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Journal articles on the topic 'Great Britain Freshwater animals'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 29 July 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2024

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1

BRAY, RODNEY A., GARTH N. FOSTER, ANDREA WAESCHENBACH, and D. TIMOTHY J. LITTLEWOOD. "The discovery of progenetic Allocreadium neotenicum Peters, 1957 (Digenea: Allocreadiidae) in water beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) in Great Britain." Zootaxa 3577, no. 1 (December 10, 2012): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3577.1.3.

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Progenetic specimens of Allocreadium neotenicum Peters, 1957 are described from water beetles, Hydroporus rufifrons, an endangered species, and Agabus paludosus from northern England and Scotland, and as non-ovigerous metacercariae from Agabus melanarius from southern England. Morphologically, the worms are identical to A. neotenicum described from water beetles in North America. Molecular phylogenetic estimates based on 28S rDNA sequences show these British specimens as more closely related to the North American freshwater fish parasite Allocreadium lobatum Wallin, 1909 than to the European species A. isoporum (Looss, 1894). A. lobatum shows a predilection for progenesis and may be a senior synonym of A. neotenicum. Based on the molecular phylogeny, the genus Pseudallocreadium Yamaguti, 1971 is considered synonymous with Allocreadium and the two species assigned to that genus, P. neotenicum and P. alloneotenicum (Wootton, 1957) are returned to Allocreadium.

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2

Dehnen-Schmutz, Katharina, Oliver L. Pescott, Olaf Booy, and Kevin J. Walker. "Integrating expert knowledge at regional and national scales improves impact assessments of non-native species." NeoBiota 77 (October 18, 2022): 79–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.77.89448.

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Knowledge of the impacts of invasive species is important for their management, prioritisation of control efforts and policy decisions. We investigated how British and Irish botanical experts assessed impacts at smaller scales in areas where they were familiar with the flora. Experts were asked to select the 10 plants that they considered were having the largest impacts in their areas. They also scored the local impacts of 10 plant species that had been previously scored to have the highest impacts at the scale of Great Britain. Impacts were scored using the modified classification scheme of the EICAT framework (Environmental Impact Classification for Alien Taxa). A total of 782 species/score combinations were received, of which 123 were non-native plants in 86 recording areas. Impatiens glandulifera, Reynoutria japonica and Rhododendron ponticum were the three species considered to have the highest impacts across all regions. Four of the species included in the list of the 10 highest impact species in Great Britain were also in the top 10 of species reported in our study. Species in the higher impact categories had, on average, a wider distribution than species with impacts categorised at lower levels. The main habitat types affected were woodlands, followed by linear/boundary features and freshwater habitats. Thirty-nine native plant species were reported to be negatively affected. In comparison to the overall non-native flora of Britain and Ireland, the lifeform spectrum of the species reported was significantly different, with higher percentages of aquatic plants and trees, but a lower proportion of annuals. The study demonstrates the value of local knowledge and expertise in identifying invasive species with negative impacts on the environment. Local knowledge is useful to both confirm national assessments and to identify species and impacts on native species and habitats that may not have gained national attention.

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KELLER, REUBEN P., PHILINE S. E. ZU ERMGASSEN, and DAVID C. ALDRIDGE. "Vectors and Timing of Freshwater Invasions in Great Britain." Conservation Biology 23, no. 6 (December 2009): 1526–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01249.x.

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4

Hughes, S., M. Aprahamian, J. D. Armstrong, R. Gardiner, and N. Milner. "Status of freshwater fish habitat science in Great Britain." Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management 4, no. 4 (December 2001): 393–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/146349801317276062.

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5

Draper, Chris, Chris Lewis, Stephanie Jayson, and Frankie Osuch. "Private Keeping of Dangerous Wild Animals in Great Britain." Animals 14, no. 10 (May 7, 2024): 1393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani14101393.

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We analysed the licences issued by British local government authorities under the Dangerous Wild Animals Act 1976, which regulates the private keeping of wild animals categorised as “dangerous”, to assess the scope and scale of private keeping of dangerous wild animals in Great Britain. Results are compared with historical data from England and Wales, showing that there has been an overall decrease both in the total population of dangerous wild animals privately kept under licence and the number of licences, resulting primarily from a decrease in the farming of wild boar and ostrich, and from certain other species no longer requiring a licence to be kept. Nonetheless, the private keeping of dangerous wild animals remains prevalent, with a total population of 3950 animals kept under licence, and at least one-third of local authorities in Britain licensing keepers of one or more such animals. The population of non-farmed dangerous taxa has increased by 59% in 20 years, with notable increases in crocodilians (198%), venomous snakes (94%), and wild cats (57%). We present evidence that the average cost of a licence to keep dangerous wild animals has fallen over time, and that there is a negative association between cost and licensing. The current schedule of species categorised as dangerous is compared to a formally recognised list of species kept in zoos assessed by risk to the public. Problems with the legislation, enforcement of the licensing system, and animal welfare for privately kept dangerous wild animals are identified and discussed.

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6

Carter, E. "Statistics of Scientific Procedures on living animals, Great Britain 2011." Animal Welfare 21, no. 4 (November 2012): 602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600004280.

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7

Bennett, R. M., K. Christiansen, and R. S. Clifton-Hadley. "Direct costs of endemic dXiseases of farm animals in Great Britain." Veterinary Record 145, no. 13 (September 25, 1999): 376–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.145.13.376.

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8

Cassar, C., M. Ottaway, M. J. Woodward, G. A. Paiba, S. Newbold, and R. Futter. "Absence of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli in farmed animals in Great Britain." Veterinary Record 154, no. 8 (February 21, 2004): 237–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.154.8.237.

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9

Saunders, G. C., S. Cawthraw, S. J. Mountjoy, J. Hope, and O. Windl. "PrP genotypes of atypical scrapie cases in Great Britain." Journal of General Virology 87, no. 11 (November 1, 2006): 3141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.81779-0.

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Great Britain and elsewhere have detected atypical scrapie infection in sheep with PrP genotypes thought to be genetically resistant to the classical form of scrapie. DNA sequencing of the PrP gene of British atypical scrapie cases (n=69), classical scrapie cases (n=59) and scrapie-free controls (n=138) was undertaken to identify whether PrP variants, other than the three well-characterized polymorphic codons, influenced susceptibility to atypical scrapie infection. Four non-synonymous changes, M112T, M137T, L141F and P241S, were detected that are most probably associated with the A136R154Q171 haplotype. Only the PrP variant containing a phenylalanine residue at amino acid position 141 was found to be associated more commonly with the atypical scrapie cases. In addition to the single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with the ARQ allele, two out of nine atypical scrapie cases with the ARR/ARR genotype were found to contain a 24 bp insertion, leading to an additional octapeptide repeat. In terms of PrP genetics, one classification of the GB scrapie cases examined in this study would place animals carrying any homozygous or heterozygous combination of ARR, AHQ or AF141RQ alleles, or any one of these alleles when paired with ARQ, as being susceptible to atypical scrapie infection, and animals heterozygous or homozygous for VRQ or homozygous for ARQ as being susceptible to classical scrapie disease. The AHQ PrP allele was associated with the highest incidence of atypical scrapie (263 per 100 000 alleles), whilst VRQ was associated with the lowest incidence (10 per 100 000 alleles).

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10

Esch, G. W., C. R. Kennedy, A. O. Bush, and J. M. Aho. "Patterns in helminth communities in freshwater fish in Great Britain: alternative strategies for colonization." Parasitology 96, no. 3 (June 1988): 519–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118200008015x.

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SUMMARYExamples of the apparently stochastic nature of freshwater fish helminth communities illustrating the erratic and unpredictable occurrence and distribution of many species are provided for six species of fish from several localities throughout Britain. By focussing on parasite colonization strategies two categories of helminths are recognized: autogenic species which mature in fish and allogenic species which mature in vertebrates other than fish and have a greater colonization potential and ability. Three groups of fish are distinguished: salmonids, in which helminth communities are generally dominated by autogenic species which are also responsible for most of the similarity within and between localities; cyprinids, in which they are dominated by allogenic species which are also responsible for most of the similarity within and between localities; and anguillids, whose helminth communities exhibit intermediate features with neither category consistently dominating nor providing a clear pattern of similarity. Recognition and appreciation of the different colonization strategies of autogenic and allogenic helminths in respect of host vagility and ability to cross land or sea barriers and break down habitat isolation, and their period of residence in a locality, whether transient or permanent, provides an understanding of, and explanation for, the observed patchy spatial distribution of many helminths. Comparison with other parts of the world indicates that colonization is a major determinant of helminth community structure.

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11

Fryday, Alan M. "Effects of grazing animals on upland/montane lichen vegetation in Great Britain." Botanical Journal of Scotland 53, no. 1 (January 2001): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03746600108684951.

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12

Alexander, T. L. "Seasonal management of farmed red deer in Great Britain." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 30, no. 1-2 (April 1991): 192–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1591(91)90122-e.

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13

Harris, Paul, and Steve Juggins. "Estimating Freshwater Acidification Critical Load Exceedance Data for Great Britain Using Space-Varying Relationship Models." Mathematical Geosciences 43, no. 3 (March 19, 2011): 265–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11004-011-9331-z.

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14

Crump, R. E., J. G. E. Bryan, D. Nicholson, R. Thompson, and G. Simm. "Genetic evaluation of pedigree beef cattle in Great Britain." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1993 (March 1993): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600224033.

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In order that genetic progress in British beef breeds could be improved, performance traits have been recorded by the Meat and Livestock Commission for many years. A large number of pedigree beef herds have recorded with the Meat and Livestock Commission during this period. Until recently, these records were only made use of via within herd contemporary comparisons such that the results for animals could not be compared across herds or time.Through the use of Individual Animal Model Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP), differences between herds and contemporary groups within herds can be accounted for provided there are genetic links between herds and contemporary groups. As a result of the small pedigree herd size in Great Britain, typically less than 20, sires are often chosen from outside the herd in order to reduce inbreeding. This practise has resulted in there being a relatively high level of connectedness between contemporary groups and this enables the BLUP procedure to disentangle management and genetic effects.

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15

Hudson-Shore, Michelle. "Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals Great Britain 2015 — Highlighting an Ongoing Upward Trend in Animal Use and Missed Opportunities for Reduction." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 44, no. 6 (December 2016): 569–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119291604400606.

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The Annual Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals Great Britain 2015 indicate that the Home Office were correct in recommending that caution should be exercised when interpreting the 2014 data as an apparent decline in animal experiments. The 2015 report shows that, as the changes to the format of the annual statistics have become more familiar and less problematic, there has been a re-emergence of the upward trend in animal research and testing in Great Britain. The 2015 statistics report an increase in animal procedures (up to 4,142,631) and in the number of animals used (up to 4,069,349). This represents 1% more than the totals in 2013, and a 7% increase on the procedures reported in 2014. This paper details an analysis of these most recent statistics, providing information on overall animal use and highlighting specific issues associated with genetically-altered animals, dogs and primates. It also reflects on areas of the new format that have previously been highlighted as being problematic, and concludes with a discussion about the use of animals in regulatory research and testing, and how there are significant missed opportunities for replacing some of the animal-based tests in this area.

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16

Apaa, Ternenge Thaddaeus, Harriet McFadzean, Sara Gandy, Kayleigh Hansford, Jolyon Medlock, and Nicholas Johnson. "Anaplasma phagocytophilum Ecotype Analysis in Cattle from Great Britain." Pathogens 12, no. 8 (August 10, 2023): 1029. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12081029.

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Anaplasma phagocytophilum (A. phagocytophilum) is the aetiological agent of tick-borne fever in cattle and sheep, and granulocytic anaplasmosis in human and dogs. Livestock, companion animal and human infections with A. phagocytophilum have been reported globally. Across England and Wales, two isolates (called ecotypes) have been reported in ticks. This study examined A. phagocytophilum isolates present in livestock and wildlife in Great Britain (GB), with a particular focus on cattle. Clinical submissions (EDTA blood) from cattle (n = 21) and sheep (n = 3) were received by APHA for tick-borne disease testing and the animals were confirmed to be infected with A. phagocytophilum using a PCR targeting the Msp2 gene. Further submissions from roe deer (n = 2), red deer (n = 2) and Ixodes ricinus ticks (n = 22) were also shown to be infected with A. phagocytophilum. Subsequent analysis using a nested PCR targeting the groEL gene and sequencing confirmed the presence of ecotype I in cattle, sheep, red deer and Ixodes ricinus, and ecotype II in roe deer and I. ricinus removed from deer carcasses. Despite the presence of two ecotypes, widely distributed in ticks from England and Wales, only ecotype I was detected in cattle in this study.

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17

Ruiz-Navarro, Ana, Phillipa K. Gillingham, and J. Robert Britton. "Predicting shifts in the climate space of freshwater fishes in Great Britain due to climate change." Biological Conservation 203 (November 2016): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.021.

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18

Sklizkova, Ekaterina V. "Axiological Aspect of Sovereign States Armorial: Russia vs. Great Britain." Genealogy 7, no. 3 (August 21, 2023): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy7030060.

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The semiosphere reflects universal and culturally determined characteristics. Heraldry is one of the most complex sign systems. Alive and flexible semiotics is urgent for studies. The aim of this paper is to mark the axiological character of Russian and British sovereign state armorials with an accent on animals. Based on both Russian and British research, this paper focuses on syntactics and pragmatics of arms analyzed in a synchronic and diachronic manner. A cross-cultural comparative approach to Russian and British armorial bearings can be viewed as a novel contribution. The paper embraces structural and semantic aspects, the temporal and pragmatics sphere and Jargon du blazon. English heraldry is relevant to the European tradition, and the Russian one has political value. For both countries, it is associated with foreign influence. The system of European coats of arms is coherent with the institution of property and war, and the Russian one with inheritance. For Britain, heraldry was one of the culture-forming components, and for Russia, it was just one of the elements of culture.

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19

Madgwick, R., A. L. Lamb, H. Sloane, A. J. Nederbragt, U. Albarella, M. Parker Pearson, and J. A. Evans. "Multi-isotope analysis reveals that feasts in the Stonehenge environs and across Wessex drew people and animals from throughout Britain." Science Advances 5, no. 3 (March 2019): eaau6078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau6078.

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The great henge complexes of southern Britain are iconic monuments of the third millennium BCE, representing great feats of engineering and labor mobilization that hosted feasting events on a previously unparalleled scale. The scale of movement and the catchments that the complexes served, however, have thus far eluded understanding. Presenting the largest five-isotope system archeological dataset (87Sr/86Sr, δ34S, δ18O, δ13C, and δ15N) yet fully published, we analyze 131 pigs, the prime feasting animals, from four Late Neolithic (approximately 2800 to 2400 BCE) complexes to explore the networks that the feasts served. Because archeological evidence excludes continental contact, sources are considered only in the context of the British Isles. This analysis reveals wide-ranging origins across Britain, with few pigs raised locally. This finding demonstrates great investment of effort in transporting pigs raised elsewhere over vast distances to supply feasts and evidences the very first phase of pan-British connectivity.

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Macadam, Craig R., Judy England, and Richard Chadd. "The vulnerability of British aquatic insects to climate change." Knowledge & Management of Aquatic Ecosystems, no. 423 (2022): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/kmae/2022003.

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Freshwater ecosystems are particularly at risk from climate change due to the intrinsic link between the physical properties of the water environment and those species that live there. Mayflies, stoneflies and caddisflies are key indicators of the health of freshwater environments and their biological traits and ecological preferences determine their vulnerability to climate change. Traits and preferences for 289 British species were analysed, with voltinism, length of flight period, altitudinal preference and affinity to headwaters being the main factors causing vulnerability. Sixteen species were deemed to be at risk from climate change. These species are distributed across Great Britain, but particular hotspots of vulnerability are present in upland areas. These areas should be targeted with mitigation measures to reduce the impacts of climate change on populations of aquatic insects.

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Holanda, Marlon Negreiros de, Ozianndeny Ferreira Câmara, Delcio Damasceno da Silva, Paulo Sérgio Bernarde, Ageane Mota da Silva, Marcos Venicicus Malveira de Lima, Adilson Monteiro, and Rubens Wajnsztejn. "Accident and vascular injury with stingray in the Alto Juruá, Acre, Brazil: a case report." Journal of Human Growth and Development 29, no. 3 (December 12, 2019): 427–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7322/jhgd.v29.9542.

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Introduction: Fish accidents, called ichthyism, are common and considered a neglected health problem with high morbidity and low lethality. Noteworthy are the poisonings by freshwater stingrays, which are considered very serious and one of the most important injuries caused by aquatic animals in South America. Case Presentation: To describe an accident and vascular injury with venomous stingray animals in the Alto do Juruá, Acre, Brazil. Male patient admitted due to stingray in the left lower extremity 20 days ago. Conclusion: The freshwater stingray, due to its sharp characteristics, injured the great saphenous vein, requiring surgical intervention. The situation presented negative evolution due to the lack of necessary procedures in the first attendance, such as the proper cleaning of the wound and the removal of the sting.

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22

Naylor, C., Kr Shaw, P. Britton, and D. Cavanagh. "Appearance of type B avian Pneumovirus in great Britain." Avian Pathology 26, no. 2 (June 1997): 327–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03079459708419215.

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23

Kasprzycki, Remigiusz. "Western Europe as a Model for Polish Defenders of Animal Welfare prior to 1939." Kwartalnik Historyczny 129, no. 6 (March 16, 2023): 65–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/kh.2022.129.si.1.03.

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This article looks at how Western Europe served as a model for Polish animal advocates before 1939. France and Great Britain inspired the greatest respect among Polish animal defenders. Polish animal lovers, fascinated by the French and English treatment of animals, discovered the effectiveness of grassroots initiatives, rather than legal resolutions and acts, for the welfare of animals. This article attempts to explain why the endeavour to copy the treatment of animals by wealthy Germans, French, and above all English and introduce it to economically poor Poland proved to be utopian.

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24

Evans, Jane A., Vanessa Pashley, Katy Mee, Doris Wagner, Mike Parker Pearson, Delphine Fremondeau, Umberto Albarella, and Richard Madgwick. "Applying lead (Pb) isotopes to explore mobility in humans and animals." PLOS ONE 17, no. 10 (October 26, 2022): e0274831. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0274831.

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Lead (Pb) isotopes provide a complementary method to other provenance tools for tracking the origin and movement of humans and animals. The method is founded in the geographic distribution of Pb isotope ratios. However, unlike the Sr isotope method that is closely linked to the lithology of underlying rocks, Pb more closely reflects the tectonic regimes. This makes it particularly pertinent to use in Britain as there is major tectonic boundary (the Iapetus Suture) that runs between Berwick-upon-Tweed and the Solway Firth providing a compositional boundary in Pb isotope domains that approximates to the geographic areas of Scotland versus England and Wales. Modern pollution makes it difficult to use modern floral or faunal samples to characterize biosphere variation, and so we use geological datasets to define isoscape variation and present the first Pb isotope map of Britain. We have validated the use of these data form biosphere studies using well provenanced samples. Reference fields of diagnostic compositions, are created in μ-T space and these have been used in a test case to assess the geographic origins of Neolithic animals in Great Britain.

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25

Littlewood, I. G., and T. J. Marsh. "Annual freshwater river mass loads from Great Britain, 1975–1994: estimation algorithm, database and monitoring network issues." Journal of Hydrology 304, no. 1-4 (March 2005): 221–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.07.031.

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26

Palmer, Margaret A. "The application of biogeographical zonation and biodiversity assessment to the conservation of freshwater habitats in Great Britain." Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 9, no. 2 (March 1999): 179–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-0755(199903/04)9:2<179::aid-aqc343>3.0.co;2-o.

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27

Robinson, S. E., and R. M. Christley. "Exploring the role of auction markets in cattle movements within Great Britain." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 81, no. 1-3 (September 2007): 21–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2007.04.011.

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28

Farrell, Sean, PJ-M. Noble, Gina L. Pinchbeck, Beth Brant, Anthony Caravaggi, David A. Singleton, and Alan D. Radford. "Seasonality and risk factors for myxomatosis in pet rabbits in Great Britain." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 176 (March 2020): 104924. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.104924.

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29

Evans, S. J., and A. R. Sayers. "A longitudinal study of campylobacter infection of broiler flocks in Great Britain." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 46, no. 3 (August 2000): 209–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-5877(00)00143-4.

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Barros, Rodolfo Corrêa de. "Tardigrades Research in Brazil: an overview and updated checklist." Arquivos de Zoologia 51, no. 1 (June 5, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/2176-7793/2020.51.01.

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Tardigrades are microscopic animals, commonly referred to as “water bears”, and comprise the phylum Tardigrada. They are found in diverse habitats in terrestrial, freshwater and marine environments worldwide. In this paper, it is presented a brief history of the study of tardigrades in Brazil and an updated species checklist of Brazilian tardigrades. Since the first report in 1913, the number of tardigrades records has increased, reflecting advances in the understanding the diversity of tardigrades in Brazil. A total of 100 species known from Brazil are listed, being 30 in marine and 70 in terrestrial and freshwater environments. The records are concentrated in Southeast (47.1%) and Northeast (41.3%) regions. Despite the advances, further research and sampling of new areas is still needed, besides reanalysis and confirmation of old records. Brazil, with its vast territory, extensive continental shelf and great diversity of biomes, has great potential to expand our knowledge of tardigrades fauna.

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Hudson, Michelle, and Nirmala Bhogal. "Scientific Procedures on Living Animals in Great Britain in 2003: The Facts, Figures and Consequences." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 32, no. 5 (November 2004): 473–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119290403200504.

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32

Tongue, S. C., P. Webb, M. M. Simmons, and S. Gubbins. "Prevalence of scrapie infection in cull animals from 14 scrapie-affected flocks in Great Britain." Veterinary Record 157, no. 16 (October 15, 2005): 480–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.157.16.480.

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33

Green, Darren M., Victor J. del Rio Vilas, Colin P. D. Birch, Jethro Johnson, Istvan Z. Kiss, Noel D. McCarthy, and Rowland R. Kao. "Demographic risk factors for classical and atypical scrapie in Great Britain." Journal of General Virology 88, no. 12 (December 1, 2007): 3486–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.83225-0.

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Following the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) crisis, the European Union has introduced policies for eradicating transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), including scrapie, from large ruminants. However, recent European Union surveillance has identified a novel prion disease, ‘atypical’ scrapie, substantially different from classical scrapie. It is unknown whether atypical scrapie is naturally transmissible or zoonotic, like BSE. Furthermore, cases have occurred in scrapie-resistant genotypes that are targets for selection in legislated selective breeding programmes. Here, the first epidemiological study of British cases of atypical scrapie is described, focusing on the demographics and trading patterns of farms and using databases of recorded livestock movements. Triplet comparisons found that farms with atypical scrapie stock more sheep than those of the general, non-affected population. They also move larger numbers of animals than control farms, but similar numbers to farms reporting classical scrapie. Whilst there is weak evidence of association through sheep trading of farms reporting classical scrapie, atypical scrapie shows no such evidence, being well-distributed across regions of Great Britain and through the sheep-trading network. Thus, although cases are few in number so far, our study suggests that, should natural transmission of atypical scrapie be occurring at all, it is doing so slowly.

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GUBBINS, S., and K. M. McINTYRE. "Prevalence of sheep infected with classical scrapie in Great Britain, 1993–2007." Epidemiology and Infection 137, no. 6 (April 7, 2009): 787–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268809002519.

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SUMMARYExtensive surveillance for classical scrapie has been carried out in Great Britain since 1993, the results of which can be used for monitoring the effect of control measures introduced since 2001. A back-calculation approach was used to estimate the prevalence of sheep infected with classical scrapie, which integrates data on reported clinical cases (1993–2007) and the results of fallen stock and abattoir surveys (2002–2007). The prevalence of classical scrapie in GB was fairly constant until 2003, although the estimates depended on assumptions made about the performance of diagnostic tests used in the surveys. If infected animals could be detected in the final quarter of the incubation period, the estimated prevalence was 0·6–0·7%, while if they could be detected in the final half of the incubation period, it was 0·3–0·4%. Between 2003 and 2007 the prevalence declined by around 40%, and the magnitude of the reduction was independent of assumptions made about the diagnostic tests.

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Oreska, Matthew P. J., and David C. Aldridge. "Estimating the financial costs of freshwater invasive species in Great Britain: a standardized approach to invasive species costing." Biological Invasions 13, no. 2 (July 2, 2010): 305–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-010-9807-7.

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36

Jeffries, C. L., K. L. Mansfield, L. P. Phipps, P. R. Wakeley, R. Mearns, A. Schock, S. Bell, A. C. Breed, A. R. Fooks, and N. Johnson. "Louping ill virus: an endemic tick-borne disease of Great Britain." Journal of General Virology 95, no. 5 (May 1, 2014): 1005–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.062356-0.

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In Europe and Asia, Ixodid ticks transmit tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), a flavivirus that causes severe encephalitis in humans but appears to show no virulence for livestock and wildlife. In the British Isles, where TBEV is absent, a closely related tick-borne flavivirus, named louping ill virus (LIV), is present. However, unlike TBEV, LIV causes a febrile illness in sheep, cattle, grouse and some other species, that can progress to fatal encephalitis. The disease is detected predominantly in animals from upland areas of the UK and Ireland. This distribution is closely associated with the presence of its arthropod vector, the hard tick Ixodes ricinus. The virus is a positive-strand RNA virus belonging to the genus Flavivirus, exhibiting a high degree of genetic homology to TBEV and other mammalian tick-borne viruses. In addition to causing acute encephalomyelitis in sheep, other mammals and some avian species, the virus is recognized as a zoonotic agent with occasional reports of seropositive individuals, particularly those whose occupation involves contact with sheep. Preventative vaccination in sheep is effective although there is no treatment for disease. Surveillance for LIV in Great Britain is limited despite an increased awareness of emerging arthropod-borne diseases and potential changes in distribution and epidemiology. This review provides an overview of LIV and highlights areas where further effort is needed to control this disease.

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Hampson, Judith, Jacqueline Southee, David Howell, and Michael Balls. "An RSPCA/FRAME Survey of the Use of Non-human Primates as Laboratory Animals in Great Britain, 1984–1988." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 17, no. 4 (June 1990): 335–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119299001700407.

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A literature-based survey of the use of non-human primates as laboratory animals in Great Britain in 1984–1988 was carried out as a background to extending debate about the ethical and practical issues involved. The 289 publications considered were grouped in 15 subject areas and reviewed in terms of scientific purpose, methods employed, numbers and species of animals used, and their source, care and ultimate fate. In addition, the Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry provided a comment on the use of non-human primates by pharmaceutical companies. Specific causes for concern were identified, and future prospects considered.

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Taylor, C., D. C. Brodbelt, B. Dobson, B. Catchpole, D. G. O’Neill, and K. B. Stevens. "Spatio-temporal distribution and agroecological factors associated with canine leptospirosis in Great Britain." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 193 (August 2021): 105407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105407.

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39

Ellis-Iversen, J., F. Jorgensen, S. Bull, L. Powell, A. J. Cook, and T. J. Humphrey. "Risk factors for Campylobacter colonisation during rearing of broiler flocks in Great Britain." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 89, no. 3-4 (June 2009): 178–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.02.004.

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40

Karolemeas, K., T. J. McKinley, R. S. Clifton-Hadley, A. V. Goodchild, A. Mitchell, W. T. Johnston, A. J. K. Conlan, C. A. Donnelly, and J. L. N. Wood. "Predicting prolonged bovine tuberculosis breakdowns in Great Britain as an aid to control." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 97, no. 3-4 (December 2010): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.09.007.

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Balls, Michael. "Chimpanzee Medical Experiments: Moral, Legal and Scientific Concerns." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 23, no. 5 (September 1995): 607–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119299502300510.

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FRAME'S role in drawing attention to the special scientific and ethical concerns raised by the use of non-human primates as laboratory animals is reviewed, with special emphasis on the FRAME/CRAE proposals to the British Government (1987) and the RSPCA/FRAME survey of research on non-human primates conducted in Great Britain between 1984 and 1988. Attention is then focused on the moral case and the scientific case against using chimpanzees as laboratory animals, with particular emphasis on research on AIDS. Finally, a call is made for universal agreement that no more laboratory experiments should ever be performed on chimpanzees.

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Frazier, Judith A., and R. L. Reece. "Infectious stunting syndrome of chickens in Great Britain: Intestinal ultrastructural pathology." Avian Pathology 19, no. 4 (October 1990): 759–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03079459008418728.

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43

Gubbins, Simon. "Prevalence of sheep infected with classical scrapie in Great Britain: integrating multiple sources of surveillance data for 2002." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 5, no. 28 (March 18, 2008): 1343–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2008.0021.

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Estimates for the prevalence of sheep infected with classical scrapie are essential for assessing the efficacy of control strategies that have been implemented in Great Britain (GB). Here a back-calculation approach was used to estimate the prevalence in the GB national flock by integrating data on reported cases and the results of abattoir and fallen stock surveys for 2002. Prevalence estimates ranged from 0.33 to 2.06%, depending on the estimates used for the frequencies of prion protein (PrP) genotypes in the national flock and the stage of incubation at which the diagnostic tests used are able to detect infected animals. The risk of infection was found to be higher than that of clinical disease, especially in those PrP genotypes that have a later age at onset of clinical disease. Moreover, results suggest that a high proportion (more than 55%) of infected animals surviving to disease onset die on farm before clinical signs become apparent, which helps account for the high observed prevalence in the fallen stock compared with the abattoir survey. The analyses indicated that attention needs to be given to identifying the stage of incubation at which diagnostic tests are able to detect infected animals and obtaining better demographic data for the GB national flock.

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BENNETT, E., J. CLEMENT, P. SANSOM, I. HALL, S. LEACH, and J. M. MEDLOCK. "Environmental and ecological potential for enzootic cycles of Puumala hantavirus in Great Britain." Epidemiology and Infection 138, no. 1 (June 29, 2009): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026880999029x.

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SUMMARYPuumala virus (PUUV) is a zoonotic rodent-borne hantavirus in continental Europe. Its reservoir host, the bank vole (Myodes glareolus), is ubiquitous in Great Britain (GB); however, there has been no reported incidence of virus in either animals or humans. In northwest Europe, increases in bank vole numbers, stimulated by increases in production of beech/oak crops (mast), are associated with outbreaks of nephropathia epidemica (NE) in humans. These so-called ‘mast years’ are determined by sequential climatic events. This paper investigates the contribution of a number of ecological and environmental factors driving outbreaks of PUUV in northwest Europe and assesses whether such factors might also permit enzootic PUUV circulation in GB. Analysis of GB climate data, using regression models, confirms that mast years in GB are stimulated, and can be predicted, by the same climatic events as mast years in PUUV-endemic regions of northwest Europe. A number of other possible non-climatic constraints on enzootic cycles are discussed.

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TULLOCH, J. S. P., L. MCGINLEY, F. SÁNCHEZ-VIZCAÍNO, J. M. MEDLOCK, and A. D. RADFORD. "The passive surveillance of ticks using companion animal electronic health records." Epidemiology and Infection 145, no. 10 (May 2, 2017): 2020–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268817000826.

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SUMMARYTicks represent a large global reservoir of zoonotic disease. Current surveillance systems can be time and labour intensive. We propose that the passive surveillance of companion animal electronic health records (EHRs) could provide a novel methodology for describing temporal and spatial tick activity. A total of 16 58 857 EHRs were collected over a 2-year period (31 March 2014 and 29 May 2016) from companion animals attending a large sentinel network of 192 veterinary clinics across Great Britain (the Small Animal Veterinary Surveillance Network – SAVSNET). In total, 2180 EHRs were identified where a tick was recorded on an animal. The relative risk of dogs presenting with a tick compared with cats was 0·73 (95% confidence intervals 0·67–0·80). The highest number of tick records were in the south central regions of England. The presence of ticks showed marked seasonality with summer peaks, and a secondary smaller peak in autumn for cats; ticks were still being found throughout most of Great Britain during the winter. This suggests that passive surveillance of companion animal EHRs can describe tick activity temporally and spatially in a large cohort of veterinary clinics across Great Britain. These results and methodology could help inform veterinary and public health messages as well as increase awareness of ticks and tick-borne diseases in the general population.

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Hudson, Michelle, and Nirmala Bhogal. "An Analysis of the Home Office Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals, Great Britain 2004." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 34, no. 1 (February 2006): 85–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119290603400107.

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47

Hudson, Michelle, and Nirmala Bhogal. "An Analysis of the Home Office Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals, Great Britain 2004." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 34, no. 1 (February 2006): 85–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119290603400108.

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Hardy, Anne. "Pioneers in the Victorian provinces: veterinarians, public health and the urban animal economy." Urban History 29, no. 3 (December 2002): 372–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926802003036.

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From the 1850s in Britain, concerns were growing about the role of animals in transmitting disease to man, whether through the food chain or through infection. While London is often seen as providing a model for public health reform, it was the great provincial cities that initiated veterinary involvement in public health in the closing years of the century. The emergence of this new strand of public health activity is the subject of this paper.

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Moore, P. G. "The supply of marine biological specimens (principally animals) for teaching and research in Great Britain from the nineteenth century until today." Archives of Natural History 39, no. 2 (October 2012): 281–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2012.0095.

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The nineteenth-century growth of biology, particularly as developed in Germany, was focused initially on morphology and anatomy. In Britain, the growth of biology followed T. H. Huxley's principle of teaching the characters of certain plants and animals selected as types of vegetable and animal organization, which brought demands for marine specimens for dissection. The history of the provision of such material in Britain is investigated, particularly apropos of the Marine Station at Millport. Supplementary information is presented on the equally long-standing specimen trade at Plymouth and on two small commercial concerns that supplied marine specimens (from the Isle of Luing and Shoreham-by-Sea). The demise of the specimen-supply trade in Britain in recent decades has resulted from curriculum changes in schools and universities no longer requiring students to do dissections (relating also to Health and Safety concerns about formalin-preserved material); and biology departments that can often no longer, as a result of financial stringency, afford the “luxury” of supplying students with the range of practical experiences that previous generations once valued so highly. The concern among some students about the ethics, or religious strictures, surrounding dissection is acknowledged. The need for biological conservation is stressed, as too, the need for awareness of the risks posed by alien species introduced into foreign ecosystems via international trade in live marine organisms.

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Fielding, Helen R., Matthew J. Silk, Trevelyan J. McKinley, Richard J. Delahay, Jared K. Wilson-Aggarwal, Laetitia Gauvin, Laura Ozella, Ciro Cattuto, and Robbie A. McDonald. "Spatial and temporal variation in proximity networks of commercial dairy cattle in Great Britain." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 194 (September 2021): 105443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105443.

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