Academic literature on the topic 'Great Britain – Buildings, structures, etc'

The advent of the first special antiquity law was preceded by a long stage of studying and organizing knowledge about historical and cultural monuments. The Ancient Monuments Protection Act of 18 August 1882 was the first of its kind by an Act of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The Act lists the first 68 monuments or sites that have been protected by law. The text of Act consists of 11 paragraphs. The analysis of paragraphs 2, 3 and 11 gives us the opportunity to formulate the very concept of a «monument» contained therein, as well as to consider the types of ancient monuments that are distinguished by law. The Ancient Monuments are: houses, buildings and other structures located on the surface of the earth or underground, as well as caves and zones of archaeological sites and location of such houses, buildings and other structures, as well as caves and zones of archaeological sites. All the constituent elements and structures of the monument are considered to be its parts. The location of the monument includes not only the area of land on which it is located, but also the surrounding zones. Deliberate destruction or deterioration of protected monuments entails criminal liability in the form of imprisonment for up to one month and a fine. However, criminal and financial responsibility rests solely with outsiders. The owner of the monument is not punished for any action he may take on his property. Paragraphs of Act for the first time regulate the state registration of monuments. Such registration involves the identification of monuments, surveys and determining their value, inclusion in the list of protected, informing the owner or tenant of the monument about the inclusion of this object in the list etc. The Ancient Monuments Protection Act of 1882 was one of the most important results of a set of socio-political reforms in Victorian England. The brevity of the 1882 Act made it impossible to cover all the ancient monuments, which made it only partly a source of law. Currently, there is no single legislative act in the UK on the protection and use of historical and cultural monuments. After the act of 1882 by the middle of the 20th century were adopted and enforced several laws on various aspects of the protection of monuments. However, the main provisions governing this area of social relations were laid in the late nineteenth century.

The reconstruction of Ukraine opens up opportunities for the creation of more progressive and high-quality architecture. So far, among some specialists in our industry, sustainable development (SD) is primarily associated with energy efficiency, environmental friendliness of materials, and innovative technological solutions. In 2019, the UN formulated 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) until 2030, among them, for example, #3. Good health and well-being. #4. Quality education. #12. Responsible consumption and production. The most realistic for direct achievement in the conditions of reconstruction are the SDGs: #11, 12, 4, 6, 7, 9, 3, 13, 16, and 17. During the reconstruction of Ukraine, the following approaches should be implemented to achieve the SDGs: 1. Inform the community about the developed solutions for achieving the SDGs. 2. Restore only the minimum number of roads necessary for convenient communication (this is related to CO2 emissions into the atmosphere, etc.). 3. To give preference to modernization and restoration of destroyed buildings over the construction of new ones. 4. Provide optimal (which tends towards comfortable, minimally necessary) solutions for new buildings. The implementation of p. 2-4 will ensure a reduction in the volume of the ecological rucksack of roads and structures. It should be taken into account that the places of mass death of people are geopathogenic zones unfavorable for the long-term stay of people. 5. When designing projects, avoid using forms, proportions, and aesthetic properties of materials that may cause in population associations related to the events experienced during the war (goal #3). 6. Use materials for reconstruction that can be reused or recycled in the future. 7. Encourage voluntary certification of buildings according to the BREEAM (Great Britain) and LEED (USA) systems. 8. Simultaneously implement measures to ensure SD at the level of cities in general. The developed concepts regarding cities' SD are designed for their implementation "from top to bottom". Due to the insufficient awareness of the community, its opportunities for the implementation of SD programs are not sufficiently used. The proposed approaches to achieving the SDGs during the reconstruction of Ukraine will allow for achieving not an instant, but a gradual, long-lasting effect on ensuring the sustainability of the environment.

The author studies UNESCO’s activities in the cultural sphere, especially the protection and preservation of cultural heritage around the world. There is World Heritage List. Sites must be of outstanding universal value and meet the special criteria to be included on this List. Countries are trying to include their cultural objects for protection. Cultural heritage is architectural works, works of monumental sculpture and painting, elements or structures of an archaeological nature groups of buildings which are of outstanding universal value. The World Heritage Committee is responsible for the implementation of the World Heritage Convention («Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage»,1972), gives financial assistance and decides on the listing or deletion of properties in the List of World Heritage in Danger. The List of World Heritage in Danger informs the international community of threat and to encourage corrective action. Special attention was given to European cultural and natural sites which are in this list. These are sites in Serbia (Medieval Monuments in Kosovo (2006)), United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (Liverpool – Maritime Mercantile City (2012)), Austria (Historic Centre of Vienna (2017)). This article focuses on the reasons for listing in the List of World Heritage in Danger (different conflicts, war, natural disasters, pollution, poaching, uncontrolled urbanization, tourist development etc.). Author outlines problems of protection world cultural heritage that need to be solved in the future. International community can help in this problem because each site in World Heritage List has outstanding universal value in our life. The author emphasizes on high importance of cultural sphere of the UNESCO’s activities.

Introduction. During design, construction and operation of buildings and structures in the coastal areas there arises a serious problem of engineering protection of coasts and hillslopes from the dangerous geological processes, which include the coastal erosion, underflooding of territories, hillslope erosion, gravitational (slope) processes, such as intensification of landslides, etc. These processes often result in significant economic damage usually related to the non-recoverable loss of valuable coastal territories, deformation of buildings and structures, damage and destruction of the objects of transport and engineering infrastructure. In this regard, the study of the advanced foreign experience in engineering protection of the coastal areas and the evaluation of the possibility of it to be implemented in Russia is a relevant scientific and engineering task.Materials and methods. To prepare the review, the following data was used: field observation data with photographic evidences of the objects of engineering protection of seashores and hillslopes obtained by the authors during a business trip to the People's Republic of China (PRC) in October–November 2023; study and analysis of literature sources in the subject area, including the methods and technologies implemented in the Netherlands, Japan, the USA, Great Britain, Italy; summary and systematisation of the coastal protection methods for further development of their classification and evaluation of the possibility of implementing thereof in the Russian Federation.Research results. The main principles of design, the advanced methods and technologies of coastal protection used in China have been defined. They include: construction of the multi-level protective structures, such as the multiple-row breakwaters of special shape in combination with the stepped retaining walls, the vertical walls consisting of the driven piles, anchoring and spray-concrete covering of the slopes in combination with the metal meshes; terracing in combination with the retaining reinforced concrete (horizontal and vertical) crossbeams; the sloping wave-absorbing reinforced concrete surfaces; the meshy structures and fences combating the Aeolian processes, etc.The main methods used in the Netherlands, Japan, the USA and Italy for comprehensive protection of the large territories have been defined. Such as: the network of dams, weirs, wave breakers, coast paving, regulation of the flows by water locks and barriers, creation of the artificial protective islands; artificial replenishment with sand; creation of the green spaces along the coast; forming the dunes — natural or artificial hills of sand or pebbles located along the coast; creation of the concrete structures, stone jetties, floating constructions and even artificial reefs.The importance of management was emphasised, including the early warning systems for storms and tsunamis, weather and marine condition monitoring systems, as well as dissemination of the warning messages and evacuation plans among the population in the areas of potential threat.Discussion and conclusion. Based on the results of the review, the main conclusions were formulated. The recommendations were given on the possible ways of improving the coastal protection of the Caucasian Black Sea Coast and other coastal areas of the Russian Federation based on the advanced foreign experience.

Introduction. Integral approach to the application of construction information in the creation and maintenance of information models of capital construction objects is key in the constant development of construction activities. Besides, according to the global trends, the direct implementation of construction activity including construction of especially complicated and unique objects and typification of classical ones requires application of a unified system of building information classification to optimize duration, costs and improve the quality of the constructed object. Development of the Russian classifier of building information was the first step in this direction allowing to make a tool which is the unified system of building information classification generally available. The Russian building information classifier developed in 2020 contains a lot of elements among which we can distinguish those groups which allow to manage the cost, duration and quality of the future capital construction object both at the early stages of its life cycle and later: management processes, design processes and information. Materials and methods. International systems of classification of building information that have found wide practical application in the field of construction: OmniClass (USA), Uniclass 2015 (Great Britain), CCS (Denmark) and CoClass (Sweden) are considered. The analysis of the structures and composition of existing classification systems, as well as the analysis of the current regulatory and technical framework in the Russian Federation in the field of construction in areas related to the management of processes, design of capital construction object and its information entities. Results. Taking into account the analysis and generalization of world practice in the field of construction, and classification of building information, parts of the building information classifier adapted to the specifics of the national base of normative and technical documentation in construction, applicable to the design and management of capital construction object, as well as for its description, were developed. The structure recommended by the standard ISO 12006-2:2015 is adopted as the basis for such classification tables of the building information classifier. When developing the composition of the classifier, the requirements for unification and standardization of existing national classifiers and experience in the construction industry on domestic and foreign objects were taken into account. Classification tables of the building information classifier for the two areas of activity in construction (Management, Design) and a classification table describing the information entities of the capital construction object were developed. Conclusions. Classification tables “Process Management”, “Design Processes”, “Information” of the building information classifier in the developed structures and composition provide the formation of a unified structure of management and design of capital construction object, allowing to combine its parts for adaptation to the requirements of a particular object and organization. Thus, providing an opportunity to optimize its technical and economic indicators, including the duration of construction and the cost of the object in the extent of its life cycle, to develop a tool for typing design and management processes, including planning tools and quality and cost control. An additional tool for the interrelation of various activities in construction (e.g., design, operation, construction, etc.) is the developed classification table “Information”, which describes the information entities of the capital construction object.

In the last decade, a number of specialist analyses were made on the material from old excavations of Mesolithic-Neolithic sites in the Danube Gorges. These new results altered significantly our understanding of the Lepenski Vir culture. The question of chronology of this regional phenomenon has been acute since the discovery of Lepenski Vir in the 1960s, and it remains of key importance for understanding the character of Mesolithic-Neolithic transformations in this and the neighbouring regions. The most heated debate was fuelled by the initial stratigraphic and chronological attribution of the type-site itself. There remained the question about the adequate dating of the most prominent phase at this site characterized by buildings with trapezoidal bases covered with limestone floors and with rectangular stone-lined hearths placed in the centre of these features. There have been suggestions that these features also contain Early Neolithic Starcevo type pottery and other similar items of material culture and should thus be dated to the Early Neolithic historical context. Moreover, the first series of conventional radiocarbon determinations (21 dates) also suggested that the absolute chronology of these features should be confined to the period from around 6400-5500 cal BC (Fig. 1). Due to the importance of defining more precisely the chronology for the start of construction of these particular features at Lepenski Vir and for establishing the life-span of these buildings and their associated material culture, we have AMS (Accelerator Mass Spectrometry) dated a number of contexts from this site. The results are presented in this paper. The project was made possible through the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerate Dating Service (ORADS) programme funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) and the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) of the Great Britain. Apart from those dates presented in this paper, there are 29 previously published radiometric dates from Lepenski Vir 21 made by the conventional 14C dating of charcoal and 8 AMS dates made on animal (3 dates) and human bones (5 dates). There is also a series of 20 new AMS dates made on human bones from Lepenski Vir. The last group of dates has not been published with all the contextual details and are of limited use in our analyses of absolute chronology and stratigraphy of Lepenski Vir. New dates are listed in Table 1. From 32 dated contexts from Lepenski Vir, 27 contexts are stratigraphically related to trapezoidal buildings while 5 dates are connected with the area outside of buildings. From those contexts related to trapezoidal structures, 24 contexts are dated with animal and 3 with human bones. The emphasis on the dating of animal bones is connected with problems of precision when dating samples made on human and dog bones due to the reservoir effect and the deposition of 'old' carbon. Dated remains of animal and human bones originate from the following types of stratigraphic contexts a) beneath building floors, i.e. stratigraphically the oldest contexts in the settlement (2 dates) (Fig. 2); b) between two superposed floors of trapezoidal buildings as 'sealed' contexts (8 dates) (Fig. 3); c) lying directly on top of the floors of trapezoidal buildings but not overlapped by a later floor (17 dates) (Fig. 3); d) outside of trapezoidal buildings, found in contexts such as pits, domed ovens, and burials, or in contexts that can be attributed to the occupation layer only (6 dates) (Fig. 4). The new dates indicate a very long duration of the Mesolithic period, from around 9400 to around 7500 cal BC (Fig. 2, 23). These early dates are concentrated in two particular periods that may point to two separate phases within these two millennia, with settlement discontinuities. It remains possible that there were many more occupation episodes that these dates do not encompass, and more AMS dates may indicate whether these two groupings with three dates per grouping are meaningful and representative of two separate and defined phases of occupation at this locale. This early period would correspond with the phase that the excavator of Lepenski Vir defined as Proto-Lepenski Vir although his ideas about the spatial distribution of this phase, its interpretation, duration and relation to the later phase of trapezoidal buildings must be revised in the light of new AMS dates and other available data. The phase with trapezoidal buildings most likely starts only around 6200 cal BC and most of the trapezoidal buildings might have been abandoned by around 5900 cal BC. The absolute span of only two or three hundred years and likely even less, for the flourishing of building activity related to trapezoidal structures at Lepenski Vir significantly compresses Srejovic's phase I. Thus, it is difficult to maintain the excavator's five subphases which, similarly to Ivana Radovanovic's more recent re-phasing of Lepenski Vir into I-1-3, remain largely guess works before more extensive and systematic dating of each building is accomplished along with statistical modeling in order to narrow the magnitude of error. On the whole, new dates from these contexts better correspond with Srejovic's stratigraphic logic of sequencing buildings to particular phases on the basis of their superimposing and cutting than with Radovanovic's stylistic logic, i.e. her typology of hearth forms, ash-places, entrance platforms, and presence/absence of -supports around rectangular hearths used as reliable chronological indicators. The short chronological span for phase I also suggests that phase Lepenski Vir II is not realistic. This has already been shown by overlapping plans of the phase I buildings and stone outlines that the excavator of the site attributed to Lepenski Vir II phase. According to Srejovic, Lepenski Vir phase II was characterized by buildings with stone walls made in the shape of trapezes, repeating the outline of supposedly earlier limestone floors of his phase I. However, the trapezoidal buildings must be envisioned as dug-in features with their rear, narrow side dug deep into the slope since these features were dug into the sloping terrace where the site is situated. It is more likely that these stone constructions assigned to a separate phase were part of the same trapezoidal buildings with limestone floors assigned by the excavator to phase I. Thus, vertical stone walls existed on the level above limestone floors, built in dry wall technique around buildings' floors and cuts. The visual overlap of phases I and II clearly shows the match between these stone constructions and trapezoidal limestone floors (Fig. 27). Even on the published section of the western part of the settlement of Lepenski Vir which runs through the backs of Houses 43, 34, 27, 20, 33 and 32, phase II is not marked (see Fig. 28), which might lend further support to our conclusion about its elusive character. Furthermore, no activity areas were reported with regard to the 'floor' level of these structures, with the exception of the largest building at the site, XLIV. Therefore, trapezoidal stone walls previously attributed to phase II were part of the same phase I buildings. Henceforth we suggest treating Srejovic's phases I and II as a single phase and we refer to this building horizon as Lepenski Vir I-II (see Table 2). The new dating programme also suggests no temporal break between phases Lepenski Vir I-II and phase III. The dates indicate that Srejovic was right to separate the latter as it seems that most of the trapezoidal buildings were abandoned by 5900 cal BC and that new and different occupation pattern commenced at the site in the period following 5900 cal BC. Yet, some of the dates indicate that, at the current resolution of the chronological scale there could have been some overlapping between the use of particular trapezoidal buildings, perhaps primarily for the interment of human burials (e.g. House 21 and Burials 7/I and II, see Fig. 11), and the new types of contexts that appear around 5900 cal BC. These new contexts included a number of pits, dug primarily in the rear area of the site, outside of the zone with trapezoidal buildings. There are also several domed ovens the function of which remains unclear. Also, crouched inhumations became the dominant burial rite (of possibly migrant individuals) during this phase. Some of these crouched burials were found lying on the floors of trapezoidal buildings. This seems to have been the time of significant changes in patterns of habitation of the Lepenski Vir community. Bones of domestic animals were also found in those features assigned to phase III. We have directly dated four samples that come from domestic animals (sheep/goat, cattle and pig) found in these contexts at Lepenski Vir. In this way, it was possible to directly date the introduction of domestic animals to the site. The results suggest that the these domestic animals must have been introduced to Lepenski Vir in the post-5900 cal BC period. The upper limit of this Middle Neolithic phase Lepenski Vir III remains to be elucidated further. While previous charcoal dates indicated that the site was used up until around 5400 cal BC, the upper limit of new dates is around 5700 cal BC. Existing dates from the neighbouring site of Padina suggest that some trapezoidal buildings at that site (Houses 15 and 18) might have been used up until 5500 cal BC. It is possible that future dates will move this limit to the end of the Middle Neolithic, i.e. c. 5500 cal BC. At this time, previously occupied sites on the Danube, such as Lepenski Vir, Padina, Vlasac, etc., were abandoned for more than a millennium. Lepenski Vir is used again during the Eneolithic period, when a burial of the Salku?a culture, AMS dated to around 4300 cal BC, was interred here (see Burial 2, Fig. 25). New radiometric dates from Lepenski Vir, together with all other newly available data, demand a revision of conclusions previously made with regard to the absolute chronology of particular phases as well as stratigraphic attribution of certain contexts. Such a revision inevitably leads us to suggest a new stratigraphic division and phasing of Lepenski Vir (see Table 2). This revised phasing largely keeps the old nomenclature of the excavator of Lepenski Vir. We would like to avoid confusions and complications in suggesting completely new labels for particular phases when there is no need for such a radical break from the original understanding of the site's stratigraphy. We are aware that the future dating of Lepenski Vir may affect certain elements of our conclusions and that the suggested changes thus remain tentative. Yet, at present, our conclusions are firmly grounded in the available data.

This article describes the scope of the cadastral system and relevant information technologies of France, Germany, Great Britain, and Sweden along with the possibilities of their application in the Republic of Uzbekistan.

The article is devoted to the organisation of educational excursions in the UK and their role in the educational process of secondary schools. The purpose is to analyze the existing experience of organising school trips and to identify opportunities for using this experience in modern education in Ukraine. The historical origins of educational excursions are identified. The results of surveys and other studies conducted in the UK to determine the attitude of teachers to excursions as an element of the educational process, as well as the problems that arise in their organisation, are highlighted. Current experience of conducting excursions in various subjects - history, geography, natural sciences, mathematics, social sciences, computer technology. The article identifies the most popular educational tourism sites in the UK and highlights the methods used to organise school tours (specially designed tours related to the school curriculum, master classes, workshops, etc.) It is noted that special educational and training centers have been set up at certain facilities to conduct training sessions. It is noted that in Britain, excursions to government facilities such as the Parliament, the Royal Palace, the residence of the head of government, and the court have become widespread. It is determined that most museums and other visitor attractions establish preferential conditions for receiving groups of schoolchildren or provide opportunities for free visits. The problems that hinder the development of educational tourism at the present stage of development, in particular, lack of funding, are identified. The role of charitable foundations in the development and support of school excursions and the directions of their activities are highlighted. The experience of involving business structures, in particular Hyundai, in supporting educational tourism is analyzed. The unique experience of parliamentary support for educational tourism through the development of special bills on outdoor education, which are at different stages of consideration by the parliaments of Great Britain, Scotland and Wales, is indicated. The elements of experience that can be used in domestic education are identified.

Masonry buildings have a large share in the context of large and small towns, For example, in the city of Bam more than 90 percent of the buildings with brick and masonry structures, which are about 40% of the amount of masonry structures. According to reports, all masonry buildings are damaged in the earthquake of 20 to 100 percent. Research shows that the bulk of the damage to buildings caused by non-compliance with the provisions of the Building Regulations 2800, including the opening of the wall, the opening in the wall, resulting space restrictions, the wall of the building and etc. In this paper, a masonry structures under earthquake made great naqan modeling the structures in abaqus software in the form of macro, and the first to be connected and then a layer of sand sliding sought to separate the topside of the use and analyzed them. After this, the effect on the seismic behavior of the proposed system and create havoc in the corners of the openings are possible. Find answers to the two-state system; it is found that the proposed isolation system, while considerably reducing damage, the size of the openings can be considered more of a standard.

A large number of buildings with large-span or complex-shape have come to the fore in recent years. To these structures, wind load tends to be control load in the structural design. Shape coefficient of wind load which Chinese load code for the design of building structures can provide is extremely limited due to complex-shape of long-span space structures, therefore carrying our related study is of great practical significance. Yancheng Financial Center model is established in this paper based on ETABS software. The acquired date in the use of wind tunnel test is to simulate wind load which is on the structure and to analysis stress distribution of critical element in order to ensure safety and applicability of structures. This paper mainly covers wind tunnel test, equivalent static wind load, and wind-induced response, etc.

Transport systems are essential to trade, globalisation, communication and other forms of interaction between people and societies (Banister, 2013). Yet they can also have negative impacts including decreased quality of life or health impacts arising from pollutants, environmental damage including climate change and a range of wider socio-economic effects (Glanz et al., 1990). Given that most car journeys are short however (57% of UK trips are under five miles), there is particular potential for active travel (i.e. walking and cycling) to both reduce the environmental externalities of modern transport systems and stimulate improved quality of life and societal wellbeing (Banister, 2013; Martin et al., 2014). Unfortunately, there is a paucity of robust evidence that examines how infrastructural interventions (i.e. those aimed at making the physical environment more conducive to active travel) actually impact on active travel levels in specific communities. In addition, there is very limited evidence of the wider effects that such interventions have on wellbeing and levels of happiness overtime. This thesis details mixed-method research undertaken in Cardiff, UK, during 2011/2012, which examined the impacts of a new piece of infrastructure - the Pont-y-Werin walking and cycling bridge - on the local community's levels of active travel and subjective wellbeing. It provides insights into the nature of constraints preventing travel behaviour change from taking place, and - through the use of the novel, 'Day Reconstruction Method' - into the consequences that different modes of travel can have for travel and wellbeing, including on moment-to-moment moods and emotions. Overall by contextualising and measuring and evaluating wellbeing, the research suggests that people experience less pleasant emotions during travel than when undertaking everyday activities, and also that for certain modes there is a decrease in happiness before and after travel compared to everyday activities. Additionally greater monitoring, evaluation and promotion of combined hard and soft measures - focusing on travel behaviour change - is needed alongside providing travellers with accessible information on the wellbeing impacts of different modes (Elvik, 2009).

This thesis examines science's role in the construction of Britain's new Houses of Parliament between 1834 and 1860. Architecturally the Gothic Palace embodies Victorian notions of the medieval and romanticized perceptions of English history. Yet in the mid-nineteenth century, the building not only reflected, but was involved in, the very latest scientific knowledge. This included chemistry, optics, geology, horology, and architecture as a science itself. Science was chosen, performed, trusted, displayed, contested, and debated through the physical space of government. Parliament was a place where science was done. Not only was knowledge imported to guide architectural construction, but it was actively produced within the walls of Britain's new legislature. I argue that this attention to science was not coincidental. Rather, it was a crucial demonstration of the changing relationship between science and politics. Science was increasingly asserted to be a powerful form of knowledge, and to an institution struggling to secure authority in the uncertainty of reformed British politics, it appeared a valuable resource for credibility. Contextualizing the use of science at Parliament in the political instability of the 1830s and 1840s emphasizes how the use of new knowledge was a potent practice of constructing political authority.

It is ironic that anyone studying the domestic architecture of Copper Age Sardinia must turn to underground tombs as a source of information, whilst the monumental ‘houses’ of the Bronze Age are among the most conspicuous structures anywhere in Europe. The contrast between these two periods introduces a new theme. The first part of this chapter will study stone towers and related structures in the West Mediterranean. In every case they were associated with settlement sites and some may have been domestic buildings in their own right. Over time, they came to favour a circular plan. This section considers monuments in Sardinia, Corsica, and the Balearics and compares them with sites in Spain. It also asks whether they represent a single phenomenon. The second part considers three groups of timber buildings in Britain and Ireland and the enclosures with which they are associated. In this case they date from different periods. Although they resemble one another on the ground, there were few direct connections between them and, in at least two instances, they are thought to have been ceremonial centres. These sites in the Mediterranean and the North Atlantic are considered together in the light of a recent analysis of monumental architecture in the eastern USA. Both sections are designed to complement one another. The first considers the development of Great Houses in a series of well-populated landscapes. The second works at a larger geographical scale and studies the ways in which such buildings, and the earthworks associated with them, were related to a still more extensive area, until the most elaborate of all could be considered as microcosms of the wider world. Chapter Four discussed the domus de janas of Sardinia, the surprisingly realistic copies of domestic interiors provided for the dead during the Ozieri Culture. They were lavishly decorated and have produced radiocarbon dates which suggest that they were contemporary with the later phases of megalithic art in Western Europe. At the same time, most of the Sardinian structures were roughly square or rectangular and only a minority were designed as depictions of roundhouses. That reflects the results of excavation at the comparatively few surviving settlements of the same date.

The act of “eating” is part of the ritual and ceremonial acts that have a great capacity for social transformation with a well-marked symbolic eff ectiveness. Th e history of nutrition cannot be seen as detached from the history of humanity, as they are identifi ed in the stages of their evolution. Factors that play an important role in this regard, infl uencing and sizing specifi c meanings and connotations, are the natural environment, climatic conditions, the socio-economic structure of communities, spiritual beliefs. Migration has been an acute phenomenon of the Romanian society in the last 30 years. If in the second half of the last century, during the communist period, the phenomenon of migration focused on moving the population from rural to urban areas, the liberalization of borders, entering EU structures, NATO, etc., facilitated and even encouraged, in a way or another, the migration of Romanians. Th e Romanian communities have grown signifi cantly, reaching a signifi cant place in the population of migrating countries, and even a representative minority in certain European states (Italy, Spain, Great Britain, etc.). Statistically speaking, Greece does not have a concrete record of the Romanian community, the last census dating from 2007 and the one from the end of 2021 not being centralized yet. In Greece, based on the information provided by the Romanian associations, there are a number of approximately 80,000 — 100,000 Romanians from several areas of Romania, mainly from Moldova, Bucovina and Maramureș, most of them living in Athens and a smaller part on the islands. Th is paper presents a case study, conducted within the Romanian community in Greece, having as main element traditional food. Starting from the idea that this community is part of the mobility diaspora, not being clearly defi ned for a period of time, we will notice, however, that the traditional food is an extremely important element in preserving the national identity. Th e Romanian communities, be they historical or mobility, follow an authentic Romanian social pattern, with few foreign influences, determined by several factors.

About 90% of the apartment buildings that constitute Armenia's housing stock were built before 1990. After the devastating 1988 Spitak earthquake, the seismic conditions in the country were revised and these buildings no longer meet current seismic standards. About half of Armenia's population lives in these buildings, so the reliability, cost-effectiveness and durability of these structures are extremely important for the country. In addition, a number of other causes contribute to the deterioration of the technical condition of the housing fund over time: exogenous geological phenomena, physical and mechanical properties of the soil, the service life of the housing fund, non-compliance with operating conditions, bombardment, etc. The houses built in the Republic of Artsakh are relatively new, but during the September 27, 2020 war unleashed by Azerbaijan, more than a thousand houses were bombarded. They are no longer suitable for use. Following from the above, it is worth to note that in Armenia, as well as in Artsakh, there is a great demand for the reconstruction of the housing stock. In recent years, mainly monolithic, sometimes stone buildings have been constructed in Armenia and Artsakh. Large-panel buildings are almost completely excluded from construction projects. The reason for this is the low energy efficiency of these buildings. However, there are now new high-performance thermal insulation materials that can easily solve this problem. The purpose of the article is to show the feasibility and advantages of constructing large-panel buildings as an effective way to replenish the housing stock in Artsakh and Armenia.

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Materials play a key role in our day to day life and have shaped the industrial revolution to a great extent. Right selection of material for meeting a particular objective is the key to success in today’s world where the cost as well as sustainability of any equipment or a system have assumed greater significance than ever before. In automotive industry, materials have a definitive role as far as the mobility and safety is concerned. Materials that can absorb the required energy or impact can be manufactured through different manufacturing as well as metallurgical processes which involves appropriate heat treatment and bringing correct chemical compositions etc. However, they can also be formed by simpler methods such as combining certain materials together in the form of layered combinations to form light weight composites. Analyzing the response of different materials during incidents such as high-speed impact or transmission of shock waves as a result of earthquakes, tsunami or manmade disasters like explosion, is of great importance. Those materials which can respond in a desirable manner to meet a particular requirement during the most undesirable conditions such as high energy impacts can be termed as high energy absorbing materials and they play a crucial role in designing important structures, frames, protective vehicles and equipments, sacrificial components and claddings etc. These materials and structures need to be tested for their strength and design against adverse loading conditions. In this paper, different materials like steel, aluminum and aluminum-rubber combination are analyzed to understand their response during high pressure loading incidences. Judicious and scientific application of these materials can ensure a much better protection to different structures of importance, buildings as well as in defence, aerospace and automotive related applications. There are different methods of analyzing the strength and capabilities of materials or their combinations such as experimental, lab and simulation method. Out of these, the simulation (numerical analysis) method is one of the most appropriate methods which give very accurate results as compared to other methods. Here, Ansys- Autodyn simulation is used to draw the analysis of the materials and their combinations under high pressure shock loadings, resulting due to explosion or blast, and the total energy, pressure, displacement and velocity parameters are studied and compared.</div></div>

Nuclear Island (NI) basemat is a very thick reinforced concrete mat sitting on sub-grade soil to function as one-piece-foundation to support all super-structures anchored above the basemat. The Generation III (GEN III) NI is designed with more structures housing on the basemat, as such it is even greater in dimensions compared to GEN II. In the design process of a GEN III Passive-Safety-Plant (PSP), NI base mat is the most critical part for foundation design, since it is not only serves as the pressure boundary in foundation system but also support the whole nuclear island, carrying vertical load from upper structures, seismic loads both in vertical and horizontal directions, lateral soil pressures and buoyant force due to water table etc. For a typical AP plant the main structural systems which are housing within NI comprises of steel containment vessel (SCV), shield building (SC wall), internal structures, and auxiliary buildings etc. The scope for this paper is to investigate the approach and method which are suitable for modeling GEN III passive-safety-plant basemat. The investigation scopes are focused on (1) concrete basemat FE modeling and related subgrade medium (soil) modeling; (2) Design loads evaluation method and application for a typical basemat FE static analysis. Structurally speaking SCV is designed to directly anchored in concrete basemat, the interface between upper structure and foundation, its geometry and connection are unique and complicated, this lead to the modeling of basemat not only have to consider an appropriate FE meshing and element type selection but also need to consider the load application and transferring from the SCV to the basemat basin. Since passive-safety-plant NI basemat is a deep foundation, basemat is deeply buried below the grade, the complete foundation model not only shall consider the basemat and immediate soil under the basemat, but also need to consider the backfill soil, the surrounding soil in vicinity, fill concrete under the basemat and deeper soil condition under the basemat. Since seismic loads pose great effects on basemat and its foundation design, how to evaluation seismic loadings and simplified their application for basemat static analysis is critical for such type of foundation.

Technical textiles are a rapidly developing trade in textile industry, as being an innovative sector, one which is highly specialized and holds great potential for the future. The new designed end-uses and applications are intended to replace expensive, heavier or technically inferior constructions traditionally produced from other raw materials. Knitting technology is one of the most versatile fabric production systems in textiles. The flexibility of knitting techniques and structures makes them attractive both to the designer and to the manufacturer of technical textiles. Techtextil, the most important European technical textiles exhibition, divided the technical fields of the knitted fabrics into twelve areas, according to their end uses, like: agriculture, geo-textiles, army, medicine, buildings, industry, protection, automotive, interior design, etc. Considering the complexity of the subject, an alternative method for achieving knowledge in this field is desirable for the students from Faculty of Textiles, Leather and Industrial Management, Iasi, who have chosen to follow this course. The paper presents an interactive learning tool, which allows the students to get familiar with the characteristics of each technical field. The comprehensive content of each area is sustained by the: fabric technical specifications, concrete applications, textile technologies, various examples of products. This on-line guide is designed to make the readers conversant with weft and warp knitting technology and to enhance their knowledge in new product developments. A challenge for the learner is to get familiar and to strengthen their technical data about specific machines, technical yarns, fabric shapes, product finishing and potential applications of the products.

Abstract This paper deals with technologies used for decommissioning and decontamination of the A-1 Nuclear Power Plant in Slovakia and their comparison with advanced worldwide approaches. Present status and main results in the field of D&D of this first Czechoslovak NPP A-1 at Jaslovské Bohunice are described. NPP A-1 has one unit with reactor cooled by CO2 and moderated by heavy water. Plant was in operation from 1972 to 1977 and its final shutdown and closure were done due to relatively serious accident. The A-1 NPP Decommissioning Project – I. phase is performed at the present time and represents the most important project of NPP decommissioning in Central Europe. The main goal of the project is to achieve radiologically safe status of the NPP. It includes following activities: • conditioning, storage and disposal of liquid radioactive waste, solid and metallic radioactive waste, sludge and sorbents, • development, manufacture and verification of advanced methodologies and technologies for D&D of nuclear facilities, • decontamination of specified equipment and structures to reduce free activity, • technical support and preparation of following phases within the A-1 NPP overall decommissioning process. The project should give the complex solution of problems related to decommissioning and decontamination of NPPs in Slovakia. Verified methodology and technology should be used as a generic approach for decommissioning of the V-1, V-2 (Jaslovské Bohunice) and Mochovce Nuclear Power Plants as well as the other European NPPs with WWER reactors. Significant part of paper deals with following issues within D&D of the A-1 NPP: • computer aided technologies, • decontamination, • dismantling, demolishing and remote handling manipulators, • dosimetry measurements within D&D, • radioactive waste management. This paper also includes basic comparison with advanced worldwide approaches to decommissioning and decontamination mainly in USA, Japan and West Europe and the recommendations are done when it is possible. The comparison shows that trends in the field of D&D in the Slovak Republic are compatible and comparable with the most significant world trends. It is noted that some sorts of D&D technologies like for example telerobotic systems developed in the world are at the relatively higher technical level. Decommissioning technologies in Slovakia should be permanently improved on the base of experiences from home and abroad industry and from the real operation. It is supposed that after short time could be achieved technical level comparable with the best D&D robots and manipulators. A basic strategy of NPP decommissioning in the Slovak Republic is regulated by standards, which are in accordance with recommendations of international bodies like the International Atomic Energy Agency, European Commission, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, OECD Nuclear Energy Agency etc. In the field of NPP D&D the Slovak Republic co-operates with many international organizations and also with main active countries in D&D like Germany, France, Belgium, Great Britain, USA, Japan, Russian Federation, Hungary, Poland and Czech Republic. Intensive international co-operation at all levels has already been established at the present time.