Journal articles on the topic 'Great Britain – Social policy'
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1
Podolsky, Vadim. "History of the social policy in the United Kingdom." Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost, no. 5 (2021): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086904990016102-4.
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In the XVII century Great Britain became the first country in the world with a full-scale system of social support, which was regulated at the state level. The “Old Poor Law” of 1601 and the “New Poor Law” of 1834 are well-studied in both foreign and Russian science, but the solutions that preceded them are less known. The aim of this study is to describe the development of social policy in Great Britain up to 1834, when the system of assistance to people in need was redesigned according to the liberal logic of minimal interference of the state. The article is based on comparative and historic approach and analysis of legal documents. It demonstrates the evolution of institutions and practices of social support in Great Britain. In this country social policy grew from church and private charity and developed at local level under centrally defined rules. Consistent presentation of social policy history in Great Britain is valuable for studies of charity, local self-government and social policy.
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Forrest, David. "AN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL REVIEW OF GAMBLING IN GREAT BRITAIN." Journal of Gambling Business and Economics 7, no. 3 (December 9, 2013): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/jgbe.v7i3.816.
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The paper considers the nature and scale of the benefits and costs of gambling, with special reference to machine gaming. Although the industry is argued to be unlikely to have a significant macroeconomic impact, evidence is consistent with it generating considerable benefits to individual (responsible) consumers, whether measured by consumer surplus or through the pattern of responses to a wellbeing question. At the same time, a minority of users of gaming facilities, problem gamblers, appear to make consistently flawed decisions such that those with gambling disorder experience exceptionally low wellbeing. Public policy and regulatory decisions should consider the effects, on the margin, on both the net benefits to recreational gamblers and the net costs to problem gamblers. Many policy decisions may involve a trade-off between the welfare of recreational gamblers and the welfare of problem gamblers. Contemporary interest in targeted policies appears to represent an attempt to avoid the need to confront such a trade-off by searching for policies which are aimed very explicitly at problem gamblers alone.
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Lim, Kwangsoo. "The Shift of a Dividend Policy and a Leverage Policy during the 2008 Financial Crisis." International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies (2147-4486) 5, no. 6 (October 21, 2016): 09–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijfbs.v5i6.600.
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This paper investigates how firms shifted their dividend policies and leverage policies in response to the economic shock caused by the 2008 financial crisis. The sample countries are United States, Great Britain, France, Germany, Australia, Japan, China, and Korea. The empirical relationship of firms’ dividend policies with their capital structures and earnings was likely to undergo a major change around the 2008 financial crisis, as firms adjusted their capital structures and dividend policies in response to the extreme credit crunch caused by the financial crisis. The extent and the speed that firms deleverage themselves and reduce their dividends were likely to be influenced by countries’ cultural and social norms. This paper finds a significant reduction in dividends across sample countries except Great Britain and France after the 2008 crisis. This finding supports the free cash flow theory that dividends are paid to dissipate free cash flow to address agency conflicts between managers and shareholders. This paper finds a higher correlation between dividends and leverages before the 2008 crisis, and that it strengthened after the crisis except Great Britain and Korea. This finding is consistent more with the pecking order theory than with the trade-off theory of leverage.
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Glendinning, Caroline. "Losing Ground: Social Policy and Disabled People in Great Britain, 1980–90." Disability, Handicap & Society 6, no. 1 (January 1991): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02674649166780011.
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Metz, Karl H. "From Pauperism to Social Policy." International Review of Social History 37, no. 3 (December 1992): 329–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859000111320.
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SummaryThe first part of this paper establishes the outlines of social policy in the course of the nineteenth century using Great Britain, Germany and France as examples, with particular emphasis on the differences arising from the varying political cultures of these countries. In the second part the paper attempts to establish comparisons for a generalized framework, also covering developments into the twentieth century. ‘Social policy’ in this instance means all state measures to safeguard the physical and social existence of employed workers on the basis of a criterion of fairness which is derived from their citizenship, it is political in other words. Safety ar work is as much a part of this as protection during illness, old age or unemployment. This study as a whole sets out to achieve some standardizations which will be useful in the analysis of the history of social policy and may also be helpful in the discussion of current socio-political problems.
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Balina, T. A., A. A. Balina, S. E. Gasumova, and T. D. Popkova. "FEATURES OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS OF YOUNG PEOPLE IN RUSSIA, GREAT BRITAIN AND CHINA." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series Biology. Earth Sciences 30, no. 2 (July 30, 2020): 231–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9518-2020-30-2-231-243.
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The state youth policy requires deep study and justification by representatives of social sciences, including sociology and socio-economic geography, which allows us to synthesize various methods of studying society and its well-being. Social geography, having a spatial approach, allows us to determine the territorial features of the course of social phenomena, to identify cause-and-effect relationships between them, to study the general and specific features of the development of territorial communities and population strata. Using the example of Great Britain, China and Russia, the current social problems of young people in countries with different types of socio-economic development are revealed through a comparative analysis of socio-demographic processes. In the context of concepts of well-being, the article considers various aspects of social dependency as a new and little-studied phenomenon. It is revealed that the UK, which implements the liberal principle of public welfare policy, has extensive experience in social work with young people, and the pioneering research of NEET-youth is of international significance. In China social dependency has acquired specific forms, which is largely determined by the principle of egalitarianism, the consequences of demographic policy and traditional mentality. The analysis of modern problems of Russian youth has shown that the rejection of the paternalistic model of social protection of the population had a negative impact on the situation of young people. The article analyzes the results of statistical, sociological research, expert evaluation, included interviews, etc., which revealed the social problems of Russian, British and Chinese youth, including the phenomenon of dependency. It was revealed that the study of dependency in the framework of youth policy and social work will help to activate the younger generation, accelerate its inclusion in society, and improve technologies for solving social problems.
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DEANS, ZUZANA. "CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTIONS IN PHARMACY PRACTICE IN GREAT BRITAIN." Bioethics 27, no. 1 (July 29, 2011): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8519.2011.01918.x.
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Clair, Amy, Jasmine Fledderjohann, Doireann Lalor, and Rachel Loopstra. "The Housing Situations of Food Bank Users in Great Britain." Social Policy and Society 19, no. 1 (May 27, 2019): 55–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746419000150.
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Food bank use in Great Britain has risen substantially over the last decade. The considerable socioeconomic disadvantage of the food bank user population has been documented, but little research has examined whether housing problems intersect with insecure food access. Using data from 598 households accessing assistance from twenty-four food banks operating in Great Britain in 2016–2017, we found that nearly 18 per cent of households were homeless, with more having experienced homelessness in the past twelve months. Renters from both the private and social rented sectors were also overrepresented in the sample. Households in both private and social rented housing reported high rates of rent arrears and poor conditions; those in private housing were also more likely to live in homes with damp, to have moved in past year, and to be worried about a forced move in future. Overall, housing problems are widespread among food bank users; policy interventions are needed.
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Mering, Tomasz. "Polityka społeczna w Szkocji po reformie dewolucyjnej. W stronę fragmentaryzacji brytyjskiego welfare state?" Przegląd Europejski, no. 2-2021 (September 8, 2021): 129–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/1641-2478pe.2.21.8.
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The article presents the origins and evolution of social policy programmes in Scotland since the referendum in 1997. Regional authorities in Scotland obtained significant prerogatives in payment of social benefits. They actively exercised the rights granted by the UK legislation, resulting in the partial decentralisation of the social security system in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland has become a fact. This decentralisation is not complete, because the administration of pensions, and unemployment benefits remains the sole responsibility of London’s central government. One of the features of British social policy has become territorial asymmetry, consisting of partially different programs and social policy institutions in other parts of the UK. The most important effect of the reforms is the creation of institutions and draft social policy programs that can be put into effect, when the process of political emancipation in Scotland will lead to a new regional referendum.
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Schoon, Ingrid, and Elzbieta Polek. "Pathways to Economic Well-Being Among Teenage Mothers in Great Britain." European Psychologist 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000028.
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The present study examines pathways to independence from social welfare among 738 teenage mothers, participants of the 1970 British Cohort Study, who were followed up at age 30 years. Using a longitudinal design, a pathway model is tested, examining linkages between family social background, cognitive ability, school motivation, and individual investments in education, as well as work- and family-related roles. The most important factors associated with financial independence by age 30 are continued attachment to the labor market as well as a stable relationship with a partner (not necessarily the father of the child). Pathways to financial independence, in turn, are predicted through own cognitive resources, school motivation, and family cohesion. Implications of findings for policy making are discussed.
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Karužaitė, Daiva. "Higher Education Changes in Great Britain in XX–XXI centuries." Pedagogika 117, no. 1 (March 5, 2015): 16–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15823/p.2015.064.
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The article reveals development and essential changes of higher education in Great Britain in XX–XXI centuries.
During last century Great Britain higher education system has changed dramatically – from elite higher education in the beginning of XX century, which was available for very small part of society, to mass higher education with variety of institutions and education programs. Nowadays there is almost half of Great Britain population (of certain age group) obtaining higher education certificate or diploma.
The junction of XX and XXI centuries was signed with significant shift in the gender structure of higher education students: more women obtained fist university degree than men. Ten years later the same was recorded in higher degrees.
The intense change of Great Britain higher education from elite to mass inevitably influenced the higher education finance sector. Great Britain used to cover all expenses of higher education from the budget. However, the financial crises occurred in the last decade of XX century, and the government was forced to seek for new financing models of higher education. First time in Great Britain higher education history the tuition fee was introduced. Striving to ensure the higher education accessibility for all social groups in Great Britain, the tuition fees were complemented with the grants and loans with special repayment (or without) conditions. Nevertheless, the financial reform, started in 1998, already was changed several times and has raised lots of critics.
Along with the financial reform Great Britain deals with the higher education quality issues. There was no essential discussions about higher education quality in the beginning of the XX century as it was elite higher education. Moving to the mass higher education with variety of institutions and dramatically growing student number, the quality question becomes relevant. Despite the owning the largest number of worldwide level elite universities in Europe, Great Britain seeks to ensure the quality in all higher education institutions in the country. Therefore the Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education was established. The Agency puts students and the public interest at the center of everything they do. Great Britain higher education quality policy is implemented basing on the Quality Code for Higher Education.
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Carpenter, Laura M. "Demedicalization and Remedicalization of Male Circumcision in Great Britain and the United States." SALUTE E SOCIETÀ, no. 2 (July 2009): 155–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ses2009-en2011.
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- This study explicates the theoretically important, yet inadequately specified, processes of demedicalization and remedicalization by comparing the histories of male circumcision in Great Britain and the United States. Although circumcision was medicalized to a similar degree in both countries before World War II, by the 1960s, circumcision was almost completely demedicalized in Britain and almost universal in the U.S. Since then, circumcision has become partially demedicalized in the U.S. Medical professionals and insurance/healthcare systems drove demedicalization in both countries; in the U.S., grassroots activists also played a critical role, while medical community "holdouts" resisted demedicalization. Recent research indicating that circumcision inhibits HIV transmission is differentially likely to produce remedicalization in the two nations, given differences in circumcision prevalence, HIV epidemiology, insurance/health systems, activism opportunities, and status of religious groups. Future research should theorize the life cycle of medicalization, explore comparative cases, and attend more closely to medical "holdouts" from previous eras, prevalence and duration of medicalized practices, and barriers to non-medical interpretations.Keywords: medicalization, demedicalization, remedicalization, health, circumcision, sociology.Parole chiave: medicalizzazione, demedicalizzazione, rimedicalizzazione, salute, circoncisione, sociologia.
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Savelyev, Mikhail, Mikhail Kozyrev, Andrey Savchenko, Vladimir Koretsky, and Rail Galiakhmetov. "Macroeconomic signs of an innovative economy by the case of Great Britain." SHS Web of Conferences 116 (2021): 00072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202111600072.
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By the case of the economic development of Great Britain, the hypothesis was verified that innovations at the macroeconomic level should accelerate economic growth and at the same time reduce development risks, stabilizing this growth, reducing its fluctuations under the influence of market factors. The economic development of Great Britain is investigated in 25 economic cycles for the period from 1830-2020. Economic development was investigated according to the parameters of economic growth and development risk in each of the considered cycles. Four types of economic development policy are theoretically described in terms of the dynamics of changes in growth and risk between the previous and subsequent cycles including progressive, regressive, aggressive and conservative. In relation to the identified periods of progressive development policy in Great Britain, the institutional innovations that led to this type of development were investigated. Among them was the great economic reform of the early Victorian era, the course of social or new liberalism and the popular budget before the First World War, the activities of the first Labor government immediately after this war, economic recovery after World War II in combination with the Marshall plan and nationalization, the era of the Conservatives and the politics of New Labor at the end of the 20th century. The study showed that the implementation of authentic national culture and institutions complementary to the existing authentic culture institutions of institutional innovations leads to a simultaneous decrease in the risk of development and acceleration of economic growth, which can be considered the most favorable policy of macroeconomic management of entrepreneurial activity in order to accelerate the application of technical and commercial innovations.
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Nasretdinova, Farangis. "ADVANCED EXPERIENCES OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES." Economics and Innovative Technologies 11, no. 1 (February 26, 2023): 118–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.55439/eit/vol11_iss1/a13.
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This article theoretically studies the state of development of social entrepreneurship and its importance in the national economy. Furthermore, quantitative analyzes of the state of development of this sphere in the world, forms of state registration of social entrepreneurship in foreign countries, including Italy, France, Germany, and Great Britain, sources of income, and directions of activity are demonstrated. Having studied the tested and advanced practices of developed countries, we can be sure that even their social policy programs are unable to solve social issues such as improving the activities of the third sector and increasing social services and social responsibility in the field of entrepreneurship. In that case, social entrepreneurship emerges as an auxiliary force of the country’s social policy.
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Armstrong, Harvey W. "Estimating the degree of central control of spatial industrial policy: Great Britain, 1983/84." Annals of Regional Science 22, no. 1 (March 1988): 17–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01286399.
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Grafton, Carl. "Government policy for dangerous inventions in the United States and Great Britain." Policy Sciences 24, no. 1 (February 1991): 19–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00146463.
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Smirnova, Galina Evgen'evna. "Russian-speaking community of Great Britain today: stereotypical perception, new realities, and development prospects." Человек и культура, no. 4 (April 2021): 34–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8744.2021.4.36213.
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The subject of this research is the Russian-speaking community of Great Britain in the modern sociocultural context, which is traditionally characterized by distinct national, cultural and social disunity. The object of this research is the Russian world of Great Britain within the framework of modern Russian-British relations and sociocultural context of the country of residence. The attitude towards Russian-speaking immigrants from the former USSR republics was affected by multiple stereotypes. The current changes in foreign policy, deterioration of relations between the two countries, amendments to British legislation, Brexit, on the one hand, while economic cooperation and cultural exchange between the countries on the other hand, influence life of the community, forming a new context of being in a foreign cultural environment. The novelty of this research lies in the attempt to assess the impact of the ongoing social processes upon the image, public perception, and quantitative indicator of the Russian community in Great Britain, which is extremely relevant due to the absence of such data in the research literature. Based on the historical and analytical analysis of media materials, sociological surveys, legislative and diplomatic documents, it becomes evident that the number of Russian-speaking citizens who are ready to make Britain their place of residence has significantly reduced compared to the end of the previous century, and there are no prospects that this number would increase. The lifestyle these people is also undergoing changes due to the introduction of new laws in Great Britain. In the conditions of the overall deterioration of political situation, the contacts in economic and cultural spheres remain unchanged, creating a positive image of Russia in the eyes of the British people, as well as the presence of initiatives to improve cooperation between the two countries.
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Le Galès, Patrick, and Michael Parkinson. "L’Inner City Policy en Grande-Bretagne." Revue française d'administration publique 71, no. 1 (1994): 483–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rfap.1994.2836.
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Inner City Policy in Great Britain The British urban policy has been progressively established during the sixties as a response to the difficulties of rapid urbanisation resulting from the industrial revolution of the XIXth century. However neither the efforts undertaken at a social and economic level by labour as well as tory governments nor the definition of new partnerships through numerous development or rehabilitation programmes have produced the awaited results. Until yet, urban policy has not matched the structural problems which could only be solved in the framework of a radical transformation of the British State and of a redefinition of its means of intervention.
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Sharapov, Kiril. "Public Understanding of Trafficking in Human Beings in Great Britain, Hungary and Ukraine." Anti-Trafficking Review, no. 13 (September 26, 2019): 30–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.14197/atr.201219133.
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This article provides a summary of research undertaken to investigate public awareness and understanding of human trafficking in Great Britain, Hungary and Ukraine. Responding to the lack of reliable empirical data on this issue, the research relies on representative national opinion surveys to assess the extent of public awareness of what constitutes human trafficking, the sources of knowledge underpinning this awareness, and respondents’ attitudes towards key dimensions of human trafficking as embedded in international and respective national legal and policy frameworks and discourses. Conceptually, this article reinforces recent calls for policy and media paradigm shifts from understanding human trafficking as a phenomenon of crime and victimhood, to, above all, a human rights concern linked to the broader issues of sustainable development and social justice. Methodologically, the study highlights the role of opinion surveys as a measure of effectiveness and impact of anti-trafficking awareness campaigns. In practical terms, the article presents a set of data which can be useful for policy-makers, anti-trafficking activists, and national media in designing impactful awareness-raising campaigns and interventions.
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Nohrin, I. M. "The Statement of the British Administration in Quebec and the Problem of Adaptation of the Traditional Colonial Policy (the Middle of 1760th)." Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations 12, no. 3 (2012): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1819-4907-2012-12-3-23-27.
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Article is devoted to studying of policy of Great Britain in Quebec in the first years after the termination of Seven-year war. The author has concentrated his attention on researching of factors of its formation: the governmental course, policy of governor-generals, the conflict of interests of English merchants and the French community. The special attention is given to a problem of formation of administration political course on the basis of struggle of «old» and «new» social groups.
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Sewell, Mike. "Political Rhetoric and Policy-Making: James G. Blaine and Britain." Journal of American Studies 24, no. 1 (April 1990): 61–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875800028711.
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James Gillespie Blaine has been seen by his contemporaries and historians alike as the archetypal late nineteenth-century politician. Acclaimed by supporters as the “Plumed Knight” and derided by opponents as the “continental liar from the state of Maine,” his political career was impressive. He was Speaker of the House of Representatives, Senator from Maine, came within 2,000 New York votes of winning the Presidency in 1884, and was twice Secretary of State. But his reputation endures mainly as a corrupt and unscrupulous politico. Historians have labelled him immoral, demagogic and “openly anti-British.” They have depicted him as a spokesman for a “seething” late nineteenth–century Anglophobia who was “excessively political, notably in his penchant for cultivating the Irish at Great Britain's expense.” This aspect of Blaine's reputation has been misinterpreted. However, he can still stand as the personification of politics at a time when the spread-eagle rhetoric of campaigns co-existed with pragmatism in policy formulation.
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Ermisch, John. "Impacts of Policy Actions on the Family and Household." Journal of Public Policy 6, no. 3 (July 1986): 297–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x00004049.
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ABSTRACTThe influence of demographic factors on public policy is well recognised, but the impact of policies other than population policy on demographic behaviour is generally ignored. The paper discusses the effects of various aspects of social policy on marriage, fertility, divorce and household formation behaviour. While the focus is on Great Britain, examples from other countries and cross-national comparisons are employed in the analysis. It measures the effects of particular policies in order to show that the impact of social policies on family formation and dissolution is not just a theoretical possibility. They have significant influences on important aspects of the way in which we live, and in most cases these demographic effects were not recognised by policy makers.
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Svyrydiuk, Olha. "LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF SOCIAL AND PEDAGOGICAL SUPPORT FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS IN THE UK HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM." Collection of Scientific Papers of Uman State Pedagogical University, no. 2 (May 29, 2024): 118–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31499/2307-4906.2.2024.306340.
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The article analyzes legal framework of social and pedagogical support for international students in the higher education system of the UK. It is emphasized that in 2023, more than 679,970 international students chose to study in Great Britain, which indicates a high level of training. It is stated that there are a number of legal documents regulating the socio-pedagogical support of international students in higher education in Great Britain, which ensures equal opportunities for all students regardless of their origin. National policies on socio-pedagogical support of international students from 1999‒2023 are described. The author notes that national policies on international students can be broadly grouped into four main stages: the Prime Minister’s Initiative (PMI) 1999–2004; the Prime Minister’s Initiative (PMI2) 2006–2011; the Coalition’s International Education Strategy (IES) 2013–2017; the International Education Strategy 2019 – till now (with updating in 2021, 2023). The author underlines the considerable consistency with which the four phases of policy emphasize the importance of recruiting and attracting more international students, offering a warm welcome, recognizing the benefits of international students. It has been summarised that the policy changes are not sudden but gradual, and trends established under one administration are sustained, reinforced and developed by successive governments. The consensus that international students should be recruited only to the extent that they benefit the UK, however, is not changing radically.
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Marsh, Alex, and Randall Smith. "Policy & Politics: a perspective on the first half century." Policy & Politics 50, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/030557321x16341248594520.
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For 50 years Policy & Politics, under the stewardship of some 19 editors, has engaged with key issues at the interface between public policy, social policy and politics. The journal has published scholarship that has shaped a broad range of debates across disciplines and has built a valued and vibrant community of authors and readers who are integral to what the journal is today. This brief editorial provides a perspective on the journal’s evolution from its origins focusing on local government in Great Britain to its current engagement with an inclusive, pluralist and global policy agenda.
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Ruggie, Mary, Julia O'Connor, Ann Shola Orloff, and Sheila Shaver. "States, Markets, Families: Gender, Liberalism, and Social Policy in Australia, Canada, Great Britain, and the United States." Social Forces 78, no. 4 (June 2000): 1577. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3006188.
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Naples, Nancy A., Julia S. O'Connor, Ann Shola Orloff, and Sheila Shaver. "States, Markets, Families: Gender, Liberalism and Social Policy in Australia, Canada, Great Britain and the United States." Contemporary Sociology 29, no. 6 (November 2000): 858. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2654121.
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CLASEN, JOCHEN, and DANIEL CLEGG. "Unemployment Protection and Labour Market Reform in France and Great Britain in the 1990s: Solidarity Versus Activation?" Journal of Social Policy 32, no. 3 (July 2003): 361–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279403007049.
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Standard accounts of unemployment protection and labour market policy reform tend to put France and the UK at opposing ends of the spectrum of values and policy directions in Europe. British efforts in the 1990s of switching emphasis from ‘passive’ benefit payment towards promoting participation in ‘active’ programmes of labour market integration are widely understood as a product of liberalism, individualism and increasing labour market flexibility, introducing a degree of workfare into the overall structure of unemployment support. By contrast, in France the resistance of traditional values and a ‘social treatment of unemployment’ are often portrayed as having put a brake on labour market reform and retrenchment of unemployment protection. After a reflection on the respective national discourses, the article challenges this view and points to a more complex reality that includes not only acknowledgement of labour market differences but also trends of convergence and counterintuitive developments. Secondly, it claims that in the 1990s Britain and France have both moved increasingly towards an unemployment policy based on activation, but in forms which reflect, to a great extent, different political incentive structures. The political implications of differentially institutionalised interests have in this way driven unemployment policy in different, but not opposing, directions. Recognition of this more nuanced reality should enable a better theoretical understanding of the social and political conditions for successful activation policies.
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Mashevskyi, Oleh, and Dmytro Shapoval. "PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM IN 1945: ANALYSIS OF THE CONSERVATIVE PARTY’S DEFEAT IN THE CONTEXT OF CHANGING SOCIAL NEEDS AFTER WORLD WAR II." European Historical Studies, no. 27 (2024): 72–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2024.27.6.
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The article covers an analysis of the 1945 parliamentary elections in Great Britain as a pivotal moment in the country’s development following World War II. It offers a detailed examination of the historical context preceding the elections, considering the socio-political situation marked by post-war reconstruction and shifting social paradigms. The article analyzes the strategies and programs of key political parties, revealing their contrasting visions for post-war Britain. Additionally, it examines societal attitudes and changing public expectations, which significantly influenced electoral outcomes, highlighting a growing demand from voters for comprehensive social reforms and economic stability. Central to the article is the analysis of the Conservative Party’s defeat, which is explained by several factors, including their perception of societal needs, leadership dynamics, and demographic changes among voters. The article thoroughly explores the Conservatives’ response to the challenges of the post-war period, comparing it with the Labour Party’s agenda focused on social welfare policy and economic reconstruction. The article discusses the outcomes of the 1945 parliamentary elections in Great Britain and their impact on the nation’s social needs post-war. The loss of seats by the Conservatives and the rise in Labour representation signify a shift in the political landscape and societal attitudes. The article examines the underestimation of social needs, which led to the Conservative Party’s defeat. Post-war, destroyed cities and economic difficulties created radical changes in social needs, particularly in housing policy and social protection. The Conservative approach was less socially oriented compared to Labour’s programs. Furthermore, the insufficient emphasis by the Conservatives on economic stability and social protection, which did not align with voters’ demands, is noted. The public image of the Conservatives no longer matched the requirements of the time, and the gap between elites and ordinary citizens became a problem. The impact of leadership and the public image of party leaders on the results of the 1945 elections is also analyzed, noting that the leadership of Winston Churchill was based on wartime merits but was not able to effectively respond to social and economic changes.
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Яблонская, О. В. "Underage “Builders of Great Britain”: Child Migration in the British Empire." Historia provinciae - the journal of regional history 7, no. 3 (September 15, 2023): 870–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.23859/2587-8344-2023-7-3-3.
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Статья посвящена британской детской миграции в XIX – первой половине ХХ в. Исследованы причины и условия переезда, а также значение, которое придавалось расселению молодежи на периферии британского мира. Показано, что на миграционную политику влияли филантропические, социально-экономические факторы, империалистические, национальные и расовые соображения – акценты менялись с течением времени. До середины XIX в. переселение было вызвано желанием помочь бедным детям или стремлением депортировать лишних и опасных жителей из метрополии, со второй половины XIX в. в мигрантах стали видеть инструмент имперской политики. Миграция согласовывалась с доктриной социал-империализма. Она позволяла решить социальные проблемы метрополии, снимала в обществе напряженность, связанную с массовой безработицей, открывала новые возможности для экономического роста всей империи. Молодежь восполняла дефицит трудовых ресурсов доминионов, возделывала неосвоенные земли, распространяла европейские ценности и технологии, консолидировала разрозненных жителей в единую Великую Британию с глобальной британской идентичностью. В переселении несовершеннолетних из грязных и тесных мегаполисов на сельские просторы видели возможность сохранить здоровое поколение и силу англо-саксонской нации. В странах южного полушария мигранты из Альбиона рассматривались как защитники «белой» расы и европейской цивилизации, а потому с конца XIX в. были ужесточены требования к переселению, допускались только представители «правильного» типа мигранта по расовым, социальным, физиологическим, психическим критериям. Многие мигранты добились успехов на новой родине, но некоторые столкнулись с жестокостью, эксплуатацией, социальным остракизмом. Сделан вывод, что идея Великой Британии как глобального сообщества после Второй мировой войны оказалась несостоятельной, имперские цели все больше противоречили национальным задачам, что привело к прекращению переселения детей. Выросшие мигранты, лишившиеся своей родины и связей с родственниками, не сумевшие адаптироваться на новом месте, превратились в смущающее напоминание о «темной странице» имперского прошлого. The article is devoted to British child migration in the 19th – first half of the 20th century. The reasons, conditions for moving, the importance attached to the resettlement of young people on the periphery of the British world are investigated. It is shown that philanthropic, socio-economic factors as well as imperialist, national, and racial reasons influenced migration policy. The emphasis changed over time. Until the middle of the 19th century the resettlement was caused by a desire to help poor children or to deport unnecessary and dangerous residents from the metropolis; in the second half of the 19th century migrants began to be seen as an instrument of imperial policy. Migration was consistent with the doctrine of social imperialism. It made it possible to solve the social problems of the metropolis, relieved tension in society that were associated with mass unemployment, and opened up new opportunities for the economic growth of the entire Empire. The youth made up for the shortage of labor resources in the dominions, cultivated undeveloped lands, spread European values and technologies, consolidated disparate residents into single Great Britain with its global British identity. The resettlement of minors from dirty and cramped cities to rural areas was believed to offer an opportunity to preserve a healthy generation and the strength of the Anglo-Saxon nation. In the countries of the southern hemisphere, migrants from Albion were seen as defenders of the white race and European civilization. That is why in the late 19th century, the requirements for resettlement were tightened, allowing only the “proper” type of migrant according to racial, social, physiological, and mental criteria. Many migrants achieved success in their new homeland, but some of them faced cruelty, exploitation, and social ostracism. It is concluded that the idea of Great Britain as a global community turned out to be untenable after the Second World War. Imperial goals increasingly contradicted national objectives, which led to the cessation of child migration. Deprived of their homeland and ties with their relatives, unable to adapt to new places, child migrants who turned into adults become an embarrassing reminder of the “dark page” of the imperial past.
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Bekova, R. M. "The Policy of Preserving National Linguistic Identity on the Example of the Welsh." Journal of Law and Administration 19, no. 4 (February 6, 2024): 108–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2073-8420-2023-4-69-108-115.
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Introduction. The article examines the British policy pursued in the 16th – first half of the 20th centuries in relation to the autochthonous languages of Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. The author characterizes the language policy of Great Britain in this period as a policy of linguistic nationalism of the English language and discrimination against the national languages of other peoples. The article also discusses the main legal acts aimed at expanding the use of the Welsh language and consolidating the status of the Welsh language as the national language of Wales.Materials and methods. To achieve this goal, the article used the method of the structural-functional approach, as well as modern principles of scientific knowledge of complex social phenomena and processes, based on a combination of macro- and microsociological research. The materials of the article were the works of scientists on the stated issues.Results of the study. It is concluded that the Welsh language has managed to maintain its independence to a greater extent than other autochthonous languages of the peoples of Great Britain, and in modern conditions there is a tendency to increase the number of people using the Welsh language in everyday life. The main findings of this article were the demonstration of specific discriminatory measures applied by the UK in relation to the Welsh language, including the ban on the use of Welsh as the language of legislation, the language of judicial proceedings and restrictions on teaching in Welsh.Discussion and conclusion. The study identifies the reasons and constitutional and legal factors for the transition from a policy of language discrimination to a policy of dialogue of cultures, as well as the influence of public figures advocating the preservation and expansion of the use of the Welsh language on the language policy of Great Britain. The constitutional significance of the Welsh Language Regulations 2011 is stated, and for the first time in the Russian-language doctrine the content of this law is analyzed.
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Mattioli, Giulio. "Where Sustainable Transport and Social Exclusion Meet: Households Without Cars and Car Dependence in Great Britain." Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning 16, no. 3 (January 27, 2014): 379–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1523908x.2013.858592.
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Day, Beryl. "Income Source as a Social Barometer." Journal of Social Policy 21, no. 4 (October 1992): 469–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279400020146.
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ABSTRACTThis paper, based on an exploratory study of households in an English south coast town, argues that main income source is a significant factor to be taken into account when distinguishing between households. The research was triggered by information drawn from the 1981 Census showing that less than half the population of Great Britain experienced a direct relationship between current paid employment and income. It suggests that generalisations based on an assumption that household income drawn mainly from paid employment is the norm, marginalise more than half the population. The study draws attention to some of the issues highlighted when the focus of research is on sources of income. These are presented as supplementing, rather than negating, views from other perspectives. This exploratory study highlights additional insights having implications for social policy, while acknowledging that each merits more detailed attention.
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Zaidi, Asghar, Joachim R. Frick, and Felix Büchel. "Income Risks within Retirement in Great Britain and Germany." Journal of Contextual Economics – Schmollers Jahrbuch 123, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/schm.123.1.163.
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Marques, Iuri, Sarah Caroline Willis, Ellen Ingrid Schafheutle, and Karen Hassell. "Development of an instrument to measure organisational culture in community pharmacies in Great Britain." Journal of Health Organization and Management 32, no. 2 (April 9, 2018): 176–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhom-06-2017-0131.
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Purpose Organisational culture (OC) shapes individuals’ perceptions and experiences of work. However, no instrument capable of measuring specific aspects of OC in community pharmacy exists. The purpose of this paper is to report the development and validation of an instrument to measure OC in community pharmacy in Great Britain (GB), and conduct a preliminary analysis of data collected using it. Design/methodology/approach Instrument development comprised three stages: Stage I: 12 qualitative interviews and relevant literature informed instrument design; Stage II: 30 cognitive interviews assessed content validity; and Stage III: a cross-sectional survey mailed to 1,000 community pharmacists in GB, with factor analysis for instrument validation. Statistical analysis investigated how community pharmacists perceived OC in their place of work. Findings Factor analysis produced an instrument containing 60 items across five OC dimensions – business and work configuration, social relationships, personal and professional development, skills utilisation, and environment and structures. Internal reliability for the dimensions was high (0.84 to 0.95); item-total correlations were adequate (r=0.46 to r=0.76). Based on 209 responses, analysis suggests different OCs in community pharmacy, with some community pharmacists viewing the environment in which they worked as having a higher frequency of aspects related to patient contact and safety than others. Since these aspects are important for providing high healthcare standards, it is likely that differences in OC may be linked to different healthcare outcomes. Originality/value This newly developed and validated instrument to measure OC in community pharmacy can be used to benchmark existing OC across different pharmacies and design interventions for triggering change to improve outcomes for community pharmacists and patients.
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Yerokhin, Vladimir. "CELTIC FRINGES AND CENTRAL POWER IN GREAT BRITAIN: HISTORY AND MODERNITY." Izvestia of Smolensk State University, no. 1 (49) (May 26, 2020): 226–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.35785/2072-9464-2020-49-1-226-244.
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The article deals with history of interrelations between political centre and Celtic fringes of Great Britain in modern and contemporary times. As soon as nationalist movements in Celtic fringes became more active from the mid 1960s, the need appeared to analyze the history of interrelations between central
power and Celtic regions in order to understand causes of Celtic people’s striving for obtaining more rights and even state independence. The article ascertains that attitude of central power to Celtic fringes was complicated by ethno-cultural differences between Englishmen and Celtic people, which resulted in discrimination of Scotland, Wales and Ireland by London's policy towards Celtic regions. Since British industrialization evolved the central power in Great Britain, it created conditions for balanced comprehensive
development of industrial economy only in English counties, whereas Celtic regions were permitted to develop only branches of economic activity which were non-competitive to English business. The level of people’s income in Celtic fringes was always lower than in English parts of Great Britain. There was an
established practice that English business dominated in Celtic regions and determined the economic development of Celtic regions. The English as distinct from Celts had prior opportunities to be engaged on more prestigious and highly paid positions. Celtic population’s devotion to preservation of their culture
and ethno-cultural identity found expression in religious sphere so that Nonconformity and Presbyterianism accordingly dominated among Welshmen and Scotsmen. Political movements in Celtic fringes put forward ethno-cultural demands
rather than social class ones in their activities.
During the first half of the XX century the opposition between Celtic fringes and central power in Great Britain showed that in parliamentary elections Celtic population gave their votes mainly for the members of Labour Party. From the mid-1960s nationalist movements in Celtic fringes became more active. They began to make slogans of political independence. The author of the
article comes to conclusion that interrelations of central power in Great Britain towards Celtic fringes can be adequately described by notions of I. Wallerstein’s world-system analysis and M. Hechter's model of internal colonialism.
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Walker, Alan. "Enlarging the Caring Capacity of the Community: Informal Support Networks and the Welfare State." International Journal of Health Services 17, no. 3 (July 1987): 369–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/q4x5-ac1d-lbg0-5l63.
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In common with most modern industrial societies, Great Britain is facing the unique late 20th century phenomenon of rapidly increasing numbers of people, especially very elderly people, requiring health and social care. The response in Britain has been to search for ways to enlarge the caring capacity of the “community” and, thereby, reduce the demands on public health and social services. Similar policy responses have been developed in other capitalist societies such as Canada, France, and the United States. Although a policy of “community care”-the provision of state services in people's own homes-was followed by governments of both major British political parties over the postwar period, under the right wing neo-monetarist regime of the present Thatcher administration the locus of policy has shifted toward encouraging greater reliance on the informal support networks of kin, friends, and neighbors. The reasons for this sea-change are explored and the assumptions that these networks are “natural” and necessarily the proper matrix of care are examined critically. This analysis draws on the results of recent research which indicates that informal support networks have significant limitations and that a policy based on withdrawing public services in the hope that these networks will fill the growing care gap is likely to be counterproductive. In conclusion, the author indicates the areas where further research is required to provide a sound basis for policy.
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Levine, Daniel. "The Danish Connection: A Note on the Making of British Old Age Pensions." Albion 17, no. 2 (1985): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4049215.
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In the continuous discussion of how and how much Lloyd George was influenced by Germany in formulating Old Age Pensions and National Insurance, attention seems to have been almost wholly diverted from the degree to which the Danish example was discussed, recommended and clearly present in the consciousness of those who made the British Old Age Pension Act of 1908. There is no discussion of the issue in the standard work on the subject, Bentley B. Gilbert's The Evolution of National Insurance in Great Britain, (London, 1966) nor even any mention of “Denmark” in the index. The subject is likewise missing from Francis H. Stead's How Old Age Pensions Came to Be, (London [? 1910]), which Gilbert calls “indispensible.” Patricia Mary Williams barely mentions the subject in her detailed dissertation, “The Development of Old Age Pension Policy in Great Britain, 1878-1925” (University of London, 1970), and does not even do that much in the book she wrote under the name Pat Thane, Foundations of the Welfare State (Essex, 1982) nor in the chapter on old age pensions in the book she edited, Origins of British Social Policy (London, 1978). Hugh Heclo in Modern Social Politics in Britain and Sweden (New Haven, 1974) mentions (p. 167) that the proposals of the commission in 1899 “resembled” the Danish system, but Heclo does not say how or why, and then never mentions the subject again. John Grigg, in his biography of Lloyd George is concerned with the man more than the issue, and does not analyze the source of the ideas behind the old age pension bill of 1908 in his Lloyd George, The People's Champion (Berkeley, 1978).
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Giovanis, Eleftherios. "The relationship between flexible employment arrangements and workplace performance in Great Britain." International Journal of Manpower 39, no. 1 (April 3, 2018): 51–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-04-2016-0083.
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Purpose There is an increasing concern on the quality of jobs and productivity witnessed in the flexible employment arrangements. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between various flexible employment arrangements and the workplace performance. Design/methodology/approach Home-based working, teleworking, flexible timing and compressed hours are the main employment types examined using the Workplace Employee Relations Survey (WERS) over the years 2004 and 2011 in Great Britain. The workplace performance is measured by two outcomes – the financial performance and labour productivity. First, the determinants of these flexible employment types are explored. Second, the ordinary least squares (OLS) method is followed. Third, an instrumental variable (IV) approach is applied to account for plausible endogeneity and to estimate the causal effects of flexible employment types on firm performance. Findings The findings show a significant and positive relationship between the flexible employment arrangements and the workplace performance. Education, age, wage, quality of relations between managers-employees, years of experience, the area of the market the workplace is operated and the competition are significant factors and are positively associated with the propensity of the implementation of flexible employment arrangements. Social implications The insights derived from the study can have various profound policy implications for employees, employers and the society overall, including family-work balance, coping with family demands, improving the firm performance, reducing traffic congestion and stress among others. Originality/value It is the first study that explores the relationship between flexible employment types and workplace performance using an IV approach. This allows us to estimate the causal effects of flexible employment types and the possible associated social implications.
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Mayblin, Lucy. "Asylum, welfare and work: reflections on research in asylum and refugee studies." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 34, no. 5/6 (June 3, 2014): 375–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-11-2013-0113.
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Purpose – Over the past 30 years asylum has become an issue of great political significance, public interest and media coverage in most “Western” countries. Policies and laws designed to deal with asylum seekers have proliferated, as have the resources required to manage them. These developments have come as a result of the rise of asylum as a social, political and economic “problem” which is seen to necessitate urgent action. Within this context, some countries, such as Britain, have sought to limit asylum seekers’ social and economic rights. In Britain specifically this has involved making paid employment illegal for asylum seekers, and in the process making the government liable for the living costs of such individuals – creating a situation of forced welfare dependency. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – This paper provides a review of research into work and welfare policy relating to asylum seekers in Britain. The paper focuses particularly on three key issues which are affected by asylum policies relating to work and welfare. These have all received particular scholarly attention in recent years: destitution, illegal working and forced labour, and the impact on integration outcomes. Findings – In the final section the author proposes some directions for future research. Originality/value – The review is, of course, not exhaustive, but does provide an overview of key themes in the literature and should be of interest to scholars interested in the politics, sociology and social policy of asylum.
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Simonovits, A. "Social security reform in the US: Lessons from Hungary." Acta Oeconomica 57, no. 4 (December 1, 2007): 323–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aoecon.57.2007.4.1.
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The partial privatisation of the US Social Security system was clearly the top economic policy priority for the Bush administration around 2003. While many famous economists, publicists and politicians support, others reject the partial privatisation of the Social Security system. Political opposition has defeated the Bush plan but the basic idea will resurface sooner or later. Until now, international comparisons have been quite infrequent, concentrated on few countries (Chile, Great Britain and Sweden) and left out similar reforms introduced in similar situations, like in Hungary, Poland and other excommunist countries. In an attempt to fill this gap, in this article I outline the lessons learnt from the Hungarian reform, which started in 1998. The conclusion is simple: such a reform is feasible but does not solve the problems of social security (like sustainability and equity).
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Ageeva, Elena, Natalia Alekseeva, Georgii Bernatskii, Sergei Borodin, and Victoria Kalinovskaya. "British citizenship: a history of reform in the 20th century." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2022, no. 5-1 (May 1, 2022): 229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202205statyi12.
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The article examines the development of citizenship legislation in Great Britain from the 20th century to the present day. The authors analyze the influence of the historical context and political events on the formation of the current system of categories of British citizenship and on changes in the legislation on citizenship. Special attention is paid to understanding the institution of citizenship in the context of contemporary social cultural problems of British society, migration policy and the formation of national identity.
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Toft, Christian. "CONSTITUTIONAL CHOICE, MULTI-LEVEL GOVERNMENT AND SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEMS IN GREAT BRITAIN, GERMANY, AND DENMARK." Policy & Politics 24, no. 3 (July 1, 1996): 247–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/030557396782148516.
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Tucci, Joe. "The value of co–ordination in child protection: An interview with Christine Hallett." Children Australia 20, no. 1 (1995): 35–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200004363.
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Christine Hallett is Professor of Social Policy and Chair of the Department of Applied Social Science, University of Stirling, Scotland. She has written extensively in the area of child protection policy, child inquiries and inter-professional communication. In 1992, in conjunction with Elizabeth Birchall, she completed a major review of the literature on the issue of co-ordination in child protection work. It has formed the basis for a research study funded by the Department of Health Into inter-agency and professional co-ordination in the practice and policies of child protection.This interview was conducted whilst I was on a study tour of Great Britain supported by a Creswick Foundation Fellowship in Family Relations and Child Development and the Department of Social Work, Monash University. In the interview, Christine discusses her views about the efficacy of co-ordination, its drawbacks and the policy implications for emphasising the importance of inter-agency co-ordination in protecting children.
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Palley, Howard A. "Disease Prevention as Social Change: The State, Society, and Public Health in the United States, France, Great Britain, and Canada." Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 32, no. 6 (November 13, 2007): 1046–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/03616878-2007-042.
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Carpenter, Laura M. "On remedicalisation: male circumcision in the United States and Great Britain." Sociology of Health & Illness 32, no. 4 (May 2010): 613–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9566.2009.01233.x.
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Harding, Geoffrey, and Kevin Taylor. "Responding to change: the case of community pharmacy in Great Britain." Sociology of Health and Illness 19, no. 5 (November 1997): 547–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.ep10935466.
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Smith, Andy, David Haycock, and Nicola Hulme. "The Class of London 2012: Some Sociological Reflections on the Social Backgrounds of Team GB Athletes." Sociological Research Online 18, no. 3 (August 2013): 158–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.3105.
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This rapid response article briefly examines one feature of the relationship between social class and elite sport: the social backgrounds of the Olympians who comprised Team GB (Great Britain) at the 2012 London Olympics Games, and especially their educational backgrounds, as a means of shedding sociological light on the relationship between elite sport and social class. It is claimed that, to a large degree, the class-related patterns evident in the social profiles of medal-winners are expressive of broader class inequalities in Britain. The roots of the inequalities in athletes’ backgrounds are to be found within the structure of the wider society, rather than in elite sport, which is perhaps usefully conceptualized as ‘epiphenomenal, a secondary set of social practices dependent on and reflecting more fundamental structures, values and processes’ ( Coalter 2013 : 18) beyond the levers of sports policy. It is concluded that class, together with other sources of social division, still matters and looking to the process of schooling and education, whilst largely ignoring the significance of wider inequalities, is likely to have a particularly limited impact on the stubborn persistence of inequalities in participation at all levels of sport, but particularly in elite sport.
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Dobbin, Frank R. "The social construction of the Great Depression: Industrial policy during the 1930s in the United States, Britain, and France." Theory and Society 22, no. 1 (February 1993): 1–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00993447.
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Smith, J. D., and H. R. Glick. "The Right to Die: A Cross-National Analysis of Agenda Setting and Innovation." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 13, no. 4 (December 1995): 479–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c130479.
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Through theories of agenda setting and innovation, the origin, development, and enactment of right-to-die policy in four Western nations—the United States, the Netherlands, Germany, and Great Britain—are examined. Different social and government structures produced varied right-to-die politics in each of these countries, although similar issues received more emphasis in Europe. However, it is discovered that policy entrepreneurs, organizations, and governments are important in similar ways in moving the issue from the public to the governmental agenda and to policy innovations in each country. The paper is concluded with a discussion of elements to be included in a model of agenda setting and innovation and with a proposal for the application of theory to a wider range of policies.
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Green, Anne E., and Michael Orton. "Policy Innovation in a Fragmented and Complex Multilevel Governance Context: Worklessness and the City Strategy in Great Britain." Regional Studies 46, no. 2 (February 2012): 153–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2010.487059.
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