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Journal articles on the topic 'Great Britain – Colonies – Canada'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

Last updated: 11 March 2023

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1

Baines, Stephen Grant. "Social anthropology with indigenous peoples in Brazil, Canada and Australia: a comparative approach." Vibrant: Virtual Brazilian Anthropology 9, no. 1 (June 2012): 209–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1809-43412012000100008.

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Starting from the notion of "styles of anthropology" used by Roberto Cardoso de Oliveira in his research in the 1990s, which examined "peripheral anthropologies" in countries where anthropology was implanted later, outside the central countries - USA, Great Britain and France - where it emerged and had consolidated as an academic discipline, this article looks at the styles of anthropology with indigenous peoples which have developed in Brazil, Canada and Australia, ex-colonies of European countries. With very different histories and cultures, the styles of anthropology within the context of these national States which expanded over indigenous territories are examined, and the ways in which these histories and contexts reflect on what is being done today in field research with indigenous peoples. Some of the tensions which emerge between working within an academic discipline that aims to be international and universal while the national contexts are local are examined.

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Morris, Caroline. "Book Review: The Constitution of Independence." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 36, no. 3 (October 1, 2005): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v36i3.5612.

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This article is a book review of Peter C Oliver The Constitution of Independence: The Development of Constitutional Theory in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2005) (367 + xx pages). The book is a contribution to the area of domestic constitutional law of the Commonwealth. Oliver addresses the question: are the former colonies of Britain ever truly independent, or is that independence illusory? He also asks how such colonies seek to understand and explain their constitutional history. Morris argues that the book had a great deal of potential but has been left unrealised. As a legal historiography, the book does not always satisfactorily explain how people involved in creating that legal history (or in analysing it since) understand it. As an exercise in constitutional theory, the book merely suggests that there is nothing much to choose between theories as a matter of logic. The book also suffers from very dense prose and a number of distracting metaphors for the process of constitutional independence. Morris ultimately concludes that the book fails to provide useful insight into New Zealand's constitutional theory.

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3

Dwyer, Melva J. "Art book publishing in Canada." Art Libraries Journal 17, no. 3 (1992): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030747220000794x.

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Canadian publishing was inhibited from the beginning by Canada’s colonial origins and dependence on Great Britain and the USA. Few art books were published until quite recently; the relatively small, scattered population, the flooding of the market with British, American and (in Quebec) French books, and limited (at best) or non-existent sales outside Canada continue to be constraining factors. The necessity to include both English and French texts adds to the cost of book production in Canada. The publication of art books, and of exhibition catalogues, depends on the availability of government grants. Publications on the art of the North American Indian and Inuit peoples are an exception, attracting widespread interest and leading in some instances to co-publishing initiatives. In addition to the larger publishing houses, a number of small presses produce occasional art books, thanks to grants and in a few cases with the added benefit of sales abroad achieved through international networking. A government programme of support for Canadian publishing, launched in 1986, is continuing.

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4

McCulloch, Michael Ernest. "The Defeat of Imperial Urbanism in Québec City, 1840–1855." Articles 22, no. 1 (June 28, 2013): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1016719ar.

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In 1840, the City of Québec regained formal corporate status under an ordinance of the Special Council of Lower Canada. This article argues that the ordinance expressed a particular concept or urbanism. Based on concept of the role of cities developed in Great Britain during the Age of Reform, it sought to create non-partisan municipal structures that would encourage local development and 'improvement' while at the same time ensuring the dominance of the anglophone commercial elites. In this, the ordinance expressed in local terms the grand objectives of Governor Charles Poulett Thomson (Lord Sydenham) for the entire colony. Ultimately, this imperial urbanism was a failure. While the essential structure of municipal governance remained intact until 1855, local issues became immediately entangled in provincial party politics. Major business leaders were replaced by professional and small retailers as the dominant group on the City Council. The very ethos of improvement ensured that the under-financed city government became dwarfed by other agencies, such as the banks, the Gas Company and of course railroads. The case of Québec City in the first years of the Union illustrates the failure of attempts to transplant Utilitarian approaches to state formation into a colonial context.

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Abraham, Christiana. "Toppled Monuments and Black Lives Matter: Race, Gender, and Decolonization in the Public Space. An Interview with Charmaine A. Nelson." Atlantis 42, no. 1 (September 30, 2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1082012ar.

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This paper discusses the recent backlash against public monuments spurred by Black Lives Matter (BLM) protests in North America and elsewhere following the killing by police of George Floyd, an unarmed African-American man in the United States. Since this event, protestors have taken to the streets to bring attention to police brutality, systemic racism, and racial injustice faced by Black and Indigenous people and people of colour in the United States, Canada, Great Britain and some European countries. In many of these protests, outraged citizens have torn down, toppled, or defaced monuments of well-known historic figures associated with colonialism, slavery, racism, and imperialism. Protestors have been demanding the removal of statues and monuments that symbolize slavery, colonial power, and systemic and historical racism. What makes these monuments problematic and what drives these deliberate and spectacular acts of defiance against these omnipresent monuments? Featuring an interview with art historian Charmaine A. Nelson, this article explores the meanings of these forceful, decolonial articulations at this moment. The interview addresses some complex questions related to monumentalization and the public sphere, symbolism and racial in/justice. In so doing, it suggests that monuments of the future need to be reimagined and redefined contemporaneously with shifting social knowledge and generational change.

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6

Suzdaltsev, Ilya. "Assessments by modern English-speaking historians of the policy of the Comintern in Africa." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 5 (2022): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080020061-4.

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The article analyzes the modern English-language historiography of the policy of the Communist International towards the African region. The choice of English-speaking countries is due to the fact that a significant number of studies devoted both directly to the activities of the Comintern in relation to Africa and the activities of its African sections are published in the USA, Great Britain, Canada, Australia, South Africa and India. The relevance of this topic is caused both by the opening of new funds of the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History (RGASPI), which, among other things, affect the activities of African communist parties, and the opportunity that arose in connection with this to rethink some issues, including those related to the policy of these communist parties: what was the influence of the Comintern on their tactics; what was the nature of this influence; what role in the policy of the Comintern was occupied by the national and colonial questions and what are the results of their implementation. It is stated that the traditionalist approach to the analysis of the activities of the Comintern and its national sections, which took shape before and during the Cold War, is still significantly represented in English-language historiography. However, the final approval of the new approach (“revisionist”) contributed to a certain revision of existing trends: the article contains assessments of both negative and positive influence of the Comintern on individual communist parties, on the political situation in a country or region.

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7

Mellor, Wally. "The Spectrum in Canada and Great Britain." Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance 63, no. 1 (January 1992): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07303084.1992.10604088.

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8

Kirby, J. S., W. G. Haines, and G. E. Austin. "Translocation of Canada Geesebranta canadensisin great Britain." Ringing & Migration 19, no. 4 (November 1999): 261–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03078698.1999.9674191.

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9

Чикалова, И. Р. "Pavel Grigorievich Mizhuev in the Communicative Space of N. I. Kareev." Диалог со временем, no. 78(78) (April 24, 2022): 128–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21267/aquilo.2022.78.78.007.

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Автор реконструирует коммуникативные связи между двумя историками – Павлом Григорьевичем Мижуевым и Николаем Ивановичем Кареевым. Мижуев, ученый второго ряда на фоне мэтра, не являвшийся полноправным членом профессиональной корпорации дореволюционных историков, вошел в нее в качестве преподавателя трех факультетов Петроградского университета после Революции. Мижуев был последователем умеренно-либеральной и позитивистской школы Кареева, еще в дореволюционный период создавший цельную картину разных сторон жизни Великобритании и доминионов в их исторической динамике, колониальной политики Англии, издавший первую в России историю США, Канады, Австралии и Новой Зеландии. И хотя имя Мижуева не появляется в воспоминаниях Кареева, он, хоть и скромно, но присутствовал в его коммуникативном пространстве, например, приняв участие в проектах, которые курировал Кареев, – в серии книг «История Европы по эпохам и странам в Средние века и Новое время», в «Новом энциклопедическом словаре» Брокгауза и Ефрона, а также публикуясь с ним в одних изданиях и работая в течение пяти лет на одной кафедре и факультете. The author reconstructs the communication links between two historians – Pavel Grigori-evich Mizuev and Nikolai Ivanovich Kareev. Mizhuev, a second-tier scientist against the background of the master, who was not a full-fledged member of the professional corporation of pre-revolutionary historians, entered it as a teacher in three faculties of Petrograd University after the Revolution. Mizhuev was a follower of the moderately liberal and positivist school of Kareev, who back in the pre-revolutionary period created an integral picture of different aspects of the life of Great Britain and the dominions in their historical dynamics, the colonial policy of England, and published the first history of the USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand in Russia. And although the name of Mizuev does not appear in Kareev's memoirs, he, albeit modestly, was present in his communicative space, for example, taking part in projects supervised by Kareev, in the series of books «History of Europe by Era and Countries in the Middle Ages and New time» in the «New Encyclopedic Dictionary» of Brockhaus and Efron, as well as publishing with him in the same editions and working for five years at the same department and faculty.

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10

Upchurch, Anna. "Linking cultural policy from Great Britain to Canada." International Journal of Cultural Policy 13, no. 3 (August 2007): 239–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10286630701556407.

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11

Wiesinger, Judith P. "GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH ON CANADA: CONTRIBUTIONS FROM GREAT BRITAIN." Canadian Geographer/Le Géographe canadien 37, no. 3 (September 1993): 263–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0064.1993.tb00303.x.

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12

Forbes, L. Scott, Keith Simpson, John P. Kelsall, and Donald R. Flook. "Reproductive success of Great Blue Herons in British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Zoology 63, no. 5 (May 1, 1985): 1110–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z85-167.

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Great Blue Herons (Ardea herodias) in 14 colonies in southwestern British Columbia fledged a mean of 2.5 young per successful nest between 1977 and 1981; annual values varied by 12% around the 5-year mean, being highest in a dry spring and lowest in a wet spring. Herons in large colonies in British Columbia reared more young with lower variability in reproductive success than herons in small colonies, but not significantly so (p > 0.10). When data for all Canadian heronries were analyzed, the difference was significant (p < 0.05). Herons in western Canada reared more young than herons in the western United States (p < 0.025). Mortality in herons in western Canada was also higher than in herons in the western United States (p < 0.005).

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13

Arneil, Barbara. "Demobilised Soldiers, Small Holdings Colonies and the Compulsory Acquisition of Land after World War One: Scotland and Canada." Northern Scotland 11, no. 2 (November 2020): 176–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/nor.2020.0220.

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This article compares the Small Holdings Colonies Acts (1916 and 1918) for demobilized WWI soldiers in Britain upon which the Land Settlement (Scotland) Act of 1919 was established; and similar small holdings colonies for demobilized soldiers in Canada with a particular focus on provisions for the state to engage in compulsory acquisition of land for this purpose. My research shows in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland, colonies and compulsory acquisition of land under the 1919 Act were part of a larger land reform movement (breaking up large estates) and represent progressive advances for traditional occupants – the crofters and tenant farmers – to have rights over their own lands. In Canada, on the other hand, domestic colonies for British soldiers served to displace indigenous peoples from their reserves already vastly diminished compared to traditional territories. The compulsory acquisition of land through surrenders from reserves compounded the problem. As such colonies in Canada had negative impacts on indigenous peoples as part of an ongoing settler colonization process. Thus I show that small holdings colonies particularly when combined with compulsory acquisition of land work in opposite directions normatively and materially in each country.

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14

Clark, F., and D. A. C. McNeil. "CLIFF-NESTING COLONIES OF HOUSE MARTINS DELICHON URBICA IN GREAT BRITAIN." Ibis 122, no. 1 (April 3, 2008): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1980.tb00869.x.

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15

STANZIANI, ALESSANDRO. "Local Bondage in Global Economies: Servants, wage earners, and indentured migrants in nineteenth-century France, Great Britain, and the Mascarene Islands." Modern Asian Studies 47, no. 4 (February 28, 2013): 1218–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x12000698.

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AbstractThis paper compares the definitions, practices, and legal constraints on labour in Britain, France, Mauritius, and Reunion Island in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It argues that the way in which indentured labour was defined and practised in the colonies was linked to the definition and practice of wage labour in Europe and that their development was interconnected. The types of bondage that existed in the colonies were extreme forms of the notion, practices, and rules of labour in Europe. It would have been impossible to develop the indenture contract in the British and French empires if wage earners in Britain and France had not been servants. The conceptions and practices of labour in Europe and its main colonies influenced each other and were part of a global dynamic.

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16

Contogouris, Ersy. "Gender, Race, and Nation in Tableau Representing Great Britain and Her Colonies." RACAR : Revue d'art canadienne 44, no. 2 (2019): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1068318ar.

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17

Browde, Anatole. "Settling the Canadian Colonies: A Comparison of Two Nineteenth-Century Land Companies." Business History Review 76, no. 2 (2002): 299–335. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4127841.

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Two British land companies, the Canada Company and the British American Land Company (BALC), were active during the nineteenth century in settling what are now Ontario and the Eastern Townships of Quebec. Both purchased large tracts of land from the British government, with two goals: to provide funds for the governors of Canada and to relieve Britain of its surplus population. The Canada Company worked closely with the government to meet these objectives, whereas BALC indulged in land speculation and made immigration a secondary priority. One was successful, and the other struggled throughout its existence. Their success or failure was the directresult of how well they dealt with both the changing economic climate and the British and Canadian political situation.

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18

Goheen, Peter G. "Communications and Urban Systems in Mid-Nineteenth Century Canada." Articles 14, no. 3 (August 21, 2013): 234–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1018081ar.

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In presenting the results of an analysis of the non-local economic content of the major newspapers published in British North America in 1845 and 1855, this paper offers support for the contention that public communications in the colonies were organized principally so as to secure privileged access to international sources of information, especially from Britain and the United States. The ties linking major colonial cities with international networks were well established by 1845 and preceded the effective organization of communications within the colonies. In 1855, by which time the telegraph was widely available, the importance of American sources of information had increased. By this date there was evidence that at least in Canada West regional communications and markets were becoming better organized. The paper argues that nineteenth-century British American urban communications be approached from the viewpoint of their participation in international rather than exclusively colonial or regional systems.

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Abdukadyrov, Doniyor. "REVIEW OF ORGANIZATIONAL, INFORMATIONAL AND MATERIAL AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT FOR THE ACTIVITIES OF PARLIAMENTSUK AND CANADA." Review of Law Sciences 5, no. 3 (November 24, 2021): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.51788/tsul.rols.2021.5.3./wpkc8489.

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In countries around the world, legislative power is exercised in various forms. In particular, in democratic countries with a republican form of government, legislative power is exercised by parliament. The article provides a scientific analysis of important issues related to the organizational, informational and logistical support of the parliaments of developed countries, in particular Great Britain and Canada. In addition, the article provides scientifically substantiated information about the structure of the parliaments of Great Britain and Canada, the procedure for their activities.

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20

McConnel, Katie. "The Centrepiece of Colonial Queensland's Celebration and Commemoration of Royalty and Empire: Government House, Brisbane." Queensland Review 16, no. 2 (July 2009): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1321816600005080.

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Her Majesty's birthday was right royally celebrated last evening by His Excellency the Governor on the occasion of the annual birthday ball at government house.‘Royalty’ and ‘Empire’ were, throughout the second half of the nineteenth century. of supreme significance to all the Australian colonies. While each colony was well integrated within the Imperial framework, they remained largely reliant on the economic and geopolitical management of the British Empire. Though different colonial/national identities developed in Australia, the colonies' economic, military and diplomatic dependence on Britain strongly orientated them towards the Queen and ‘home’. Colonial Governors served as the vital link between the colonies and both the Imperial government and the Queen of the British Empire. Appointed by Britain and entrusted with the same rights, powers and privileges as the Queen, the role of Governor was one of great influence and authority.

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21

Gorfin, Vladislav L., and Alexander M. Rybakov. "RUSSIA’S ROLE IN THE STRUGGLE FOR THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE NORTH AMERICAN COLONIES." Historical Search 2, no. 2 (June 25, 2021): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/2712-9454-2021-2-2-5-12.

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In the article the authors show the place of Russia in the struggle for the independence of the United States. They reveal the concept of «military neutrality», its essence and content. They define the basic principles of the world colonial system in the XVIII century, the foundations of interrelation between world powers and their colonies. They identify the priorities and interests for the development of foreign policy relations. They establish causal links between the war of the North American colonies of Great Britain for their independence and the policies of a number of European powers (Russia, Great Britain, France), as well as the consequences to which it led. The article considers the history of the struggle for independence and the formation of a new state of the United States of America, the development of foreign policy relations. The authors focus on the history of Russian-American relations in the second half of the XVIII century in the political aspect, and emphasize the increasing penetration of Russia’s influence in the scientific and cultural spheres which directly influenced and enriched the two countries. The relations between Russia and the United States and their history are studied. The history of relations between Russia and Great Britain is shown. The authors analyze the history of attempts to involve the Russian Empire in the war on the side of Great Britain, the position of the Russian government and Catherine II, as well as their attitude to these attempts. The authors give prominence to a number of world political figures and note their personal contribution to the process of struggle for independence and the further development of the United States of America. Unknown moments of their biographies are revealed. Conclusions are drawn about the role and the place of the leading countries of the period under study in the struggle for freedom and independence of the future superpower.

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Schwanda. "The Protestant Reception of Jan Hus in Great Britain and the American Colonies." Journal of Moravian History 16, no. 2 (2016): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jmorahist.16.2.0065.

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23

Browne, Katherine, and Catherine J. Nash. "Resisting LGBT Rights Where “We Have Won”: Canada and Great Britain." Journal of Human Rights 13, no. 3 (July 3, 2014): 322–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14754835.2014.923754.

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24

Phillips, Jim. "Judicial Independence in British North America, 1825–67: Constitutional Principles, Colonial Finances, and the Perils of Democracy." Law and History Review 34, no. 3 (May 23, 2016): 689–742. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248016000171.

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It is well known that “formal” judicial independence—appointment on good behavior rather than at pleasure—was established in Britain with the 1701 Act of Settlement, and, like many other aspects of the English constitution, not exported to the colonies of either the First or the Second Empire. Its absence formed one of the allegations against the crown in the American Declaration of Independence, and the Constitution of the New Republic accordingly included a federal judicial independence provision. British imperial policy in North America after the Revolution regarding judges continued as before, so that formal judicial independence was not established until 1834, and then only in Upper Canada (now Ontario). In the other three principal British North American colonies this was later still. What is now Quebec (Lower Canada) received good behavior appointments in 1843, and Nova Scotia in 1848. In the other colonies that joined the Canadian Confederation in 1867 (New Brunswick) or within a few years afterwards (British Columbia, Manitoba, and Prince Edward Island), good behavior appointments were introduced for the first time only when the colony joined Confederation.

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Hogg, E. H., J. K. Morton, and Joan M. Venn. "Biogeography of island floras in the Great Lakes. I. Species richness and composition in relation to gull nesting activities." Canadian Journal of Botany 67, no. 4 (April 1, 1989): 961–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-128.

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Species–area relations of vascular plants and the effect of nesting colonies of gulls on plant species composition were investigated for 77 islands in Georgian Bay and Lake Huron in the Great Lakes region of Canada. The percentage of plant species classed as alien, annual, or biennial was significantly greater on islands with gull colonies. The slope of the species–area curve was significantly steeper on islands supporting gull colonies compared with islands lacking gull colonies. The expected decline in species richness with increased island remoteness was not detected statistically using multiple regression analysis. The difference in species–area slopes does not appear to reflect a lower propagule immigration rate to islands with gull colonies, because gulls are important in the dispersal of alien plant species to these islands. Larger islands with gull colonies tended to have richer floras than islands of similar size without gull colonies. It is suggested that on these larger islands the presence of gull colonies produces a gradient of soil nutrient and disturbance regimes, thus increasing habitat heterogeneity and species richness.

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Ferguson, Barry, Simon Langlois, and Lance W. Roberts. "Social cohesion in Canada." Tocqueville Review 30, no. 2 (January 2009): 69–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ttr.30.2.69.

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Canada is a diverse society of almost 34 million people. Its population is about half the size of Great Britain and France, the two nations whose colonization projects strongly shaped Canada’s development. For most of the country’s history, the original or Aboriginal peoples have been marginalized despite the many ways in which they contributed to the nation’s economic, social and political development.

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Goncharenko, A. V., and T. O. Safonova. "Great Britain and the tvolution of the colonial system (end 19th – beginning 20th centuries)." SUMY HISTORICAL AND ARCHIVAL JOURNAL, no. 35 (2020): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/shaj.2020.i35.p.60.

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The article investigates the impact of Great Britain on the evolution of colonialism in the late ХІХ and early ХХ centuries. It is analyzed the sources and scientific literature on the policy of the United Kingdom in the colonial question in the late ХІХ – early ХХ century. The reasons, course and consequences of the intensification of British policy in the colonial problem are described. The process of formation and implementation of London’s initiatives in the colonial question during the period under study is studied. It is considered the position of Great Britain on the transformation of the colonial system in the late XIX – early XX centuries. The resettlement activity of the British and the peculiarities of their mentality, based on the idea of racial superiority and the new national messianism, led to the formation of developed resettlement colonies. The war for the independence of the North American colonies led to the formation of a new state on their territory, and the rest of the “white” colonies of Great Britain had at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries had to build a new policy of relations, taking into account the influence of the United States on them, and the general decline of economic and military-strategic influence of Britain in the world, and the militarization of other leading countries. As a result, a commonwealth is formed instead of an empire. With regard to other dependent territories, there is also a change in policy towards the liberalization of colonial rule and concessions to local elites. In the late ХІХ – early ХІХ centuries the newly industrialized powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan) sought to seize the colonies to reaffirm their new status in the world, the great colonial powers of the past (Spain, Portugal, and the Netherlands) sought to retain what remained to preserve their international prestige, and Russia sought to expand. The largest colonial empires, Great Britain and France, were interested in maintaining the status quo. In the colonial policy of the United Kingdom, it is possible to trace a certain line related to attempts to preserve the situation in their remote possessions and not to get involved in conflicts and costly measures where this can be avoided. In this sense, the British government showed some flexibility and foresight – the relative weakening of the military and economic power of the empire due to the emergence of new states, as well as the achievement of certain self-sufficiency, made it necessary to reconsider traditional foreign policy. Colonies are increasingly no longer seen as personal acquisitions of states, and policy toward these territories is increasingly seen as a common deal of the international community and even its moral duty. The key role here was to be played by Great Britain, which was one of the first to form the foundations of a “neocolonial” system that presupposes a solidarity policy of Western countries towards the rest of the world under the auspices of London. Colonial system in the late ХІХ – early ХІХ century underwent a major transformation, which was associated with a set of factors, the main of which were – the emergence of new industrial powers on the world stage, the internal evolution of the British Empire, changes in world trade, the emergence of new weapons, general growth of national and religious identity and related with this contradiction. The fact that the First World War did not solve many problems, such as Japanese expansionism or British marinism, and caused new ones, primarily such as the Bolshevik coup in Russia and the coming to power of the National Socialists in Germany, the implementation of the above trends stretched to later moments.

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Mukan, Nataliya, Iryna Myskiv, and Svitlana Kravets. "The Characteristics of the Systems of Continuing Pedagogical Education in Great Britain, Canada and the USA." Comparative Professional Pedagogy 6, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rpp-2016-0013.

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Abstract In the article the systems of continuing pedagogical education in Great Britain, Canada and the USA have been characterized. The main objectives are defined as the theoretical analysis of scientific-pedagogical literature, which highlights different aspects of the problem under research; identification of the common and distinctive features of the systems of continuing pedagogical education in Great Britain, Canada, the USA. The legislative and normative framework of teachers’ CPD in Great Britain, Canada and the USA has been highlighted; the levels of the systems of continuing pedagogical education have been presented; the main functions of these systems have been determined; the key models, forms and methods of teachers’ CPD have been defined. Foreign and domestic scientists have studied the teachers’ CPD: teacher leadership (T. Bush, M. Clement, D. Jackson, D. Pavlou, R. Venderberghe), models, forms and methods of teachers’ CPD (L. Chance, A. Hollingsworth, D. Ross, E. Villegas-Reimers), non-formal teachers’ CPD (J. Scheerens). The research methodology comprises theoretical (logical, induction and deduction, comparison and compatibility, structural and systematic, analysis and synthesis) and applied (observations, questioning and interviewing) methods. The research results have been presented.

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Zernetska, O. "The Rethinking of Great Britain’s Role: From the World Empire to the Nation State." Problems of World History, no. 9 (November 26, 2019): 129–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2019-9-6.

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In the article, it is stated that Great Britain had been the biggest empire in the world in the course of many centuries. Due to synchronic and diachronic approaches it was detected time simultaneousness of the British Empire’s development in the different parts of the world. Different forms of its ruling (colonies, dominions, other territories under her auspice) manifested this phenomenon.The British Empire went through evolution from the First British Empire which was developed on the count mostly of the trade of slaves and slavery as a whole to the Second British Empire when itcolonized one of the biggest states of the world India and some other countries of the East; to the Third British Empire where it colonized countries practically on all the continents of the world. TheForth British Empire signifies the stage of its decomposition and almost total down fall in the second half of the 20th century. It is shown how the national liberation moments starting in India and endingin Africa undermined the British Empire’s power, which couldn’t control the territories, no more. The foundation of the independent nation state of Great Britain free of colonies did not lead to lossof the imperial spirit of its establishment, which is manifested in its practical deeds – Organization of the British Commonwealth of Nations, which later on was called the Commonwealth, Brexit and so on.The conclusions are drawn that Great Britain makes certain efforts to become a global state again.

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Shevchenko, E. E. "Transformation of the Anglo-Saxon legal culture in the former colonies of Great Britain." Право и государство: теория и практика, no. 8 (2021): 41–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.47643/1815-1337_2021_8_41.

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31

Taylor, James. "A social history of company law: Great Britain and the Australian colonies, 1854–1920." Business History 52, no. 5 (August 2010): 857–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00076791.2010.500167.

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Wanczycki, Jan K. "Unions Dues and Political Contributions – Great Britain, United States, Canada – A Comparison." Relations industrielles 21, no. 2 (April 12, 2005): 143–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/027674ar.

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This paper is concerned with court decisions and statutory enactments which had an effect on active participation of trade unions in political action and, in particular, how the Legislatures, and the courts in interpreting the relevant statutes, attempted to prevent or regularize the use of union dues, levies or funds for political purposes.

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Chernyakova, Z., and I. Chystiakova. "Modern models of pedagogical education of Great Britain, Canada and the USA." Science and Education a New Dimension VI(164), no. 68 (May 27, 2018): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31174/send-pp2018-164vi68-02.

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Fantauzzo, Justin. "Exhibiting War: The Great War and Memory in Britain, Canada, and Australia." Canadian Historical Review 99, no. 4 (November 27, 2018): 677–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/chr.99.4.br17.

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Kam, C. "Do Ideological Preferences Explain Parliamentary Behaviour? Evidence from Great Britain and Canada." Journal of Legislative Studies 7, no. 4 (December 2001): 89–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/714003894.

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Soares, J. J. F. "Mental health systems compared: Great Britain, Norway, Canada, and the United States." Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 61, no. 9 (September 1, 2007): 839. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.2007.061200.

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Galbraith, James K., Harold D. Clarke, Marianne C. Stewart, and Gary Zuk. "Economic Decline and Political Change: Canada, Great Britain and the United States." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 10, no. 1 (1991): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3325524.

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Royer, Annie. "Transaction costs in milk marketing: a comparison between Canada and Great Britain." Agricultural Economics 42, no. 2 (October 29, 2010): 171–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.2010.00506.x.

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LeDuc, Lawrence. "Partisan Change and Dealignment in Canada, Great Britain, and the United States." Comparative Politics 17, no. 4 (July 1985): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/421744.

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Hodge, Gerald. "Comparisons of Urban Structure in Canada, the United States, and Great Britain." Geographical Analysis 3, no. 1 (September 3, 2010): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1971.tb00350.x.

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41

Baer, Douglas, James Curtis, Edward Grabb, and William Johnston. "Respect for Authority in Canada, the United States, Great Britain and Australia." Sociological Focus 28, no. 2 (May 1995): 177–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00380237.1995.10571046.

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42

Henry, Nancy. "GEORGE ELIOT AND THE COLONIES." Victorian Literature and Culture 29, no. 2 (September 2001): 413–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150301002091.

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Women are occasionally governors of prisons for women, overseers of the poor, and parish clerks. A woman may be ranger of a park; a woman can take part in the government of a great empire by buying East India Stock.— Barbara Bodichon, A Brief Summary in Plain Language, of the Most Important Laws Concerning Women (1854)ON OCTOBER 5, 1860, GEORGE HENRY LEWES VISITED a solicitor in London to consult about investments. He wrote in his journal: “[The Solicitor] took me to a stockbroker, who undertook to purchase 95 shares in the Great Indian Peninsular Railway for Polly. For £1825 she gets £1900 worth of stock guaranteed 5%” (qtd. in Ashton, Lewes 210). Thus Marian Evans, called Polly by her close friends, known in society as Mrs. Lewes and to her reading public as George Eliot, became a shareholder in British India. Whether or not Eliot thought of buying stock as taking part in the government of a great empire, as her friend Barbara Bodichon had written in 1854, the 5% return on her investment was a welcome supplement to the income she had been earning from her fiction since 1857. From 1860 until her death in 1880, she was one of a select but growing number of middle-class investors who took advantage of high-yield colonial stocks.1 Lewes’s journals for 1860–1878 and Eliot’s diaries for 1879–80 list dividends from stocks in Australia, South Africa, India, and Canada. These include: New South Wales, Victoria, Cape of Good Hope, Cape Town Rail, Colonial Bank, Oriental Bank, Scottish Australian, Great Indian Peninsula, Madras. The Indian and colonial stocks make up just less than half of the total holdings. Other stocks connected to colonial trade (East and West India Docks, London Docks), domestic stocks (the Consols, Regents Canal), and foreign investments (Buenos Aires, Pittsburgh and Ft. Wayne) complete the portfolio.2

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İlqar oğlu İlyasov, Mirpaşa. "Foreign policy of Great Britain in modern period." SCIENTIFIC WORK 77, no. 4 (April 17, 2022): 232–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/77/232-236.

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Bu məqalədə XXI əsrdə Böyük Britaniyanın xarici siyasətində strategiyaları, əsas istiqamətləri, siyasi arenada fəaliyyəti analiz ediləcək. Böyük Britaniyanın qarşısına qoyduğu məqsədlər, Avropa İttifaqından ayrılması prosesi, xarici siyasəti ilə bağlı yanaşmalar və xarici siyasətdə dövlətlərlə olan əlaqələrinin təhlil olunması aparılacaq. Brexit-ə səbəb olan amillər, Böyük Britaniyanın Avropa İttifaqından ayrılması və Brexit-nin səbəb olduğu reaksiyaların analizləri öz əksini bu yazıda tapacaq. ABŞ və Rusiya ilə olan münasibətləri, gələcək geosiyasi mənzərəsi, marağı və əməkdaşlıq etmək istədiyi regionlar haqqında məlumatlar əks olunacaq. Böyük Britaniyanın təhlükəsizlik və müdafiə məsələlərindən, təhlükəsiz enerji mənbələri və dövlətlərlə iqtisadi-ticari əməkdaşlıqdan danışılacaq. Böyük Britaniyanın köhnə müstəmləkələri ilə olan əlaqələri və bu əlaqələrin gələcək perpektivləri nəzərdən keçirilib analiz ediləcək. Hazırkı dövrdə Ukrayna məsələsi ilə bağlı Böyük Britaniyanın mövqeyi təhlil olunacaq.Müasir dövrdə Böyük Britaniyanın aktiv rolunun artması və faəliyyətinin əsas prioritet istiqamətləri bu məqalədə təhlil olunub, ümumiləşdiriləcək. Açar sözlər: siyasət, strategiya, BREXİT, inteqrasiya, maraqlar, suverenlik, beynəlxalq nizam, müttəfiqlik, ABŞ, Rusiya Mirpasha Ilgar İlyas Foreign policy of Great Britain in modern period Abstract This article is about the XXI century of the United Kingdom. will analyze the foreign policy strategies, main directions and activities in the 20th century. The goals set by the United Kingdom, the process of leaving the European Union, its approaches to foreign policy and relations with states in foreign policy will be analyzed. The factors leading to Brexit, the UK's departure from the European Union and the analysis of the reactions caused by Brexit will be reflected in this article. Information about relations with the United States and Russia, the future geopolitical outlook, interests and regions with which it wishes to cooperate will be reflected. Britain's security and defence, secure energy sources and economic and commercial cooperation with states will be discussed. The relations with the former British colonies and the future prospects of these relations will be discussed and analyzed. At this time, the UK's position on Ukraine will be analysed. The growth of the UK's active role in modern times and the main priorities of its activities will be analyzed and summarized in this article. Key words: politics, strategy, BREXIT, integration, interests, sovereignty, international order, alliance, USA, Russia

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Gao, Jie. "Compromise and Defence: Great Britain and the Burma Road Crisis." China and Asia 3, no. 1 (September 29, 2021): 5–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2589465x-030102.

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Abstract China and Britain both found themselves in extremely precarious situations by the early summer of 1940, when Japan demanded that Britain close the Burma Road, a vital overland supply route for Chinese forces fighting against Japanese aggression. The British had just seen all of their continental European allies fall like dominoes to Hitler’s forces over the span of a few weeks, while China was fighting a losing defensive war against Japan with minimal outside support. China desperately needed to maintain its overland supply line to the British Empire, the Burma Road, but Britain feared that the very existence of this conduit of war materiel would provoke a Japanese attack on vulnerable British colonies in the Far East. American policy on Japanese aggression was ambiguous at this point and neither Britain nor China could realistically expect help from Washington in the short term. As a result, Britain signed a one-sided confidential memorandum to close the Burma Road to buy time and shore up its East Asian position to the extent that it was able. This deal, a lesser-studied counterpart to Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain’s appeasement policy in Europe, compromised the Chinese war effort against Japan, paved the way for the Japanese conquest of Southeast Asia, and ultimately failed to prevent Britain’s defeat in East Asia. Recognizing that this temporary concession would not moderate Japanese behavior, Britain reopened the Burma Road three months later. This paper examines the vital role of the Burma Road in the Chinese war effort in 1940 and why Japan demanded that London close it, then explores the factors that led to Britain’s unavoidable capitulation on the issue and subsequent reversal three months later, along with the consequences for the Allied war effort in the Far East.

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Ginn, Geoffrey A. C. "Exhibiting War: The Great War, Museums and Memory in Britain, Canada, and Australia." Australian Journal of Politics & History 65, no. 1 (March 2019): 157–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajph.12558.

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Scates, Bruce. "Exhibiting War: The Great War, Museums, and Memory in Britain, Canada and Australia." Australian Historical Studies 50, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 140–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1031461x.2019.1570506.

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47

PICKARD, JOHN. "Wire Fences in Colonial Australia: Technology Transfer and Adaptation, 1842–1900." Rural History 21, no. 1 (March 5, 2010): 27–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793309990136.

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AbstractAfter reviewing the development of wire fencing in Great Britain and the United States of America in the early nineteenth century, I examine the introduction of wire into Australia using published sources only. Wire was available in the colonies from the early 1850s. The earliest published record of a wire fence was on Phillip Island near Melbourne (Victoria) in 1842. Almost a decade passed before wire was used elsewhere in Victoria and the other eastern colonies. Pastoralists either sought information on wire fences locally or from agents in Britain. Local agents of British companies advertised in colonial newspapers from the early 1850s, with one exceptional record in 1839. Once wire was adopted, pastoralists rejected iron posts used in Britain, preferring cheaper wood posts cut from the property. The most significant innovation was to increase post spacings with significant cost savings. Government and the iron industry played no part in these innovations, which were achieved through trial-and-error by pastoralists. The large tonnages of wire imported into Australia and the increasing demand did not stimulate local production of wire, and there were no local wire mills until 1911.

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Turner, Daniel S., Jay K. Lindly, and Rodney N. Chester. "Citizen Concerns and Public Awareness: Metrication Examples." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1552, no. 1 (January 1996): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196155200113.

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The United States is in the process of implementing the metric system. U.S. highway agencies are among the leaders in this effort. One troublesome aspect of being in the lead is that there appears to be no coordinated national public relations program to set the stage for the conversion. Several metric conversion experiences, those in Canada, Australia, and Great Britain, an Ohio research project, and the recent FHWA rule making for sign conversion, are reviewed to determine public awareness and citizen concerns. The conclusions drawn from those studies reinforce the need for an overall, well-coordinated, strong national public education program. Examples illustrate that success is possible (Canada and Australia) with such a program, but without it metrication can grind to an incomplete halt (Great Britain). Currently, the U.S. experience seems to most closely resemble the British metric conversion experience.

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De Deckker, Paul. "Decolonisation Processes in the South Pacific Islands: A Comparative Analysis between Metropolitan Powers." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 26, no. 2 (May 1, 1996): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v26i2.6172.

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The South Pacific islands came late, by comparison with Asia and Africa, to undertake the decolonising process. France was the first colonial power in the region to start off this process in accordance with the decision taken in Paris to pave the way to independence for African colonies. The Loi-cadre Defferre in 1957, voted in Parliament, was applied to French Polynesia and New Caledonia as it was to French Africa. Territorial governments were elected in both these Pacific colonies in 1957. They were abolished in 1963 after the return to power of General de Gaulle who decided to use Moruroa for French atomic testing. The status quo ante was then to prevail in New Caledonia and French Polynesia up to today amidst statutory crises. The political evolution of the French Pacific, including Wallis and Futuna, is analysed in this article. Great Britain, New Zealand and Australia were to conform to the 1960 United Nations' recommendations to either decolonise, integrate or provide to Pacific colonies self-government in free association with the metropolitan power. Great Britain granted constitutional independence to all of its colonies in the Pacific except Pitcairn. The facts underlying this drastic move are analysed in the British context of the 1970's, culminating in the difficult independence of Vanuatu in July 1980. New Zealand and Australia followed the UN recommendations and granted independence or self-government to their colonial territories. In the meantime, they reinforced their potential to dominate the South Pacific in the difficult geopolitical context of the 1980s. American Micronesia undertook statutory evolution within a strategic framework. What is at stake today within the Pacific Islands is no longer of a political nature; it is financial.

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Goncharenko, A. V. "GREAT BRITAIN AND COLONIAL CONTRADITIONS IN THE PERIOD OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR 1914-1918 (BACKGROUND IS THE DOCUMENTS OF THE MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE)." Sums'ka Starovyna (Ancient Sumy Land), no. 55 (2019): 46–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/starovyna.2019.55.4.

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The article investigates Britain’s position in colonial contradictions during World War I, based on the use of documents from Russia’s foreign policy department. The causes, course and consequences of the intensification of British politics in the colonial problem are described. The process of formation and implementation of London’s foreign policy initiatives in the colonial issue during the study period is examined. There are analyzed the role of Great Britain in the intensification of the colonial struggle between the great states during the First World War (1914-1918) and its perception by diplomatic representatives of the Russian Empire. During the First World War of 1914-1918, a set of problems and approaches to them were crystallized, which had a serious impact on the colonial contradictions between the great states in general and the position of Great Britain in this problem in particular. There is a considerable contrast between the methods of politics and the aspirations of the leading countries of the world at that time - Japan and Russia - on the one hand, and the United Kingdom and France - on the other. France is increasingly convinced that close co-operation in these matters with London is the only guarantee of the success of its colonialism. In addition, during the First World War, the new industrial states (Germany, Italy, and Japan) sought to capture the colonies for the sake of confirming their new status in the world, and the great colonial powers of the past (Spain, Portugal, the Netherlands) - to hold on to the rest for the sake of preservation of ephemeral international prestige, Russia - to expansion. The largest colonial empires - Great Britain and France were interested in maintaining the status quo. Whitehall’s policy on the colonial issue, at the time, can be traced to a very definite line, confirming the message of Russian diplomats linked to attempts to preserve the situation in their remote possessions and not get involved in conflicts and expensive measures where this can be avoided. In this sense, the British government has shown some flexibility and foresight - the relative weakening of the empire’s military and economic power about of the emergence of new, rapidly developing industrial powers and the achievement of colonies of certain selfsufficiency, made it necessary to revise traditional foreign policy. London was already unable to fully control the situation at sea, as well as to ensure the security of its vast possessions. Therefore, block cooperation with countries with close geopolitical interests comes to the fore, and policy in the colonies is gradually transformed from an expansionist one to a stabilization one aimed at reducing the costs of the metropolis and preventing potential conflicts in strategically important areas. In addition, Britain’s interests in the colonial issue largely coincide with the position of the United States, which also seeks to ensure “open doors” and “equal opportunities” instead of military-political contest. Key words: the Great Britain, First World War, international relationships, foreign policy, colonialism, colonial contradictions.

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