to the Wet Tropics catchments. This thesis outlines the potential changes in the nutrient availability by summarising a long term data set of chlorophyll a. The data collected in the seven years demonstrate persistent cross-shelf and regional differences in chlorophyll concentration. Seasonal trends are generally consistent between regions. There are pronounced gradients between inshore and offshore sites, indicating a strong terrestrial influence in the inshore lagoon of the GBR. Results from chlorophyll monitoring support the idea of an inner-shelf polluted zone adjacent to the developed catchments from Port Douglas to Harvey Bay (end of southern region), and relatively unpolluted zone on the inner-shelf north of Port Douglas and generally on the middle and outer shelf. The middle shelf between Cape Grafton and Cape Tribulation (central region) is also somewhat polluted due to its proximity to the coast and polluted rivers. In general, Coral Sea and outer shelf mean chlorophyll concentrations are close to 0.2 μg/L, areas of the GBR Lagoon without polluted river influence have mean concentrations near 0.3 μg/L, long-term mean concentrations in areas subjected to polluted river influence are near 0.6 μg/L while event concentrations in waters affected by flood plumes from polluted rivers are near 3 μg/L. This larger part of this body of work has looked at the dispersal and extent of flood plumes, the importance of flood plumes as a source of nutrients and sediments and the potential risk of riverine influence on the nearshore ecosystems of the GBR. Through the course of this work, I have monitored and measured flood plumes associated with cyclones from 1991 to 2000. The sampling events were Cyclone Joy (1991), Sadie (1994), Violet (1995), Ethel (1996), Justin (1997), Sid (1998), Rona (1999) and Steve (2000). Plume distributions presented in chapter 4 establish that the main driving influence on plume dispersal is the direction and strength of wind and discharge volume of the river. Wind conditions are dominated by south-easterly winds which drive the plume north and towards the coast. The greater number of plumes mapped over this study (Violet, Ethel, Justin, Sid and Rona) were restricted to a shallow nearshore northward band by stronger south-easterly winds following the cyclone. However, under relatively calm conditions such as those following Sadie, light offshore winds allowed the plume to disperse seaward and north over much of the shelf and there was a short period of direct impingement upon mid and outer-shelf reefs. The flood plumes associated with Cyclone Joy in the Fitzroy River also moved offshore, following light northerly winds, eventually impinging on reefs of the Capricorn-Bunker group. The amount of rainfall that falls over a particular catchment can have a marked effect on distribution of the plume. Another factor in the distribution of flood plumes is the influence of headlands on the movement of the plumes (‘steering’). This can be observed most clearly in the vicinity of Cape Grafton (slightly south-east of Cairns) in extent of the Sadie, Violet and Ethel plumes where northward moving plumes are steered across the Green Island Reef. Green Island Reef appears to the one mid-shelf reef of the GBR, south of the Daintree, which is regularly covered by river plume water. Therefore the assessment of plumes impacting on the mid-shelf reefs adjacent to the Barron River (Green Island) are expected to be underestimates due to effects from other river systems to the south “steering” past Cape Grafton. Data presented in chapter 5 demonstrates that the composition of plumes is strongly dependent on particular events, between days and through a single event, depths and catchment. Timing of sampling is critical in obtaining reliable estimates of material exported in the flood plumes. There is a hysteresis in the development of a flood plume, which is related to catchment characteristics (size, vegetation cover and gradient), rainfall intensity and duration and distribution of flow volume. The time lag difference is significant in the smaller Wet Tropic rivers (Herbert to Daintree) compared to larger Dry Tropic Rivers of the Burdekin and Fitzroy. Measurements of all parameters taken further away from the river are influenced by physical and biological processes occurring over time as the elevated concentrations in the river water mixed with the lagoonal waters of the GBR. Concentrations on NOx and DIP ranged from 10-15μM and 0.2-0.5μM at sites close to the river mouth and declining to levels between 0-2μM (NOx) and 0 – 0.2μM at higher salinity concentrations. Though these later concentrations are still high in comparison to baseline concentrations they do reflect influences by other processes. The distribution of nutrients within the plume is a function of riverine inputs, mixing and biological activity which add or remove nutrients. Modelling of the plumes associated with specific weather conditions has demonstrated that inshore reef areas adjacent to the Wet Tropics Catchment (between Townsville and Cooktown) regularly experience extreme conditions associated with plumes. Inshore areas (north of the Burdekin and Fitzroy Rivers) receive riverine waters on a less frequent basis. Spatial distribution of the frequency of plume coverage delineates the inshore area of the GBR, which is annually inundated by flood plume waters. Chapter 4 presents a summary of the frequency and distribution of the all flood plumes mapped in the GBR over the last 10 years. As part of the assessment of the impact of flood plumes on GBR ecosystems, an estimate is required of the areal and volumetric extent of plumes emanating from the rivers draining to the GBR. The observed distribution of flood plumes between 1994 and 1999 serves as a baseline for evaluating baseline distribution with respect to variables controlling plume extent. Based on these observations, a summary of plume distribution for waters discharging in the vicinity of the Russell-Mulgrave and Barron Rivers has been developed with six qualitative fields of plume distribution (inner1, inner2, inner-mid, mid, mid-outer and outer). A model was developed to estimate the expected distribution of a plume using variables which include wind speed and direction coupled with river flow data. Formulation of expected plume distribution over a longer time period than individual observations allows for the identification of reefs that are subject to plumes and an estimate as to the frequency of impact. Based on the model an estimate of spatial extents of plumes has been made using the Barron River as a case study. The hindcasted model provided a preliminary estimate of how frequently plumes extend to a particular area of the GBR. Based on the data for the Barron River it is estimated that in the past 58 years, a plume may have reached the mid-shelf reefs (outer category) on 18 occasions.

Master of Science
Department of Geology
Matthew Brueseke
It is generally accepted that beneath flood basalt provinces, Cu-Ni-PGE sulfide deposits may be found (Ridley, 2013). The focus of this study is the Steens Basalt, a mid-Miocene flood basalt from the northern Great Basin (USA) which contains between ~5-400 ppm copper and is characterized by large plagioclase phenocrysts, some of which can contain primary inclusions of copper despite the chalcophile nature of Cu (Hofmeister and Rossman, 1985; Johnston et al., 1991). The purpose of this project is to identify the distribution of Cu among coexisting phases in Steens Basalt, test whether plagioclase crystals in Steens lavas can host Cu, even when Cu is not visible, and test whether sulfide minerals/droplets are present in Steens Basalt samples with low Cu concentrations. Samples of Steens lavas were examined for sulfide minerals via reflected light microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction with a molybdenum tube. Using an electron microprobe, silicate minerals, oxides, glass, and sulfides were analyzed for their Cu concentration, as well as other major and trace element chemistry. Glass did not contain detectable Cu which precluded partition coefficient (Kd) calculations. Based on average Cu concentration for the non-sulfides, magnetite contains the most Cu, followed by (forsteritic) weathered olivine, pyroxene, olivine, plagioclase, and ilmenite. Copper sulfides were discovered in samples MB97-19 and MB97-76C with additional non-copper sulfides in MB97-76B. In conclusion, these results lay the groundwork for further investigation into potential copper sulfide reserves in the magma plumbing as with other flood basalt packages linked to economically important mineral deposits.

博士
國立政治大學
中國文學研究所
97
This dissertation examines the entanglement of memory, history and cultural experience within the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere during the Second Sino-Japanese War or Greater East Asia War between 1937 and 1945. From a comprehensive perspective of boundary crossing, this dissertation intends to study the conceptualization and formation of a unified East Asian literary ideal and its literary and cultural institutions by examining the discourse of a Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere in the context of Japanese Imperialism. It further explores the reception and transformation of knowledge, power, and cultural struggles shaped by this literary construction within the cultural sphere. Through the observation of the process of wartime mobilization and the development of imperial ideology, this dissertation reveals that the Japanese Empire intended to implant the image of an imagined community in Japan, the Japanese colonies, and occupied areas. By enlisting this imagined community, the Japanese Imperial would forge a cooperative institution, the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, within which “Asia is One.” On the other hand, intellectuals in different parts of Japanese East Asia adopted different positions in response to the imposition of this imagined Co-Prosperity Sphere. By scrutinizing their responses, we will discern these writers’ shifting positions and diverse strategies of “collaboration” under different types of rule and across various regions. The dissertation traces the progress of Japanese Imperialism as the discursive center of the East Asia Literary Sphere. Five regions from the Chinese character-using portions of the empire were chosen as case studies: Japanese colonies such as Taiwan, Korea, as well as puppet regimes like those in Manchukuo, and occupied North and Central China. By surveying the literary performances in these East Asian regions that were under the influenced of the discourse of Great East Asia, we could get past the surface and scrutinize the reality of the ideology of the Japanese Literary Co-Prosperity Sphere. The Greater East Asian Literary Movement was a byproduct of the development of Japanese nationalism. All literary activities were manipulated by the Japanese state apparatus, including the establishment of writers’ alliance, the dispatching of the Pen Writers’ Brigade, the writing of Patriotic Literature, as well as the reportage from Conscript Writers. The discourse of Hakkō ichiu (All the world under one roof) became the core of Japanese national ideology. Japanese became the sole language taught in schools throughout the Japanese empire in an attempt to replace ties of blood and ethnicity with a linguistic affiliation. Through this linguistiunity, Imperial Japan fostered the unity of an “East Asian ethnicity.” Writing in diverse genres such as War Literature, Labor Literature, Increasing Production Literature and National Literature, Japanese writers in different parts of East Asia manifested the imperialist dream of a Greater East Asia. Moreover, through the establishment of organizations such as the Association of Literary Patriotism, writers in the Greater East Asia Literary Sphere gained a legitimate channel to communicate and exchange their ideas on literature. In other words, East Asian writers constructed and developed their own discourses of “Literary Co-Prosperity” within this context.

The present work deals with the creation of a second Irish Constitution in the history of Irish independence. Replacement of the previous Constitution was motivated by its connection with the controversial Anglo-Irish Treaty 1921. This thesis focuses on the situation in the 20's and 30's of the 20th century, the Irish Free State, when there were internal unrest caused by emergence and recognition of the Constitution 1922 from which the Irish republican on the contrary wanted to break away. Their efforts lasted until the new Constitution in 1937. The work also includes a chapter devoted to the events that preceded the periods, which is primarily devoted. These events were Irish War of Independence and subsequent Civil War. The main part describes the internal situation in the Irish Free State in terms of social, economic and political issues, because all intermingled with each other and lead to the onset political forces that have targeted the country led to the new legislation. An integral part of this work is the preparation and procedure whereby which the Constitution was created. They are also included positive and negative opinions of important personalities of the time. Proposals constitution and amendments laws that gradual way contributed to the final concept of the Constitution 1937 are...

This dissertation studies the writing of fiction in modern China from 1937 to 1949 in the three politically-divided areas: the Nationalist-controlled area, the Communist-dominated region, and the Japanese-occupied districts (before 1945), under the framework of “contested modernities” (the capitalist, the colonialist, and the socialist). Works of fiction here are explored as fundamentally cultural responses to the social, political, and historical experience. Therefore, it appreciates the dialectics of the content-form of these works as expressions, manifestations, and articulations of the contending modernities that competed against each other during that era. Methodologically, this project combines the application of the theory of “field of cultural production” promoted by Pierre Bourdieu, with the approach of historical/political hermeneutics as advocated by Fredric Jameson. The three areas set the stage for cultural productions of differing ideological tendencies. In this context, fiction is a testing ground for various versions and visions of “new cultures” of Chinese modernities. Here, we treat “1940s China” as a social-cultural space and “fiction” as a literary and intellectual institution in which various visions of “new cultures” expressed themselves. “Style” or “form” then becomes a socially symbolic, political action in which writers’ search for social and symbolic certainty was incarnated. Part I, “Negotiating with the Nightmarish Modern,” explores writers from the Japanese-occupied areas. The first chapter studies the relationship between the experience of exile and Xiao Hong’s war-time diasporic literature. The second chapter explores the middle-brow boudoir literature from Shanghai. In particular, it studies the works by Zhang Ailing. Part II, “Rethinking the Disjointed Modern,” investigates the Nationalist-controlled regions. The so-called “neo-romanticist” writers Wumingshi and Xu Xu, as well as the famed writer of the “July School” Lu Ling, are its objects of study. The third part, “Contending for a New Modern,” takes as its object of research writings from the Communist-controlled area. It looks into the “peasant writer” Zhao Shuli’s stories and the works by the May-Fourth-writer-turned-Communist-intellectual, Ding Ling. The study not only substantiates the argument that in modern China, the search for a new subjectivity was undertaken through conquering the identity crisis of the “new man” and “new woman,” but also testifies to the fact that this “control of the form” was simultaneously a symbolic action that articulated the anxiety of the intellectuals about becoming a new, modern Chinese. Put in other way, this search for a new identity is premised upon the establishment of a new subjectivity, which was an integral part of the project of building various “new cultures.” Through a practice of political hermeneutics of fictional texts and social-historical subtexts, this dissertation shows that social modernity and literary modernity intertwined and interacted with each other in the development of modern Chinese literature
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碩士
國立中正大學
戰略暨國際事務研究所
103
All kinds of advanced Technologies vary our society and bring uncertainty and complexity. We are in circumstances surrounded by crises. Before a crises, we always try to set up the defense mechanism to prevent them. However, when we face to great natural disasters, it’s still impossible to guard against them. After the crisis, the government shall cope with the crisis itself. Furthermore, to the people and the mass media, the government also needs to have good crisis communication strategies to avoid another political crisis. We never can prevent a natural disaster in advance. The 921 Earthquake happened at one o’clock forty-seven A.M. on September 21st, 1999. After 10 years, the typhoon Morakot brought surprising rainfall and made 88 flood. Facing the great natural disaster, the government should cope with the crisis and communicate with the people as soon as possible. If the government does not handle well, it will give rise to more political crisis besides the disaster itself. The 921 Earthquake and 88 flood were great natural disasters in twenty years. My paper is focus on comparing the crisis communication strategies between Lee government and Ma government.

Text in English
This qualitative psychobiographical study sets out to explore and describe the life of Sir Winston Churchill within the context of his lifelong experience with depression, his ‘Black Dog’. The aim of the research is to present a case for depressive realism with Churchill as the single case study. The reconstruction of Churchill’s life as a psychological narrative is contextualised within the theoretical framework of Alfred Adler’s Theory of Individual Psychology. Data was collated via biographical and life history material. Data was analysed by means of thematic analysis. Data trustworthiness and ethical considerations were adhered to. The findings of this study reveal that Churchill’s depression had positive gains of him striving to contribute to society, potentially demonstrating that depressive realism exists as a side-effect of depression. The significance of which, conceivably substantiates the idea that positive aspects of depression do exist, enabling a potentially more encouraging and constructive outlook for individuals suffering from depression.
Psychology
M.A. (Psychology)