Academic literature on the topic 'Grazing resistance'
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Journal articles on the topic "Grazing resistance"
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Lürling, Miquel. "Grazing resistance in phytoplankton." Hydrobiologia 848, no. 1 (August 11, 2020): 237–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-020-04370-3.
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AbstractPhytoplankton is confronted with a variable assemblage of zooplankton grazers that create a strong selection pressure for traits that reduce mortality. Phytoplankton is, however, also challenged to remain suspended and to acquire sufficient resources for growth. Consequently, phytoplanktic organisms have evolved a variety of strategies to survive in a variable environment. An overview is presented of the various phytoplankton defense strategies, and costs and benefits of phytoplankton defenses with a zooming in on grazer-induced colony formation. The trade-off between phytoplankton competitive abilities and defenses against grazing favor adaptive trait changes—rapid evolution and phenotypic plasticity—that have the potential to influence population and community dynamics, as exemplified by controlled chemostat experiments. An interspecific defense–growth trade-off could explain seasonal shifts in the species composition of an in situ phytoplankton community yielding defense and growth rate as key traits of the phytoplankton. The importance of grazing and protection against grazing in shaping the phytoplankton community structure should not be underestimated. The trade-offs between nutrient acquisition, remaining suspended, and grazing resistance generate the dynamic phytoplankton community composition.
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Moore, Peter D. "Evolutionary ecology: Toxins and grazing resistance." Nature 324, no. 6096 (December 1986): 410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/324410a0.
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van Donk, Ellen, and Dag O. Hessen. "Grazing resistance in nutrient-stressed phytoplankton." Oecologia 93, no. 4 (April 1993): 508–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00328958.
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Benot, Marie-Lise, Cendrine Mony, Jan Lepš, Laurent Penet, and Anne Bonis. "Are clonal traits and their response to defoliation good predictors of grazing resistance?" Botany 91, no. 2 (February 2013): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2012-0100.
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Grazing resistance in plants, which can be defined as the ability to grow and reproduce under grazed conditions, is either associated to defoliation avoidance or tolerance. Clonal traits are often neglected when studying functional responses to grazing, despite frequent occurrence in grassland vegetation. We investigated whether clonal traits and response to defoliation were associated to increased grazing resistance. First, grazing resistance was estimated for eight clonal species using abundance patterns in a long-term field study. We then analysed its correlation with traits in undisturbed conditions and responses to defoliation in a garden experiment. A few traits were correlated to grazing resistance, though only one was a clonal trait (belowground clonal biomass). Grazing resistance was negatively correlated to shoot height and belowground clonal biomass and positively correlated to inflorescence biomass, suggesting that tall rhizomatous species investing little in sexual reproduction were at a disadvantage under grazed conditions. Both shoot height and belowground clonal biomass were negatively affected by defoliation but their decrease was significantly less for species that expressed the greatest grazing resistance in the field. Our findings show that incorporating clonal traits slightly improved predictions about field grazing resistance in the eight investigated species.
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Liebig, M. A., J. R. Hendrickson, J. D. Berdahl, and J. F. Karn. "Soil resistance under grazed intermediate wheatgrass." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 88, no. 5 (November 1, 2008): 833–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss08016.
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Intermediate wheatgrass [Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkw. & D.R. Dewey subsp. intermedium] is a productive, high-quality perennial forage that lacks persistence under grazing. A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of three grazing times on soil bulk density, soil pH, and soil organic C under intermediate wheatgrass. Treatment effects on the three soil attributes were negligible, implying grazing time did not negatively impact intermediate wheatgrass beyond a threshold whereby critical soil functions were impaired. Findings from this study are important in the context of sustainable forage and cropping system management, where maintaining or improving critical soil functions are essential for enhancing agroecosystem sustainability. Key words: Seeded perennial forages, Northern Great Plains, soil organic C
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NAETH, M. A., D. J. PLUTH, D. S. CHANASYK, A. W. BAILEY, and A. W. FEDKENHEUER. "SOIL COMPACTING IMPACTS OF GRAZING IN MIXED PRAIRIE AND FESCUE GRASSLAND ECOSYSTEMS OF ALBERTA." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 70, no. 2 (May 1, 1990): 157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss90-018.
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The impacts of long-term grazing on compaction were assessed in mixed prairie and fescue grassland ecosystems of Alberta. Grazing regimes were of light to very heavy intensities, grazed early, late, and continuously during the growing season. Bulk density was measured with a surface moisture/density gauge and a combination moisture/density probe to 65 cm. Penetration resistance to 30 cm was measured with a cone penetrometer. Solonetzic soils were less sensitive to compaction under grazing than Chernozemic soils. Heavy intensity and/or early season grazing had greater impacts on compaction than light intensity and/or late season grazing. Under the former grazing regimes, bulk density increased to 7.5 cm at Kinsella and 65 cm at Stavely; penetration resistance increased to depths of 2.5 cm at Brooks, 15 cm at Kinsella, and 30 cm at Stavely. Heavy trampling versus regular grazing increased penetration resistance to depths of 30 and 10 cm under heavy intensity and/or early season and light intensity and/or late season grazing, respectively. Late season grazing at Brooks and light to moderate grazing at Stavely may be used as management models to reduce compaction under grazing. Trends were not as clear at Kinsella, but light June and autumn grazing had the least compacting effect. Key words: Compaction, grazing, rangelands, penetration resistance, bulk density
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Tarao, Mitsunori, Jan Jezbera, and Martin W. Hahn. "Involvement of Cell Surface Structures in Size-Independent Grazing Resistance of Freshwater Actinobacteria." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 14 (June 5, 2009): 4720–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00251-09.
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ABSTRACT We compared the influences of grazing by the bacterivorous nanoflagellate Poterioochromonas sp. strain DS on ultramicrobacterial Actinobacteria affiliated with the Luna-2 cluster and ultramicrobacterial Betaproteobacteria of the species Polynucleobacter cosmopolitanus. These bacteria were almost identical in size (<0.1 μm3) and shape. Predation on a Polynucleobacter strain resulted in a reduction of >86% relative to the initial bacterial cell numbers within 20 days, while in comparable predation experiments with nine actinobacterial strains, no significant decrease of cell numbers by predation was observed over the period of ≥39 days. The differences in predation mortality between the actinobacterial strains and the Polynucleobacter strain clearly demonstrated size-independent grazing resistance for the investigated Actinobacteria. Importantly, this size-independent grazing resistance is shared by all nine investigated Luna-2 strains and thus represents a group-specific trait. We investigated if an S-layer, previously observed in an ultrastructure study, was responsible for the grazing resistance of these strains. Experiments aiming for removal of the S-layer or modification of cell surface proteins of one of the grazing-resistant strains by treatment with lithium chloride, EDTA, or formaldehyde resulted in 4.2- to 5.2-fold higher grazing rates in comparison to the levels for untreated cells. These results indicate the protective role of a proteinaceous cell surface structure in the size-independent grazing resistance of the actinobacterial Luna-2 strains, which can be regarded as a group-specific trait.
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Rodd, A. V., Y. A. Papadopoulos, L. F. Laflamme, K. B. McRae, S. A. E. Fillmore, and R. W. Wilson. "Effect of rotational grazing on selected physical properties of a Gleyed Brunisolic Gray Luvisol loam in Nova Scotia." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 79, no. 1 (February 1, 1999): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s97-094.
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Low organic matter content and weak soil structure, combined with high annual precipitation, make the soils of the Maritime Provinces extremely susceptible to compaction. Although many pasture studies have been conducted in the Maritime Provinces, none has investigated the impact of pasturing cattle on soil physical properties. Soil properties such as resistance to penetration, bulk density and hydraulic conductivity were monitored on pasture swards receiving various rotational-grazing intensities. These parameters were measured concomitantly on traffic-free areas that had been harvested as conserved forage. Resistance to penetration measurements indicate that a significant amount of compaction by cattle occurred during the 1990, 1991 and 1992 grazing seasons. Penetration resistance was generally greatest in the top 6 cm of soil, but was alleviated by frost action during the subsequent winter and spring. The other soil parameters measured were either more variable (surface and subsurface saturated hydraulic conductivity) or less sensitive (bulk density) to compaction. Although more variable, surface hydraulic conductivity was significantly higher in the traffic-free conserved forage areas than in the pasture paddocks. Rest intervals between grazings had no significant effect on saturated hydraulic conductivity. Seasonal change in resistance to penetration generally increased as rest interval decreased. The timothy/alfalfa swards (little alfalfa was left in the pastures by 1992) had the least seasonal change in resistance to penetration. Key words: Cattle, compaction, resistance to penetration, bulk density, hydraulic conductivity
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Chanasyk, David S., and M. Anne Naeth. "Grazing impacts on bulk density and soil strength in the foothills fescue grasslands of Alberta, Canada." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 75, no. 4 (November 1, 1995): 551–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss95-078.
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Alberta foothills fescue grasslands are very productive ecosystems but there is concern that the traditional season-long (continuous) grazing regimes may be leading to soil deterioration due to compaction and increased soil strength. The objectives of this study were to quantify grazing effects on soil bulk density and soil strength of sloped areas in the Alberta foothills fescue grasslands at the Agriculture Canada Stavely Range Substation. The effects of two grazing intensities (heavy and very heavy) for two treatments (short duration and continuous) on these two parameters were compared to an ungrazed control. Soil bulk density and soil water to a depth of 7.5 cm were measured with a surface water/density gauge. Soil strength was measured with a hand-pushed cone penetrometer to a depth of 45 cm. Cone index, the maximum penetration resistance in a given depth interval, was used as a measurement parameter for soil strength.Grazing affected both soil bulk density and penetration resistance. Even short-duration treatments affected these soil properties, although their effects were similar for both heavy and very heavy grazing intensities. Distinction between heavy and very heavy continuous grazing treatments was clear for both bulk density and penetration resistance, with the very heavy treatment having the greatest detrimental effect on these two soil parameters for all treatments. Bulk density and soil strength values were always lowest in the spring after snowmelt and highest late in the growing season, reflecting the water status of these ecosystems. Identical treatment rankings were obtained using bulk density and penetration resistance, but cone index was a more sensitive indicator of the effects of grazing than bulk density. Key words: Grazing, fescue grasslands, bulk density, soil strength
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Kornele, Michelle L., Melanie J. McLean, Anna E. O'Brien, and Aimée M. Phillippi-Taylor. "Antiparasitic resistance and grazing livestock in the United States." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 244, no. 9 (May 2014): 1020–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.244.9.1020.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Grazing resistance"
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Moreno, Ana Maria Biotechnology & Biomolecular Sciences Faculty of Science UNSW. "Understanding bacteria-protozoa interactions: from grazing resistance mechanisms to carbon flow in bacteria-protozoa food webs." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Biotechnology & Biomolecular Sciences, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41446.
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Bacteria-protozoa interactions are one of the oldest between prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. As such, their study offers a unique opportunity to understand the different relationships that have evolved between them, including pathogenesis, and how their interaction can affect some important processes, such as wastewater treatment. In the first part of the work described here, the grazing defence mechanisms employed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa against the surface grazer, Acanthamoeba castellanii, were investigated. P. aeruginosa cells from early logarithmic growth and stationary phase were found to use different defence strategies. The type-III secretion system (T3SS) was found to be responsible for cytotoxicity of early logarithmic growth cells against A. castellanii. Of the three exotoxins produced by P. aeruginosa PA99, the phospholipase ExoU was found to make the greatest contribution to bacterial toxicity against the amoebae. Interestingly, a PA99null mutant that does not produce any known exotoxins but synthesises a secretion apparatus, was also found to be toxic to the amoeba, suggesting that the T3SS was being used to translocate other unknown toxins. Quorum sensing regulated virulence factor production was found to be involved in the grazing defence response of stationary phase P. aeruginosa cells. A. castellanii was found to be most susceptible to hydrogen cyanide and elastase produced during late logarithmic and stationary phase. In the second part, a stable isotope probing method was developed to investigate carbon flow through bacteria-protozoa food webs in activated sludge. The method was subsequently used to track carbon from bicarbonate and acetate through bacteria-orotozoa food webs under ammonia oxidising and nitrate reducing conditions. It was found that the Peritrich ciliate Campanella umbellaria, dominated the acquisition of carbon from bacteria with access to CO2 under ammonia oxidising conditions. Thus it appears that some of these bacteria must live in the plankton, as C. umbellaria is a filter feeder. No specific protozoan groups were found to dominate carbon acquisition from bacteria with access to acetate, under nitrate reducing conditions, probably due to label dilution. Overall the results presented here showed how bacteria-protozoa interactions have shaped infectious processes in higher eukaryotes, and the dynamics of carbon flow in activated sludge.
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VanderWeide, Benjamin Lee. "Grazing and drought in tallgrass prairie: the role of belowground bud banks in vegetation dynamics." Diss., Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/16622.
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Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Biology
David C. Hartnett
Grazing and drought are instrumental in the development and maintenance of perennial grasslands. In this research I tested the belowground bud bank contribution to tallgrass prairie resistance and resilience when perturbed by grazing and drought. First, I tested the bud bank role in vegetation response to and recovery from severe drought (Chapter 2). I compared above- and belowground responses of experimentally droughted plots to ambient controls and irrigated plots during two years of severe drought and two years of recovery. I found that although aboveground net primary productivity declined 30-60% during drought, bud bank density and demography were insensitive to drought. These results suggest that grassland resistance and resilience when perturbed by drought may be mediated by stability of belowground bud banks. Second, I investigated vegetation and soil nutrient legacies following release from long-term grazing (Chapter 3). I documented a relatively rapid shift in aboveground vegetation within four years of grazer exclusion, with productivity, stem density, and diversity becoming relatively more similar to ungrazed than grazed prairie. The density and composition of the belowground bud bank and soil seed bank shifted more slowly, remaining more similar to grazed than ungrazed prairie. Responses of soil nutrients to removal of grazers varied, and in some cases was affected by recent fire history. These results demonstrate the contribution of belowground propagules to the maintenance of a diverse plant community both during grazing and after grazers are removed. Finally, I examined short-term vegetation responses to both drought and grazing (Chapter 4). Despite extreme drought and simulated grazing that reduced productivity and increased mortality of individual stems, the dominant C4 grasses maintained a stable bud bank. Aboveground net primary productivity and bud bank density of sedges and forbs, however, were reduced by both drought and grazing. This differential response of species to extreme drought and grazing led to shifts in community composition and species diversity over one growing season. Across drought and grazing treatments, live rhizome biomass was highly correlated with bud bank density and may be a useful, more easily measured index of bud bank density.
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Higuchi, Mikito. "Studies on the Improvement of Japanese Shorthorn Calves for Grazing Adaptability Using Crossbreeds with Reference to Resistance to Bovine Theileriosis." Kyoto University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/147777.
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Hatfield, Kevin Dean. ""We were not tramp sheepmen" : resistance and identity in the Oregon Basque community, accustomed range rights, and the Taylor Grazing Act, 1890-1955 /." view abstract or download file of text, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3095251.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2003.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 459-492). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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Joner, Fernando. "Redundância funcional em comunidades campestres." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/15810.
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Os campos do Rio Grande do Sul apresentam grande biodiversidade, beleza cênica e um importante recurso para a economia do estado, cuja principal atividade é a pecuária. O manejo inadequado do campo traz conseqüências graves para a diversidade e sustentabilidade desse ecossistema através da perda de espécies promovida pelo pastejo excessivo. Entretanto, algumas espécies desempenham as mesmas funções nos ecossistemas, logo a perda de algumas espécies pode não afetar o seu funcionamento, pela compensação de outras espécies do mesmo grupo funcional. Esta redundância funcional aumentaria a confiabilidade do funcionamento do ecossistema quando perturbado, funcionando como um tipo de "seguro" contra a perda de espécies. A hipótese da redundância funcional foi avaliada em ecossistemas campestres através de um experimento de remoção no qual os tratamentos avaliados consistiram em: 1) remoção de duas espécies graminóides, 2) remoção de duas espécies herbáceas não-graminóides, 3) remoção de uma espécie de graminóide e uma herbácea não-graminóide e 4) sem remoção. As evidências indicam que existe redundância funcional para as espécies de plantas em ecossistemas campestres, pois a remoção de uma espécie de cada grupo funcional causou menos modificações na composição de espécies das comunidades que a remoção de duas espécies do mesmo grupo funcional. Observou-se também que a porcentagem da cobertura das espécies remanescentes tende a compensar a remoção de espécies do mesmo grupo funcional. Entretanto, os tratamentos não tiveram efeito para a biomassa aérea. A avaliação de um banco de dados de um experimento de pastejo realizado anteriormente revelou que a redundância funcional está positivamente relacionada com a resistência da comunidade ao pastejo, enquanto a riqueza de espécies não apresentou relação. Áreas de campo com maiores níveis de redundância funcional são mais resistentes ao pastejo, sofrendo menos modificações na composição de espécies de suas comunidades. Além disso, um manejo adequado não reduz os níveis de redundância funcional dos campos. Áreas de campo dentro de unidades de conservação deveriam ser manejas adequadamente mantendo os níveis de redundância funcional e a estabilidade deste ecossistema. Entretanto, novos estudos são necessários para avaliar a importância da redundância funcional em experimentos de longa duração.Grasslands from Rio Grande do Sul present great biodiversity, scenic beauty and an important resource to the province economy, which main activity is cattle grazing. Inadequate pasture management brings serious consequences to ecosystem diversity and sustainability by the loss of species promoted by excessive grazing. Although, some species may role the same functions in ecosystems, therefore loss of some species may not affect functioning, due to species compensation within functional groups. This functional redundancy would increase ecosystem reliability when perturbations occur, working as an "insurance" to species loss. Functional redundancy hypothesis was evidenced in grassland plant communities through a removal experiment in which evaluated treatments were: 1) removal of two graminoid species, 2) removal of two forb species, 3) removal of one species of each functional group and 4) no removal (control). Evidences point to functional redundancy for grassland plant species; removal of one species of each functional group caused less harm to community species composition than removal of two species of the same functional group. Furthermore, remaining species percent covers tend to compensate removed species of the same functional group. However, treatments did not effected aboveground biomass. Data set evaluation of a previously conducted cattle-grazing experiment reveled that functional redundancy is positively related to community resistance to cattle grazing, otherwise species richness presented no relation. Grassland areas with higher levels of functional redundancy are more resistant to cattle grazing, suffering less modification in community species composition. Also, adequate management do not reduce functional redundancy on pastures. Grassland areas inside conservation units should be managed adequately maintaining redundancy levels and ecosystem reliability. Although, new studies are required to better evaluate functional redundancy implications in long term experiments.
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Qiu, Chui-Zhang, and 邱垂章. "Grazing Incidence Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Study the Particle Size and Resistance of Mo Ion Implantation on Si(100) Wafer After Annealing." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/17776763125026953451.
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碩士國立清華大學
工程與系統科學系
90
Grazing incidence small angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) and X-ray diffraction technique were used to probe the particle size and distribution of MoSi2 in a Mo ion implanted Si(100) wafer under 800 ºC after different annealing time. The sheet resistance of the sample decreases at beginning of annealing due to the recovery of defects and then increases due to the growth of larger and separated particles. The particle size of MoSi2 grows linearly proportional to the annealing time is due to interfacial reaction controlled growth kinetics.
Books on the topic "Grazing resistance"
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Toth, Gunilla B. Inducible chemical responses and herbivore resistance in seaweeds. Göteborg: Inst. för Marin Ekologi, Göteborgs Universitet, 2002.
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations., Kongelige Veterinær- og landbohøjskole (Denmark). Center for eksperimentel parasitologi., and Workshop on Biological Control of Gastro-intestinal Nematodes of Ruminants Using Predacious Fungi (1997 : Ipoh, Perak), eds. Biological control of gastro-intestinal nematodes of ruminants using predacious fungi: Proceedings of a workshop. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1998.
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Horne, Paul, and Jessica Page. Integrated Pest Management for Crops and Pastures. CSIRO Publishing, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643095625.
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Integrated Pest Management for Crops and Pastures describes in straightforward language what is required for farmers to successfully implement Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in cropping and grazing operations. It explains the differences between conventional pesticide-based controls and IPM, and demonstrates the advantages of IPM.
Effective control of pests depends on a number of approaches, not just chemical or genetic engineering. The opening chapters cover the different approaches to pest management, and the importance of identification and monitoring of pests and beneficials. Most farmers and advisors can identify major pests but would struggle to recognise a range of beneficial species. Without this information it is impossible to make appropriate decisions on which control methods to use, especially where pests are resistant to insecticides.
The book goes on to deal with the control methods: biological, cultural and chemical. The biological control agents discussed include both native and introduced species that attack pests. Cultural changes that have led to an increase in the incidence or severity of pest attack are also examined. The chapter on chemical control describes the different ways chemicals can affect beneficial species, also detailing acute, sub-lethal and transient toxicities of pesticides, drawing on examples from horticulture where necessary.
Finally, the authors bring all the components of integrated pest management together and show farmers how to put their IPM plan into action.
Book chapters on the topic "Grazing resistance"
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Felton, G. W., J. L. Bi, M. C. Mathews, J. B. Murphy, K. Korth, S. V. Wesley, C. Lamb, and R. A. Dixon. "Cross-Talk Between the Signal Pathways for Pathogen-Induced Systemic Acquired Resistance and Grazing-Induced Insect Resistance." In Novartis Foundation Symposium 223 - Insect-Plant Interactions and Induced Plant Defence, 166–74. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470515679.ch11.
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Ungru, J., M. Blüher, M. Coenen, J. Raila, D. Vermeulen, R. Boston, and I. Vervuert. "Effects of body weight restriction on blood and adipose tissue adipokines and macrophage activation in obese and insulin-resistant ponies." In Forages and grazing in horse nutrition, 499–502. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-755-4_68.
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Cogolati, Samuel, and Jan Wouters. "Commons, Global (Economic) Governance, and Democracy: Which Way Forward for International Law?" In The Protection of General Interests in Contemporary International Law, 68–88. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192846501.003.0004.
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Millions of people have been depending on commons such as forests, pastures, grazing lands, and fisheries to meet their basic needs for centuries. Because these commons are often left unrecognized, they face the threat of enclosure, which risks depriving peoples in the Global South from their most basic access to essential resources. Legal scholars are therefore called upon to rethink the prevailing system of global governance. Very little has been said about the role that international law could play in the empowerment of communities in the self-management of their resources and in the resistance against enclosure. It remains unclear to what extent international law can require states to recognize the commons as a democratic practice of its own and protect marginalized populations from enclosure and dispossession. This chapter asks the question as to whether international law can be rethought as part of the solution in saving the commons from enclosure.
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Campbell, Ian. "The Trigger." In The Addis Ababa Massacre, 49–58. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190674724.003.0003.
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Using Italian and Ethiopian sources, the author describes the attempt by members of the urban resistance on the life of Viceroy Rodolfo Graziani at the Gennete Liul Palace on Friday 19th February 1937. Grenades thrown at Graziani and his entourage injured him and resulted in his evacuation to hospital. Meanwhile Italian military and civilians attacked and eventually slaughtered the crowd of 3,000 Ethiopians in the palace courtyard.
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Campbell, Ian. "Epilogue." In The Addis Ababa Massacre, 355–78. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190674724.003.0014.
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The Epilogue summarizes the demise of Mussolini, the fate of the Blackshirts, and the subsequent careers of the key Fascists including Rodolfo Graziani and Guido Cortese. The lives of the major Ethiopian eye-witnesses are recounted, and the recent upsurge of Fascist sympathy in Italy is noted, particularly in terms of a resurgence of interest in Graziani as an Italian war hero, which has been countered in Ethiopia by protests by former resistance fighters and their families.
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Marjanić, Suzana. "Labin ili izvedba undergrounda kao jedan od modusa otpora izolaciji/periferiji." In Periferno u hrvatskom jeziku, kulturi i društvu / Peryferie w języku chorwackim, kulturze i społeczeństwie, 485–97. University of Silesia Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/pn.4038.28.
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Using the example of the town of Labin in Istria, I demonstrate how isolation, the so-called periphery, can also serve as an expression of resistance in a cultural niche. The collective Labin Art Express (L.A.E., initiated by Dean Zahtila, late Krešimir Farkaš, Graziano Kršić) is the initiator of the fundamental L.A.E. project Underground City XXI ‒ independent underground Labin cultural city as an alternative to the existing above-ground, heteronomous Labin, i.e. the creation of a real city 150 m below the earth’s surface ‒ in underground halls and tunnels, carved in solid rock, connecting Labin, Raša, Plomin and Rabac, with streets, bars, galleries, swimming pools, playgrounds for children, shops, restaurants, the Museum of Mining and Industry of Istria. Thereby we can compare Labin in terms of urbanity and anthropology with the town of Katowice, which in 2018 was selected to host the most significant UN Climate Change Conference, following the 2015 Paris Agreement. Katowice were chosen as one of Europe’s most polluted sites due to the exploitation of coal i.e. the transition of the aforementioned town from a mining and industrial site to a modern industrial, economical, technological and cultural centre.
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Lorbiecki, Marybeth. "The Farmer as Conservationist … and Restorationist." In A Fierce Green Fire. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199965038.003.0026.
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The farm lies about two hours away from the Shack but only historic inches away in concept. In the Driftless region of southwest Wisconsin, it bears upon it some of the beautiful contoured crop swirls of Coon Valley, telltale marks of Leopold’s influence. New Forest Farm, started by Mark and Jen Shepard, is restoration agriculture in action. The farm asks the land to do what it is tailored by nature to do best and then trains it artfully, holistically, and prodigiously for personal, natural, and commercial use. From the sky, it looks like a child’s fingerpainting in green, with curlycues and waves of varying shades, dotted with treetop spheres, winding around ridges and swells. Lovely, biologically diverse, and drought resistant. It has pocket ponds with connective rain-irrigation swales cut into the contours following gradual lines of gravity to disperse captured moisture into the roots and soil for storage. In the face of the worst drought since 1933, this farm stood out lush and lively, though the chestnuts, hazelnuts, and fruit trees produced a reduced harvest, saving their energies for survival. On the spring day we visited, three new shaggy, fawn-colored Highland cattle had just arrived—a mother, son, and calf—along with some new solar-powered electric fencing for pasturing paddocks. “The animals get to know the whole thing,” says Peter Allen, the land manager in his early thirties who expounds on the sequential grazing of the cattle, pigs, sheep, chickens, and turkeys. “They stay for a day in the paddock, and they’re ready to move on to the next when we open the gates.” A PhD student from UW-Madison’s Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, Allen is applying precepts of wildlife and land ecology to the emerging field of restoration agriculture. He’s also a warm host and knowledgeable tour guide, handing out exciting details like the intoxicating cider made here.
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Tinker, Peter B., and Peter Nye. "Microbiological Modification of the Rhizosphere." In Solute Movement in the Rhizosphere. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195124927.003.0012.
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The general questions of root/shoot ratio, allocation of carbon to the root system, and root system dynamics are discussed in chapter 9, and the detailed root structure in chapter 5. Root-derived carbon forms the substrate for rhizosphere and symbiotic organisms, and hence leads to the increase in their population densities close to or in the root. Some of the carbon compounds from the root have specific chemical effects also (see chapter 7). Both quantity and composition of these materials need to be known if their effects are to be understood, and we discuss this subject here. The terminology of these materials is rather confused. The collective name for the injection of plant-derived carbon into the soil around living roots is ‘rhizodeposition’, but this has been used in different ways; for example, it may include root-respired carbon dioxide (Whipps 1990), but Darrah (1996) excludes carbon dioxide. The various forms include (Rovira et al. 1979; Lambers 1987; Whipps 1990) solid tissues lost from the root during growth; mucigel and debris from root surfaces and root cap; low-molecular-weight organic compounds in solution; carbon dioxide produced by root respiration for maintenance and for growth; faunal grazing of root tissues; and carbon transferred into symbionts, such as mycorrhizas and rhizobia. Some authors subdivide certain of these classes further. ‘Rhizodeposition’ is loss from a functioning root, but over a longer period the death and decomposition of whole roots deposits large quantities of carbon into the soil, which continues to act as a more resistant microbial substrate (see chapter 9). All of these materials ultimately are converted to carbon dioxide (except for material formed into stable soil organic matter) and this is difficult to separate from carbon dioxide produced directly by root respiration. The main issue here is how the various forms of deposition alter the ability of the living root system to absorb nutrients. We use the following terms for clarity, and because they relate to the practical means whereby these materials are quantified. As the rhizosphere situation is very dynamic, the results obtained will depend upon the timescale considered. (a) Exudates: soluble low-molecular-weight material that comes directly from the living root (microbial metabolites may be similar, but are excluded).
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Peters, Debra P. C., and William H. Schlesinger. "Future Directions in Jornada Research: Applying an Interactive Landscape Model to Solve Problems." In Structure and Function of a Chihuahuan Desert Ecosystem. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195117769.003.0022.
Full textAbstract:
The long history of research at the Jornada Basin (through the Agricultural Research Service [ARS] since 1912, New Mexico State University in the late 1920s, and joined by the Long-Term Ecological Research [LTER] program in 1981) has provided a wealth of information on the dynamics of arid and semiarid ecosystems. However, gaps in our knowledge still remain. One of the most perplexing issues is the variation in ecosystem dynamics across landscapes. In this concluding chapter to this volume, we propose a new conceptual model of arid and semiarid landscapes that focuses explicitly on the processes and properties that generate spatial variation in ecosystem dynamics. We also describe how our framework leads to future research directions. Many studies have documented variable rates and patterns of shrub invasion at the Jornada as well as at other semiarid and arid regions of the world, including the Western United States, northern Mexico, southern Africa, South America, New Zealand, Australia, and China (York and Dick-Peddie 1969; Grover and Musick 1990; McPherson 1997; Scholes and Archer 1997; see also chapter 10). In some cases, shrub invasion occurred very rapidly: At the Jornada, areas dominated by perennial grasses decreased from 25% to < 7% from 1915 to 1998 with most of this conversion occurring prior to 1950 (Gibbens et al. 2005; Yao et al. 2002a). In other cases, shrub invasion occurred slowly, and sites were very resistant to invasion; for example, perennial grasses still dominate on 12 out of 57 research quadrats originally established in black grama (Bouteloua eropoda) grasslands in the early twentieth century (Yao et al. 2002b). Soil texture, grazing history, and precipitation patterns are insufficient to account for this variation in grass persistence through time (Yao et al. 2002a). It is equally perplexing that although many attempts to remediate these shrublands back to perennial grasses have led to failure, some methods worked well, albeit with long (> 50 year) time lags (Rango et al. 2002; see also chapter 14). Although variations in vegetation dynamics and shrub invasion are the most well known, other lesser known aspects of arid and semiarid systems have been found to be quite variable as well.
Conference papers on the topic "Grazing resistance"
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VALÁŠEK, Petr, Miroslav MÜLLER, and Michaela JAMELSKÁ. "THE INFLUENCE BREEDING ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE HOOF HORN IN CZECH WARMBLOOD HORSES." In Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.003.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this experiment was to compare the mechanical properties of the hoof horn of horses, mainly Czech warmblood, in relation to their stabling conditions – explicitly, grazing farming (pasture) with deep bedding stables. The sampling of the hoof horn was always made after a change of the horse´s stabling method. This paper assesses the changes in some mechanical properties of the hoof as a result of changes in their stabling environment. Moreover, the hardness, the wear resistance and the impact resistance of the hoof horn was evaluated. The results of the experiment showed a statistically significant difference between the studied mechanical properties of the hoof horn and the compared stabling conditions. Conducting the experiment led to a new methodology for evaluating the mechanical properties of biological materials coming from polymeric testing. The experiment describes a possible methodology for testing biological materials based on the evaluation of the mechanical properties of inorganic polymers. An effect of the influence stabling environment has to the hardness and the impact strength of the hoof horn was confirmed. An effect of the influence stabling environment has on hoof´s resistance against abrasiveness was not confirmed.
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Telesnina, V. M. "Dynamic of vegetation composition and structure due to post-agrogenic succession (Kostroma region)." In Problems of studying the vegetation cover of Siberia. TSU Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/978-5-94621-927-3-2020-37.
Full textAbstract:
The rate and direction of the post-agrogenic succession are determined by the features of agricultural land development in the past. After intensive application of organic fertilizers, as well as cattle grazing, the restoration of woody vegetation slows down, as well as the rate of appearance of forest species resistant to acidic conditions and low enrichment in nutrient elements in the grass. With the intensive application of organic fertilizers, nitrophilic herbal phytocenoses with low floristic diversity exist for a long time. Prolonged haying causes a reduction in the weed-ruderal stage while slowing down the appearance of forest species. At the initial stages of overgrowing for all types of use, the convergence of a number of floristic and ecological-coenotic characteristics of phytocenoses of deposits of a similar age was revealed in the past.