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1
Prysiazhniuk, Oleksii. "The First English Ancient Monuments Protection Act." European Historical Studies, no. 16 (2020): 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2020.16.9.
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The advent of the first special antiquity law was preceded by a long stage of studying and organizing knowledge about historical and cultural monuments. The Ancient Monuments Protection Act of 18 August 1882 was the first of its kind by an Act of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The Act lists the first 68 monuments or sites that have been protected by law. The text of Act consists of 11 paragraphs. The analysis of paragraphs 2, 3 and 11 gives us the opportunity to formulate the very concept of a «monument» contained therein, as well as to consider the types of ancient monuments that are distinguished by law. The Ancient Monuments are: houses, buildings and other structures located on the surface of the earth or underground, as well as caves and zones of archaeological sites and location of such houses, buildings and other structures, as well as caves and zones of archaeological sites. All the constituent elements and structures of the monument are considered to be its parts. The location of the monument includes not only the area of land on which it is located, but also the surrounding zones. Deliberate destruction or deterioration of protected monuments entails criminal liability in the form of imprisonment for up to one month and a fine. However, criminal and financial responsibility rests solely with outsiders. The owner of the monument is not punished for any action he may take on his property. Paragraphs of Act for the first time regulate the state registration of monuments. Such registration involves the identification of monuments, surveys and determining their value, inclusion in the list of protected, informing the owner or tenant of the monument about the inclusion of this object in the list etc. The Ancient Monuments Protection Act of 1882 was one of the most important results of a set of socio-political reforms in Victorian England. The brevity of the 1882 Act made it impossible to cover all the ancient monuments, which made it only partly a source of law. Currently, there is no single legislative act in the UK on the protection and use of historical and cultural monuments. After the act of 1882 by the middle of the 20th century were adopted and enforced several laws on various aspects of the protection of monuments. However, the main provisions governing this area of social relations were laid in the late nineteenth century.
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Bazylevych, Viktoriya. "ACHIEVING THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS DURING THE RECONSTRUCTION OF UKRAINE." Urban development and spatial planning, no. 83 (April 14, 2023): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2076-815x.2023.83.29-37.
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The reconstruction of Ukraine opens up opportunities for the creation of more progressive and high-quality architecture.
So far, among some specialists in our industry, sustainable development (SD) is primarily associated with energy efficiency, environmental friendliness of materials, and innovative technological solutions.
In 2019, the UN formulated 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) until 2030, among them, for example, #3. Good health and well-being. #4. Quality education. #12. Responsible consumption and production.
The most realistic for direct achievement in the conditions of reconstruction are the SDGs: #11, 12, 4, 6, 7, 9, 3, 13, 16, and 17.
During the reconstruction of Ukraine, the following approaches should be implemented to achieve the SDGs:
1. Inform the community about the developed solutions for achieving the SDGs. 2. Restore only the minimum number of roads necessary for convenient communication (this is related to CO2 emissions into the atmosphere, etc.). 3. To give preference to modernization and restoration of destroyed buildings over the construction of new ones. 4. Provide optimal (which tends towards comfortable, minimally necessary) solutions for new buildings. The implementation of p. 2-4 will ensure a reduction in the volume of the ecological rucksack of roads and structures.
It should be taken into account that the places of mass death of people are geopathogenic zones unfavorable for the long-term stay of people.
5. When designing projects, avoid using forms, proportions, and aesthetic properties of materials that may cause in population associations related to the events experienced during the war (goal #3). 6. Use materials for reconstruction that can be reused or recycled in the future. 7. Encourage voluntary certification of buildings according to the BREEAM (Great Britain) and LEED (USA) systems. 8. Simultaneously implement measures to ensure SD at the level of cities in general.
The developed concepts regarding cities' SD are designed for their implementation "from top to bottom". Due to the insufficient awareness of the community, its opportunities for the implementation of SD programs are not sufficiently used.
The proposed approaches to achieving the SDGs during the reconstruction of Ukraine will allow for achieving not an instant, but a gradual, long-lasting effect on ensuring the sustainability of the environment.
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Pilkevych, Viktoriia. "Cultural and Natural Sites of Europe According to UNESCO List of World Heritage in Danger." European Historical Studies, no. 12 (2019): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2019.12.125-135.
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The author studies UNESCO’s activities in the cultural sphere, especially the protection and preservation of cultural heritage around the world. There is World Heritage List. Sites must be of outstanding universal value and meet the special criteria to be included on this List. Countries are trying to include their cultural objects for protection. Cultural heritage is architectural works, works of monumental sculpture and painting, elements or structures of an archaeological nature groups of buildings which are of outstanding universal value. The World Heritage Committee is responsible for the implementation of the World Heritage Convention («Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage»,1972), gives financial assistance and decides on the listing or deletion of properties in the List of World Heritage in Danger. The List of World Heritage in Danger informs the international community of threat and to encourage corrective action. Special attention was given to European cultural and natural sites which are in this list. These are sites in Serbia (Medieval Monuments in Kosovo (2006)), United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (Liverpool – Maritime Mercantile City (2012)), Austria (Historic Centre of Vienna (2017)). This article focuses on the reasons for listing in the List of World Heritage in Danger (different conflicts, war, natural disasters, pollution, poaching, uncontrolled urbanization, tourist development etc.). Author outlines problems of protection world cultural heritage that need to be solved in the future. International community can help in this problem because each site in World Heritage List has outstanding universal value in our life. The author emphasizes on high importance of cultural sphere of the UNESCO’s activities.
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Prokopov, A. Yu, and N. A. Adoniev. "Foreign Experience Review on Engineering Protection of Seashores and Hillslopes." Modern Trends in Construction, Urban and Territorial Planning 3, no. 1 (April 2, 2024): 27–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/2949-1835-2024-3-1-27-47.
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Introduction. During design, construction and operation of buildings and structures in the coastal areas there arises a serious problem of engineering protection of coasts and hillslopes from the dangerous geological processes, which include the coastal erosion, underflooding of territories, hillslope erosion, gravitational (slope) processes, such as intensification of landslides, etc. These processes often result in significant economic damage usually related to the non-recoverable loss of valuable coastal territories, deformation of buildings and structures, damage and destruction of the objects of transport and engineering infrastructure. In this regard, the study of the advanced foreign experience in engineering protection of the coastal areas and the evaluation of the possibility of it to be implemented in Russia is a relevant scientific and engineering task.Materials and methods. To prepare the review, the following data was used: field observation data with photographic evidences of the objects of engineering protection of seashores and hillslopes obtained by the authors during a business trip to the People's Republic of China (PRC) in October–November 2023; study and analysis of literature sources in the subject area, including the methods and technologies implemented in the Netherlands, Japan, the USA, Great Britain, Italy; summary and systematisation of the coastal protection methods for further development of their classification and evaluation of the possibility of implementing thereof in the Russian Federation.Research results. The main principles of design, the advanced methods and technologies of coastal protection used in China have been defined. They include: construction of the multi-level protective structures, such as the multiple-row breakwaters of special shape in combination with the stepped retaining walls, the vertical walls consisting of the driven piles, anchoring and spray-concrete covering of the slopes in combination with the metal meshes; terracing in combination with the retaining reinforced concrete (horizontal and vertical) crossbeams; the sloping wave-absorbing reinforced concrete surfaces; the meshy structures and fences combating the Aeolian processes, etc.The main methods used in the Netherlands, Japan, the USA and Italy for comprehensive protection of the large territories have been defined. Such as: the network of dams, weirs, wave breakers, coast paving, regulation of the flows by water locks and barriers, creation of the artificial protective islands; artificial replenishment with sand; creation of the green spaces along the coast; forming the dunes — natural or artificial hills of sand or pebbles located along the coast; creation of the concrete structures, stone jetties, floating constructions and even artificial reefs.The importance of management was emphasised, including the early warning systems for storms and tsunamis, weather and marine condition monitoring systems, as well as dissemination of the warning messages and evacuation plans among the population in the areas of potential threat.Discussion and conclusion. Based on the results of the review, the main conclusions were formulated. The recommendations were given on the possible ways of improving the coastal protection of the Caucasian Black Sea Coast and other coastal areas of the Russian Federation based on the advanced foreign experience.
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Timchenko, Vladimir S., Vladimir A. Volkodav, Ivan A. Volkodav, Olga V. Timchenko, and Nikita A. Osipov. "Development of building information classifier elements to create and maintain information models of capital construction objects in terms of design processes, construction process management and construction information." Vestnik MGSU, no. 7 (July 2021): 926–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2021.7.926-954.
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Introduction. Integral approach to the application of construction information in the creation and maintenance of information models of capital construction objects is key in the constant development of construction activities. Besides, according to the global trends, the direct implementation of construction activity including construction of especially complicated and unique objects and typification of classical ones requires application of a unified system of building information classification to optimize duration, costs and improve the quality of the constructed object. Development of the Russian classifier of building information was the first step in this direction allowing to make a tool which is the unified system of building information classification generally available. The Russian building information classifier developed in 2020 contains a lot of elements among which we can distinguish those groups which allow to manage the cost, duration and quality of the future capital construction object both at the early stages of its life cycle and later: management processes, design processes and information.
Materials and methods. International systems of classification of building information that have found wide practical application in the field of construction: OmniClass (USA), Uniclass 2015 (Great Britain), CCS (Denmark) and CoClass (Sweden) are considered. The analysis of the structures and composition of existing classification systems, as well as the analysis of the current regulatory and technical framework in the Russian Federation in the field of construction in areas related to the management of processes, design of capital construction object and its information entities.
Results. Taking into account the analysis and generalization of world practice in the field of construction, and classification of building information, parts of the building information classifier adapted to the specifics of the national base of normative and technical documentation in construction, applicable to the design and management of capital construction object, as well as for its description, were developed. The structure recommended by the standard ISO 12006-2:2015 is adopted as the basis for such classification tables of the building information classifier. When developing the composition of the classifier, the requirements for unification and standardization of existing national classifiers and experience in the construction industry on domestic and foreign objects were taken into account. Classification tables of the building information classifier for the two areas of activity in construction (Management, Design) and a classification table describing the information entities of the capital construction object were developed.
Conclusions. Classification tables “Process Management”, “Design Processes”, “Information” of the building information classifier in the developed structures and composition provide the formation of a unified structure of management and design of capital construction object, allowing to combine its parts for adaptation to the requirements of a particular object and organization. Thus, providing an opportunity to optimize its technical and economic indicators, including the duration of construction and the cost of the object in the extent of its life cycle, to develop a tool for typing design and management processes, including planning tools and quality and cost control. An additional tool for the interrelation of various activities in construction (e.g., design, operation, construction, etc.) is the developed classification table “Information”, which describes the information entities of the capital construction object.
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Boric, Dusan, and Vesna Dimitrijevic. "Absolute chronology and stratigraphy of Lepenski Vir." Starinar, no. 57 (2007): 9–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sta0757009b.
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In the last decade, a number of specialist analyses were made on the material from old excavations of Mesolithic-Neolithic sites in the Danube Gorges. These new results altered significantly our understanding of the Lepenski Vir culture. The question of chronology of this regional phenomenon has been acute since the discovery of Lepenski Vir in the 1960s, and it remains of key importance for understanding the character of Mesolithic-Neolithic transformations in this and the neighbouring regions. The most heated debate was fuelled by the initial stratigraphic and chronological attribution of the type-site itself. There remained the question about the adequate dating of the most prominent phase at this site characterized by buildings with trapezoidal bases covered with limestone floors and with rectangular stone-lined hearths placed in the centre of these features. There have been suggestions that these features also contain Early Neolithic Starcevo type pottery and other similar items of material culture and should thus be dated to the Early Neolithic historical context. Moreover, the first series of conventional radiocarbon determinations (21 dates) also suggested that the absolute chronology of these features should be confined to the period from around 6400-5500 cal BC (Fig. 1). Due to the importance of defining more precisely the chronology for the start of construction of these particular features at Lepenski Vir and for establishing the life-span of these buildings and their associated material culture, we have AMS (Accelerator Mass Spectrometry) dated a number of contexts from this site. The results are presented in this paper. The project was made possible through the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerate Dating Service (ORADS) programme funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) and the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) of the Great Britain. Apart from those dates presented in this paper, there are 29 previously published radiometric dates from Lepenski Vir 21 made by the conventional 14C dating of charcoal and 8 AMS dates made on animal (3 dates) and human bones (5 dates). There is also a series of 20 new AMS dates made on human bones from Lepenski Vir. The last group of dates has not been published with all the contextual details and are of limited use in our analyses of absolute chronology and stratigraphy of Lepenski Vir. New dates are listed in Table 1. From 32 dated contexts from Lepenski Vir, 27 contexts are stratigraphically related to trapezoidal buildings while 5 dates are connected with the area outside of buildings. From those contexts related to trapezoidal structures, 24 contexts are dated with animal and 3 with human bones. The emphasis on the dating of animal bones is connected with problems of precision when dating samples made on human and dog bones due to the reservoir effect and the deposition of 'old' carbon. Dated remains of animal and human bones originate from the following types of stratigraphic contexts a) beneath building floors, i.e. stratigraphically the oldest contexts in the settlement (2 dates) (Fig. 2); b) between two superposed floors of trapezoidal buildings as 'sealed' contexts (8 dates) (Fig. 3); c) lying directly on top of the floors of trapezoidal buildings but not overlapped by a later floor (17 dates) (Fig. 3); d) outside of trapezoidal buildings, found in contexts such as pits, domed ovens, and burials, or in contexts that can be attributed to the occupation layer only (6 dates) (Fig. 4). The new dates indicate a very long duration of the Mesolithic period, from around 9400 to around 7500 cal BC (Fig. 2, 23). These early dates are concentrated in two particular periods that may point to two separate phases within these two millennia, with settlement discontinuities. It remains possible that there were many more occupation episodes that these dates do not encompass, and more AMS dates may indicate whether these two groupings with three dates per grouping are meaningful and representative of two separate and defined phases of occupation at this locale. This early period would correspond with the phase that the excavator of Lepenski Vir defined as Proto-Lepenski Vir although his ideas about the spatial distribution of this phase, its interpretation, duration and relation to the later phase of trapezoidal buildings must be revised in the light of new AMS dates and other available data. The phase with trapezoidal buildings most likely starts only around 6200 cal BC and most of the trapezoidal buildings might have been abandoned by around 5900 cal BC. The absolute span of only two or three hundred years and likely even less, for the flourishing of building activity related to trapezoidal structures at Lepenski Vir significantly compresses Srejovic's phase I. Thus, it is difficult to maintain the excavator's five subphases which, similarly to Ivana Radovanovic's more recent re-phasing of Lepenski Vir into I-1-3, remain largely guess works before more extensive and systematic dating of each building is accomplished along with statistical modeling in order to narrow the magnitude of error. On the whole, new dates from these contexts better correspond with Srejovic's stratigraphic logic of sequencing buildings to particular phases on the basis of their superimposing and cutting than with Radovanovic's stylistic logic, i.e. her typology of hearth forms, ash-places, entrance platforms, and presence/absence of -supports around rectangular hearths used as reliable chronological indicators. The short chronological span for phase I also suggests that phase Lepenski Vir II is not realistic. This has already been shown by overlapping plans of the phase I buildings and stone outlines that the excavator of the site attributed to Lepenski Vir II phase. According to Srejovic, Lepenski Vir phase II was characterized by buildings with stone walls made in the shape of trapezes, repeating the outline of supposedly earlier limestone floors of his phase I. However, the trapezoidal buildings must be envisioned as dug-in features with their rear, narrow side dug deep into the slope since these features were dug into the sloping terrace where the site is situated. It is more likely that these stone constructions assigned to a separate phase were part of the same trapezoidal buildings with limestone floors assigned by the excavator to phase I. Thus, vertical stone walls existed on the level above limestone floors, built in dry wall technique around buildings' floors and cuts. The visual overlap of phases I and II clearly shows the match between these stone constructions and trapezoidal limestone floors (Fig. 27). Even on the published section of the western part of the settlement of Lepenski Vir which runs through the backs of Houses 43, 34, 27, 20, 33 and 32, phase II is not marked (see Fig. 28), which might lend further support to our conclusion about its elusive character. Furthermore, no activity areas were reported with regard to the 'floor' level of these structures, with the exception of the largest building at the site, XLIV. Therefore, trapezoidal stone walls previously attributed to phase II were part of the same phase I buildings. Henceforth we suggest treating Srejovic's phases I and II as a single phase and we refer to this building horizon as Lepenski Vir I-II (see Table 2). The new dating programme also suggests no temporal break between phases Lepenski Vir I-II and phase III. The dates indicate that Srejovic was right to separate the latter as it seems that most of the trapezoidal buildings were abandoned by 5900 cal BC and that new and different occupation pattern commenced at the site in the period following 5900 cal BC. Yet, some of the dates indicate that, at the current resolution of the chronological scale there could have been some overlapping between the use of particular trapezoidal buildings, perhaps primarily for the interment of human burials (e.g. House 21 and Burials 7/I and II, see Fig. 11), and the new types of contexts that appear around 5900 cal BC. These new contexts included a number of pits, dug primarily in the rear area of the site, outside of the zone with trapezoidal buildings. There are also several domed ovens the function of which remains unclear. Also, crouched inhumations became the dominant burial rite (of possibly migrant individuals) during this phase. Some of these crouched burials were found lying on the floors of trapezoidal buildings. This seems to have been the time of significant changes in patterns of habitation of the Lepenski Vir community. Bones of domestic animals were also found in those features assigned to phase III. We have directly dated four samples that come from domestic animals (sheep/goat, cattle and pig) found in these contexts at Lepenski Vir. In this way, it was possible to directly date the introduction of domestic animals to the site. The results suggest that the these domestic animals must have been introduced to Lepenski Vir in the post-5900 cal BC period. The upper limit of this Middle Neolithic phase Lepenski Vir III remains to be elucidated further. While previous charcoal dates indicated that the site was used up until around 5400 cal BC, the upper limit of new dates is around 5700 cal BC. Existing dates from the neighbouring site of Padina suggest that some trapezoidal buildings at that site (Houses 15 and 18) might have been used up until 5500 cal BC. It is possible that future dates will move this limit to the end of the Middle Neolithic, i.e. c. 5500 cal BC. At this time, previously occupied sites on the Danube, such as Lepenski Vir, Padina, Vlasac, etc., were abandoned for more than a millennium. Lepenski Vir is used again during the Eneolithic period, when a burial of the Salku?a culture, AMS dated to around 4300 cal BC, was interred here (see Burial 2, Fig. 25). New radiometric dates from Lepenski Vir, together with all other newly available data, demand a revision of conclusions previously made with regard to the absolute chronology of particular phases as well as stratigraphic attribution of certain contexts. Such a revision inevitably leads us to suggest a new stratigraphic division and phasing of Lepenski Vir (see Table 2). This revised phasing largely keeps the old nomenclature of the excavator of Lepenski Vir. We would like to avoid confusions and complications in suggesting completely new labels for particular phases when there is no need for such a radical break from the original understanding of the site's stratigraphy. We are aware that the future dating of Lepenski Vir may affect certain elements of our conclusions and that the suggested changes thus remain tentative. Yet, at present, our conclusions are firmly grounded in the available data.
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Uspankulov, Bekjan, Kosimdjon Rakhmonov, and Mokhigul Abdurahimova. "Foreign experience and technologies in the formation of a state cadastral database of buildings and structures." E3S Web of Conferences 386 (2023): 05009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338605009.
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This article describes the scope of the cadastral system and relevant information technologies of France, Germany, Great Britain, and Sweden along with the possibilities of their application in the Republic of Uzbekistan.
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NAROVLIANSKIY, Oleksandr. "EDUCATIONAL TOURISM IN GREAT BRITAIN." Dnipro Academy of Continuing Education Herald. Series: Philosophy, Pedagogy, Vol. 2 No. 2 (2023) (December 29, 2023): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.54891/2786-7013-2023-2-17.
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The article is devoted to the organisation of educational excursions in the UK and their role in the educational process of secondary schools. The purpose is to analyze the existing experience of organising school trips and to identify opportunities for using this experience in modern education in Ukraine. The historical origins of educational excursions are identified. The results of surveys and other studies conducted in the UK to determine the attitude of teachers to excursions as an element of the educational process, as well as the problems that arise in their organisation, are highlighted. Current experience of conducting excursions in various subjects - history, geography, natural sciences, mathematics, social sciences, computer technology. The article identifies the most popular educational tourism sites in the UK and highlights the methods used to organise school tours (specially designed tours related to the school curriculum, master classes, workshops, etc.) It is noted that special educational and training centers have been set up at certain facilities to conduct training sessions. It is noted that in Britain, excursions to government facilities such as the Parliament, the Royal Palace, the residence of the head of government, and the court have become widespread. It is determined that most museums and other visitor attractions establish preferential conditions for receiving groups of schoolchildren or provide opportunities for free visits. The problems that hinder the development of educational tourism at the present stage of development, in particular, lack of funding, are identified. The role of charitable foundations in the development and support of school excursions and the directions of their activities are highlighted. The experience of involving business structures, in particular Hyundai, in supporting educational tourism is analyzed. The unique experience of parliamentary support for educational tourism through the development of special bills on outdoor education, which are at different stages of consideration by the parliaments of Great Britain, Scotland and Wales, is indicated. The elements of experience that can be used in domestic education are identified.
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Ebrahimi, Mohammad, and Sayed Mozaheb. "Examine the Possibility of Increasing the Size of Openings According to Seismic Behavior of Masonry Structures Isolated with Sliding Layer Compared with the Fixed Structures Under Naqan Earthquake." Current World Environment 10, Special-Issue1 (June 28, 2015): 01–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.10.special-issue1.01.
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Masonry buildings have a large share in the context of large and small towns, For example, in the city of Bam more than 90 percent of the buildings with brick and masonry structures, which are about 40% of the amount of masonry structures. According to reports, all masonry buildings are damaged in the earthquake of 20 to 100 percent. Research shows that the bulk of the damage to buildings caused by non-compliance with the provisions of the Building Regulations 2800, including the opening of the wall, the opening in the wall, resulting space restrictions, the wall of the building and etc. In this paper, a masonry structures under earthquake made great naqan modeling the structures in abaqus software in the form of macro, and the first to be connected and then a layer of sand sliding sought to separate the topside of the use and analyzed them. After this, the effect on the seismic behavior of the proposed system and create havoc in the corners of the openings are possible. Find answers to the two-state system; it is found that the proposed isolation system, while considerably reducing damage, the size of the openings can be considered more of a standard.
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Liu, Fei, Zhi Qiang Zhang, and Zi Fen Fang. "Wind Resistance Research and Wind Tunnel Test of Large-Span Roof Based on Yancheng Financial Center." Applied Mechanics and Materials 405-408 (September 2013): 1036–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.405-408.1036.
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A large number of buildings with large-span or complex-shape have come to the fore in recent years. To these structures, wind load tends to be control load in the structural design. Shape coefficient of wind load which Chinese load code for the design of building structures can provide is extremely limited due to complex-shape of long-span space structures, therefore carrying our related study is of great practical significance. Yancheng Financial Center model is established in this paper based on ETABS software. The acquired date in the use of wind tunnel test is to simulate wind load which is on the structure and to analysis stress distribution of critical element in order to ensure safety and applicability of structures. This paper mainly covers wind tunnel test, equivalent static wind load, and wind-induced response, etc.
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Lian, Wei, and Wang Sen. "Building Structural Design Innovation and Code Development." International Journal of Architecture, Arts and Applications 10, no. 1 (April 2, 2024): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaaa.20241001.12.
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In recent years, Some new structural systems and design difficulties of high-rise and super high-rise buildings were emerged in Shenzhen, such as forced displacement and non-forced displacement, story lateral stiffness calculation method, frame-core wall structures with partial perimeter frame beams missing, super high-rise structure with great height-width ratio, high-rise less shear walls in one direction structure, conjoined tower structures, high-rise structure with inclined column, mega structure with belt truss, rare earthquake design method etc. The emergence and solution of these problems reflect the innovation of the structural design of high-rise buildings. Meanwhile, Structural design has encountered many difficulties and new problems. The solutions to these problems sometimes conflict with the current Chinese code, or there are no relevant provisions in the Chinese code. The current Chinese code is the basis for designing of high-rise buildings, which is the crystallization of the wisdom of previous generations, but the emergence of various new types of building structures has brought about numerous difficulties in structural design. Therefore, during the design process, it is necessary to conduct research, innovation, supplementation, and development of the current code. In view of this situation, this paper combines the previous engineering practical experience and introduces some structural design points of complex super high-rise buildings located in Shenzhen. It is for designers' reference, which also provides content for the revision of the specification.
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Antonova, Lidia. "«Old London»: Reconstruction of a XVIIth Century Street at Exhibitions of the 1880s." Metamorphoses of history, no. 24 (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.37490/mh2022242.
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The article analyzes the experience of an original exhibition experiment – the reconstruction of XVII th century buildings at the sites of international exhibitions of the 1880s in London. The circumstances of the origin of the idea and implementation in South Kensington «Streets of Old London» are considered. It was an eclectic set of buildings that really existed in the British capital before the 1666 Great Fire and reproduced in almost original form in 1884. Based on exhibition documents, press publications and photographs, a description is given to the appearance of the «street» and its place within the expositions. Based on photographs and printed sources, a description of the buildings themselves is given: typical urban residential buildings, shops, churches, etc. It is concluded that this example illustrates the educational function of the thematic exhibitions in London, their close interweaving with the problems of the city's architecture, as well as the temporality and transiency of such structures. The last is a characteristic feature of the exhibition space.
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RYBAK, Olena, and Oleksandr RIABOSHAPKA. "Problems of financing reconstruction of buildings and constructions after the war in Ukraine." Economics. Finances. Law 11/3, no. - (November 30, 2022): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37634/efp.2022.11(3).5.
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The need for extensive reconstruction of buildings and structures will become one of the most important social problems after the war. Existing traditional financing mechanisms will not be able to solve it in the near future. Therefore, the issue of financing the reproduction of buildings and structures on the territory of Ukraine needs an immediate solution, taking into account all possibilities and modern trends in the development of the financial and public sectors. In view of the above, the study reveals the main trends in the development of the construction market during the crisis and during the war, and defines the main prospects and directions of development. Among them, the reproduction of buildings and structures after the war is recognized as key. Since the beginning of the military invasion, there has been a great need for major repairs of existing residential buildings. The indicated issue is critical for certain segments of the population and carries a certain social threat. Financing problems cannot be overcome at the expense of construction companies today. The construction market turned out to be quite sensitive to various crises and disasters. Currently, the market has low rates of profitability, which excludes capital investments with a long payback period. Therefore, there is a need to create an adapted financing mechanism for the reproduction of buildings and structures, which will allow balancing time gaps. It will create an opportunity to attract additional financing at the beginning of investments by construction companies of Ukraine. The following recommendations can be made to improve the efficiency of the repair policy: the introduction of population fees for capital repairs, budget financing of targeted programs for housing repair, sponsorship, use of crowdfunding and international and national fundraising platforms, joint investment institutes, credit unions, etc. The proposed approaches will make it possible to reproduce buildings and structures, and eliminate the acute social need of the population.
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Kokovkin, Ivan V., Pavel V. Gromyko, Alexey A. Bryksin, and Victor S. Seleznev. "POSSIBILITIES OF REMOTE MONITORING OF THE NOVOSIBIRSK HPP HYDRAULIC UNITS OPERATION ACCORDING TO SEISMOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS." Interexpo GEO-Siberia 2, no. 2 (May 21, 2021): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2021-2-2-81-89.
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Engineering buildings and structures are objects of increased responsibility. Under certain conditions, buildings and structures are subjects to negative impacts caused by various environmental factors (activation of faults, earthquakes, erosion, freezing, etc.) and technological factors. During operation, it is necessary to control the technical condition of the object and the existing dynamic effects, possibly danger, for the structure and for its parts. The basis for the development of the control method is the results of research devoted to the study of the dynamic effects arising in the dams and the structures hydroelectric power station. This paper shows the results of the analysis of the obtained seismic materials from seismic stations near the Novosibirsk hydroelectric power station and at a distance of about 16 km from it. From the recorded seismic vibrations, signals were identified, the sources of which are the technogenic effects of the operating equipment of the Novosibirsk hydroelectric power station. The possibility of tracking changes in operating modes of hydraulic units at a great distance from the object itself is shown. Shown is the transformation of the received signal by the noise subtraction method to improve the signal-to-noise ratio.
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DIDENKO, L. M., H. О. KLYMENKO, A. S. BAHLAI, and N. I. LEBEDEVA-CHASHCHYHINA. "ON THE QUESTION OF LABOR SAFETY IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF MODERN HOUSES ON WATER." Ukrainian Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, no. 1 (June 24, 2021): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.30838/j.bpsacea.2312.230221.58.718.
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Problem statement. Architecture near rivers and other bodies of water reflects the artistic and stylistic features of cities. Modern surface architecture has been devided in two large groups and includes a large number of typological units. The first group is large hydraulic structures (canals, dams, locks, bridges). The second group are the buildings and structures with social and housing functions. Despite the different purposes, the objects of this group have a common structural scheme, which is represented by two components: a floating base and a superstructure [1]. Today buildings on water are very popular all over the world. The main reasons for this are overpopulation of the territory, high taxes on land and others. Such buildings are popular in Germany, the Netherlands, Great Britain, the United States of America, Venice, France, India, the Czech Republic and others. In Ukraine, the construction of buildings on water is promising and may become popular for the following reasons: rather short term of order implementation; long service life (up to 50 years); a large number of mooring places; closeness to nature; privacy of rest and others [2]. Due to the fact that the process of erecting buildings on water is quite complicated and covers several branches of production at once, consideration of the issue of ensuring safe working conditions is relevant and necessary. Also, this issue has its own specifics associated with the selection of workers and ensuring safety when working on water. Purpose of the article is an analysis of the state of safety and organization of safe working conditions during the erection of modern buildings on the water. Conclusions. 1. Fatal injury rates in the construction industry have consistently exceeded those in the mechanical engineering industry in recent years. At the same time, the indicators of fatal injuries in recent years have a tendency to increase and constancy in both industries. 2. The percentage of the main causes of occupational accidents is almost constant. The influence of the main hazardous production factors associated with the construction of buildings on water, for the most part, leads to the occurrence of accidents. 3. Drawing up recommendations for the safe implementation of consistently all stages of the construction of buildings on water is an important issue of our time, since such construction has great development prospects in our country.
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Nguyễn, Đại Minh. "Một số tiêu chuẩn trong và ngoài nước về thiết kế kết cấu bê tông cốt thép đã và đang sử dụng ở Việt Nam." Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology 2023, vi.vol3 (October 2023): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.59382/j-ibst.2023.vi.vol3-09.
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In recent 65 years, Vietnamese construction industry have had great achievements and outstanding developments. Many high-rise buildings and super structures have been built and put into operations, serving well the demands of people and society. Most of buildings were made by concrete, and designed based on the Vietnamese or the foreign standards (e.g. the US, the European or the Chinese codes etc.). Studying and comparing of these standards can possibly provide good understanding for the designers regarding to the legality, the scientific basis and the practicality of the codes (especially for those international codes, due to not being familiar to the Vietnamese engineers). In addition, it may help the engineers to choose the standard in the design when needed. This can also be good experiences for the revision or preparations of the Vietnam design standards later in the future.
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Romero-Jarén, R., J. J. Arranz, L. Navas-Sánchez, E. Erduran, S. Martínez-Cuevas, and B. Benito. "AUTOMATIC SEGMENTATION OF POINT CLOUDS IN THE ARCHITECTURE ENVIRONMENT." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B2-2021 (June 28, 2021): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b2-2021-215-2021.
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Abstract. Correct and reliable identification and classification of different structures and infrastructures that make up a city (e.g. residential buildings, school buildings, hospitals, power stations, routes of communication, etc.) are of great importance for the AEC/FM (Architecture, Engineering, Construction, and Facilities Management) domain and for seismic risk assessments, among others. For decades, the method of collecting buildings information has been through field campaigns. This practice requires significant resources in terms of qualified engineers or architects to identify the geometry of the different elements that constitute the structure, building materials and construction processes. Nowadays, there are different geospatial techniques that allow data acquisition on a massive scale in a short period of time. In particular, by means of laser measurements, it is possible to have clouds of millions of points with geometric and radiometric information in a matter of seconds. In this article, we present ABM-indoor, a LIDAR-based approach that automatically provides a three-dimensional models of buildings in vector format. Models include floors, ceilings, walls (up to five dominant directions), columns, elements located on floors and elements hanging from ceilings. Efforts are underway to transfer this model to a Building Information Model (BIM).
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Reznik, Petro, Mohamd Almohamad, and Vladyslav Tenesesku. "ANALYSIS OF CONSTRUCTIVE SOLUTIONS OF THE EXISTING BUILDINGS OF THE HOUSING FUND OF THE KHARKIV CITY ON THE SUBJECT OF THEIR PERFORMANCE AS A CONSEQUENCE OF THE INFLUENCE OF COMBAT ACTIONS." Collection of Scientific Works of the Ukrainian State University of Railway Transport, no. 201 (September 30, 2022): 41–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18664/1994-7852.201.2022.267755.
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The article examines the main structural solutions of existing residential buildings inthe city of Kharkiv and analyzes their working capacity from the point of view of resistance toexplosive effects and, as a result, progressive collapse. It is known that progressive collapse ischaracteristic of extreme (emergency) cases, when due to destruction of a responsible element of thestructure as a result of a gas explosion, ammunition bursts, climatic cataclysms, transport collapses,etc a part of the building or the entire structure collapses. It is noted that every year, the interest ofthe world scientific community in the issues of progressive collapse is growing, because,unfortunately, the number of cases of avalanche-like collapse of buildings of various types isincreasing. This was facilitated by already known cases of collapses of various objects, such as theRonan Point residential building (Great Britain) in 1968 or the buildings of the World Trade Center(USA) in 2011, or the very recent case of the collapse of a residential building in Surfside (USA) in2021. At the same time, it is noted that domestic regulations do not yet specify the methodology forcalculating buildings before progressive collapse, and the existing methods of experimental andnumerical analysis still need to be refined. Unfortunately, the list of such objects is increasing, andtoday, Ukraine has added to it numerous destroyed buildings as a result of ongoing hostilities on itsterritory. Therefore, for our country in the current conditions, the issue of ensuring the future stability of all buildings, and in particular, the housing stock against progressive collapse, is an urgent issue.On the basis of the analysis of the constructive solutions of the housing development in the city ofKharkiv, the type of buildings that, according to the authors of the article, has the greatest resource,is singled out, and brief recommendations are given for its increase in the future.
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Tanpure, Durga Bhagawat. "Review of Structural Health Monitoring by using Sensors Technology." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 6 (June 30, 2023): 1457–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.52883.
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Abstract: The rapid technical development of technology in the fields of sensors, data acquisition and communication, signal analysis and data processing has prepared SHM with great benefits. SHM often provides reliable data on the real conditions of a structure. Bridges, wind farms, nuclear power plants, geotechnical structures, historical buildings and monuments, dams, offshore platforms, pipelines, ocean structures, airplanes, turbine blades etc. may be objects for monitoring, just to mention some. The monitoring can be periodic or continuous, short-term or long term, local or global and the monitoring system can consist of a few sensors up to hundreds or even thousands of them depending on the demands of the monitoring object. As the area of the subject is numerous, this thesis principally brings up and discusses the subject from a civil engineering point of view. Cracking concrete, collapsing and deteriorating constructions are a not only phenomena that occurs in old structures.
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Romanenko, S. M., and Y. P. Andriievska. "TECHNICAL INSPECTION OF THE STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE STRUCTURE OF FRAMES WITH COLD-ROLLED THIN-WALLED PROFILES." Modern structures of metal and wood, no. 25 (August 2021): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31650/2707-3068-2021-25-119-129.
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Cold rolled steel structures have been known since the mid-19th century in the United States and Great Britain. Despite the advances in the development of cold-rolled structures, the level of their use was lower than that of hot-rolled structures. A significant factor that influenced this imbalance in application was the fact that there were no regulations. Into different countries of the world have their own national regulations for the calculation of cold-rolled steel structures, which have many controversies. In the European group includes the norms of the countries of the European Union, Great Britain, Hong Kong, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan; American group - the United States of America, Canada, Mexico, Australia, New Zealand, Brazil, Chile, Egypt. The regulations of such large countries as China, India and Russia have their own characteristics. The article presents the results of a technical survey of the load-bearing structures of the canopy. The survey was carried out to determine the bearing capacity of the roof load-bearing structures in relation to the location of the solar panels on the roof of the building. The construction of buildings and their structural parts from light steel thin-walled structures (profiles) is carried out in the form of light frames, the frames of which are successively connected into spatial systems. A new lightweight roof covering made of profiled sheet and a frame structure made of cold-rolled P-profile and C-profile elements for roofing and installation of solar panels are proposed. Such a coating is the most industrialized, easily and quickly erected. The analysis of constructive options for the effective placement of the profile of cold-rolled elements and joints of the frame and reinforced concrete run of the coating is carried out. The design of the frame was carried out in the software package " Лира САПР 2013" . The results of the work carried out served to draw up recommendations for restoring the properties of the load-bearing structures of the canopy, the development of design estimates and implementations into construction practice during the reconstruction of the canopy.
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Jingjing, Yu. "Research on seismic technology of civil engineering structure based on GIS system." E3S Web of Conferences 283 (2021): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128301005.
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The development and application of seismic technology in civil engineering structures is of great significance to extend the service life of buildings and improve the overall quality of buildings, so it is necessary to further strengthen the research on it. Geographic Information System (GIS) is a new subject integrating computer science, informatics, geography and other sciences. Because of its rapid and convenient management of massive data, GIS has been widely used in the fields of resource development, environmental protection, urban planning and construction, disaster monitoring and evaluation, etc. GIS is used to manage and analyze the data, and the damage detection module in the system is used to realize the structural damage identification. And use that special thematic analysis function of GIS to display the data on the map in the form of statistical graph, so that users can find the damage position more directly and clearly.
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Few, Jessica, Despina Manouseli, Eoghan McKenna, Martin Pullinger, Ellen Zapata-Webborn, Simon Elam, David Shipworth, and Tadj Oreszczyn. "The over-prediction of energy use by EPCs in Great Britain: A comparison of EPC-modelled and metered primary energy use intensity." Energy and Buildings 288 (June 2023): 113024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2023.113024.
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Falorca, Jorge Furtado, João P. N. D. Miraldes, and João Carlos Gonçalves Lanzinha. "New trends in visual inspection of buildings and structures: Study for the use of drones." Open Engineering 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 734–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2021-0071.
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Abstract Visual inspection is a very simple, non-destructive technique and usual in diagnosing buildings and structures’ conditions. It also plays an important role in the rapid assessment of constructive problems as well as in the definition of an appropriate way for eventual remedial interventions. However, the use of this methodology often meets difficulties, especially when places to be inspected are difficult to access; it involves security risks for inspectors or even when a reactive inspection of urgent nature becomes unfeasible due to the high costs and the necessary means involved. In this context, the introduction of new technologies, such as drones, can bring substantial benefits. Currently, great focus has been put on this type of device as an emerging technology in the construction industry. This article treats about a reflexion on the adaptability and versatility of using drones, within a framework for monitoring the condition of buildings’ envelope, just as for other kinds of structures (e.g. bridges, viaducts, dams, chimneys, etc.). The interest lies, for now, in devices with a multirotor configuration, integrating high-definition cameras for both photography and video. In order to verify these assumptions, several field tests are being performed, of which some examples are presented.
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Makunza, John. "Concrete Technology in a Rapidly Growing Urban Environment – The Case of Dar es Salaam City." Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology 41, no. 4 (December 31, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.52339/tjet.v41i4.869.
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Concrete is a building material that is used in great quantities second only to our use of water. The ingredient materials of concrete include cement, fine and coarse aggregates plus a reasonable amount of water, and sometimes additives. The construction of various structures like, residential buildings, commercial buildings, hospitals, schools, bridges, etc, needs good quality concrete. Good modern technologies are needed by the construction industry in order to effectively construct buildings which are durable. A study has been done with the main objective of assessing the concrete technologies existing in rapid growing cities in Sub-Sahara Africa like Dar es Salaam, and the challenges faced in attaining good quality constructions. The study was done through site visits, observations, sampling and testing. From the results, it has been found that traditional concrete technologies are still prevailing, while new technologies are starting to be adopted. Also there is a problem of conformance to the standards. It was therefore recommended that investment in Cement production industries is needed and that regulatory bodies must enforce builders to adhere to the standards in order to yield good quality constructions.
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Akhmedov, A. V. "Types of objects of the claim in cases of recognition of unauthorized construction." Law Нerald of Dagestan State University 41, no. 1 (2022): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.21779/2224-0241-2022-41-1-95-103.
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The question of the types of objects of unauthorized construction is of great importance for the arbitration process. The main purpose of the study is to correctly determine the object of the claim in cases of recognizing the building as unauthorized, which is the guarantee of a legal and well-grounded court decision. To achieve this goal, the views of scientists regarding the composition of real estate objects, which can be recognized as unauthorized buildings, have been studied. The current legislation, the legal positions of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Arbitration Court, expressed by it before its liquidation, and the practice of arbitration courts of the Russian Federation are analyzed. Research results: the concept of a building is disclosed, which is important for determining the object of the claim. Recognition of construction as real estate allowed real estate to be classified into traditional and non-traditional. Traditional objects that, under certain conditions, can be recognized as unauthorized constructions include buildings, structures, other structures, including objects of unfinished construction, non-traditional real estate objects that appeared as a result of the development of certain sectors of the economy, in particular linear objects, apartment buildings, artificial land plots, parking spaces, etc. Since all objects in respect of which claims for unauthorized construction can be filed relate to real estate, a proposal was made to amend Article 130 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, adding to the list of real estate objects, those types that are contained in part 7 of Art. 1 of the Registration Law 2015.
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Zhao, Ting Sheng, Li Ping Ding, Jing Jing Tang, Fu Quan Xu, and Dong Bing Li. "Safety Risk Management in the Reformation of Bracket Girder and Cut Column for an Existing Industrial Single-Storey Building." Advanced Materials Research 133-134 (October 2010): 815–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.133-134.815.
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The adaptability is important in the technological reformation of industrial building. Bracket girder and cut column (BGCC), are widely used to expand the space and to increase the inner working room of the buildings. Reformation of the exiting industrial building is limited to the continuous and non-stop working and (must be) in service and the reformation is required to be non-stop. Industrial buildings, especially the industrial single-storey workshops mostly belong to static determinate and low-order static indeterminate structures and many risks may be faced during the BGCC reformation under the complicated working conditions, such as variable structure risk, structural failure caused by overload, injuries of workers resulted from the unsafe construction, injuries of the production workers due to construction operation, etc. Research on the safety risk management of the industrial building BGCC reformation is of great significance for ensuring the technological transformation of industrial enterprises and controlling the risks from the reformation of adaptability of industrial buildings in China. Consequently, based on the approaches of risk identifying on work decomposition structure(WBS) and the questionnaire, the whole process design and construction management methods are proposed to control the risks in the reformation of the exiting industrial buildings, and the total management of construction process can be used to reduce injury risks of engineering staffs. In this paper, the technological key points of the whole process design control and construction management are discussed in details based on examples of BGCC reformation of exiting industrial single-storey buildings and the corresponding injury risk management methods are suggested.
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Krstic, Hristina, Veliborka Bogdanovic, Miomir Vasov, Ivana Bogdanovic-Protic, and Sanja Spasic-Djordjevic. "Buried buildings as an example of architecture that strives to be energy efficient." Facta universitatis - series: Architecture and Civil Engineering 15, no. 3 (2017): 403–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuace160921031k.
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This paper studies the concept of underground architecture in residential houses. The earth (soil) is an element that has some very good features that can be used in order to create a building that is more energy efficient. The most important feature is its good insulation capacity and thermal inertia, which results with constant temperature. By making the home underground, many advantages can be achieved - the land used for the construction is not destroyed and taken away from the nature (the greenery is saved), energy consumption is decreased, the building is more protected from outer influences (storm, vibrations, noise, rain, snow, frost...) etc. The underground houses - earth sheltered houses - represent the passive architecture that can be combined with solar architecture. In this way, earth sheltered houses can be in a great manner energy independent and even considered as self-sustainable structures. The aim of this paper is to find out advantages and possible disadvantages of this type of constructions, through the analysis of few constructed buildings, all with the additional aim to promote the integration of natural conditions that can be found at the location in a design of residential architecture.
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Rao, Ar Nitika Ranjan, and Ar Saurabh Saxena. "Comparative Analysis of Traditional and Contemporary Architecture in Context to Sustainable Characteristics and its Construction Techniques: A Case of Kumaon Region." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 6 (June 30, 2023): 3204–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.54295.
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Abstract: This research focuses on the study of traditional architecture of Kumaon, and how it has changed over the period of time. Kumaon region in Uttarakhand shows great examples of traditional architecture which has proven to be the best earthresistant structures. The concept of science and earthquake-resistant structures were beyond the thought process of the people of that time. These traditional structures were cost effective, energy-efficient, provide thermal comfort for the longer period of day. The buildings of that time were locally constructed by the skilled person of the community using conventional materials like stone, mud, timber slates etc. With rapid urbanization, the need for rapid development has increased, transportation has improved, and the need for high rise structures has encouraged the use of modern materials such as concrete. However, society continues to demand better services, faster and easier construction to meet the needs of residents, resulting in serious damage to the fragile environment in and around settlements. To minimize the environmental impact of damage caused by modern technology, the use of indigenous practices needs to be revived. This research comprises of the comparison of traditional architectural style “Koti banal” which is rarely being used in many northern parts of Uttarakhand and current construction technique which is affecting the natural terrain of Kumaon resulting in natural calamities like landslide, soil erosion etc. The vernacular practices and patterns followed in conventional hill settlements have splendid capability to emerge as the premise for brand new improvement and system of suitable constructing policies for hill settlements.
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Wadde, Abhishek, and Dr Uttam Awari. "Wind Analysis of RCC Tube in Tube Structure Using ETABS Software." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 12 (December 31, 2022): 2322–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.48468.
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Abstract: The advancement in construction field is increased day by day. The numbers of buildings, height of building is increased. The effect of lateral load is increased with respect to the increase of height. Advance construction methods and structural systems are to be introduced to enhance the structural safety. There are different types of structural systems which are to be used to resist the effect of lateral loads on the buildings. tube, bundled tube, tube in tube, and tube mega frame structures tubular structures. A tube-in-tube structure Comprises of a peripheral framed tube and a core tube interconnected by floor slabs. The frame tube structure takes more of lateral load the efficiency of this system is derived from the great number of rigid joints acting along the periphery, creating a large tube. In which the horizontal slabs and beams connecting vertical elements are assumed as continuous connecting medium having Equivalent distributed stiffness properties. The tube-in-tube structure with central tube provides stability against lateral loading as well as gravity loading. The Static analysis is use for analysis of tubular structures and the output of the models are evaluate to have a comparative study of their wind performance in different terrain, Also, this system provides enough opening for stairways, elevators and ducts etc. It is suitable for high rise structure. The use of tube-in-tube structure allows speedy construction. It is suitable for RCC, constructions. This study is focused on wind behavior of tube in tube structure for varying terrain category in India for the parameters like wind displacement, story drift, and time period.
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Ivushkina, T. A. "KING'S ENGLISH AND THE ARISTOCRATIC CODE OF COMMUNICATION IN MODERN BRITAIN." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 3(36) (June 28, 2014): 246–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-3-36-246-251.
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All inaccuracies and distortions of the language use in modern British media, revealed by Simon Heffer in his book «Strictly English», enable the author of the article to draw a distinct demarcation line between King's English, the English of the press, on the one hand, and the English of the upper classes of Great Britain, on the other. The errors in the press, such as confusion of words similar in a sound form or spelling, the use of foreign words in the wrong meanings, distortions of names, etc. testify to the deterioration of education at some universities of Great Britain. They also point to the lack of a classical education based on the study of foreign languages, Greek and Latin, in the first place, which facilitates learning foreign words and mastering complicated grammar structures and subtleties of modality in the English language. The language of the press is clearly opposed to the language of the upper classes by methods of communication. If the former is characterized by direct and straightforward ways of communication, the latter manifests indirect and hidden ways of interaction. Cultivated by the upper classes and the aristocracy, this code is based on the categories of words which originate ambiguity in speech or texts and raise the eternal question «What is meant by this or that? ». In journalism these categories of words are labeled as «killers» of meaning. They include foreign words which considerably obscure understanding, abstract nouns that serve to create distance and insincerity in communication, adjectives which very often veil the real state of things, serve as a means of linguistic manipulation, especially when used to describe emotions, opinions and feelings. Here, also, belong euphemism and metaphorical meanings of nouns and verbs. The author concludes that, despite stringent prohibition for journalists to use these categories of words in the media, journalists and professional writers would only benefit if they were aware of them as well as of social connotations of words marked as U - non-U words in the book «Noblesse Oblige» by Alan Ross, Evelyn Waugh and Nancy Mitford. Heffer's book allows to clearly see the demarcation line between the English of the media and the English of the upper classes of Great Britain based on play upon words and various implications to express individuality and sense of humour, intellect and social exclusiveness.
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Shumak, Ljudmila. "ENGINEERING LABOUR MARKET IN CONSTRUCTION IN UKRAINE AND ABROAD." Three Seas Economic Journal 1, no. 4 (December 28, 2020): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2661-5150/2020-4-23.
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The purpose of the article is to analyse the engineering labour market on the example of the profession of design engineer in modern conditions of the construction market in Ukraine and abroad. It is also necessary to study the formation of the integrated view of the structure, state and dynamics of the labour market in design enterprises; qualification requirements for engineers; compliance of the vocational education system with these requirements. Design is a type of labour activity in construction as a branch of professional activity. The article contains statistical indicators of wages that characterize the profession of design engineer, and innovative activities of design enterprises. The indicator of the level of innovative development of design enterprises is the quality of products (projects). One of the main characteristics of design is the price of the product. It includes the Customer’s assessment of all other design properties. Pricing issues have been and continue to be one of the guiding problems of the country’s construction industry, including design and the salaries of design engineers. Methodology. The design market in Ukraine has a situation that reflects the overall state of the construction industry. The development of this type of business and its participants is differently influenced by many factors. Project market participants in Ukraine can be classified: by the form of ownership – state departmental institutions and commercial structures; by the volume of work – design enterprises and design institutes that act as general designers, who mainly perform all stages of the project. Architectural workshops, mainly specializing in the stages of “sketch project” and “project”; design departments at the construction and assembly organizations performing stages “working design”, “working documentation”, separate sections of projects or only detailing for production. There were about 70 design enterprises and about 200 architectural workshops in Kyiv in 2016, according to the Association of Design Enterprises. The potential of Ukraine as a “technical” state, that is able to solve complex problems and generate complex solutions and products with high added value, is due to the potential of the educational field of technical direction. Accordingly, in 2016 in Ukraine, the relative number of graduates of technical specialties was 2 times more than in the UK or Poland, namely, in European countries, thousands of people: Ukraine – 130; France – 105; Germany – 93; Turkey – 75; Great Britain – 71; Poland – 66; Spain – 56; Italy – 48; Romania – 39. In 2015-2016, training in the fields of construction specialties in Ukraine was carried out by 49 higher education institutions. Today, one of the shortcomings of education is the lack of modern curricula; technical fields are getting excessively humanitarian and detachment from practice, in particular, the application of European standards. Some Western academic subjects are not taught in Ukrainian universities at all, which reduces the competitiveness of graduates. Certification of responsible executors of design works in construction in 2012 was a significant step towards the liberalization of the market of design services. The responsibility of engineers was personified and strengthened, but at the same time their object and financial possibilities were increased. As of December 2015, more than 22,000 design engineers have been certified in Ukraine. It can be stated that for the period 2016-2019, a fairly developed market of design services has been formed in Ukraine. Its key features are the attraction to large cities, diversification by specialties and grounds on the existing, including the Soviet, experience, as well as concentration and duplication of functions, in particular, design institutes by the commercial sector, etc. Significant potential is due to intellectual capacity, diversity of tasks and the accumulated practice of Ukrainian designers, which provides certain advantages in the international market of design services. Today, the customer is moving away from design technologies, which means that the designer’s work must be built in such a way that the customer understands the need for investment at the design stage of the facility, taking into account further operation. The lack of design and the need to revise salaries affects the value of real estate. The lack of engineers affects the organization of construction and the market as a whole. Increasing the salaries of design engineers, creating more favourable working conditions lead to an increase in the cost of construction work from 9 to 15%. Understanding the difficulties faced by the design industry, it is logical to think about the ways to overcome them in the near future. Conclusion. Nowadays, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the analysis of the engineering labour market in construction allows to understand the innovative activity of the project enterprise and to mark the course of further development of the market of design services in Ukraine. Reducing unhealthy competition among designers is possible due to new approaches to work aimed at optimizing and improving the performance of design companies. Stories of design engineers having to leave their favourite profession to make a living are a thing of the past. Now it is a prestigious and profitable speciality. To be relevant in the profession, you must, first of all, learn foreign languages, read technical literature in English. Self-education, i.e. the ability to independently search and analyse information, to develop oneself as a specialist, is of great importance. High erudition is a quality possessed by the Soviet-era engineers and often lacking in many modern design engineers. At the same time, it is of great importance because the building is a single organism, and the design engineer must understand not only construction, but also related fields. The main feature that distinguishes a design engineer is a certain mindset. And the work must be highly paid for this. Considering the issue of the engineering labour market in Ukraine, it is safe to say that there are temporary professions that are in vogue, and there are those that will always be in demand, and the profession of design engineer is one of them.
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Chen, Cong, Hua-Ping Wang, Jie Ma, and Maihemuti Wusiman. "Dynamic Feature Identification of Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Laminates Based on Fiber Bragg Grating Sensing Technology." Buildings 13, no. 9 (September 8, 2023): 2292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13092292.
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Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites have many advantages, and have been widely used in aerospace structures, buildings, bridges, etc. The analysis of dynamic response characteristics of CFRP composite structures is of great significance for promoting the development of smart composite structures. For this reason, vibration experiments of CFRP laminates with surface-attached fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors under various dynamic loading conditions were carried out. Time- and frequency-domain analyses were conducted on the FBG testing signals to check the dynamic characteristics of the CFRP structure and the sensing performance of the installed sensors. The results show that the FBG sensors attached to the surface of the CFRP laminates can accurately measure the dynamic response and determine the excited position of the CFRP laminates, as well as invert the strain distribution of the CFRP laminates through the FBG sensors at different positions. By performing Fourier transform, short-time Fourier transform, and frequency domain decomposition (FDD) on the FBG sensing signals, the time–frequency information and the first eight modal frequencies of the excited CFRP structure can be obtained. The modal frequencies obtained by different excitation types are similar, which can be used for structural damage identification. The research in this paper clarifies the effectiveness and accuracy of FBG sensors in sensing the dynamic characteristics of CFRP structures, which can be used for performance evaluation of CFRP structures and will effectively promote the design and development of intelligent composite material structures.
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CREANGA, Emil, and Maria DUDA. "Sustainable urban structures to challenge climate change." Journal of Economic Development, Environment and People 1, no. 2 (July 21, 2012): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.26458/jedep.v1i2.11.
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Public spaces within the city in all their form of different types - streets, boulevards, squares, plazas, market places, green areas - are the backbone of cities. Over the centuries buildings defined the shape and quality of public spaces, valorising them in various ways. The post-modern development of urban form generated a great number of “urban spaces”, where there is no longer correspondence between architectural forms and social and political messages: shopping malls and theme parks, inner public spaces, strip developments etc. Urban sprawl accompanied by loss of agricultural/rural land and its impact on the environment are serious concerns for most cities over Europe. To strike the right balance between inner city regeneration, under-use of urban land in the old abandoned sites and the ecological benefits that accompany the new private business initiatives in suburban areas, is one of the major challenges confronting cities in Europe. The paper will analyze the complex relations between architecture and public space, in an attempt to understand how traditional urban structures, public and green spaces, squares and streets, could provide orientation for quality-oriented regeneration. Case in point is Bucharest - capital city of Romania - where aggressive intervention in the urban structure during the 1980s disrupted the fabric of the city. The investigation is oriented towards fundamental questions such as: how to secure and preserve sites that serve as initial points in upgrading processes, how to balance private investment criteria and the quality interests of the urban communities.The major aim is to provide a support for decision making in restoring the fundamental role of public urban space in shaping urban form and supporting community life.
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Bogdanov, V. N., and G. B. Dugarova. "Geoinformation mapping of the Irkutsk city suburbanization." Geodesy and Cartography 970, no. 4 (May 20, 2021): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2021-970-4-18-23.
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The research is devoted to the process of suburbanization on the example the Irkutsk city agglomeration. The suburbanization is one of the stages of agglomeration development. Mapping and geoinformation methods are particularly important in the our study. They provide extensive opportunities for complex operational mapping and analysis of the suburbanization, in determining its current boundaries and development directions in the Irkutsk agglomeration. We have created a series of maps showing various aspects of the study area (population change, transport accessibility, development dynamics of buildings, air pollution, soil contamination, maps of accessibility of socio-economic infrastructure, etc.). Many of them are not presented in the article due to limited volume. As a result of the study, the specifics of the development of the Irkutsk suburb were noted and the main factors of its development were determined. Transport accessibility is one of the main factors in the formation of a network of suburban settlements. This research has a great scientific and practical significance for science and management structures.
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Beck, Anthony, Gavin Long, Doreen S. Boyd, Julian F. Rosser, Jeremy Morley, Richard Duffield, Mike Sanderson, and Darren Robinson. "Automated classification metrics for energy modelling of residential buildings in the UK with open algorithms." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 47, no. 1 (March 22, 2018): 45–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399808318762436.
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Estimating residential building energy use across large spatial extents is vital for identifying and testing effective strategies to reduce carbon emissions and improve urban sustainability. This task is underpinned by the availability of accurate models of building stock from which appropriate parameters may be extracted. For example, the form of a building, such as whether it is detached, semi-detached, terraced etc. and its shape may be used as part of a typology for defining its likely energy use. When these details are combined with information on building construction materials or glazing ratio, it can be used to infer the heat transfer characteristics of different properties. However, these data are not readily available for energy modelling or urban simulation. Although this is not a problem when the geographic scope corresponds to a small area and can be hand-collected, such manual approaches cannot be easily applied at the city or national scale. In this article, we demonstrate an approach that can automatically extract this information at the city scale using off-the-shelf products supplied by a National Mapping Agency. We present two novel techniques to create this knowledge directly from input geometry. The first technique is used to identify built form based upon the physical relationships between buildings. The second technique is used to determine a more refined internal/external wall measurement and ratio. The second technique has greater metric accuracy and can also be used to address problems identified in extracting the built form. A case study is presented for the City of Nottingham in the United Kingdom using two data products provided by the Ordnance Survey of Great Britain: MasterMap and AddressBase. This is followed by a discussion of a new categorisation approach for housing form for urban energy assessment.
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Agapov, Vladimir P., and Alexey S. Markovich. "Dynamic method for determining critical loads in the PRINS computer program." Structural Mechanics of Engineering Constructions and Buildings 16, no. 5 (December 15, 2020): 380–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/1815-5235-2020-16-5-380-389.
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Relevance. Buckling analysis is important in the design of buildings and structures. It is used in various fields of engineering - mechanical engineering, aircraft and shipbuilding, civil engineering, etc. Until the second half of the twentieth century, mainly analytical methods of buckling were applied in practice. With the appearance of computers, numerical methods, in particular, the finite element analysis, began to prevail. Buckling analysis was implemented in programs of finite element analysis, such as NASTRAN, ANSYS, ABAQUS, ADAMS, DIANA, and others. In view of great responsibility, buckling analysis of structure should be carried out using at least two different programs. However, due to the high cost of software products, not all project organizations are able to have a number of programs. An alternative is to develop programs that can complete buckling analysis using several methods. This would increase the reliability and quality of calculation results. The PRINS computer program has opportunity for buckling analysis using two methods - static and dynamic. The aims of the work - to show the theoretical aspects and practical implementation of the dynamic principle of buckling analysis in buildings and structures using finite element method, as well as to give the algorithm implemented in the PRINS program and the results of verification calculations confirming its reliability. Results. The algorithm presented in this article and implemented in the PRINS computer program allows to determine critical loads using a dynamic buckling criterion. On the basis of numerous verification calculations, it was established that the implemented algorithm was effective for determining critical loads in frame, thin-walled and ribbed plate structures. The use of the PRINS computer program enables to use an alternative method for determining critical loads for a wide class of engineering problems in addition to the classical (static) method.
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Medved, I., M. Biloshytskiy, R. Maiboroda, E. Shcholoko, and V. Tryhub. ""SEARCH FOR SOLUTIONS" IN THE PROBLEMS OF CALCULATION OF BUILDING STRUCTURES." Mechanics And Mathematical Methods 4, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31650/2618-0650-2022-4-2-75-82.
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Building structures are very diverse in their purpose and application. The reliability and safety of their operation depends on many factors: geometric dimensions, materials used, acting external loads and their combinations, etc. All these parameters determine the internal forces, stresses and strains that arise in structures, which determine their strength, rigidity and stability. In order to ensure the strength, rigidity and stability of buildings and their structural elements, appropriate calculations are performed. In the field of the theory of calculation of building structures, there is a constant refinement of the actual work of these structures, i.e. such design schemes are created that most accurately correspond to the actual operating conditions. The more optimally the design scheme is drawn up, the less time-consuming will be the stages of calculation and design of the corresponding structure. Therefore, the solution of the problem of optimization of design schemes is of great scientific and practical importance. One of the existing approaches to finding optimal solutions is discussed in the course "Operations Research". Operations Research deals with the development and application of methods for finding optimal solutions based on mathematical modeling. The operation model is an analytical dependence of the objective function on dependent (controlled) variables, which, within certain limits, we can choose at our discretion and set the range of their change. Solver is a Microsoft Excel add-in that can be used in Structural Analysis problems. With its help, you can find the optimal value (maximum or minimum) of the formula contained in one cell, called the target, taking into account restrictions on variable values in other cells. Simply put, with the Solver add-in, you can determine the maximum or minimum value of one cell by changing other cells. Most often, the add-on "Search for a solution" is used in solving optimization problems of the economy (simplex method, transport problem, etc. There are practically no results of using this approach in the calculations of building structures.
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Ratushnyak, Georgiy S., and Volodymyr V. Pankevych. "IDENTIFICATION OF FACTORS THAT DETERMINE THE SAFETY OF WINDOWS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF A BLAST WAVE." Modern technology, materials and design in construction 35, no. 2 (December 29, 2023): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31649/2311-1429-2023-2-42-48.
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The article is devoted to the definition and identification of the main factors that determine the safety of residential windows with regard to the blast wave. The author analyzes the regulatory framework that defines the requirements for the safety of window structures in the design of residential buildings. It has been determined that the building codes of Ukraine regulate and standardize two aspects of window safety: protection against intrusion by unauthorized persons and protection against people falling out of residential buildings. The issue of window safety in the event of a blast wave is not currently defined in the regulatory framework. The article considers modern approaches and methods of researching the resistance of windows to blast waves, which are currently represented by the works of scientists from Germany, Great Britain, China, and Ukraine. The location and most possible failure modes of a simple window are determined. The paper analyzes the performance of different types of glass under blast wave action and demonstrates the failure mode of laminated tempered glass. Ways to improve the safety of window structures during a blast wave are presented. Based on the analysis, the factors that affect the safety of windows, in particular when exposed to blast waves, are identified. The factors affecting the safety of windows under the influence of blast waves are divided into four groups. The first group of factors is the area of glass areas of the window. The second group of factors is the stability of the glass unit, which is determined by the type and thickness of the glass, its strength, and the number of glass sheets in the package. The third group of factors is determined by the total area of the window and the quality of its fixing. The fourth group of factors is determined by the location of the building and its proximity to important infrastructure facilities and objects of strategic importance. The necessity of developing a methodology for selecting windows with rational glazing parameters and developing an indicator of the protection of the population in residential buildings from secondary explosion factors is determined.
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Сокирська, Владилена. ""THE BRITISH CONSENSUS": WAYS AND METHODS OF TRANSFORMATION OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE." КОНСЕНСУС, no. 4 (2022): 49–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31110/consensus/2022-04/049-064.
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The article analyzes the main stages of the transformation of the British colonial administration, the process of transforming the system of relations between Great Britain and dependent countries that were part of the British Empire into the Commonwealth of Nations. The purpose of the research is to study the process of transformation of the British Empire, the formation of the Commonwealth of Nations and the role of official London in its formation and development. The methodological basis of the research are the principles of objectivity, historicism and systematicity with the application of general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, generalization of logical and historical aspects, the study of phenomena in concrete-historical conditions, the transition from the concrete to the abstract and from the abstract to the concrete with the use of general scientific methods. The scientific novelty of the publication consists in a comprehensive analysis of the process of transformation of the British Empire into the Commonwealth of Nations, which convinces of the advantages of the peaceful transformation of multinational state entities over their spontaneous disintegration. Conclusions. A balanced and reasoned approach to the peculiarities of the state-territorial system in combination with stable traditions of democracy in the metropolis contributed to ensuring the asymmetry of the British imperial political body. Even at the end of the 19th century. at the first colonial and imperial conferences, the concept of the formation of all-imperial management structures - a common parliament, a common government, a common army, etc. was rejected. It was the lack of unification and asymmetry that formed the basis of the evolutionary processes that contributed to Great Britain in the 20th century to carry out the gradual formation of the "British Consensus" or "soft association" model.
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FEDOROVA, N. V., and S. YU SAVIN. "PROGRESSIVE COLLAPSE RESISTANCE OF FACILITIES EXPERIENCED TO LOCALIZED STRUCTURAL DAMAGE - AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW." Building and reconstruction 95, no. 3 (2021): 76–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.33979/2073-7416-2021-95-3-76-108.
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During the entire life cycle, the facilities are experienced to force and environmental actions of various nature and intensity. In some cases, such influences can lead to a loss of the bearing capacity of the structural elements of a building, which in turn can lead to a disproportionate failure of the entire structural system. Such phenomenon was called progressive collapse. Major accidents at facilities, such as the collapse of a section of the Ronan Point high-rise residential building (London, 1968), the Sampoong department store (Seoul, 1995), the Transvaal Park pavement (Moscow, 2004), the World Trade Center (New York, 2011) and others, clearly demonstrated the urgency of this problem. In this regard, the regulatory documents of the USA, Great Britain, EU, China, Australia, Russia and other countries established requirements for the need to calculate structural systems of buildings for resist to progressive collapse after sudden localized structural damage. However, the steady increase in the number of new publications on the problem of progressive collapse observed in the world scientific literature indicates that the results of such studies do not yet provide exhaustive answers to all questions related to this phenomenon. In this regard, the proposed review article is aimed at systematizing, generalizing and analyzing new research results on resistance to progressive collapse of facilities, identifying new trends and proposing new research directions and tasks to improve the level of structural safety of design solutions for buildings and structures. In order to achieve this goal, the following aspects were considered: the nature of the impacts leading to progressive collapse; features of modeling the progressive collapse of structural systems of buildings and structures; mechanisms of resistance to progressive collapse and criteria for evaluation of a progressive collapse resistance. Particular attention in the scientific review is paid to the analysis of works related to a new direction of research in the area under consideration, associated with the assessment of the bearing capacity of eccentrically compressed elements of structural systems, the effect on their resistance to progressive collapse of the parameters of the loading mode, degradation of material properties and the topology of the structural system. The significance of the proposed scientific review is that, along with the well-known and new results presented in the English-language scientific literature, it summarizes and analyzes the original approaches, methods and research results published in Russian-language scientific publications, primarily included in the RSCI Web of Science.
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Shinde Sanket and Vaibhav Shelar. "Behavior of Flood Resistant Building and Ductile Detailing of G +7 RC Building Using IS 13920-2016." World Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology and Sciences 9, no. 1 (June 30, 2023): 182–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjaets.2023.9.1.0158.
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Floods are one of the most widespread and destructive natural disasters occurring in the world and with the increase in constructions along river courses and concentration of population around floodplain areas, flood-induced damages have been continuously increasing. The annual disaster record reveals that flood occurrence increased about ten folds over the past five decades. Thus, floods are posing a great threat and challenge to planers, design engineers, insurance industries, policymakers, and to the governments. Structural and non-structural measures can be used to deal with floods. Structural measures include a set of works aiming to reduce one or more hydraulic parameters like runoff volume, peak discharge, rise in water level, duration of flood, flow velocity, etc. Non-structural measures involve a wide range of measures to reduce flood risk through flood forecasting and early warning systems, emergency plans, and posing land use regulations and policies. The futuristic reinforced concrete buildings can be considered as a symbol of modern civilization. These buildings are usually constructed based on the guide lines given by the standard code books(like IS: 456:2000 and IS 13920:2016).Unfortunately, the code provisions consider the seismic loads and wind effects alone, while accounting the dead and live design loads, and exclude the flood loads. This implies the necessity to bring out corrective measures that can be adopted to reduce vulnerability before harm occurrences. In this project focuses on both the incorporation of flood loads during the analysis and design in CSI-ETABS software and the assessment of flood vulnerability of reinforced concrete residential buildings. Vulnerability is expressed as a fraction of ground floor height and maximum flood level at most immerse the building up to ground floor and first floor level. The importance of the outcome arises from the need of a strengthening solution to avoid failure of new or existing structures during floods.
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Romero-Jarén, Benito, and Arranz. "Testing and Application of Geospatial Techniques in Seismic Engineering." Proceedings 19, no. 1 (July 22, 2019): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019019023.
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Identification and classification of the different structures and infrastructures that make up a city (conventional buildings, power stations, nuclear power stations, routes of communication, etc.) are of great importance at the time of characterize their vulnerability and carry out estimates of seismic risk. Different types have different physical damage to some seismic movement, hence the importance of correctly assign a class of vulnerability. For this reason, it is necessary to know, updated form, the distribution and composition of structures and infrastructure of a city. Behaviour that presented these elements to a seismic phenomenon is linked, among others, building material and its geometric shape. Today, cadastral information updated about the infrastructure of a city does not have the data necessary and useful to carry out a calculation of seismic risk. For decades, the way of being able to have such information, has been through the development of campaigns of field for the elaboration of databases. This practice entails long time of work and the need for qualified personnel for the identification of the constructive typologies of the different structures. Nowadays, there are different geospatial techniques that allow data acquisition on a massive scale in a short time. In particular, by means of laser measurements, it is possible to have clouds of millions of points with geometric and radiometric information in a matter of seconds. This article presents a line of research whose main objective is to innovate in the vulnerability mapping and seismic risk estimation methods using geospatial techniques: static and dynamic laser. The end is contributing to knowledge and more accurate risk results, on which will be supported after the emergency plans that facilitate post event actions.
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DZHYHIL, Yuriy. "THE INTERACTION OF ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENT IN NEAVE BROWN'S MOST OUTSTANDING CREATION." Vìsnik Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu "Lʹvìvsʹka polìtehnìka". Serìâ Arhìtektura 5, no. 1 (June 7, 2023): 75–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/sa2023.01.075.
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The article explores the origins of unique creative methods of the British architect Neave Brown (1929-2018). The deep ideas that the author laid in the architectural and spatial solutions of the most famous of his works - the Alexandra Road Estate residential complex in the Camden Town district of London (Great Britain) are revealed. In particular, the role of the social context in the formation of housing is revealed and the interaction of architecture with the urban environment is demonstrated. The relevance of Neave Brown's ideas and the importance of their adaptation in modern residential construction have been revealed. He singled out the important project tasks that affect the quality of the architectural environment. To achieve this, efforts should be aimed at ensuring: of favorable physical condition of the environment - protection against noise and vibrations, insolation and natural lighting, landscaping, etc.; conditions of residents’ socialization - for their service, communication, physical activity, care of the adjoining territory, etc.; safe, convenient, comfortable living conditions in apartments. Neave Brown defined social housing as rational, functionally expedient, financially affordable. But that didn't mean dwellings had to be cheap. Environmental degradation and social losses due to poor design decisions lead to premature deterioration of relatively new buildings. That is unacceptable from the point of view of modern requirements for saving fossil resources, reducing emissions and rational use of nature. Also, the Alexandra Road Estate project solved an important problem of rational and competent use of the territory previously unsuitable for development. The residential complex had a population density of 210 people per acre, which rivaled high-rises. The conclusion is drawn - by Neave Braun's project of Alexandra Road Estate can be considered one of the most amazing examples of architectural modernism in residential architecture of the 70s of the XX century. Neave Brown's ideas regarding the directions of development of residential architecture are still relevant today, especially in the realities of Ukraine, when many proposals for its post-war reconstruction are put forward.
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MYKHAYLOVSKYI, Denis, and Mykola KOMAR. "ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH APPLICATIONS OF COMPOSITE TAPE FOR REINFORCEMENT OF WOODEN STRUCTURES." Building constructions. Theory and Practice, no. 10 (June 29, 2022): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2522-4182.10.2022.4-10.
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In the XXI century, the construction industry is developing at a rapid pace. Competitors of the same material, but reduced in cross-section by strengthening them with composite materials, compete with large-sized structures.
Composite materials are considered to have relatively new operational and physical-mechanical properties, which are created due to the joint work of two or more components that differ in structure, chemical composition, physical and mechanical characteristics. One of the first composite materials is considered to be reinforced concrete, which was widely used in the late XIX century. At the beginning of the XX century for the needs of shipbuilding, aviation, aerospace, etc., modern composite materials such as fiberglass, consisting of artificial continuous glass fibers and artificial polymer matrix invented by A.K. Burov and his colleagues in the 30s of last century [1]. During the Great Patriotic War, fiberglass plates were used instead of aluminum in aircraft construction. In the 1960s, carbon fiber was developed in the United Kingdom and boron in the United States, which gave impetus to the development of a new generation of composite materials with high modulus of elasticity and high strength, which significantly increased their scope. .
It can be noted that most composite materials are well resistant to many chemical influences: alkalis, acids, chlorides, sulfates, nitrates and others. All of them are not dangerous to human health in normal operation with the use of personal protective equipment in the direct performance of reinforcement work. This allows them to be used both in industrial and agricultural construction where there is a direct impact of the external environment on the structure reinforced with composite materials, and in residential buildings without harm to residents.
After analyzing the creation and use of composite materials to strengthen structures of different materials, as well as methods of their application and physical and mechanical properties, it is assumed that such materials can be perfectly combined with solid and glued wood structures, increasing load-bearing capacity while reducing their cross section.
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Merzhievskaya, Natalia, and Angela Sokolova. "EVOLUTION OF GREENHOUSES: FROM A GARDEN ON THE WINDOWS TO A COMPLEX LIVING MECHANISM." Current problems of architecture and urban planning, no. 59 (March 1, 2021): 283–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2077-3455.2021.59.283-294.
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The relevance of the topic today is great, because environmental problems are becoming more acute and stronger every day: melting glaciers, cutting down trees, increasing air pollution, creating islands from garbage in the oceans, etc., which inevitably lead to environmental disasters. The theme of glasshouse, botanical gardens, and various greenhouse facilities will help to activate the population in the right environmental direction. Conservatory combine many functions, it helps to encourage people to pay more attention to environmental education and to draw attention to environmental issues that are solved only in society.
The article briefly considers the historical development of greenhouses. The division into 6 historical stages of evolution is given: I stage - the Age of the Ancient world; Stage II - The Age of Great Migrations; Stage III - The Age of Feudalism; Stage IV - Renaissance; Stage V - Age of Industrialization; Stage VI - The era of modern technology.
As we see from the periodization, greenhouses of the XXI century. reached a new level. Socio-economic conditions are changing, and the requirements for greenhouse structures are subject to constant adjustment. That is, the change in social needs dictates a further expansion of the range of functions of greenhouse complexes. Today, a greenhouse complex is a place that combines many functions, or is part of another typological unit, such as greenhouse-atriums in shopping malls, airports, residential and office buildings, etc. All this became possible due to the introduction of new technologies in the conservatory. Greenhouses, along with technology parks, can be considered centers of implementation, testing and creation of new technologies, usually aimed at energy conservation, environmental improvement and others.
The article also provides illustrated examples for each of the stages (Figure 2) and lists the changes and coincidences in the development of greenhouses. Having considered the history of the evolution of greenhouses, we will be able to predict in which direction to move forward.
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Linnikov, A. S. "Analysis of the Exports Structure from the Russian Federation in the light of the Theory of Technological Structures." Management Science 8, no. 4 (January 24, 2019): 6–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2304-022x-2018-8-4-6-16.
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The state of the modern Russian economy is considered from the point of view of the technological structures concept. On the basis of this theory, the author presents a structural section of the domestic economy from the point of view of each technological structure, as well as a comparative analysis of data on the Russian economy with the performance of the economies of other countries of different technological development levels. In particular, such countries as Bangladesh, Singapore, Great Britain, China and Germany, as well as many other countries belonging to all groups of countries of the world economy, are taken as examples. The study was conducted to determine the degree of readiness of Russia to the transition to the so-called “sixth” economic structure, characterized by the emergence and development of new materials that increase the efficiency of use and service life of most previously invented items. The conclusions about the loss of Russia’s many achievements of the fifth technological structure, were made, which, of course, can complicate the transition to the sixth. The modernization of the country’s economy, based on the restoration and development of key sectors of the fourth and, especially, the fifth technological structures (ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy, chemical industry, oil production and processing, software production, production of consumer goods, etc.). It is necessary to develop and modernize those sectors of the national economy that are currently operating in Russia, have a competitive advantage in the world market. The author does not propose to abandon the scientific and technological development. It is recommended to use the existing and future achievements of the sixth technological structure (borrowed abroad or developed independently) to increase the competitiveness of these economic sectors, as well as the transport infrastructure modernization, limiting the adverse impact of industry on the environment.
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Koliada, Natalia, Oksana Kravchenko, and Tetiana Koliada. "INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE OF TRAINING DOCTORS OF PHILOSOPHY IN SOCIAL WORK." Social work and social education, no. 2(9) (November 21, 2022): 309–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31499/2618-0715.2(9).2022.267376.
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The article analyzes the international experience of training doctors of philosophy in social work.The author analyzed the models of training and certification of scientific personnel in different countries of the world (Great Britain, Germany, France, Italy, Poland).The activity of international structures, professional communities on the popularization of scientific and methodical experience, theory and practice of doctoral education is characterized (European University Association, Council for Doctoral Education, Group for the Advancement of Doctoral Education in Social Work, The International Association Of Schools Of Social Work, Realising the potential of researchers). Among the tasks of the activities of the above and other international structures, institutionalized global professional communities (associations, organizations, programs, etc.) is the coordination of activities related to the development of social work education: development of standards to improve the quality of education; organizing and holding forums for exchange of research; popularization of scientific and methodological experience, theory and practice of doctoral education in social work.An analysis of the state of using the experience of foreign programs in the training of doctors of philosophy in social work in Ukraine was carried out. In order to generalize the level of use of foreign experience in the training of doctors of philosophy in Ukraine, the state of taking into account the experience of foreign programs during the formulation of goals and program results of training in domestic educational and scientific programs in social work was analyzed. The main source is information on the self-assessment of the ONP from the specialty 231 Social work, formed by higher education institutions, by scientific institutions during the accreditation of educational and scientific programs by the National Agency for Quality Assurance of Higher Education.
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Salata, Nazar. "RESEARCH ON ISSUES OF DIGITALIZATION OF SOCIAL SERVICES IN UKRAINE." Social work and social education, no. 2(11) (October 31, 2023): 308–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31499/2618-0715.2(11).2023.294343.
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The social sphere in Ukraine is being tested in the conditions of complex socio-political and socio-economic crises: decentralization reform, the coronavirus pandemic, military actions from 2014 to the present, emergency situations and natural disasters, etc. Social workers have proven their importance and expediency as specialists along with military personnel, doctors, teachers, and psychologists. The processes of digitalization of all spheres of life, including the social sphere, are a new challenge and at the same time a vital necessity.The research focuses on examining the issues that arise in relation to delivering social services electronically. Scientific opinions on this issue have been analyzed. The practical usefulness of the Diya application has been confirmed. The number of Diya users is growing rapidly every month, which indicates that the population is acquiring and improving digital skills.In the economy of Ukraine, there are significant changes in the forms of ownership, the political system is being transformed, but these changes do not sufficiently affect the social protection system, which has to solve many more problems than before, especially those related to poverty and unemployment.Social protection in today’s conditions is aimed not only at fighting poverty by organizing personal assistance to the poor, but also at preventing poverty by giving people the opportunity to create the foundations of social protection during their working lives.The main thing is the fact that through social information there is a transfer of experience from previous generations to the present, from society to an individual, from an individual to an individual.When creating a model for a national information system, a comprehensive approach is employed, considering the equilibrium of the interests of the state and society, business structures, social groups and ordinary citizens. Similar conceptual approaches and models have been developed and implemented in practice in the USA, Great Britain, Canada, France, Japan, Germany, Finland, etc.
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Holzer, Robin, and Zakcq Lockrem. "COMPLETE STREETS & LIVABLE CENTERS." Journal of Green Building 6, no. 3 (July 2011): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.6.3.21.
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INTRODUCTION In recent years, Houston has made great strides in green building, moving into the top ten nationally on both LEED certified and Energy Star rated structures. At the same time, fewer steps have been taken to address transportation, which accounts for one third of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions. 3 To achieve greater sustainability, architects, planners, and developers must take the space between buildings into greater account. As in other metropolitan areas, Houston's commercial developers and property owners are continuing to embrace green building standards, particularly the U.S. Green Building Council's Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) standard for new construction. As a result, new offices, schools, institutions, and commercial buildings are increasingly efficient, incorporating a full array of technologies to minimize energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. These are major steps in the right direction, but we can and must do more. Individuals spend only part of their day in any given home, office, school, or other facility. They must also travel between other locations. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, in 2009, approximately one-third of GHG emissions came from buildings and another one-third came from transportation. If we are to reduce total GHG emissions, it will not be enough to address only buildings. The (lack of) proximity of these daily destinations to one another is a significant driver of the energy consumption and emissions of travel. Further, the quality of the public infrastructure between destinations directly affects which travel modes are available. Destinations that are well-connected by wide sidewalks, bike lanes, or transit—complete streets—are likely to be reached on foot, bike, or transit. Distances that are connected only by auto-oriented roads or highways are likely to be traversed in cars. LEED for New Construction offers 17 (out of 110) points that are related to location of a building or the transportation options serving it. 4 However, none of these points is mandatory and in many cases they can be earned too easily. For example, points are available if there is any bus or other transit stop within 1/4 mile of a project, without regard for the frequency that buses stop there or whether the connectivity that would allow someone to get from the stop to the project site exists. In order to create greener buildings, it behooves developers and others making site-selection decisions to locate new buildings in or near existing activity centers, to take advantage of proximity to other destinations, and to help enable transit service, which works best where there's density. Getting the location right is especially important for new public facilities, including civic buildings, health clinics, schools, community and senior centers, etc. Second, it behooves owners of existing buildings and local jurisdictions to work together to retrofit streets (in the same way one might retrofit an older building) to make them complete, adding safe and convenient facilities for pedestrians and cyclists. By increasing density and completing street infrastructure, we can reinforce existing locations into livable centers, increasing travel options and reducing auto dependence.
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Ali, Jafar, and Debasish Bandyopadhyay. "Condition monitoring of structures using limited noisy data modal slope and curvature of mode shapes." International Journal of Structural Integrity 11, no. 1 (August 1, 2019): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsi-02-2019-0014.
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Purpose Condition monitoring (CM) has become significantly important, particularly in the context of ensuring safety, reliability and future usefulness of civil infrastructural systems. Most of the age old structures require immediate attention. Nondestructive tests and/or load tests along with routine maintenance inspections are common practice. However, most of the NDT techniques are location-dependent and are conducted in a piecewise manner. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach Numerical methods incorporating inverse techniques are a global approach to identify structural parameters using dynamic responses. However, measurement at all degrees of freedom does not seem to be feasible, due to practical constraints. Parameter identification of structures based on limited dynamic responses like modal slope and curvature mode shapes at the element level in a finite element platform is proposed in the present paper. The structural property for each element is derived adopting a two-phase analysis process, consisting modal extraction and structural parameter identification. It is important to study the accuracy of the predicted parameters with the number of measured modes. The structural property is identified using measured responses at those selected MDOF. Findings The proposed method is demonstrated in detail with a numerical example. The method seems to be an attractive proposition as the results obtained are very accurate even with noise-contaminated data. Research limitations/implications However, for practical problems, the experimental validation is significantly important prior to its application in real-life problems. Practical implications The developed model seems to be feasible for practical applications after experimental validation, as it is able to identify the structural parameters from limited noisy dynamic responses in frequency domains measured for few modes. Social implications Structural CM is the need of the hour, particularly for infrastructural systems including buildings and bridges, etc. System identification with a global dynamic response at few measurement locations may address the issue of health assessment of structures, which will have great social implications with respect to safety. Originality/value The proposed numerical model is originally developed by the authors with judicial modifications and combination of earlier research contributions to achieve greater accuracy. Limited measurement and the effect of random noise with numerical example are considered for the successful validation.