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1
Carroll, Jon W. "Reinterpreting Springwells Ceramics in the Great Lakes Region of North America." Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 44, no. 2 (July 1, 2019): 181–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/26741660.
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Abstract The original ceramics typology developed for Younge/Western Basin Tradition Springwells phase (ca. AD 1160–1420) assemblages included three variants known as Macomb Linear, Macomb Interrupted Linear, and Springwells Net Impressed ceramics. This discussion considers how subregional variation in Springwells decorative styles reflects participation in a larger regional social network.
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Zhao, C., X. Liu, and L. R. Leung. "The impact of Great Basin Desert dust on the summer monsoon system over southwestern North America." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, no. 12 (December 2, 2011): 31735–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-31735-2011.
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Abstract. The radiative forcing of dust emitted from the Great Basin Desert (GBD) and its impact on monsoon circulation and precipitation over the North America monsoon (NAM) region are simulated using a coupled meteorology and aerosol/chemistry model (WRF-Chem) for 15 yr (1995–2009). During the monsoon season, dust has a cooling effect (−0.90 W m−2) at the surface, a warming effect (0.40 W m−2) in the atmosphere, and a negative top-of-the-atmosphere (TOA) forcing (−0.50 W m−2) over the GBD region on 24-h average. Most of the dust emitted from the GBD concentrates below 800 hPa and stacks over the western slope of the Rocky Mountains and Mexican Plateau. The absorption of shortwave radiation by dust heats the lower atmosphere by up to 0.5 K day−1 over the western slope of the Mountains. Model sensitivity simulations with and without dust for 15 summers (June-July-August) show that dust heating of the lower atmosphere over the GBD region remotely strengthens the low-level southerly moisture fluxes on both sides of the Sierra Madre Occidental. It also results in an eastward migration of NAM-driven moisture convergence over the western slope of the Mountains. These monsoonal circulation changes lead to a statistically significant increase of precipitation by up to ~40% over the eastern slope of the Mountains (Arizona-New Mexico-Texas regions). This study highlights the interaction between dust and the NAM system and motivates further investigation of possible dust feedback on monsoon precipitation under climate change and the mega-drought conditions projected for the future.
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Fergen, Joshua T., and Ryan D. Bergstrom. "Social Vulnerability across the Great Lakes Basin: A County-Level Comparative and Spatial Analysis." Sustainability 13, no. 13 (June 29, 2021): 7274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137274.
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Social vulnerability refers to how social positions affect the ability to access resources during a disaster or disturbance, but there is limited empirical examination of its spatial patterns in the Great Lakes Basin (GLB) region of North America. In this study, we map four themes of social vulnerability for the GLB by using the Center for Disease Control’s Social Vulnerability Index (CDC SVI) for every county in the basin and compare mean scores for each sub-basin to assess inter-basin differences. Additionally, we map LISA results to identify clusters of high and low social vulnerability along with the outliers across the region. Results show the spatial patterns depend on the social vulnerability theme selected, with some overlapping clusters of high vulnerability existing in Northern and Central Michigan, and clusters of low vulnerability in Eastern Wisconsin along with outliers across the basins. Differences in these patterns also indicate the existence of an urban–rural dimension to the variance in social vulnerabilities measured in this study. Understanding regional patterns of social vulnerability help identify the most vulnerable people, and this paper presents a framework for policymakers and researchers to address the unique social vulnerabilities across heterogeneous regions.
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Larson, D. J. "REVISION OF NORTH AMERICAN AGABUS LEACH (COLEOPTERA: DYTISCIDAE): LUTOSUS-, OBSOLETUS-, AND FUSCIPENNIS-GROUPS." Canadian Entomologist 126, no. 1 (February 1994): 135–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent126135-1.
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AbstractSpecies of Agabus of the lutosus-, obsoletus-, and fuscipennis-groups, as defined by Larson (1989), are revised. Members of the lutosus- and obsoletus-groups are restricted to the Cordilleran and Great Plains regions of temperate western North America. Within this region, the species of each group are largely parapatric. Three species are assigned to the lutosus-group: A. lutosus LeConte along the Pacific Coast; A. griseipennis LeConte in the Great Basin, Rocky Mountain, and Great Plains regions; and A. rumppi Leech in the southern deserts. Agabus lutosus and A. griseipennis hybridize in the Pacific Northwest; A. lutosus mimus Leech is synonymized with A. lutosus. The obsoletus-group contains five species: A. obsoletus LeConte, A. morosus LeConte, and A. ancillus Fall along the Pacific Coast and the Sierra Nevada Mountains; A. hoppingi Leech in the Sierra Nevada Mountains; and A. obliteratus LeConte, containing two subspecies, A. o. obliteratus and A. o. nectris Leech, new status, with a wide range including the Great Plains and Cordillera but not reaching the Pacific Coast. The four species of the fuscipennis-group, A. ajax Fall, A. coxalis Sharp, A. fuscipennis (Paykull), and A. infuscatus Aubé, are boreal and all except A. ajax are Holarctic. Agabus coxalis is restricted to northwestern North America, the other three species are transcontinental.For each species the following information is provided: synonymy, description, and illustrations of taxonomically important characters; notes on relationships, variation, distribution, and ecology; and a map of North American collection localities. Group diagnoses and keys to the species of each group are presented. A correction to the key to species groups of North American Agabus (Larson 1989) is made with the addition of a couplet to include the obsoletus-group. Lectotypes are designated for A. discolor LeConte and A. obliteratus LeConte.
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Oster, Jessica, Sophie Warken, Natasha Sekhon, Monica Arienzo, and Matthew Lachniet. "Speleothem Paleoclimatology for the Caribbean, Central America, and North America." Quaternary 2, no. 1 (January 28, 2019): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/quat2010005.
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Speleothem oxygen isotope records from the Caribbean, Central, and North America reveal climatic controls that include orbital variation, deglacial forcing related to ocean circulation and ice sheet retreat, and the influence of local and remote sea surface temperature variations. Here, we review these records and the global climate teleconnections they suggest following the recent publication of the Speleothem Isotopes Synthesis and Analysis (SISAL) database. We find that low-latitude records generally reflect changes in precipitation, whereas higher latitude records are sensitive to temperature and moisture source variability. Tropical records suggest precipitation variability is forced by orbital precession and North Atlantic Ocean circulation driven changes in atmospheric convection on long timescales, and tropical sea surface temperature variations on short timescales. On millennial timescales, precipitation seasonality in southwestern North America is related to North Atlantic climate variability. Great Basin speleothem records are closely linked with changes in Northern Hemisphere summer insolation. Although speleothems have revealed these critical global climate teleconnections, the paucity of continuous records precludes our ability to investigate climate drivers from the whole of Central and North America for the Pleistocene through modern. This underscores the need to improve spatial and temporal coverage of speleothem records across this climatically variable region.
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Andreae, Meinrat O., and Tracey W. Andreae. "Archaeometric studies on rock art at four sites in the northeastern Great Basin of North America." PLOS ONE 17, no. 1 (January 26, 2022): e0263189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263189.
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Rock art originated some 46,000 years ago and can provide unique insights into the minds of our human ancestors. However, dating of these ancient images, especially of petroglyphs, remains a challenge. In this study, we explore the potential of deriving age estimates from measurements of the areal densities of manganese (DMn) and iron (DFe) in the rock varnish on petroglyphs, based on the concept that the amount of varnish that has regrown on a petroglyph since its creation, relative to the surrounding intact varnish, is a measure of its age. We measured DMn and DFe by portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) on dated Late Pleistocene and Holocene rock surfaces, from which we derived accumulation rates of Mn and Fe in the rock varnish. The observed rates were comparable to our previous findings on basalt surfaces in North America. We derived age estimates for the rock art at four sites in the northern Great Basin region of North America based on DMn measurements on the petroglyphs and intact varnish. They suggest that rock art creation in this region began around the Pleistocene/Holocene transition and continued into the Historic Period, encompassing a wide range of styles and motifs. Evidence of reworking of the rock art at various times by Indigenous people speaks of the continued agency of these images through the millennia. Our results are in good agreement with chronologies based on archeological and other archaeometric techniques. While our method remains subject to significant uncertainty with regard to the absolute ages of individual images, it provides the unique opportunity to obtain age estimates for large ensembles of images without the need for destructive sampling.
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Whitley, David S. "Shamanism and Rock Art in Far Western North America." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 2, no. 1 (April 1992): 89–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774300000494.
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Ethnographic data on the production of rock art in far western North America - the historic hunter-gatherer cultures of California and the Great Basin - are reviewed and analyzed to identify widespread patterns in the origin and, in certain cases, symbolism of the late prehistoric/historical parietal art of this region. These data, collected in the first few decades of this century by a variety of ethnographers, suggest only two origins for the art: production by shamans; and production by initiates in ritual cults. In both instances, the artists were apparently depicting the culturally-conditioned visions or hallucinations they experienced during altered states of consciousness. The symbolism of two sites, Tulare-19 and Ventura-195, is considered in more detail to demonstrate how beliefs about the supernatural world, and the shaman's relationship to this realm, were graphically portrayed.
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Badgley, Catherine, and John A. Finarelli. "Diversity dynamics of mammals in relation to tectonic and climatic history: comparison of three Neogene records from North America." Paleobiology 39, no. 3 (2013): 373–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/12024.
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In modern ecosystems, regions of topographic heterogeneity, when compared with nearby topographically homogeneous regions, support high species densities of mammals and other groups. This biogeographic pattern could be explained by either greater diversification rates or greater accommodation of species in topographically complex regions. In this context, we assess the hypothesis that changes in landscape history have stimulated diversification in mammals. Landscape history includes tectonic and climatic processes that influence topographic complexity at regional scales. We evaluated the influence of changes in topographic complexity and climate on origination and extinction rates of rodents, the most diverse clade of mammals.We compared the Neogene records of rodent diversity for three regions in North America. The Columbia Basin of the Pacific Northwest (Region 1) and the northern Rocky Mountains (Region 2) were tectonically active over much of the Cenozoic and are characterized by high topographic complexity today. The northern Great Plains (Region 3) have been tectonically quiescent, with low relief, throughout the Cenozoic. These three regions have distinctive geologic histories and substantial fossil records. All three regions showed significant changes in diversification and faunal composition over the Neogene. In the montane regions, originations and extinctions peaked at the onset and close, respectively, of the Miocene Climatic Optimum (17–14 Ma), with significant changes in faunal composition accompanying these episodes of diversification. In the Great Plains, rodents showed considerable turnover but infrequent diversification. Peak Neogene diversity in the Great Plains occurred during cooling after the Miocene Climatic Optimum. These histories suggest that climatic changes interacting with increasing topographic complexity intensify macroevolutionary processes. In addition, close tracking of diversity and fossil productivity with the stratigraphic record suggests either large-scale sampling biases or the mutual response of diversity and depositional processes to changes in landscape history.
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CHATFIELD-TAYLOR, WILL, and JEFFREY A. COLE. "A new species of Okanagana from the Walker Lane region of Nevada and California (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadidae)." Zootaxa 4868, no. 4 (October 29, 2020): 515–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4868.4.3.
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Okanagana boweni sp. n. is described from the western margin of the Great Basin of North America. The new species is diagnosed from allopatric O. simulata Davis and sympatric O. utahensis Davis using morphological, bioacoustical, and molecular characters. The distribution of this new species coincides with the Walker Lane region that lies along the border of California and Nevada, USA. Based on geography, bioacoustics, morphology, and molecular phylogenetics, we hypothesize that O. boweni sp. n. is the allopatric sister species of O. simulata.
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Cook, Frederick A., Kevin W. Hall, and C. Elissa Lynn. "The edge of northwestern North America at ∼1.8 Ga." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 42, no. 6 (June 1, 2005): 983–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e05-039.
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The ∼1.80 Ga edge of the northwestern North American craton is buried beneath Phanerozoic and Proterozoic rocks of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin and the adjacent Cordillera. It is visible in more than eight deep seismic reflection profiles that have images of west-facing crustal-scale monoclines with up to 1520 km of vertical relief, and it produces regional isostatic gravity anomalies that can be followed for more than 1500 km along strike. The deep reflection profiles include two major transects of Lithoprobe (southern Canadian Cordillera transect and Slave Northern Cordillera Lithospheric Evolution (SNORCLE) transect) and industry profiles that are strategically located to provide depth and geometry constraints on the monoclines. The isostatic anomalies mark the density transition from Paleoproterozoic and older crystalline rocks of the Canadian Shield to less dense supracrustal rocks of westward-thickening late Paleo proterozoic and younger strata. These gravity anomaly patterns thus provide areal geometry of crustal structure variations along strike away from the depth control provided by the seismic data. Although many of the monoclines follow the Fort Simpson geophysical trend along the Cordilleran deformation front, isostatic anomalies near Great Bear Lake delineate a northeast-striking region of low values that may coincide with a failed rift arm or the southern margin of a large basin. The monoclines are interpreted as a series of en echelon structures that probably formed as a result of lithospheric extension at about 1.801.70 Ga following terminal accretion of the Paleoproterozoic Wopmay Orogen.
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Buckingham, Bruce N., and Laura J. Kearns. "First Documented Nesting of American White Pelicans (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) in Ohio, USA." Ohio Journal of Science 123, no. 2 (March 26, 2024): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.18061/ojs.v123i2.9541.
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The discovery and documentation of a new breeding species in a defined area, such as a state, is a crucial first step in understanding the basic natural history of a species and its consequent needs for management and conservation. The American White Pelican has gradually expanded its breeding range from the prairies of North America into the Great Lakes region. While conducting a census on Herring Gulls (Larus argentatus) at least 4 nests of pelicans with either eggs or young were found. Further census showed a minimum of 12 almost fledged young. This report documents the first confirmed nesting of the American White Pelican in Ohio. This first nesting was observed in May 2023 on Turning Point Island, an artificial island in Sandusky Bay, Erie County, Ohio, in the western basin of Lake Erie. Continued nesting of pelicans in Ohio is expected in future years at this location and other suitable sites in the area. This species is likely to need future monitoring and management.
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Wilson, Joseph S., Jacob G. Young, and Lindsey Topham Wilson. "The Bee Communities of Young Living Lavender Farm, Mona, Utah, USA." Diversity 16, no. 2 (February 13, 2024): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d16020119.
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It is now widely recognized that bees are among the most important pollinators worldwide, yet the bee faunas of many regions and habitats remain inadequately documented. The Great Basin Desert in North America is thought to host some of the richest bee communities in the world, as indicated by several studies documenting diverse bee faunas in the region’s natural habitats. However, limited attention has been given to the bee communities present on agricultural lands within the Great Basin Desert. Here, we describe a rich bee community housed at the Young Living Lavender Farm in Juab County, Utah, near the eastern edge of the Great Basin Desert. Our survey of bees on this farm identified 68 bee species across 22 genera. This represents 34% of the bee species known from the county, including 34 new county records. Among the numerous flower species cultivated at the farm, we found that lavender supported the richest bee community, with 32 species collected from cultivated lavender fields. While lavender is frequently recommended for homeowners to plant in support of pollinators, our study is among the first to provide a list of bee species that visit lavender in western North America. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that agricultural lands, particularly those implementing pollinator-friendly farming practices, can support rich bee communities in the Great Basin Desert.
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Biondi, Franco. "Dendroclimatic Reconstruction at Kilometer-Scale Grid Points: A Case Study from the Great Basin of North America." Journal of Hydrometeorology 15, no. 2 (April 1, 2014): 891–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-13-0151.1.
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AbstractPreparing for future hydroclimatic variability greatly benefits from long (i.e., multicentury) records at seasonal to annual time steps that have been gridded at kilometer-scale spatial intervals over a geographic region. Kriging is commonly used for optimal interpolation of environmental data, and space–time geostatistical models can improve kriging estimates when long temporal sequences of observations exist at relatively few points on the landscape. A network of 22 tree-ring chronologies from single-leaf pinyon (Pinus monophylla) in the central Great Basin of North America was used to extend hydroclimatic records both temporally and spatially. First, the line of organic correlation (LOC) method was used to reconstruct October–May total precipitation anomalies at each tree-ring site, as these ecotonal environments at the lower forest border are typically moisture-limited areas. Individual site reconstructions were then combined using a hierarchical model of spatiotemporal kriging that produced annual anomaly maps on a 12 km × 12 km grid during the period in common among all chronologies (1650–1976). Hydroclimatic episodes were numerically identified using their duration, magnitude, and peak. Precipitation anomalies were spatially more variable during wet years than during dry years, and the evolution of drought episodes over space and time could be visualized and quantified. The most remarkable episode in the entire reconstruction was the early 1900s pluvial, followed by the late 1800s drought. The 1930s Dust Bowl drought was among the top 10 hydroclimatic episodes in the past few centuries. These results directly address the needs of water and natural resource managers with respect to planning for worst-case scenarios of drought duration and magnitude at the watershed level.
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Fenesi, Annamária, Sandra Saura-Mas, Robert R. Blank, Anita Kozma, Beáta-Magdolna Lózer, and Eszter Ruprecht. "Enhanced Fire-Related Traits May Contribute to the Invasiveness of Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum)." Invasive Plant Science and Management 9, no. 3 (September 2016): 182–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-d-16-00006.1.
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Although several invasive species have induced changes to the fire regime of invaded communities, potential intraspecific shifts in fire-related traits that might enhance the invasion success of these species have never been addressed. We assumed that traits conferring persistence and competitiveness in postfire conditions to downy brome, a quintessential invasive species of the Great Basin (North America), might be under selection in areas with recurrent fires. Therefore, we hypothesized that populations from frequently burned regions of the Great Basin would have (1) greater tolerance to fire at seed level, (2) higher relative seedling performance in postfire environments, and (3) greater flammability than unburned Central European populations that evolved without fire. Seeds were collected from three introduced populations from frequently burned regions in North America and three introduced populations of rarely or never burned sites from Central Europe. We performed (1) germination experiments with seeds subjected to the effect of different fire components (heat shocks, smoke, flame, ash), (2) pot experiments analyzing the effect of postfire conditions on the early growth of the seedlings, and (3) a series of flammability tests on dry biomass of plants reared in a common garden. All seeds tolerated the low-temperature treatments (40 to 100 C), but were destroyed at high heat shocks (140 and 160 C). Only the 100 C heat treatment caused a difference in reaction of seeds from different continents, as the European seeds were less tolerant to this heat shock. We found significantly increased seedling height and biomass after 4 wk of growth under postfire conditions in American populations, but not in European ones. American populations had enhanced flammability in three out of five measured parameters compared to European populations. In summary, these intraspecific differences in fire-related traits might contribute to the persistence and perhaps invasiveness of the frequently burned North American downy brome populations.
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Suriano, Zachary J., and Daniel J. Leathers. "Great Lakes Basin Snow-Cover Ablation and Synoptic-Scale Circulation." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 57, no. 7 (July 2018): 1497–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-17-0297.1.
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AbstractSynoptic-scale atmospheric conditions play a critical role in determining the frequency and intensity of snow-cover-ablation events. Using a synoptic weather-classification technique, distinct regional circulation patterns influencing the Great Lakes basin of North America are identified and examined in conjunction with daily snow-ablation events from 1960 to 2009. An ablation event is considered in this study to be an interdiurnal decrease in areal-weighted average snow depth of greater than 2.54 cm in magnitude over the entire Great Lakes basin. General meteorological characteristics associated with ablation-causing synoptic types are examined, and three individual case studies from prominent synoptic types are presented to understand the diversity of meteorological influences on regional snow ablation. Results indicate that a variety of synoptic weather conditions lead to snow ablation in the Great Lakes basin. The 10 most common synoptic types accounted for 66% of the 349 ablation events detected from 1960 to 2009. Snow ablation in the Great Lakes basin most commonly occurs when there is advection of warm and moist air into the region to provide the sensible and latent heat fluxes that are needed for melt, but ablation frequently occurs during rain-on-snow events and in instances of high pressure overhead. Ablation magnitude is highest during rain-on-snow synoptic types, and the interannual frequency of these types significantly decreased by 37% over 1960–2009. Conversely, the frequency of high-pressure-overhead synoptic types significantly increased by more than 30% from 1960 to 2009. Such changes may influence the hydrologic impact of these synoptic types on ablation over time.
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Ricciardi, Anthony, and Joseph B. Rasmussen. "Predicting the identity and impact of future biological invaders: a priority for aquatic resource management." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55, no. 7 (July 1, 1998): 1759–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f98-066.
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The identification and risk assessment of potential biological invaders would provide valuable criteria for the allocation of resources toward the detection and control of invasion threats. Yet, freshwater biologists have made few attempts at predicting potential invaders, apparently because such efforts are perceived to be costly and futile. We describe some simple, low-cost empirical approaches that would facilitate prediction and demonstrate their use in identifying high-risk species from an important donor region: the Ponto-Caspian (Black, Caspian, and Azov seas) basin. This region is the source of several freshwater organisms already invading North America, including the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha), quagga mussel (Dreissena bugensis), ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus), and round goby (Neogobius melanostomus). Based on a thorough literature review, we identify 17 additional Ponto-Caspian animals that have recent invasion histories and are likely to be transported overseas in ship ballast water; moreover, their broad salinity tolerance could allow them to survive an incomplete ballast-water exchange. These results suggest that, unless current vectors are more effectively controlled, the Great Lakes - St. Lawrence River system and other North American inland waterways will continue to receive and be impacted by invasive Eurasian species.
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Timmermans, Ann C., Brian L. Cousens, and Christopher D. Henry. "Geochemical study of Cenozoic mafic volcanism in the west-central Great Basin, western Nevada, and the Ancestral Cascades Arc, California." Geosphere 16, no. 5 (July 10, 2020): 1179–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges01535.1.
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Abstract Processes linked to shallow subduction, slab rollback, and extension are recorded in the whole-rock major-, trace-element, and Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic compositions of mafic magmatic rocks in both time and space over southwestern United States. Eocene to Mio-Pliocene volcanic rocks were sampled along a transect across the west-central Great Basin (GB) in Nevada to the Ancestral Cascade Arc (ACA) in the northern Sierra Nevada, California (∼39°–40° latitude), which are interpreted to represent a critical segment of a magmatic sweep that occurred as a result of subduction from east-northeast convergence between the Farallon and North American plates and extension related to the change from a convergent to a transform margin along the western edge of North America. Mafic volcanic rocks from the study area can be spatially divided into three broad regions: GB (5–35 Ma), eastern ACA, and western ACA (2.5–16 Ma). The volcanic products are dominantly calc-alkalic but transition to alkalic toward the east. Great Basin lavas erupted far inland from the continental margin and have higher K, P, Ti, and La/Sm as well as lower (Sr/P)pmn, Th/Rb, and Ba/Nb compared to ACA lavas. Higher Pb isotopic values, combined with lower Ce/Ce* and high Th/Nb ratios in some ACA lavas, are interpreted to come from slab sediment. Mafic lavas from the GB and ACA have overlapping 87Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd values that are consistent with mantle wedge melts mixing with a subduction-modified lithospheric mantle source. Eastern and western ACA lavas largely overlap in age and elemental and isotopic composition, with the exception of a small subset of lavas from the westernmost ACA region; these lavas show lower 87Sr/86Sr at a given 143Nd/144Nd. Results show that although extension contributes to melting in some regions (e.g., selected lavas in the GB and Pyramid Lake), chemical signatures for most mafic melts are dominated by subduction-related mantle wedge and a lithospheric mantle component.
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Sadras, Victor O., and John F. Angus. "Benchmarking water-use efficiency of rainfed wheat in dry environments." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 57, no. 8 (2006): 847. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar05359.
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Attainable water-use efficiency relates attainable yield, i.e. the best yield achieved through skilful use of available technology, and seasonal evapotranspiration (ET). For wheat crops in south-eastern Australia, there is a common, often large gap between actual and attainable water-use efficiency. To evaluate whether this gap is only an Australian problem or a general feature of dry environments, we compared water-use efficiency of rainfed wheat in south-eastern Australia, the North American Great Plains, China Loess Plateau, and the Mediterranean Basin. A dataset of published data was compiled (n = 691); water-use efficiency (WUEY/ET) was calculated as the ratio between actual grain yield and seasonal ET. Maximum WUEY/ET was 22 kg grain/ha.mm. Average WUEY/ET (kg grain/ha.mm) was 9.9 for south-eastern Australia, 9.8 for the China Loess Plateau, 8.9 for the northern Great Plains of North America, 7.6 for the Mediterranean Basin, and 5.3 for the southern-central Great Plains; the variation in average WUEY/ET was largely accounted for by reference evapotranspiration around flowering. Despite substantial differences in important factors including soils, precipitation patterns, and management practices, crops in all these environments had similarly low average WUEY/ET, between 32 and 44% of attainable efficiency. We conclude that low water-use efficiency of Australian crops is not a local problem, but a widespread feature of dry environments. Yield gap analysis for crops in the Mallee region of Australia revealed low availability of phosphorus, late sowing, and subsoil chemical constraints as key factors reducing water-use efficiency, largely through their effects on soil evaporation.
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Smith, Geoffrey M. "Footprints Across the Black Rock: Temporal Variability in Prehistoric Foraging Territories and Toolstone Procurement Strategies in the Western Great Basin." American Antiquity 75, no. 4 (October 2010): 865–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.75.4.865.
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Mobility is a common theme in Paleoindian research throughout North America including in the Great Basin. One recent model based on results from the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis of Paleoindian artifacts holds that early groups occupied geographically discrete foraging territories throughout the Great Basin during the terminal Pleistocene/early Holocene, ca. 11,500–7500 radiocarbon years ago (14C B.P.), that covered between 46,000 and 107,000 km2. While this model is innovative, its implications regarding Paleoindian mobility are difficult to reconcile with our knowledge of foraging populations. In this article, I evaluate the model using XRF data for 260 Paleoindian projectile points from northwest Nevada. The results fail to support the hypothesis that a single, expansive foraging territory once covered the western Great Basin. However, when compared to a sample of 1,085 projectile points from later periods (ca. 700014C B.P. to the historic era), data from the Paleoindian sample indicate that the foraging territories of early groups differed from those of later groups living in the same region. I suggest that these dissimilarities reflect differences in how groups moved across the landscape and procured lithic raw materials.
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Ames, Kenneth M., Kristen A. Fuld, and Sara Davis. "Dart and Arrow Points on the Columbia Plateau of Western North America." American Antiquity 75, no. 2 (April 2010): 287–325. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.75.2.287.
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The timing of the bow and arrow's introduction, spread, and replacement of the atlatl is an important research question in North American prehistory. Although regional archaeologists have not focused on the issue, it is generally thought that the bow and arrow were introduced on the Columbia Plateau ca. 2,300 years ago and completely replaced the atlatl by 1000 B.P. We apply two sets of discriminate functions and four threshold values to three large projectile point samples from the Columbia Plateau and a control sample from the Western Great Basin. Our results indicate that the atlatl was used on the Plateau by ca. 10,800 B.P. While the bow and arrow may have been present by 8500 B.P., they were ubiquitous in the region by 4400 B.P. Atlatl use appears to have increased for a while after 3000 B.P. At the same time, metric differences between dart and arrow points strengthened. Darts became rare after 1500 B.P. but seem to have been in use in small numbers at least until contact.
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Jahren, A. Hope, Ronald Amundson, Carol Kendall, and Peter Wigand. "Paleoclimatic Reconstruction Using the Correlation in δ18O of Hackberry Carbonate and Environmental Water, North America." Quaternary Research 56, no. 2 (September 2001): 252–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.2001.2259.
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AbstractCeltis sp. (commonly known as “hackberry”) fruits were collected from 101 North American sites located in 13 states and one Canadian province between the years of 1979–1994. The biomineralized carbonate endocarp of the hackberry, which is a common botanical fossil found throughout the Quaternary sediments of the Great Plains, was analyzed for its δ18O value and plotted against the δ18O value of site environmental water to demonstrate the potential of the hackberry as a paleoclimate indicator. This correlation was reinforced by intensive studies on extracted tissue-water δ18O value and hackberry endocarp carbonate δ18O value from three trees in Sterling, Colorado. The observed correlation in the large data set between hackberry endocarp carbonate δ18O value and environmental water is [endocarp δ18O=38.56+0.69×environmental water δ18O] (R=0.88; R2=0.78; p value<0.0001). The relation of the hackberry carbonate to temperature in the Great Plains was the following: (average daily-maximum growing season temperature [°C])=6.33+0.67 (δ18O of endocarp carbonate) (R=0.73; R2=0.54; p value=0.0133). The δ18O value of early Holocene fossil hackberry carbonate in the Pintwater Cave, southern Nevada, suggested precipitation δ18O values more positive than today (∼−4‰ early Holocene vs ∼−9 to −10‰ today). This shift, combined with paleobotanical data, suggests an influx of summer monsoonal moisture to this region in the early Holocene. Alternatively, the more positive δ18O values could be viewed as suggestive of warmer temperatures, although the direct use of Great Plains hackberry/temperature relationships to the Great Basin is of debatable value.
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Haynes, C. Vance. "Geoarchaeological and Paleohydrological Evidence for a Clovis-Age Drought in North America and Its Bearing on Extinction." Quaternary Research 35, no. 3-Part1 (May 1991): 438–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(91)90056-b.
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AbstractAt the Murray Springs Clovis site in southeastern Arizona, stratigraphic and geomorphic evidence indicates that an abnormally low water table 10,900 yr B.P. was followed soon thereafter by a water-table rise accompanied by the deposition of an algal mat (the “black mat”) that buried mammoth tracks, Clovis artifacts, and a well. This water-table fluctuation correlates with pluvial lake fluctuations in the Great Basin during and immediately following Clovis occupation of that region. Many elements of Pleistocene megafauna in North America became extinct during the dry period. Oxygen isotope records show a marked decrease in δ18O correlated with the Younger Dryas cold-dry event of northern Europe which ended 10,750 yr B.P., essentially the same time as the water table began to rise in southeastern Arizona. Clovis hunters may have found large game animals easier prey when concentrated at water holes and under stress. If so, both climate and human predation contributed to Pleistocene extinction in America.
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HILDEBRAND, TERRI J., and IHSAN A. AL-SHEHBAZ. "Terraria haydenii (Thelypodieae, Brassicaceae), a new mustard genus and species from the West Desert region of North America’s Great Basin." Phytotaxa 323, no. 2 (September 29, 2017): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.323.2.2.
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The North American Great Basin is a region known for its unique geology and harsh climate. Several plant species are endemic to the Basin, including three that were under consideration for endangered species listing by the US Fish and Wildlife Service. During a 2012 inventory for these species, an undescribed Brassicaceae monospecific genus, Terraria, was discovered. Our study presents results from morphological and evolutionary investigations, as well as preliminary ecological observations, of the novelty. Sequence data from rbcL firmly placed the discovery in the tribe Thelypodieae The relationships and distinguishing characters of Terraria haydenii are presented.
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Clausen, Eric. "Use of Topographic Map Evidence From Drainage Divides Surrounding Wyoming’s Great Divide Basin to Compare Two Fundamentally Different Regional Geomorphology Paradigms." Earth Science Research 9, no. 1 (January 11, 2020): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/esr.v9n1p45.
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Divide crossings (or low points or gaps) notched into the North American east-west continental divide segments completely encircling Wyoming’s Great Divide Basin interior drainage region (as observed on detailed topographic maps) are used to compare the commonly accepted regional geomorphology paradigm with a fundamentally different and new regional geomorphology paradigm. Paradigms are sets of rules governing how a scientific discipline conducts its research and are judged on their ability to explain observed evidence. Published literature is used to contrast an accepted paradigm interpretation that east-oriented drainage previously flowed across what is now the Great Divide Basin with the new paradigm basic requirement that mountain range and continental divide uplift occurred while immense south-oriented floods flowed across them. Numerous divide crossings are notched into the continental divide segments now completely encircling the relatively flat-floored Great Divide Basin interior drainage area and divide crossings observed along each of the Great Divide Basin’s north, east, south, and west margins are described and interpreted first from the accepted paradigm perspective (using published literature interpretations to the extent possible) and second from the new paradigm perspective. The published literature does not mention most of the described divide crossings, much less provide explanations for their origins, perhaps because the accepted paradigm cannot satisfactorily explain those origins. In contrast the new paradigm successfully explains most if not all of the described (and observed, but undescribed) divide crossings, although the new paradigm requires a completely different middle and late Cenozoic regional geologic history than what most published regional geology literature describes.
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Leavitt, Steven W., Irina P. Panyushkina, Todd Lange, Li Cheng, Allan F. Schneider, and John Hughes. "Radiocarbon “Wiggles” in Great Lakes Wood at About 10,000 to 12,000 BP." Radiocarbon 49, no. 2 (2007): 855–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200042727.
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High-resolution radiocarbon calibration for the last 14,000 cal yr has been developed in large part using European oaks and pines. Recent subfossil wood collections from the Great Lakes region provide an opportunity to measure 14C activity in decadal series of rings in North America prior to the White Mountains bristlecone record. We developed decadal 14C series from wood at the classic Two Creeks site (∼11,850 BP) in east-central Wisconsin, the Liverpool East site (∼10,250 BP) in northwestern Indiana, and the Gribben Basin site (∼10,000 BP) in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Initial AMS dates on holocellulose produced younger-than-expected ages for most Two Creeks subsamples and for a few samples from the other sites, prompting a systematic comparison of chemical pretreatment using 2 samples from each site, and employing holocellulose, AAA-treated holocellulose, alpha-cellulose, and AAA-treated whole wood. The testing could not definitively reveal the source of error in the original analyses, but the “best” original ages together with new AAA-treated holocellulose and α-cellulose ages were visually fitted to the IntCal04 calibration curve at ages of 13,760–13,530 cal BP for the Two Creeks wood, 12,100–12,020 cal BP for Liverpool East, and 11,300–11,170 cal BP for Gribben Basin. The Liverpool East age falls squarely within the Younger Dryas (YD) period, whereas the Gribben Basin age appears to postdate the YD by ∼300 yr, although high scatter in the decadal Gribben Basin results could accommodate an older age nearer the end of the YD.
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DuBowy, Paul. "Desert Wetland Ecosystems: Springs, Seeps and Irrigation by Paul J. DuBowy." Wetland Science & Practice 36, no. 1 (January 2019): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1672/ucrt083-239.
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While walking through endless xeric shrublands in the Great Basin or far-western Great Plains many people may think they are stark, barren and devoid of water. John Wesley Powell, an early director of the U.S. Geological Survey, pointed out in an important 1878 government study that the defining characteristic of the Great Plains and the West was its lack of water and stated that much of the area would be uninhabitable without extensive systems of irrigation. The region is in the rain shadow of the North American Cordillera. To the north the area is typical cold desert –only 200-300 mm of annual precipitation with long, cold winters and short, hot summers; to the south long, protracted drought periods may be punctuated by rain events from the Pacific Ocean.
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Notaro, Michael, David Lorenz, Christopher Hoving, and Michael Schummer. "Twenty-First-Century Projections of Snowfall and Winter Severity across Central-Eastern North America*,+." Journal of Climate 27, no. 17 (August 28, 2014): 6526–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00520.1.
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Abstract Statistically downscaled climate projections from nine global climate models (GCMs) are used to force a snow accumulation and ablation model (SNOW-17) across the central-eastern North American Landscape Conservation Cooperatives (LCCs) to develop high-resolution projections of snowfall, snow depth, and winter severity index (WSI) by the middle and late twenty-first century. Here, projections of a cumulative WSI (CWSI) known to influence autumn–winter waterfowl migration are used to demonstrate the utility of SNOW-17 results. The application of statistically downscaled climate data and a snow model leads to a better representation of lake processes in the Great Lakes basin, topographic effects in the Appalachian Mountains, and spatial patterns of climatological snowfall, compared to the original GCMs. Annual mean snowfall is simulated to decline across the region, particularly in early winter (December–January), leading to a delay in the mean onset of the snow season. Because of a warming-induced acceleration of snowmelt, the percentage loss in snow depth exceeds that of snowfall. Across the Plains and Prairie Potholes LCC and the Upper Midwest and Great Lakes LCC, daily snowfall events are projected to become less common but more intense. The greatest reductions in the number of days per year with a present snowpack are expected close to the historical position of the −5°C isotherm in December–March, around 44°N. The CWSI is projected to decline substantially during December–January, leading to increased likelihood of delays in timing and intensity of autumn–winter waterfowl migrations.
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Milrad, Shawn M., Eyad H. Atallah, and John R. Gyakum. "Dynamical and Precipitation Structures of Poleward-Moving Tropical Cyclones in Eastern Canada, 1979–2005." Monthly Weather Review 137, no. 3 (March 1, 2009): 836–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008mwr2578.1.
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Abstract Tropical cyclones in the western North Atlantic basin are a persistent threat to human interests along the east coast of North America. Occurring mainly during the late summer and early autumn, these storms often cause strong winds and extreme rainfall and can have a large impact on the weather of eastern Canada. From 1979 to 2005, 40 named (by the National Hurricane Center) tropical cyclones tracked over eastern Canada. Based on the time tendency of the low-level (850–700 hPa) vorticity, the storms are partitioned into two groups: “intensifying” and “decaying.” The 16 intensifying and 12 decaying cases are then analyzed using data from both the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) and the NCEP global reanalysis. Composite dynamical structures are presented for both partitioned groups, utilizing both quasigeostrophic (QG) and potential vorticity (PV) perspectives. It is found that the proximity to the tropical cyclone and subsequent negative tilt (or lack thereof) of a precursor trough over the Great Lakes region is crucial to whether a storm “intensifies” or “decays.” Heavy precipitation is often the main concern when tropical cyclones move northward into the midlatitudes. Therefore, analyses of storm-relative precipitation distributions show that storms intensifying (decaying) as they move into the midlatitudes often exhibit a counterclockwise (clockwise) rotation of precipitation around the storm center.
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Ozeran, Rebecca, and Craig Carr. "Patterns in Cheatgrass Abundance in Foothills Grasslands in Montana." Journal of Environment and Ecology 13, no. 1 (April 11, 2022): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jee.v13i1.19513.
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Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) is an invasive, exotic annual grass that exerts substantial negative ecological and economic influence in many of the ecosystems it invades. Cheatgrass has been extensively studied in the Great Basin region of North America where most precipitation comes in winter and early spring and the vegetation consists primarily of cool-season species and cespitose graminoid growth forms. However, much less research has been performed in the northern Great Plains region where precipitation comes primarily in spring and summer, supporting a mixture of cool and warm season plant species and both sod-forming and cespitose graminoid growth forms. In order to better understand cheatgrass ecology in the northern Great Plains region, we modeled cheatgrass abundance in relation to disturbance, vegetation, and site characteristics in two grassland locations in Montana. Multimodel inferences based on large generalized linear mixed-effects regression were used to identify variables important in predicting cheatgrass abundance. Our results suggest that cheatgrass appears to favor droughty site conditions associated with either coarser soil textures, shallower soils, or south-facing aspects. However, cheatgrass can exhibit extremely high abundances on more productive sites if disturbance creates an opportunity for invasion. Across all sites, it appears that soil disturbance can generate increased cheatgrass abundance and land management that promotes robust and vigorous vegetation and maximizes spatial and temporal niche occupancy should be encouraged to limit cheatgrass invasion and expansion.
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Kavanaugh, David H. "THE INSECT FAUNA OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST COAST OF NORTH AMERICA: PRESENT PATTERNS AND AFFINITIES AND THEIR ORIGINS." Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 120, S144 (1988): 125–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/entm120144125-1.
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AbstractThe insect fauna of the Pacific Northwest Coast is diverse and rich in endemic forms. Nine different elements are recognized in the fauna, including (1) restricted coastal, (2) coast-centred, (3) Great Basin, (4) Rocky Mountain, (5) trans-American, (6) Holarctic, (7) trans-Beringian, (8) Alaskan, and (9) introduced elements. Elements (6), (7), and (8) are generally restricted to the northwestern portion of the coast; and representation of Rocky Mountain elements (4) increases in three major steps from south to north along the coast—at the Puget Lowland/Fraser River valley, the Prince Rupert area, and the Kenai Peninsula, respectively. Patterns of vicariance among sister taxa in the carabid beetle genus Nebria demonstrate relationships which, together with analyses of other faunal elements, show that the fauna of glaciated portions of the Coastal region has greatest affinity with faunas of southern coastal areas, less affinity with those of southern interior areas, and least affinity with faunas of northern areas. Areas of local endemism within the region include the Aleutian Archipelago, the southeastern Alaskan Panhandle, the Queen Charlotte Archipelago, the Olympic Peninsula/Vancouver Island, the northern Cascade Range, the Klamath Mountains system, and the Sierra Nevada. The extant coastal insect fauna has evolved from a widespread northern Tertiary fauna, elements of which were isolated in several separate refugia during Pleistocene glaciations. The northern two-thirds of the region has been recolonized in postglacial time from both coastal and interior refugia south of the Cordilleran and Laurentide ice sheets. Local endemism in the region reflects survival and differentiation of a few forms in small coastal refugia; but survivors from these refugia, as well as those from the Yukon/Beringian refugium, have generally been unable to extend their ranges to other parts of the Coastal region following deglaciation.
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Xiong, Wen, Dong Xie, Qiang Wang, Hui Wang, Zhigang Wu, Heying Sun, Tao Li, and Peter A. Bowler. "Non-native species in Poyang Lake Basin: status, threats and management." Aquatic Invasions 18, no. 1 (April 18, 2023): 119–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3391/ai.2023.18.1.103610.
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Poyang Lake is the largest freshwater lake in China and sustains a high level of biodiversity in the mid-reach area of the Yangtze River watershed. Poyang Lake is also one of the most important aquaculture regions in China, and a great number of non-native species have been introduced into it. We present a current and well-documented list of the non-native species of plants, molluscs, crustaceans, fishes, reptiles, and amphibians currently found in Lake. We found that there are 103 non-native species (83 vascular plants, 12 fishes, three crustacea, two molluscs, two reptiles and one amphibian) that have invaded Poyang Lake Basin, of which 96 non-native species were introduced after 2000. The invasion rate of non-native species reached 4.36 species year-1, which is the highest invasion rate recorded in freshwater ecosystems. The primary pathways of introduction are through the ornamental trade and unintentional escapes (30 species each, respectively), followed by food (19), aquaculture (15), forage grass (four), medicinal and oil (two, respectively), and biocontrol (one). The origins of non-native species are North America (29.12%), Asia (25.24%), South America (20.38%), Africa (18.44%), Europe (5.82%) and Oceania (0.97%). Many non-native species provide significant support for the rapid development of the local economy (such as aquaculture). However, many non-native species pose a great threat to local biodiversity and societal development. More studies that include monitoring and the development of strategies for managing and eliminating non-native species in Poyang Lake are needed.
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Morreale, Stephen J., T. Bruce Lauber, and Richard C. Stedman. "Anglers as potential vectors of aquatic invasive species: Linking inland water bodies in the Great Lakes region of the US." PLOS ONE 18, no. 7 (July 20, 2023): e0276028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276028.
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Unimpeded transfer and spread of invasive species throughout freshwater systems is of global concern, altering species compositions, disrupting ecosystem processes, and diverting economic resources. The magnitude and complexity of the problem is amplified by the global connectedness of human movements and the multiple modes of inter-basin transport of aquatic invasive species. Our objective was to trace the fishing behavior of anglers delineating potential pathways of transfer of invasive species throughout the vast inland waters of the Great Lakes of North America, which contain more than 21% of the world’s surface freshwater and are among the most highly invaded aquatic ecosystems in the world. Combining a comprehensive survey and a spatial analysis of the movements of thousands of anglers in 12 states within the US portion of the Great Lakes Basin and the Upper Mississippi and Ohio River Basins, we estimated that 6.5 million licensed anglers in the study area embarked on an average of 30 fishing trips over the course of the year, and 70% of the individuals fished in more than one county. Geospatial linkages showed direct connections made by individuals traveling between 99% of the 894 counties where fishing occurred, and between 61 of the 66 sub-watersheds in a year. Estimated numbers of fishing trips to individual counties ranged from 1199–1.95 million; generally highest in counties bordering the Great Lakes. Of these, 79 had more than 10,000 estimated fishing trips originating from anglers living in other counties. Although angler movements are one mechanism of invasive species transfer, there likely is a high cumulative probability of invasive species transport by several million people fishing each year throughout this extensive freshwater network. A comprehensive georeferenced survey, coupled with a spatial analysis of fishing destinations, provides a potentially powerful tool to track, predict, curtail and control the transfer and proliferation of invasive species in freshwater.
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Wetter, Mark. "Documenting the occurrence through space & time of aquatic non-indigenous fish, mollusks, algae, & plants threatening North America's Great Lakes utilizing herbaria & zoological museum specimens." Biodiversity Information Science and Standards 2 (May 18, 2018): e24930. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/biss.2.24930.
Full textAbstract:
North America’s Great Lakes contain 21% of the planet’s fresh water, and their protection is a matter of national security to both the USA & Canada. One of the greatest threats to the health of this unparalleled natural resource is invasion by non-indigenous species, several of which already have had catastrophic impacts on property values, the fisheries, shipping, and tourism industries, and continue to threaten the survival of native species and wetland ecosystems. The Great Lakes Invasives Network is a consortium (20 institutions) of herbaria and zoology museums from among the Great Lakes states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and New York created to better document the occurrence of selected non-indigenous species and their congeners in space and time by imaging and providing online access to the information on the specimens of the critical organisms. The list of non-indigenous species (1 alga, 42 vascular plants, 22 fish, and 13 mollusks) to be digitized was generated by conducting a query of all fish, plants, algae, and mollusks present in the database of GLANSIS – the Great Lakes Aquatic Nonindigenous Species Information System – maintained by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The network consists of collections at 20 institutions, including 4 of the 10 largest herbaria in North America, each of which curates 1-7 million specimens (NY, F, MICH, and WIS). Eight of the nation’s largest zoology museums are also represented, several of which (e.g., Ohio State and U of Minnesota) are internationally recognized for their fish and mollusk collections. Each genus includes at least one species that is considered a Great Lakes non-indigenous taxon – several have many, whereas others have congeners on “watchlists”, meaning that they have not arrived in the Great Lakes Basin yet, but have the potential to do so, especially in light of human activity and climate change. Because the introduction and spread of these species, their close relatives, and hybrids into the region is known to have occurred almost entirely from areas in North America outside of the Basin, our effort will include non-indigenous specimens collected from throughout North America. Digitized specimens of Great Lakes non-indigenous species and their congeners will allow for more accurate identification of invasive species and hybrids from their non-invasive relatives by a wider audience of end users. The metadata derived from digitized specimens of Great Lakes non-indigenous species and their congeners will help biologists to track, monitor, and predict the spread of invasive species through space and time, especially in the face of a more rapidly changing climate in the upper Midwest. All together consortium members will digitize >2 million individual specimens from >860,000 sheets/lots of non-indigenous species and their congeneric taxa. Data and metadata are uploaded to the Great Lakes Invasives Network, a Symbiota portal (GreatLakesInvasvies.org), and ingested by the National Resource for Advancing Digitization of Biodiversity Collections (ADBC) (iDigBio.org) national resource. Several initiatives are already in place to alert citizens to the dangers of spreading aquatic invasive species among our nation's waterways, but this project is developing complementary scientific and educational tools for scientists, students, wildlife officers, teachers, and the public who have had little access to images or data derived directly from preserved specimens of invasive species collected over the past three centuries.
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Holthouse, Mark Cody, Lori R. Spears, and Diane G. Alston. "Urban host plant utilisation by the invasive Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae) in northern Utah." NeoBiota 64 (January 28, 2021): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.64.60050.
Full textAbstract:
The invasive and highly polyphagous brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål), is a severe agricultural and urban nuisance pest in North America. Since its initial invasion into Utah in 2012, H. halys has become well established in urban and suburban locations along the western foothills of the Wasatch Front in northern Utah. Bordering the Great Basin Desert, this area is unique from other North American locations with H. halys due to its high elevation (> 1200 m), aridity (30-year mean RH = 53.1%; dew point = -1.9 °C) and extreme temperatures (the 30-year mean minimum and maximum in January and July in Salt Lake City range from -3.1 to 3.6 °C and 20.3 to 32.4 °C, respectively). To document which plant species harbour H. halys, surveys were conducted in 17 urban/suburban sites in four counties during 2017 and 2018. Halyomorpha halys was more abundant in Salt Lake and Utah counties than in the more northern counties of Davis and Weber and was found on 53 plant species, nine of which hosted two or more developmental stages in both years. The majority of hosts were in the families Fabaceae, Rosaceae and Sapindaceae. Northern catalpa, Catalpa speciosa (Warder), was the most consistent host, supporting a majority of H. halys detections in all life stages; thus we identify it as a sentinel host. Twenty-nine species were novel hosts for H. halys in North America; of these, Acer ginnala Maxim, Populus tremuloides Michx., Prunus armeniaca × domestica ‘Flavor King’ and Prunus virginiana ‘Schubert’ were detected with two or more life stages of H. halys in both years. Peak populations of H. halys occurred from mid-June to mid-September. We describe H. halys plant utilisation by life stage and seasonal period to aid future detection and management of this invasive insect in the greater Intermountain West region.
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Rempel, L. L., and D. G. Smith. "Postglacial fish dispersal from the Mississippi refuge to the Mackenzie River basin." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55, no. 4 (April 1, 1998): 893–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f97-257.
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Wisconsinan glaciation had a profound impact on fish faunas in North America, and deglaciation led to the dispersal of approximately 28 species from the Mississippi glacial refuge into the Mackenzie River basin. A hypothesized dispersal 11 500 years ago via glacial lakes Agassiz and Peace is difficult to verify and hydrologic linkage between these lakes was sporadic and short lived. Geomorphic evidence indicates that glacial Lake Agassiz drained into the Mackenzie basin via the Clearwater River, Saskatchewan, 9900 years ago and created a second opportunity for fish dispersal northward. Fish distribution data indicate a 96% similarity between Mississippi species in the Mackenzie basin and species occupying the former Agassiz-Clearwater corridor. Fifteen species dispersed into the headwaters of the Clearwater River during hydrologic linkage to Lake Agassiz and are now isolated above an 18.5 m waterfall. Previous genetic data suggest lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) used the Agassiz-Clearwater corridor for two-way dispersal between Beringia and the Great Lakes basin. Lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) populations of Mississippi origin are distinguished by a marker allele of glucose-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, G3PDH-1*b, that is absent from modern populations within the former Lake Peace region and the distribution of Mississippi whitefish across Canada is best resolved by our Agassiz-Clearwater dispersal hypothesis. Our research substantially alters the interpretation of fish biogeographic patterns in Canada and generates testable hypotheses for future studies.
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Flanagan, Paul X., Jeffrey B. Basara, Jason C. Furtado, Elinor R. Martin, and Xiangming Xiao. "Role of Sea Surface Temperatures in Forcing Circulation Anomalies Driving U.S. Great Plains Pluvial Years." Journal of Climate 32, no. 20 (September 23, 2019): 7081–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-18-0726.1.
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Abstract In the U.S. Great Plains (GP), diagnosing precipitation variability is key in developing an understanding of the present and future availability of water in the region. Building on previous work investigating U.S. GP pluvial years, this study uses ERA twentieth century (ERA-20C) reanalysis data to investigate key circulation anomalies driving GP precipitation anomalies during a subset of GP pluvial years (called in this paper Pattern pluvial years). With previous research showing links between tropical Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies and GP climate variability, this study diagnoses the key circulation anomalies through an analysis of SSTs and their influence on the atmosphere. Results show that during Pattern southern Great Plains (SGP) pluvial years, central tropical Pacific SST anomalies are coincident with key atmospheric anomalies across the Pacific basin and North America. During northern Great Plains (NGP) Pattern pluvial years, no specific pattern of oceanic anomalies emerges that forces the circulation anomaly feature inherent in specific NGP pluvial years. Utilizing the results for SGP pluvial years, a conceptual model is developed detailing the identified pathway for the occurrence of circulation patterns that are favorable for pluvial years over the SGP. Overall, results from this study show the importance of the identified SGP atmospheric anomaly signal and the potential for predictability of such events.
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Yu, Qiutong, Bryan A. Tolson, Hongren Shen, Ming Han, Juliane Mai, and Jimmy Lin. "Enhancing long short-term memory (LSTM)-based streamflow prediction with a spatially distributed approach." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 28, no. 9 (May 14, 2024): 2107–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-2107-2024.
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Abstract. Deep learning (DL) algorithms have previously demonstrated their effectiveness in streamflow prediction. However, in hydrological time series modelling, the performance of existing DL methods is often bound by limited spatial information, as these data-driven models are typically trained with lumped (spatially aggregated) input data. In this study, we propose a hybrid approach, namely the Spatially Recursive (SR) model, that integrates a lumped long short-term memory (LSTM) network seamlessly with a physics-based hydrological routing simulation for enhanced streamflow prediction. The lumped LSTM was trained on the basin-averaged meteorological and hydrological variables derived from 141 gauged basins located in the Great Lakes region of North America. The SR model involves applying the trained LSTM at the subbasin scale for local streamflow predictions which are then translated to the basin outlet by the hydrological routing model. We evaluated the efficacy of the SR model with respect to predicting streamflow at 224 gauged stations across the Great Lakes region and compared its performance to that of the standalone lumped LSTM model. The results indicate that the SR model achieved performance levels on par with the lumped LSTM in basins used for training the LSTM. Additionally, the SR model was able to predict streamflow more accurately on large basins (e.g., drainage area greater than 2000 km2), underscoring the substantial information loss associated with basin-wise feature aggregation. Furthermore, the SR model outperformed the lumped LSTM when applied to basins that were not part of the LSTM training (i.e., pseudo-ungauged basins). The implication of this study is that the lumped LSTM predictions, especially in large basins and ungauged basins, can be reliably improved by considering spatial heterogeneity at finer resolution via the SR model.
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Titus, Alan L. "The first record of Cancelloceras (Early Pennsylvanian Ammonoidea) from southern Nevada: Implications for timing of regional mid-Carboniferous sea-level fluctuations." Journal of Paleontology 71, no. 1 (January 1997): 158–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000039056.
Full textAbstract:
In 1988, the presence of an Early Pennsylvanian ammonoid assemblage within the basal meter of the Callville Formation (Pennsylvanian-Permian), eastern Clark County, Nevada, was brought to the attention of the author by Stephen M. Rowland, University of Nevada-Las Vegas. The ammonoids occur in the Frenchman Mountain section described by Rowland (1987) for the Geological Society of America's Decade of North American Geology (DNAG) field trip compendium. The mid-Carboniferous section at this locality (Figure 1) was discussed in two other field trip guides as well (Langenheim and Webster, 1979; Webster et al., 1984). No ammonoids have been reported previously from this locality. Although this is the first record of Cancelloceras from the Great Basin region, the assemblage also provides a narrowly constrained age for the basal part of the Callville Formation at Frenchman Mountain, which in turn, dates the initiation of carbonate deposition following a major mid-Carboniferous hiatus in the southern Great Basin.
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Shoemaker, E. M. "Subglacial water-sheet floods, drumlins and ice-sheet lobes." Journal of Glaciology 45, no. 150 (1999): 201–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000001702.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe effect of subglacial lakes upon ice-sheet topography and the velocity patterns of subglacial water-sheet floods is investigated. A subglacial lake in the combined Michigan–Green Bay basin, Great Lakes, North America, leads to: (1) an ice-sheet lobe in the lee of Lake Michigan; (2) a change in orientations of flood velocities across the site of a supraglacial trough aligned closely with Green Bay, in agreement with drumlin orientations; (3) low water velocities in the lee of Lake Michigan where drumlins are absent; and (4) drumlinization occurring in regions of predicted high water velocities. The extraordinary divergence of drumlin orientations near Lake Ontario is explained by the presence of subglacial lakes in the Ontario and Erie basins, along with ice-sheet displacements of up to 30 km in eastern Lake Ontario. The megagrooves on the islands in western Lake Erie are likely to be the product of the late stage of a water-sheet flood when outflow from eastern Lake Ontario was dammed by displaced ice and instead flowed westward along the Erie basin. The Finger Lakes of northern New York state, northeastern U.S.A., occur in a region of likely ice-sheet grounding where water sheets became channelized. Green Bay and Grand Traverse Bay are probably the products of erosion along paths of strongly convergent water-sheet flow.
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Shoemaker, E. M. "Subglacial water-sheet floods, drumlins and ice-sheet lobes." Journal of Glaciology 45, no. 150 (1999): 201–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000001702.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe effect of subglacial lakes upon ice-sheet topography and the velocity patterns of subglacial water-sheet floods is investigated. A subglacial lake in the combined Michigan–Green Bay basin, Great Lakes, North America, leads to: (1) an ice-sheet lobe in the lee of Lake Michigan; (2) a change in orientations of flood velocities across the site of a supraglacial trough aligned closely with Green Bay, in agreement with drumlin orientations; (3) low water velocities in the lee of Lake Michigan where drumlins are absent; and (4) drumlinization occurring in regions of predicted high water velocities. The extraordinary divergence of drumlin orientations near Lake Ontario is explained by the presence of subglacial lakes in the Ontario and Erie basins, along with ice-sheet displacements of up to 30 km in eastern Lake Ontario. The megagrooves on the islands in western Lake Erie are likely to be the product of the late stage of a water-sheet flood when outflow from eastern Lake Ontario was dammed by displaced ice and instead flowed westward along the Erie basin. The Finger Lakes of northern New York state, northeastern U.S.A., occur in a region of likely ice-sheet grounding where water sheets became channelized. Green Bay and Grand Traverse Bay are probably the products of erosion along paths of strongly convergent water-sheet flow.
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Mognard, Nelly M., and Edward G. Josberger. "Northern Great Plains 1996/97 seasonal evolution of snowpack parameters from satellite passive-microwave measurements." Annals of Glaciology 34 (2002): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756402781817446.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractFor the American northern Great Plains region, the 1996/97 snow season had snow accumulations much greater than normal, which combined with rapid warming to produce extensive flooding in the Red River of the North river basin. Passive-microwave observations from the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) are used to follow the evolution of the snowpack during the snow season and to map the extent of standing water or very saturated soils during spring 1997. SSM/I-derived snow-depth algorithms that assume a fixed snow grain-size constantly underestimated the snow depth by a factor of 2 in the region where extensive flooding occurred. An estimate of the thermal gradient through the snowpack is used to model the growth of the snow grain-size and to compute more accurately the evolution of the snow depth over the region. As is commonly observed, when the melt season begins, liquid water in the snowpack causes the SSM/I spectral gradient to drop to zero. In this case, the spectral gradient fell to unusually negative values, which were indicative of large areas of open water, and not wet snow or soil.
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Jeglum, Matthew E., W. James Steenburgh, Tiros P. Lee, and Lance F. Bosart. "Multi-Reanalysis Climatology of Intermountain Cyclones." Monthly Weather Review 138, no. 11 (November 1, 2010): 4035–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010mwr3432.1.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The topography in and around the Intermountain West strongly affects the genesis, migration, and lysis of extratropical cyclones. Here intermountain (i.e., Nevada or Great Basin) cyclone (IC) activity and evolution are examined using the ECMWF Re-Analysis Interim (ERA-Interim) the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR), and the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis from 1989 to 2008, the period during which all three are available. The ICs are defined and tracked objectively as 850-hPa geopotential height depressions of ≥40 m that persist for ≥12 h. The monthly distribution of IC center and genesis frequency in all three reanalyses is bimodal with spring (absolute) and fall (secondary) maxima. Although the results are sensitive to differences in resolution, topographic representation, and reanalysis methodology, both the ERA-Interim and NARR produce frequent IC centers and genesis in the Great Basin cyclone region, which extends from the southern “high” Sierra to northwest Utah, and the Canyonlands cyclone region, which lies over the upper Colorado River basin of southeast Utah. The NCEP–NCAR reanalysis fails to resolve these two distinct cyclone regions and produces less frequent IC centers and genesis than the ERA-Interim and NARR. An ERA-Interim-based composite of strong ICs generated in cross-Sierra (210°–300°) 500-hPa flow shows that cyclogenesis is preceded by the development of the Great Basin confluence zone (GBCZ), a regional airstream boundary that extends downstream from the Sierra Nevada across the Intermountain West. Cyclogenesis occurs along the GBCZ as large-scale ascent develops over the Intermountain West in advance of an approaching upper-level trough. Flow splitting around the high Sierra and the presence of low-level baroclinicity along the GBCZ suggest that IC evolution may be better conceptualized from a potential vorticity perspective than from traditional quasigeostrophic models of lee cyclogenesis. Although these results provide new insights into IC activity and evolution, analysis uncertainty and the cyclone identification criteria are important sources of ambiguity that cannot be fully eliminated.
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Cook, Kerry H., and Edward K. Vizy. "Hydrodynamics of the Caribbean Low-Level Jet and Its Relationship to Precipitation." Journal of Climate 23, no. 6 (March 15, 2010): 1477–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jcli3210.1.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The easterly Caribbean low-level jet (CLLJ) is a prominent climate feature over the Intra-America Seas, and it is associated with much of the water vapor transport from the tropical Atlantic into the Caribbean Basin. In this study, the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) is analyzed to improve the understanding of the dynamics of the CLLJ and its relationship to regional rainfall variations. Horizontal momentum balances are examined to understand how jet variations on both diurnal and seasonal time scales are controlled. The jet is geostrophic to the first order. Its previously documented semidiurnal cycle (with minima at about 0400 and 1600 LT) is caused by semidiurnal cycling of the meridional geopotential height gradient in association with changes in the westward extension of the North Atlantic subtropical high (NASH). A diurnal cycle is superimposed, associated with a meridional land–sea breeze (solenoidal circulation) onto the north coast of South America, so that the weakest jet velocities occur at 1600 LT. The CLLJ is present throughout the year, and it is known to vary in strength semiannually. Peak magnitudes in July are related to the seasonal cycle of the NASH, and a second maximum in February is caused by heating over northern South America. From May through September, zonal geopotential gradients associated with summer heating over Central America and Mexico induce meridional flow. The CLLJ splits into two branches, including a southerly branch that connects with the Great Plains low-level jet (GPLLJ) bringing moisture into the central United States. During the rest of the year, the flow remains essentially zonal across the Caribbean Basin and into the Pacific. A strong (weak) CLLJ is associated with reduced (enhanced) rainfall over the Caribbean Sea throughout the year in the NARR. The relationship with precipitation over land depends on the season. Despite the fact that the southerly branch of the CLLJ feeds into the meridional GPLLJ in May through September, variations in the CLLJ strength during these months do not impact U.S. precipitation, because the CLLJ strength is varying in response to regional-scale forcing and not to changes in the large-scale circulation. During the cool season, there are statistically significant correlations between the CLLJ index and rainfall over the United States. When the CLLJ is strong, there is anomalous northward moisture transport across the Gulf of Mexico into the central United States and pronounced rainfall increases over Louisiana and Texas. A weak jet is associated with anomalous westerly flow across the southern Caribbean region and significantly reduced rainfall over the south-central United States. No connection between the intensity of the CLLJ and drought over the central United States is found. There are only three drought summers in the NARR period (1980, 1988, and 2006), and the CLLJ was extremely weak in 1988 but not in 1980 or 2006.
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Tulenko, Joseph P., William Caffee, Avriel D. Schweinsberg, Jason P. Briner, and Eric M. Leonard. "Delayed and rapid deglaciation of alpine valleys in the Sawatch Range, southern Rocky Mountains, USA." Geochronology 2, no. 2 (September 11, 2020): 245–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gchron-2-245-2020.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. We quantify retreat rates for three alpine glaciers in the Sawatch Range of the southern Rocky Mountains following the Last Glacial Maximum using 10Be ages from ice-sculpted, valley-floor bedrock transects and statistical analysis via the BACON program in R. Glacier retreat in the Sawatch Range from at (100 %) or near (∼83 %) Last Glacial Maximum extents initiated between 16.0 and 15.6 ka and was complete by 14.2–13.7 ka at rates ranging between 35.6 and 6.8 m a−1. Deglaciation in the Sawatch Range commenced ∼2–3 kyr later than the onset of rising global CO2 and prior to rising temperatures observed in the North Atlantic region at the Heinrich Stadial 1–Bølling transition. However, deglaciation in the Sawatch Range approximately aligns with the timing of Great Basin pluvial lake lowering. Recent data–modeling comparison efforts highlight the influence of the large North American ice sheets on climate in the western United States, and we hypothesize that recession of the North American ice sheets may have influenced the timing and rate of deglaciation in the Sawatch Range. While we cannot definitively argue for exclusively North Atlantic forcing or North American ice sheet forcing, our data demonstrate the importance of regional forcing mechanisms for past climate records.
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Taylor, Alison S., and James P. Bogart. "Karyotypic analyses of four species of Ambystoma (Amphibia, Caudata) that have been implicated in the production of all-female hybrids." Genome 33, no. 6 (December 1, 1990): 837–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g90-126.
Full textAbstract:
Four salamander species of the genus Ambystoma hybridize in the Great Lakes region of eastern North America. The hybrids are mostly polyploid and virtually all-female. Basic chromosomal morphology and C-banding patterns of Ambystoma laterale, A. jeffersonianum, A. texanum, and A. tigrinum tigrinum were examined in an attempt to find some markers that would be useful to recognize genomic constitution of the hybrids. Several minor morphological differences were found among the karyotypes of the four species, but none were of sufficient magnitude to unambiguously assign genomic content in a hybrid. There was no evidence of sexually dimorphic bands in any of the species.Key words: chromosomes, Ambystoma, C-bands, hybridization, amphibia.
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Peltier, W. Richard, Marc d’Orgeville, Andre R. Erler, and Fengyi Xie. "Uncertainty in Future Summer Precipitation in the Laurentian Great Lakes Basin: Dynamical Downscaling and the Influence of Continental-Scale Processes on Regional Climate Change." Journal of Climate 31, no. 7 (April 2018): 2651–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0416.1.
Full textAbstract:
Physics-based miniensembles of Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model configurations have been employed to investigate future precipitation changes over the Great Lakes basin of eastern North America. All physics configurations have been employed to downscale multiple distinct Community Earth System Model, version 1 (CESM1), simulations driven by the representative concentration pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) radiative forcing scenario, spanning a range from moderate (2045–60) to considerable (2085–2100) climate change. Independent of the physics configuration employed, all projected future precipitation changes are characterized by a general increase and a fattening of the tail of the daily rainfall distribution by the end of the century. The fattening of the tail can however be masked by natural variability in the case of the moderate warming expected by midcentury. The heavy-rainfall-derived precipitation increase is projected to be larger than or equal to the Clausius–Clapeyron thermodynamic reference of 7% increase per degree Celsius of surface warming, whereas the increase of average-rainfall-based precipitation becomes limited only for the largest global warming projections. This limitation is dramatically illustrated in one physics configuration at the end of the century. By downscaling the results obtained from the initial-condition ensemble, it is demonstrated that the extreme drying of the Great Lakes basin region characteristic of the most extreme end member of the CESM1 ensemble is significantly modified by downscaling with the version of WRF coupled to the Freshwater Lake model (FLake) of lake processes. This result does, however, depend upon the physics configuration employed in WRF for the parameterization of processes that cannot be explicitly resolved.
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Weaver, Scott J., and Sumant Nigam. "Variability of the Great Plains Low-Level Jet: Large-Scale Circulation Context and Hydroclimate Impacts." Journal of Climate 21, no. 7 (April 1, 2008): 1532–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jcli1586.1.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Variability of the Great Plains low-level jet (GPLLJ) is analyzed from the perspective of larger-scale, lower-frequency influences and regional hydroclimate impacts as opposed to the usual analysis of its frequency, diurnal variability, and mesoscale structure. The circulation-centric core analysis is conducted with monthly data from the high spatiotemporal resolution, precipitation-assimilating North American Regional Reanalysis, and the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) (as necessary) to identify the recurrent patterns of GPLLJ variability and their large-scale circulation links. The links are first investigated from regressions of an index representing meridional wind speed in the climatological jet-core region; the core region itself is defined from analysis of seasonal and diurnal variability of the jet structure and moisture fluxes. The analysis reveals that GPLLJ variability is, indeed, linked to coherent, large-scale, upper-level height patterns over the Pacific and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) variability in the Atlantic. A Rossby wave source analysis shows the Pacific height pattern to be potentially linked to tropical diabatic heating anomalies in the west-central basin and in the eastern Pacific sector. EOF analysis of GPLLJ variability shows it to be composed of three modes that, together, account for ∼75% of the variance. The modes represent the strengthening/expansion of the jet core (38%), with a strong precipitation impact on the northern Great Plains, and linked to post-peak-phase ENSO variability; meridional shift of the GPLLJ (23%), with a Gulf states precipitation focus, and linked to pre-peak-phase ENSO variability; and in-place strengthening of the GPLLJ (12%), with dipolar influence on Great Plains and Gulf states precipitation, and linked to summer NAO variability.
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MARCOGLIESE, DAVID J., and KYM C. JACOBSON. "Parasites as biological tags of marine, freshwater and anadromous fishes in North America from the tropics to the Arctic." Parasitology 142, no. 1 (March 10, 2014): 68–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182014000110.
Full textAbstract:
SUMMARYParasites have been considered as natural biological tags of marine fish populations in North America for almost 75 years. In the Northwest Atlantic, the most studied species include Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) and the redfishes (Sebastes spp.). In the North Pacific, research has centred primarily on salmonids (Oncorhynchus spp.). However, parasites have been applied as tags for numerous other pelagic and demersal species on both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. Relatively few studies have been undertaken in the Arctic, and these were designed to discriminate anadromous and resident salmonids (Salvelinus spp.). Although rarely applied in fresh waters, parasites have been used to delineate certain fish stocks within the Great Lakes-St Lawrence River basin. Anisakid nematodes and the copepod Sphyrion lumpi frequently prove useful indicators in the Northwest Atlantic, while myxozoan parasites prove very effective on the coast and open seas of the Pacific Ocean. Relative differences in the ability of parasites to discriminate between fish stocks on the Pacific and Atlantic coasts may be due to oceanographic and bathymetric differences between regions. Molecular techniques used to differentiate populations and species of parasites show promise in future applications in the field.
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Grauch, V. J. S., Eric D. Anderson, Samuel J. Heller, Esther K. Stewart, and Laurel G. Woodruff. "Integrated geophysical analysis provides an alternate interpretation of the northern margin of the North American Midcontinent Rift System, Central Lake Superior." Interpretation 8, no. 4 (October 26, 2020): SS63—SS85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2019-0262.1.
Full textAbstract:
The Midcontinent Rift System (MRS) is a 1.1 Ga sequence of voluminous basaltic eruptions and multiple intrusions followed by widespread sedimentation that extends across the Midcontinent and northern Great Lakes region of North America. Previous workers have commonly used seismic-reflection data (Great Lakes International Multidisciplinary Program on Crustal Evolution [GLIMPCE] line A) to demonstrate that the northern rift margin in central Lake Superior developed as a normal growth fault that was structurally inverted to a reverse fault during a compressional event after rifting had ended. A prominent, curvilinear aeromagnetic anomaly that extends from Isle Royale, Michigan, to Superior Shoal in central Lake Superior, Ontario (the IR-SS anomaly), is commonly presented as a manifestation of this reverse fault. We have integrated multidisciplinary geophysical analyses (seismic-reflection, seismic-refraction, aeromagnetic, and gravity), physical-property information (density, magnetic susceptibility and remanence, and compressional-wave velocity), and geologic concepts to develop an alternate interpretation of the rift margin along GLIMPCE line A, where it intersects the IR-SS anomaly. Our new model indicates that a normal fault is the dominant structure at the northern rift margin along line A, contrary to the original rift-margin paradigm, which asserts that compressional structures are the dominant features preserved today. Integral to this alternate model is a newly interpreted, prerift sedimentary basin intruded by sills in northern Lake Superior. Our alternate model of the northern rift margin has implications for interpreting the style, scale, and timing of extension, rift-related intrusion, and compression during development of the MRS.
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Van Gunst, K. Jane, Christy Klinger, Bryan Hamilton, Kathleen Slocum, and Dylan J. Rhea-Fournier. "Rapid Biodiversity Sampling for Bat Assemblages in Northwestern Nevada." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 11, no. 1 (February 19, 2020): 300–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/022019-jfwm-009.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Bat (Chiroptera) assemblages in the western North America remain understudied despite their importance to ecosystem function and vulnerability to multiple anthropogenic stressors. We present the first large-scale survey that we are aware of for bat fauna in the Black Rock Plateau of northwestern Nevada in the northern Great Basin Desert. We conducted surveys using both acoustic and mist net methods, documenting 14 species across 19 sites sampled during a four-night period in August 2016. We surveyed over water sources, usually surrounded by cliff and canyon habitat, and in salt desert scrub, sagebrush, and woodland habitats, detecting multiple sensitive bat species (spotted bat Euderma maculatum, little brown bat Myotis lucifugus, canyon bat Parastrellus hesperus) in the canyon habitats of the High Rock region. We analyzed regional species diversity and present the utility of using multiple detection methods to enhance understanding of Chiroptera biodiversity at both local and regional scales. Our results demonstrate the utility of “BioBlitz” approaches in documenting local and regional diversity and provide insight into areas with species assemblages or vulnerable species. Knowledge of these sites is increasingly important for future disease surveillance and population monitoring.