Relevant bibliographies by topics / Gravity reduction

Academic literature on the topic 'Gravity reduction'

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Published: 1 April 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Gravity reduction"

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Gonzalez, Tyler A., Lauren K. Ehrlichman, Alec Macaulay, Mohammad Ghorbanhoseini, and John Kwon. "Gravity Reduction View." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 1, no. 1 (September 2016): 2473011416S0019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011416s00194.

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LaFehr, T. R. "Standardization in gravity reduction." GEOPHYSICS 56, no. 8 (August 1991): 1170–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443137.

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Gravity reduction standards are needed to improve anomaly quality for interpretation and to facilitate the joining together of different data sets. To the extent possible, data reduction should be quantitative, objective, and comprehensive, leaving ambiguity only to the interpretation process that involves qualitative, subjective, and geological decisions. The term (Bouguer anomaly) describes a field intended to be free of all nongeologic effects—not modified by a partial geologic interpretation. Measured vertical gradients of gravity demonstrate considerable variation but do not suggest, as often reported, that the normal free‐air gradient is in error or needs to be locally adjusted. Such gradients are strongly influenced by terrain and, to a lesser extent, by the same geologic sources which produce Bouguer anomalies. A substantial body of existing literature facilitates the comprehensive treatment of terrain effects, which may be rigorously implemented with current computer technology. Although variations in topographic rock density are a major source of Bouguer anomalies, a constant density appropriate to the area under investigation is normally adopted as a data reduction standard, leaving a treatment of the density variations to the interpretation. A field example from British Columbia illustrates both the variations in vertical gravity gradients which can be encountered and the conclusion that the classical approach to data reduction is practically always suitable to account for the observed effects. Standard data reduction procedures do not (and should not) include reduction‐to‐datum. The interpreter must be aware, however, that otherwise “smooth” regional Bouguer anomalies caused by regional sources do contain high‐frequency components in areas of rugged topography.
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Schoutens, K., A. Sevrin, and P. van Nieuwenhuizen. "Covariant w∞ gravity and its reduction to WN gravity." Physics Letters B 251, no. 3 (November 1990): 355–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(90)90719-m.

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Park, I. Y. "Reduction of gravity-matter and dS gravity to hypersurface." International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 14, no. 06 (May 4, 2017): 1750092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021988781750092x.

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The quantization scheme based on reduction of the physical states I. Y. Park, Hypersurface foliation approach to renormalization of ADM formulation of gravity, Eur. Phys. J. C 75(9) (2015) 459, arXiv:1404.5066 [hep-th] is extended to two gravity-matter systems and pure de Sitter (dS) gravity. For the gravity-matter systems, we focus on quantization in a flat background for simplicity, and renormalizability is established through gauge-fixing of matter degrees of freedom. Quantization of pure dS gravity has several new novel features. It is noted that the infrared divergence does not arise in the present scheme of quantization. The lapse function constraint plays a crucial role.
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Linares, Román. "S3Group-manifold reduction of gravity." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 24 (January 1, 2005): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/24/1/024.

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Heath, Philip. "Quantifying the errors in gravity reduction." ASEG Extended Abstracts 2016, no. 1 (December 2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aseg2016ab120.

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Gasperini, M., and M. Giovannini. "Gravity waves from primordial dimensional reduction." Classical and Quantum Gravity 9, no. 10 (October 1, 1992): L137—L141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/9/10/002.

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Capriotti, S. "Differential geometry, Palatini gravity and reduction." Journal of Mathematical Physics 55, no. 1 (January 2014): 012902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4862855.

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Carlip, S. "Spontaneous dimensional reduction in quantum gravity." International Journal of Modern Physics D 25, no. 12 (October 2016): 1643003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271816430033.

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Hints from a number of different approaches to quantum gravity point to a phenomenon of “spontaneous dimensional reduction” to two spacetime dimensions near the Planck scale. I examine the physical meaning of the term “dimension” in this context, summarize the evidence for dimensional reduction, and discuss possible physical explanations.
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Tchrakian, D. H. "On the dimensional reduction of gravity." General Relativity and Gravitation 19, no. 2 (February 1987): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00770325.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Gravity reduction"

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Kuyrukcu, Halil. "Kaluza-klein Reduction Of Higher Curvature Gravity Models." Phd thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12611748/index.pdf.

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The standard Kaluza-Klein theory is reviewed and its basic equations are rewritten in an anholonomic basis. A five dimensional Yang-Mills type quadratic and cubic curvature gravity model is introduced. By employing the Palatini variational principle, the field equations and the stress-energy tensors of these models are presented. Unification of gravity with electromagnetism is achieved through the Kaluza-Klein reduction mechanism. Reduced curvature invariants,field equations and stress-energy tensors in four dimensional space-time are obtained. The structure of interactions among the gravitational, electromagnetic and massless scalar fields are demonstrated in detail. It is shown that in addition to a set of generalized Maxwell and Yang-Mills type gravity equations the Lorentz force also emerges from this theory. Solutions of the standard Kaluza-Klein theory are explicitly demonstrated to be intrinsically contained in the quadratic model.
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Hanusch, Maximilian [Verfasser]. "Invariant connections and symmetry reduction in loop quantum gravity / Maximilian Hanusch." Paderborn : Universitätsbibliothek, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1064647138/34.

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Trout, Alvin McKinley. "Further Study of the Gravity Loading Base Test Method." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35025.

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Presently, the industry accepted method for determining the positive moment strength of gravity loaded standing seam metal roof systems is the "Base Test Method". The Base Test Method provides a means for determining the positive moment strength of a multiple span, multiple purlin line standing seam roof system using the results from a set of six single span, simply supported, two-purlin line experimental tests. A set of six base tests must be conducted for each combination of purlin profile, deck panel profile, clip type, and intermediate bracing configuration. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the possibility of eliminating some of the roof system parameters specifically, clip type, purlin flange width, and roof panel thickness.

This study used the results from nine series of tests. Each series consists of 11 to 14 gravity loaded base tests. The first three series were used to examine the effects of clip type on the strength of standing seam roof system. The final six series was used to examine the effects of flange width and roof panel thickness. All nine series were constructed using Z-purlin sections with flanges facing the same direction (like orientation).

Based on the results of this study, clip type, purlin flange width, and roof panel thickness all have an effect on the strength of standing seam roof systems. Although none of the roof components can be completely eliminated from the required test matrix, by using trend relationships an acceptable test protocol was developed that results in a significant reduction in the number of required base tests.


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Sandström, Martin. "Reduction Mechanics of The Cosmological Constant." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teoretisk fysik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-340233.

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The quantum creation of membranes by a totally antisymmetric tensor and gravitational fields is considered in arbitrary space-time dimensions. The creation process is described by instanton tunneling. As membranes are created, the energy density associated with the antisymmetric field decreases, reducing the effective cosmological constant to a lower value. For a collection of parameters and initial conditions, the creation mechanism goes to a halt as soon as the cosmological constant is near zero. A brief exploration of a canonical gravity representation is also considered, where the system of ADM-composition in arbitrary space-time dimensions is introduced.
Kvantprocessen av membranskapelse via en total anti-symmetrisk tensor och gravitationsfält är betänkt i arbiträra rumstidsdimensioner. Skapelseprocessen är beskriven via instantontunnling. Då membranen är skapade, reduceras värdet på energidensiteten som är associerad med det anti-symmetriska fältet. För en samling av parametrar och begynnelsevärden, stannar skapelseprocessen upp så fort den kosmologiska konstanten har ett värde nära noll. En kort utforskning av kanonisk gravitation är också betänkt, där ett system i termer av ADM-dekomposition i arbiträra rumstidsdimensioner är introducerat.
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Sevieri, Giacomo [Verfasser], Hermann G. [Akademischer Betreuer] Matthies, and Falco Anna [Akademischer Betreuer] De. "The seismic assessment of existing concrete gravity dams : FE model uncertainty quantification and reduction / Giacomo Sevieri ; Hermann G. Matthies, Anna De Falco." Braunschweig : Technische Universität Braunschweig, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1225038251/34.

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Morand, Kevin. "Symétries nonrelativistes et gravitation de Newton-Cartan." Thesis, Tours, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOUR4009/document.

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Bien qu’ayant vu le jour dans un cadre dit relativiste avec l’avènement de la théorie de la relativité générale, le lien intime existant entre géométrie de l’espace-temps d’une part, et gravitation d’autre part, peut se voir étendu aux théories dites nonrelativistes, l’exemple paradigmatique en étant la reformulation géométrique de la gravitation Newtonienne initiée par E. Cartan. De tels espace-temps nonrelativistes diffèrent structurellement de leurs homologues relativistes, ces disparités étant le plus naturellement expliquées en réinterprétant ces premiers comme réduction dimensionnelle d’espace-temps relativistes privilégiés. L’ambition de cette thèse est double : Dans une première partie, nous nous intéressons à une généralisation de la classe d’espace-temps relativistes permettant le formalisme ambiant, étudions leur interprétation géométrique ainsi que la classe élargie de structures nonrelativistes pouvant y être plongées. La seconde partie de ce manuscrit concerne le point de vue, informé par la théorie des groupes, que porte E. Cartan sur la géométrie différentielle et plus précisément l’éclairage que projettent les géométries de Cartan sur les structures nonrelativistes, à la fois dans leur définition intrinsèque et dans leur relation avec des structures relativistes au travers du formalisme ambiant
With the advent of general relativity, the profound interaction between the geometry of spacetime and gravitational phenomena became a truism of modern physics. However, the intimate relationship between spacetime geometry and gravitation is by no means restricted to relativistic physics but can in fact be successfully applied to nonrelativistic physics, the paradigmatic example being E. Cartan geometrisation of Newtonian gravity. This geometrisation of nonrelativistic gravitation involves some nonrelativistic structures whose discrepancies in comparison with their relativistic peers are better understood when embedded inside specific classes of relativistic gravitational waves. The ambition of this Doctoral Thesis is twofold: In a first part, we discuss a generalisation of the class of gravitational waves allowing the embedding of nonrelativistic features, explore their geometric properties and the new nonrelativistic structures emerging from this study. In a second part, we advocate how the group-theoretically oriented approach of Cartan to differential geometry can shed new light on nonrelativistic structures, both in an intrinsic and ambient fashion
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Reho, John Joseph. "The Impact of Reductions in Uterine Perfusion Pressure on Uterine Arterial Reactivity in Gravid Rats II and L-tyrosine Polyphosphate Nanoparticles as a Potential In Vivo Gene Delivery Device." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1333899328.

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Save, Himanshu Vijay. "Using regularization for error reduction in GRACE gravity estimation." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/7665.

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The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) is a joint National Aeronautics and Space Administration / Deutsches Zentrum für Luftund Raumfahrt (NASA/DLR) mission to map the time-variable and mean gravity field of the Earth, and was launched on March 17, 2002. The nature of the gravity field inverse problem amplifies the noise in the data that creeps into the mid and high degree and order harmonic coefficients of the earth's gravity fields for monthly variability, making the GRACE estimation problem ill-posed. These errors, due to the use of imperfect models and data noise, are manifested as peculiar errors in the gravity estimates as north-south striping in the monthly global maps of equivalent water heights. In order to reduce these errors, this study develops a methodology based on Tikhonov regularization technique using the L-curve method in combination with orthogonal transformation method. L-curve is a popular aid for determining a suitable value of the regularization parameter when solving linear discrete ill-posed problems using Tikhonov regularization. However, the computational effort required to determine the L-curve can be prohibitive for a large scale problem like GRACE. This study implements a parameter-choice method, using Lanczos bidiagonalization that is a computationally inexpensive approximation to L-curve called L-ribbon. This method projects a large estimation problem on a problem of size of about two orders of magnitude smaller. Using the knowledge of the characteristics of the systematic errors in the GRACE solutions, this study designs a new regularization matrix that reduces the systematic errors without attenuating the signal. The regularization matrix provides a constraint on the geopotential coefficients as a function of its degree and order. The regularization algorithms are implemented in a parallel computing environment for this study. A five year time-series of the candidate regularized solutions show markedly reduced systematic errors without any reduction in the variability signal compared to the unconstrained solutions. The variability signals in the regularized series show good agreement with the hydrological models in the small and medium sized river basins and also show non-seasonal signals in the oceans without the need for post-processing.
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Wang, Jian-li, and 王建立. "Application of Conical Cross-section to Terrain Correction for Gravity Reduction." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/42158379984383531298.

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碩士
國立成功大學
地球科學系碩博士班
95
The difference between actual gravity referring to the geoid and normal gravity estimated on a selected specific ellipsoid is generally defined as gravity anomaly. Because of the actual gravity on the geoid can not be obtained directly, we have to reduce the gravity measured on the physical surface of the earth to the geoid. Both of the two main procedures of gravity reduction are the free-air reduction and the terrain correction which removed the mass between the earth surface and the geoid. Traditionally, we always apply the Bouguer correction first and then remove the excess mass or fill it in the terrain correction. In this paper, we directly apply the terrain correction by means of the conical cross-section method. The conical cross-section method assumes the surveying-site as an original point and then divides the neighbor topography into serial sector areas with equal central angle. The more we make the central angel smaller, the more we get the real expressed topography. The central lines of the sector are used to describe the variance of the topography within every sector area. By using the conical cross-section equations provided from this paper, we get the terrain correction. Comparing with the traditional Helmert's method, the principal differences are: (1) Helmert's method bases on the leveling-plate of the station, our method is on the geoid; (2) the cross-section of Helmert's method is trapezoid, our method is conical. The method gave from this paper is more suitable than Helmert's to fit the real topography. In this paper, four specific points are selected from different sorts of topography. Two points are on the mountaintop. Another one is on the mountain valley, and the last one is on the mountainside. The plate A and plate B are used to calculate the topographic effects. From the calculated result, we found out the standard deviation could reach to 1.1 mGal by using the twelve equally divided parts of topography. Comparing results between conical cross-section and Helmert's method, the difference of the three specific points are within 4 mGal except the YuSan point of 12.6 mGal. Hence, it is reasonable to divide the topography into twelve equal parts for the terrain correction in Taiwan.
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LIN, DONG-SANG, and 林東山. "THE STUDIES OF PREDICTED GRAVITY ANOMALY BY USING ORDINARY KRIGING AND PLANNING GRAVITY STATION BY USING VARIANCE REDUCTION ANALYSIS." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/39125368293283266988.

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碩士
國立交通大學
土木工程研究所
83
"Ordinary Kriging Method" is used to test the predicted results of free air gravity anomaly , then comparision are made between the results obtained from "Ordinary Kriging Method" and those from "The Method of Least-Sequare Surface Fitting". Triangulation points are chosen to be the possible station positions, and "Variance Reduction Analysis" which extended from "Ordinary Kriging" are adopted to extract the optimal gravity station positions out.
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Books on the topic "Gravity reduction"

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Extinguishment of a diffusion flame over a PMMA cylinder by depressurization in reduced-gravity: Under grant NGT-50862. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.

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Qin, Xinhua. Data reduction analysis for the Stanford relativity gyroscope experiment. 1991.

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Extinguishment of a diffusion flame over a PMMA cylinder by depressurization in reduced-gravity: Under grant NGT-50862. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.

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Zeitlin, Vladimir. Getting Rid of Fast Waves: Slow Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804338.003.0005.

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After analysis of general properties of horizontal motion in primitive equations and introduction of principal parameters, the key notion of geostrophic equilibrium is introduced. Quasi-geostrophic reductions of one- and two-layer rotating shallow-water models are obtained by a direct filtering of fast inertia–gravity waves through a choice of the time scale of motions of interest, and by asymptotic expansions in Rossby number. Properties of quasi-geostrophic models are established. It is shown that in the beta-plane approximations the models describe Rossby waves. The first idea of the classical baroclinic instability is given, and its relation to Rossby waves is explained. Modifications of quasi-geostrophic dynamics in the presence of coastal, topographic, and equatorial wave-guides are analysed. Emission of mountain Rossby waves by a flow over topography is demonstrated. The phenomena of Kelvin wave breaking, and of soliton formation by long equatorial and topographic Rossby waves due to nonlinear effects are explained.
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Book chapters on the topic "Gravity reduction"

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Guo, Jun-Yi. "Gravity Reduction." In Physical Geodesy, 253–319. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23320-3_6.

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Rice, Donald A. "Gravity and Gravity Reduction." In Contemporary Geodesy: Proceedings of a Conference Held at the Harvard College Observatory-Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, Massachusetts, December 1-2, 1958, 40–44. Washington D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gm004p0040.

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Lambert, Walter D. "The Isostatic Reduction of Gravity Data and Its Indirect Effect." In Gravity Anomalies: Unsurveyed Areas, 81–84. Washington, D.C.: American Geophysical Union, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gm009p0081.

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Grombein, Thomas, Kurt Seitz, and Bernhard Heck. "Topographic–Isostatic Reduction of GOCE Gravity Gradients." In International Association of Geodesy Symposia, 349–56. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37222-3_46.

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Migliaccio, F., F. Sansò, and F. Sacerdote. "The Boundary Value Problem Approach to the Data Reduction for a Spaceborne Gradiometer Mission." In Gravity, Gradiometry and Gravimetry, 67–77. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3404-3_9.

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Lee, S. B., and D. H. Lee. "Evaluation of the Topographic Effect using the Various Gravity Reduction Methods for Precise Geoid Model in Korea." In Gravity, Geoid and Earth Observation, 273–81. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-10634-7_35.

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Naujoks, M., S. Eisner, C. Kroner, A. Weise, P. Krause, and T. Jahr. "Local Hydrological Information in Gravity Time Series: Application and Reduction." In Geodesy for Planet Earth, 297–304. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20338-1_36.

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Brovelli, M., F. Migliaccio, and F. Sansó. "A BVP Approach to the Reduction of Spaceborne Gradiometry: Theory and Simulations." In From Mars to Greenland: Charting Gravity With Space and Airborne Instruments, 169–79. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9255-2_16.

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Bassanino, M., F. Migliaccio, and F. Sacerdote. "A BVP Approach to the Reduction of Spaceborne GPS and Accelerometric Observations." In From Mars to Greenland: Charting Gravity With Space and Airborne Instruments, 323–37. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9255-2_29.

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Sevieri, G., A. De Falco, and G. Marmo. "Uncertainty Quantification and Reduction in the Structural Analysis of Existing Concrete Gravity Dams." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 875–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51085-5_50.

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Conference papers on the topic "Gravity reduction"

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Lapeyrere, V., P. Kervella, S. Lacour, N. Azouaoui, C. E. Garcia-Dabo, G. Perrin, F. Eisenhauer, et al. "GRAVITY data reduction software." In SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation, edited by Jayadev K. Rajagopal, Michelle J. Creech-Eakman, and Fabien Malbet. SPIE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2056850.

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While, J., E. K. Biegert, and A. Jackson. "Gravity Sample Density Reduction Using Gradiometry." In 67th EAGE Conference & Exhibition. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.1.h001.

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Frasheri, Neki, and Betim Cico. "Error reduction in parallel gravity inversion." In 2014 3rd Mediterranean Conference on Embedded Computing (MECO). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/meco.2014.6862707.

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Oh, S. H., and Jong Hyuk Yoon. "Schwarzschild Solution in the (2+2) Hamiltonian Reduction." In Second LeCosPA International Symposium: Everything about Gravity. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789813203952_0086.

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Pilkington*, Mark, and Pejman Shamsipour. "Noise reduction procedures for gravity gradiometer data." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2014. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/segam2014-0308.1.

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Gerstmann, Jens. "Surface reorientation upon step reduction in gravity." In HADRONS AND NUCLEI: First International Symposium. AIP, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1302584.

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IORIO, ALFREDO. "TOPOLOGICAL GRAVITY, KALUZA-KLEIN REDUCTION, AND THE KINK." In Proceedings of the MG10 Meeting held at Brazilian Center for Research in Physics (CBPF). World Scientific Publishing Company, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812704030_0287.

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Carlip, Steven, Jerzy Kowalski-Glikman, R. Durka, and M. Szczachor. "Spontaneous Dimensional Reduction in Short-Distance Quantum Gravity?" In THE PLANCK SCALE: Proceedings of the XXV Max Born Symposium. AIP, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3284402.

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Cantcheff, Marcelo Botta. "Lorentz Symetry Breaking in Gravity and Dimensional Reduction." In Fifth International Conference on Mathematical Methods in Physics. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.031.0060.

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Tongur, Vahit. "BOUGER REDUCTION IN KONYA BASIN EXAMPLE FOR GRAVITY DATAS AND INTERPOLATION OF GRAVITY ANOMALIES." In SGEM2011 11th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference and EXPO. Stef92 Technology, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2011/s07.104.

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Reports on the topic "Gravity reduction"

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Schiller, Brandon, Tara Hutchinson, and Kelly Cobeen. Cripple Wall Small-Component Test Program: Dry Specimens (PEER-CEA Project). Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/vsjs5869.

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This report is one of a series of reports documenting the methods and findings of a multi-year, multi-disciplinary project coordinated by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER) and funded by the California Earthquake Authority (CEA). The overall project is titled “Quantifying the Performance of Retrofit of Cripple Walls and Sill Anchorage in Single-Family Wood-Frame Buildings,” henceforth referred to as the “PEER–CEA Project.” The overall objective of the PEER–CEA Project is to provide scientifically based information (e.g., testing, analysis, and resulting loss models) that measures and documents seismic performance of wood-frame houses with cripple wall and sill anchorage deficiencies as well as retrofitted conditions that address those deficiencies. Three primary tasks support the earthquake loss-modeling effort. They are: (1) the development of ground motions and loading protocols that accurately represent the diversity of seismic hazard in California; (2) the execution of a suite of quasi-static cyclic experiments to measure and document the performance of cripple wall and sill anchorage deficiencies to develop and populate loss models; and (3) nonlinear response history analysis on cripple wall-supported buildings and their components. This report is a product of Working Group 4: Testing, whose central focus was to experimentally investigate the seismic performance of retrofitted and existing cripple walls. This present report focuses on non-stucco or “dry” exterior finishes. Paralleled by a large-component test program conducted at the University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley) [Cobeen et al. 2020], the present report involves two of multiple phases of small-component tests conducted at University of California San Diego (UC San Diego). Details representative of era-specific construction–specifically the most vulnerable pre-1960s construction–are of predominant focus in the present effort. Parameters examined are cripple wall height, finish style, gravity load, boundary conditions, anchorage, and deterioration. This report addresses all eight specimens in the second phase of testing and three of the six specimens in the fourth phase of testing. Although conducted in different testing phases, their results are combined here to co-locate observations regarding the behavior of all dry finished specimens. Experiments involved imposition of combined vertical loading and quasi-static reversed cyclic lateral load onto eleven cripple walls. Each specimen was 12 ft in length and 2-ft or 6-ft in height. All specimens in this report were constructed with the same boundary conditions on the top, bottom, and corners of the walls. Parameters addressed in this report include: dry exterior finish type (shiplap horizontal lumber siding, shiplap horizontal lumber siding over diagonal lumber sheathing, and T1-11 wood structural panels), cripple wall height, vertical load, and the retrofitted condition. Details of the test specimens, testing protocol (including instrumentation), and measured as well as physical observations are summarized. Results from these experiments are intended to support advancement of numerical modeling tools, which ultimately will inform seismic loss models capable of quantifying the reduction of loss achieved by applying state-of-practice retrofit methods as identified in FEMA P-1100 Vulnerability-Base Seismic Assessment and Retrofit of One- and Two-Family Dwellings.
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2

Schiller, Brandon, Tara Hutchinson, and Kelly Cobeen. Cripple Wall Small-Component Test Program: Wet Specimens I (PEER-CEA Project). Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/dqhf2112.

Full text
Abstract:
This report is one of a series of reports documenting the methods and findings of a multi-year, multi-disciplinary project coordinated by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER and funded by the California Earthquake Authority (CEA). The overall project is titled “Quantifying the Performance of Retrofit of Cripple Walls and Sill Anchorage in Single-Family Wood-Frame Buildings,” henceforth referred to as the “PEER–CEA Project.” The overall objective of the PEER–CEA Project is to provide scientifically based information (e.g., testing, analysis, and resulting loss models) that measure and assess the effectiveness of seismic retrofit to reduce the risk of damage and associated losses (repair costs) of wood-frame houses with cripple wall and sill anchorage deficiencies as well as retrofitted conditions that address those deficiencies. Tasks that support and inform the loss-modeling effort are: (1) collecting and summarizing existing information and results of previous research on the performance of wood-frame houses; (2) identifying construction features to characterize alternative variants of wood-frame houses; (3) characterizing earthquake hazard and ground motions at representative sites in California; (4) developing cyclic loading protocols and conducting laboratory tests of cripple wall panels, wood-frame wall subassemblies, and sill anchorages to measure and document their response (strength and stiffness) under cyclic loading; and (5) the computer modeling, simulations, and the development of loss models as informed by a workshop with claims adjustors. This report is a product of Working Group 4: Testing and focuses on the first phase of an experimental investigation to study the seismic performance of retrofitted and existing cripple walls with sill anchorage. Paralleled by a large-component test program conducted at the University of California [Cobeen et al. 2020], the present study involves the first of multiple phases of small-component tests conducted at the UC San Diego. Details representative of era-specific construction, specifically the most vulnerable pre-1960s construction, are of predominant focus in the present effort. Parameters examined are cripple wall height, finish materials, gravity load, boundary conditions, anchorage, and deterioration. This report addresses the first phase of testing, which consisted of six specimens. Phase 1 including quasi-static reversed cyclic lateral load testing of six 12-ft-long, 2-ft high cripple walls. All specimens in this phase were finished on their exterior with stucco over horizontal sheathing (referred to as a “wet” finish), a finish noted to be common of dwellings built in California before 1945. Parameters addressed in this first phase include: boundary conditions on the top, bottom, and corners of the walls, attachment of the sill to the foundation, and the retrofitted condition. Details of the test specimens, testing protocol, instrumentation; and measured as well as physical observations are summarized in this report. In addition, this report discusses the rationale and scope of subsequent small-component test phases. Companion reports present these test phases considering, amongst other variables, the impacts of dry finishes and cripple wall height (Phases 2–4). Results from these experiments are intended to provide an experimental basis to support numerical modeling used to develop loss models, which are intended to quantify the reduction of loss achieved by applying state-of-practice retrofit methods as identified in FEMA P-1100, Vulnerability-Base Seismic Assessment and Retrofit of One- and Two-Family Dwellings.
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3

Schiller, Brandon, Tara Hutchinson, and Kelly Cobeen. Cripple Wall Small-Component Test Program: Wet Specimens II (PEER-CEA Project). Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/ldbn4070.

Full text
Abstract:
This report is one of a series of reports documenting the methods and findings of a multi-year, multi-disciplinary project coordinated by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER and funded by the California Earthquake Authority (CEA). The overall project is titled “Quantifying the Performance of Retrofit of Cripple Walls and Sill Anchorage in Single-Family Wood-Frame Buildings,” henceforth referred to as the “PEER–CEA Project.” The overall objective of the PEER–CEA Project is to provide scientifically based information (e.g., testing, analysis, and resulting loss models) that measure and assess the effectiveness of seismic retrofit to reduce the risk of damage and associated losses (repair costs) of wood-frame houses with cripple wall and sill anchorage deficiencies as well as retrofitted conditions that address those deficiencies. Tasks that support and inform the loss-modeling effort are: (1) collecting and summarizing existing information and results of previous research on the performance of wood-frame houses; (2) identifying construction features to characterize alternative variants of wood-frame houses; (3) characterizing earthquake hazard and ground motions at representative sites in California; (4) developing cyclic loading protocols and conducting laboratory tests of cripple wall panels, wood-frame wall subassemblies, and sill anchorages to measure and document their response (strength and stiffness) under cyclic loading; and (5) the computer modeling, simulations, and the development of loss models as informed by a workshop with claims adjustors. This report is a product of Working Group 4 (WG4): Testing, whose central focus was to experimentally investigate the seismic performance of retrofitted and existing cripple walls. This report focuses stucco or “wet” exterior finishes. Paralleled by a large-component test program conducted at the University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley) [Cobeen et al. 2020], the present study involves two of multiple phases of small-component tests conducted at the University of California San Diego (UC San Diego). Details representative of era-specific construction, specifically the most vulnerable pre-1960s construction, are of predominant focus in the present effort. Parameters examined are cripple wall height, finish style, gravity load, boundary conditions, anchorage, and deterioration. This report addresses the third phase of testing, which consisted of eight specimens, as well as half of the fourth phase of testing, which consisted of six specimens where three will be discussed. Although conducted in different phases, their results are combined here to co-locate observations regarding the behavior of the second phase the wet (stucco) finished specimens. The results of first phase of wet specimen tests were presented in Schiller et al. [2020(a)]. Experiments involved imposition of combined vertical loading and quasi-static reversed cyclic lateral load onto ten cripple walls of 12 ft long and 2 or 6 ft high. One cripple wall was tested with a monotonic loading protocol. All specimens in this report were constructed with the same boundary conditions on the top and corners of the walls as well as being tested with the same vertical load. Parameters addressed in this report include: wet exterior finishes (stucco over framing, stucco over horizontal lumber sheathing, and stucco over diagonal lumber sheathing), cripple wall height, loading protocol, anchorage condition, boundary condition at the bottom of the walls, and the retrofitted condition. Details of the test specimens, testing protocol, including instrumentation; and measured as well as physical observations are summarized in this report. Companion reports present phases of the tests considering, amongst other variables, impacts of various boundary conditions, stucco (wet) and non-stucco (dry) finishes, vertical load, cripple wall height, and anchorage condition. Results from these experiments are intended to support advancement of numerical modeling tools, which ultimately will inform seismic loss models capable of quantifying the reduction of loss achieved by applying state-of-practice retrofit methods as identified in FEMA P-1100,Vulnerability-Base Seismic Assessment and Retrofit of One- and Two-Family Dwellings.
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