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Journal articles on the topic 'Gravity changes'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Zhang, Min, Ziwei Liu, Qiong Wu, Yuntian Teng, Xiaotong Zhang, Feibai Du, and Ying Jiang. "Hydrologic changes of in-situ gravimetry." GEOPHYSICS 87, no. 2 (February 10, 2022): B117—B127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2021-0037.1.

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Inter-seasonal and geodynamics-related gravity changes are important geoscientific signals that are extractable from gravimeter observations after removing background information as local hydrology gravity effect. With two superconducting gravimeters (SGs: OSG-053 and iGrav-007) located in different tectonic units, continuous global navigation satellite system data and absolute gravity observations, Wuhan, China, is an ideal location for investigating the effects of gravity resulting from significant local hydrology mass variations. We have processed approximately 26 months of gravity data collected from the SGs in Wuhan and obtained residuals of [Formula: see text] for OSG-053 and [Formula: see text] for iGrav-007. The hydrological observations indicate an estimated gravity increase of [Formula: see text] near iGrav-007, which mainly results from an increase in unconfined water level with an aquifer-specific yield of approximately 0.1. However, the gravity changes around OSG-053 are mainly from soil moisture and reach −[Formula: see text]. The soil type, thickness, and water content parameters are obtained from hydrogeological surveys and drilling data. The deep confined water level rises by 2.5 m, which introduces a [Formula: see text] gravity variation with a specific storage approximately 0.00001 from the field unsteady-flow pumping test. The modeled gravity is approximately [Formula: see text] around OSG-053 and [Formula: see text] around iGrav-007, in accordance with the observed gravity variations. The difference in gravity changes between the two SG observations can be explained by different local water storage environments. Our results suggest that unconfined and soil water significantly impact the in-situ gravimetry, and that further detailed hydrogeological surveys are required. A combined investigation of gravity and water levels can be a useful approach for monitoring aquifer storage conditions and groundwater management.

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2

Huang, Jian-Liang, Hui Li, and Rui-Hao Li. "Gravity and gravity gradient changes caused by a point dislocation." Acta Seismologica Sinica 8, no. 1 (February 1995): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02651001.

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3

Radugina, E. A., and E. N. Grigoryan. "Morphogenetic changes during newt tail regeneration under changed gravity conditions." Biology Bulletin 39, no. 5 (September 2012): 402–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1062359012040103.

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4

Hui, Li, Shen Chongyang, Sun Shaoan, Wang Xiaoquan, Xiang Aimin, and Liu Shaoming. "Recent gravity changes in China Mainland." Geodesy and Geodynamics 2, no. 1 (February 2011): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1246.2011.00001.

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5

Eggers, A. A. "Residual gravity changes and eruption magnitudes." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 33, no. 1-3 (August 1987): 201–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(87)90062-x.

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6

Zou, Zhengbo, Hui Li, Zhicai Luo, and Lelin Xing. "Seasonal gravity changes estimated from GRACE data." Geodesy and Geodynamics 1, no. 1 (2010): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1246.2010.00057.

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7

Rina, D. I., and M. N. Irham. "Merapi observed gravity anomaly changes in 2019." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1524 (April 2020): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1524/1/012006.

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8

Wong, T. f., and J. B. Walsh. "Deformation-induced gravity changes in volcanic regions." Geophysical Journal International 106, no. 3 (September 1991): 513–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1991.tb06325.x.

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9

Hinderer, Jacques, Hilaire Legros, and David Crossley. "Global Earth dynamics and induced gravity changes." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 96, B12 (November 10, 1991): 20257–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/91jb00423.

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10

Goldermann, Markus, and Wolfgang Hanke. "Ion channel are sensitive to gravity changes." Microgravity Science and Technology 13, no. 1 (March 2001): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02873330.

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11

Liu, Han-Li. "Temperature changes due to gravity wave saturation." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 105, no. D10 (May 1, 2000): 12329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000jd900054.

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12

Rymer, Hazel, and Eysteinn Tryggvason. "Gravity and elevation changes at Askja, Iceland." Bulletin of Volcanology 55, no. 5 (July 1993): 362–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00301147.

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13

Xu, Xinyu, Hao Ding, Yongqi Zhao, Jin Li, and Minzhang Hu. "GOCE-Derived Coseismic Gravity Gradient Changes Caused by the 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake." Remote Sensing 11, no. 11 (May 30, 2019): 1295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11111295.

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In contrast to most of the coseismic gravity change studies, which are generally based on data from the Gravity field Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission, we use observations from the Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) Satellite Gravity Gradient (SGG) mission to estimate the coseismic gravity and gravity gradient changes caused by the 2011 Tohoku-Oki Mw 9.0 earthquake. We first construct two global gravity field models up to degree and order 220, before and after the earthquake, based on the least-squares method, with a bandpass Auto Regression Moving Average (ARMA) filter applied to the SGG data along the orbit. In addition, to reduce the influences of colored noise in the SGG data and the polar gap problem on the recovered model, we propose a tailored spherical harmonic (TSH) approach, which only uses the spherical harmonic (SH) coefficients with the degree range 30–95 to compute the coseismic gravity changes in the spatial domain. Then, both the results from the GOCE observations and the GRACE temporal gravity field models (with the same TSH degrees and orders) are simultaneously compared with the forward-modeled signals that are estimated based on the fault slip model of the earthquake event. Although there are considerable misfits between GOCE-derived and modeled gravity gradient changes (ΔVxx, ΔVyy, ΔVzz, and ΔVxz), we find analogous spatial patterns and a significant change (greater than 3σ) in gravity gradients before and after the earthquake. Moreover, we estimate the radial gravity gradient changes from the GOCE-derived monthly time-variable gravity field models before and after the earthquake, whose amplitudes are at a level over three times that of their corresponding uncertainties, and are thus significant. Additionally, the results show that the recovered coseismic gravity signals in the west-to-east direction from GOCE are closer to the modeled signals than those from GRACE in the TSH degree range 30–95. This indicates that the GOCE-derived gravity models might be used as additional observations to infer/explain some time-variable geophysical signals of interest.

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14

Allis, Richard G., and Trevor M. Hunt. "Analysis of exploitation‐induced gravity changes at Wairakei Geothermal Field." GEOPHYSICS 51, no. 8 (August 1986): 1647–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442214.

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Gravity changes (corrected for subsidence) of up to -1 000 (±300) μGal have occurred in the [Formula: see text] area of the production bore field at Wairakei, and smaller decreases extend over a [Formula: see text] surrounding area. The largest part of these decreases occurred during the 1960s; since then the net gravity change for the whole field has been zero, indicating mass flow equilibrium. The principal causes of gravity change have been deep liquid pressure drawdown which resulted in formation of a steam zone, subsequent saturation changes in the steam zone, liquid temperature decline, and groundwater level changes. Gravity models suggest saturation of the steam zone was 0.7 (±0.1) in 1962 and decreased to 0.6 by 1972. Gravity increases in the northern and eastern bore field since the early 1970s are attributed to cool water invading the steam zone.

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15

Tempone, Pamela, Martin Landrø, and Erling Fjær. "4D gravity response of compacting reservoirs: Analytical approach." GEOPHYSICS 77, no. 3 (May 1, 2012): G45—G54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2010-0361.1.

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Time-lapse gravity is a technique sensitive to subsurface change in mass and in mass distribution. We attempted to devise a method to predict gravity effects caused by redistribution of subsurface mass induced by reservoir compaction. First, displacements and strains due to compaction were modeled using a geomechanical model. Then, 4D gravity effects were derived from the displacements and the volumetric strains computed in and around the reservoir. A sensitivity study was carried out for geomechanical parameters, such as Poisson’s ratio, as well as for geometrical parameters, such as reservoir radius and depth. Finally, changes in gravity due to compaction were compared to changes induced by reservoir fluid substitution. Given a rigid basement close below a strongly compacting reservoir, our modeling case showed that the deformation itself could give gravity changes comparable to changes caused by reservoir fluid density changes, which are the changes traditionally targeted by gravity monitoring. For a homogeneous subsurface, the compaction gave negligible gravity changes for our modeling case.

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16

BHASKARAN, SANTOSH, SAGAR S. JAGTAP, and PANDIT B. VIDYASAGAR. "LIFE AND GRAVITY." Biophysical Reviews and Letters 04, no. 04 (October 2009): 299–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s179304800900106x.

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All organisms on earth have evolved at unit gravity and thus are probably adapted to function optimally at 1 g. However, with the advent of space exploration, it has been shown that organisms are capable of surviving at much less than 1 g, as well as at greater than 1 g. Organisms subjected to increased g levels exhibit alterations in physiological processes that compensate for novel environmental stresses, such as increased weight and density-driven sedimentation. Weight drives many chemical, biological, and ecological processes on earth. Altering weight changes these processes. The most important physiological changes caused by microgravity include bone demineralization, skeletal muscle atrophy, vestibular problems causing space motion sickness, cardiovascular deconditioning, etc. Manned missions into space and significant concerns in developmental and evolutionary biology in zero and low gravity conditions demand a concentrated research effort in space-medicine, physiology and on a larger scale — gravitational biophysics. Space exploration is a new frontier with long-term missions to the moon and Mars not far away. Research in these areas would also provide us with fascinating insights into how gravity has shaped our evolution on this planet and how it still governs some of the basic life processes. Understanding the physiological changes caused by long-duration microgravity remains a daunting challenge. The present concise review deals with the effects of altered gravity on the biological processes at the cellular, organic and systemic level which will be helpful for the researchers aspiring to venture in this area. The effects observed in plants and animals are presented under the classifications such as cells, plants, invertebrates, vertebrates and humans.

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17

Qu, Wei, Yaxi Han, Zhong Lu, Dongdong An, Qin Zhang, and Yuan Gao. "Co-Seismic and Post-Seismic Temporal and Spatial Gravity Changes of the 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule Chile Earthquake Observed by GRACE and GRACE Follow-on." Remote Sensing 12, no. 17 (August 26, 2020): 2768. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12172768.

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The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and GRACE Follow-on (GRACE-FO) satellites are important for studying regional gravitational field changes caused by strong earthquakes. In this study, we chose Chile, one of Earth’s most active seismic zones to explore the co-seismic and post-seismic gravitational field changes of the 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule earthquake based on longer-term GRACE and the newest GRACE-FO data. We calculated the first-order co-seismic gravity gradient changes (GGCs) and probed the geodynamic characteristics of the earthquake. The earthquake caused significant positive gravity change on the footwall and negative gravity changes on the hanging wall of the seismogenic fault. The time series of gravity changes at typical points all clearly revealed an abrupt change caused by the earthquake. The first-order northern co-seismic GGCs had a strong suppressive effect on the north-south strip error. GRACE-FO results showed that the latest post-seismic gravity changes had obvious inherited development characteristics, and that the west coast of Chile maybe still affected by the post-seismic effect. The cumulative gravity changes simulated based on viscoelastic dislocation model is approximately consistent with the longer-term GRACE and the newest GRACE-FO observations. Our results provide important reference for understanding temporal and spatial gravity variations associated with the co-seismic and post-seismic processes of the 2010 Maule earthquake.

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18

Lelin, Xing, Li Hui, Xuan Songbai, Kang Kaixuan, and Liu Xiaoling. "Long-term gravity changes in Chinese mainland from GRACE and ground-based gravity measurements." Geodesy and Geodynamics 2, no. 3 (August 2011): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1246.2011.00061.1.

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19

Indriana, R. D., S. B. Kirbani, A. Setiawan, and T. A. Sunantyo. "Gravity observation data analysis 1988 -1998 - 2011 to determine gravity changes of Merapi volcano." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 983 (March 2018): 012042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/983/1/012042.

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20

Antonov, YU V. "ABNORMAL CHANGES OF THE NON-TIDAL VARIATIONS OF GRAVITY." Proceedings of higher educational establishments. Geology and Exploration, no. 2 (April 28, 2017): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.32454/0016-7762-2017-2-70-76.

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Non-tidal variations of gravity are the residual part of the monitoring of the variations after subtraction from them the lunar-solar gravity variations and the drift of the zero point of the gravimeter. Non-tidal variations are sometimes of complex morphology and structure. The sources of the non-tidal variations are the intracrustal processes and flows of the charged particles in space. The streams of the charged particles can affect the sensor of the gravimeter. The streams of the charged particles can create a powerful magnetic hydrodynamic (MHD) shocks that cause abnormal changes of gravity. It is necessary to consider the non-tidal variations when carrying out high-precision gravimetric measurements.

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21

McCubbine, J. C., V. Stagpoole, F. Caratori Tontini, W. E. Featherstone, M. C. Garthwaite, N. J. Brown, M. J. Amos, et al. "Evaluating temporal stability of the New Zealand quasigeoid following the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake using satellite radar remote sensing." Geophysical Journal International 220, no. 3 (November 28, 2019): 1917–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggz536.

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SUMMARY Quasigeoid models can be determined from surface gravity anomalies, so are sensitive to changes in the shape of the topography as well as changes in gravity. Here we present results of forward modelling gravity/quasigeoid changes from synthetic aperture radar data following the 2016 Mw 7.8 Kaikōura earthquake with land uplift of up to 10 m. We assess the impact of the topographic deformation on the reference surface of the New Zealand vertical datum in lieu of costly field gravity field measurements. The most significant modelled gravity and quasigeoid changes are—2.9 mGal and 5–7 mm, respectively. We compare our forward modelled gravity signal to terrestrial gravity observation data and show that differences between the data sets have a standard deviation of ±0.1 mGal. The largest modelled change in the quasigeoid is an order of magnitude smaller than the 57.7 mm estimated precision of the most recently computed NZGeoid model over the Kaikōura region. Modelled quasigeoid changes implied by this particular deformation event are not statistically significant with respect to estimated precision of the New Zealand quasigeoid model.

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22

Soldati, G., A. Piersanti, and E. Boschi. "Global postseismic gravity changes of a viscoelastic Earth." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 103, B12 (December 10, 1998): 29867–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98jb02793.

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23

Okubo, Shuhei. "Potential and gravity changes raised by point dislocations." Geophysical Journal International 105, no. 3 (June 1991): 573–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1991.tb00797.x.

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24

van Gelderen, Martin, Roger Haagmans, and Mirjam Bilker. "Gravity changes and natural gas extraction in Groningen." Geophysical Prospecting 47, no. 6 (November 1999): 979–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2478.1999.00159.x.

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25

Nielsen, J. Emil, Rene Forsberg, and Gabriel Strykowski. "Measured and modelled absolute gravity changes in Greenland." Journal of Geodynamics 73 (January 2014): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2013.09.003.

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26

Robinson, Edward L., and Charles A. Fuller. "Gravity and thermoregulation: metabolic changes and circadian rhythms." Pflügers Archiv 441, S1 (August 23, 2000): R32—R38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004240000329.

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27

Fujiwara, Yoshihisa, Saburo Higuchi, Akio Hosoya, Takashi Mishima, and Masaru Siino. "Topology changes in (2+1)-dimensional quantum gravity." Physical Review D 44, no. 6 (September 15, 1991): 1763–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.44.1763.

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28

Buravkova, L. B., Yu A. Romanov, N. A. Konstantinova, S. V. Buravkov, Yu G. Gershovich, and I. A. Grivennikov. "Cultured stem cells are sensitive to gravity changes." Acta Astronautica 63, no. 5-6 (September 2008): 603–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2008.04.012.

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29

Breili, Kristian, and Cecilie Rolstad. "Ground-based gravimetry for measuring small spatial-scale mass changes on glaciers." Annals of Glaciology 50, no. 50 (2009): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756409787769717.

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AbstractGravity change on a glacier surface is a composite of several effects (e.g. melting and accumulation of snow and ice, redistribution of mass with depth by refreezing of meltwater and height and thickness changes of the snow and ice layers). Models and equations necessary to estimate the measured gravity change due to different effects are presented, and the propagation of observational errors is evaluated. The paper presents experiences with ground-based gravity measurements carried out on Hardangerjøkulen, Norway, in spring and autumn 2007. It was found that the vertical gradient of gravity contributes most to the uncertainty in the determined mass change. With present instrumentation, gravity can be measured with the required accuracy to determine the mass loss to ∼10% of the loss determined by conventional mass-balance measurements. Improvements in field procedures to achieve the required accuracy for measuring the mass/density changes directly, combining gravity measurements and GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems), are discussed.

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30

Liu, Dong, Jiancheng Li, Zhe Ni, Yufei Zhao, Qiuyue Zheng, and Bin Du. "Correlation of Gravity and Magnetic Field Changes Preceding Strong Earthquakes in Yunnan Province." Applied Sciences 12, no. 5 (March 4, 2022): 2658. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12052658.

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The annual variation trend of the gravity and lithospheric magnetic field for adjacent periods are analyzed by using the observation of rover gravity and geomagnetic fields in Yunnan from 2011 to 2021, which tend to be consistent every year during the seismogenic process of a strong earthquake. Thus, this study normalizes the annual value of the adjacent periods for the gravity and lithospheric magnetic field. The normalized values are converted into two classifications that can be compared within [−1,1]. In Yunnan Province, a grid of 0.1° × 0.1° was used to compare the data correlation between the variation of gravity and the variation in the lithospheric magnetic field at the same location. The results are as follows. First, the variation trend of the gravity field and total magnetic field tend to be synchronous year to year in strong earthquake years. The range of consistency increases gradually with the approach of the earthquake year reaching its maximum one year before the earthquake. Throughout the region, the overlap number of normalized annual variations in gravity and magnetic field reaches its maximum, and the peak difference of kernel density curve reaches its minimum. Second, the correlation coefficient of the annual variation in the gravity and magnetic field increases year to year during the development of a strong earthquake within a smaller region surrounding the event. The maximum appears one year before the earthquake, and after the earthquake, the correlation decreases. The analysis of gravity and magnetic fusion characteristics can be employed for the prediction of strong earthquakes.

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31

Yakushin, Sergei B., Yongqing Xiang, Theodore Raphan, and Bernard Cohen. "Spatial Distribution of Gravity-Dependent Gain Changes in the Vestibuloocular Reflex." Journal of Neurophysiology 93, no. 6 (June 2005): 3693–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01269.2004.

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This study determined whether dependence of angular vestibuloocular reflex (aVOR) gain adaptation on gravity is a fundamental property in three dimensions. Horizontal aVOR gains were adaptively increased or decreased in two cynomolgus monkeys in upright, side down, prone, and supine positions, and aVOR gains were tested in darkness by yaw rotation with the head in a wide variety of orientations. Horizontal aVOR gain changes peaked at the head position in which the adaptation took place and gradually decreased as the head moved away from this position in any direction. The gain changes were plotted as a function of head tilt and fit with a sinusoid plus a bias to obtain the gravity-dependent (amplitude) and gravity-independent (bias) components. Peak-to-peak gravity-dependent gain changes in planes containing the position of adaptation and the magnitude of the gravity-independent components were both ∼25%. We assumed that gain changes over three-dimensional space could be described by a sinusoid the amplitude of which also varied sinusoidally. Using gain changes obtained from the head position in which the gains were adapted, a three-dimensional surface was generated that was qualitatively similar to a surface obtained from the experimental data. This extends previous findings on vertical aVOR gain adaptation in one plane and introduces a conceptual framework for understanding plasticity in three dimensions: aVOR gain changes are composed of two components, one of which depends on head position relative to gravity. It is likely that this gravitational dependence optimizes the stability of retinal images during movement in three-dimensional space.

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32

Yang, Jinling, Shi Chen, Bei Zhang, Jiancang Zhuang, Linhai Wang, and Hongyan Lu. "Gravity Observations and Apparent Density Changes before the 2017 Jiuzhaigou Ms7.0 Earthquake and Their Precursory Significance." Entropy 23, no. 12 (December 16, 2021): 1687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23121687.

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An Ms7.0 earthquake struck Jiuzhaigou (China) on 8 August 2017. The epicenter was in the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, an area covered by a dense time-varying gravity observation network. Data from seven repeated high-precision hybrid gravity surveys (2014–2017) allowed the microGal-level time-varying gravity signal to be obtained at a resolution better than 75 km using the modified Bayesian gravity adjustment method. The “equivalent source” model inversion method in spherical coordinates was adopted to obtain the near-crust apparent density variations before the earthquake. A major gravity change occurred from the southwest to the northeast of the eastern Tibetan Plateau approximately 2 years before the earthquake, and a substantial gravity gradient zone was consistent with the tectonic trend that gradually appeared within the focal area of the Jiuzhaigou earthquake during 2015–2016. Factors that might cause such regional gravitational changes (e.g., vertical crustal deformation and variations in near-surface water distributions) were studied. The results suggest that gravity effects contributed by these known factors were insufficient to produce gravity changes as big as those observed, which might be related to the process of fluid material redistribution in the crust. Regional change of the gravity field has precursory significance for high-risk earthquake areas and it could be used as a candidate precursor for annual medium-term earthquake prediction.

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Pylypenko, S., O. Motsyk, and L. Kozak. "Temperature changes over storms from measurements of spacecraft TIMED." Advances in Astronomy and Space Physics 6, no. 1 (2016): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2227-1481.6.50-55.

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In the present work we have studied changes of mesospheric temperature over the powerful storms Wilma, Haitang, and Katrina using measurements of the space vehicle TIMED. We have found the temperature increasing at the altitude range 80-100 km. We have found the explanations for the obtained results by the dissipation of the gravity waves. Propagation of atmospheric gravity waves in a non-isothermal, windless atmosphere, with taking into account the viscosity and the thermal conductivity, has also been modelled in this work. We have determined that the maximum of amplitude of the atmospheric-gravity waves at the considered characteristics corresponds to altitudes of near 90 km (mesopause). It was found that the main factor influencing propagation and dissipation of the wave in such cases is the vertical temperature gradient. Viscosity and thermal conductivity have less influence on the wave amplitude.

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34

Pohánka, Vladimír, Peter Vajda, and Jaroslava Pánisová. "On inverting gravity changes with the harmonic inversion method: Teide (Tenerife) case study." Contributions to Geophysics and Geodesy 45, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 111–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/congeo-2015-0016.

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Abstract Here we investigate the applicability of the harmonic inversion method to time-lapse gravity changes observed in volcanic areas. We carry out our study on gravity changes occured over the period of 2004–2005 during the unrest of the Central Volcanic Complex on Tenerife, Canary Islands. The harmonic inversion method is unique in that it calculates the solution of the form of compact homogeneous source bodies via the mediating 3-harmonic function called quasigravitation. The latter is defined in the whole subsurface domain and it is a linear integral transformation of the surface gravity field. At the beginning the seeds of the future source bodies are introduced: these are quasi-spherical bodies located at the extrema of the quasigravitation (calculated from the input gravity data) and their differential densities are free parameters preselected by the interpreter. In the following automatic iterative process the source bodies change their size and shape according to the local values of quasigravitation (calculated in each iterative step from the residual surface gravity field); the process stops when the residual surface gravity field is sufficiently small. In the case of inverting temporal gravity changes, the source bodies represent the volumetric domains of temporal mass-density changes. The focus of the presented work is to investigate the dependence of the size and shape of the found source bodies on their differential densities. We do not aim here (yet) at interpreting the found solutions in terms of volcanic processes associated with intruding or rejuvenating magma and/or migrating volatiles.

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35

Adachi, Ikuma, Masaki Nakamiya, Satoshi Hirata, Mana Taguchi, Fumito Kawakami, Masaki Tomonaga, Takao Doi, and Tetsuro Matsuzawa. "The impact of gravity changes onto time perception -Experiment under micro-gravity using parabolic flight-." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 82 (September 25, 2018): 2PM—053–2PM—053. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.82.0_2pm-053.

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36

BERRINO, Giovanna, Peter VAJDA, Pavol ZAHOREC, Antonio G. CAMACHO, Vincenzo DE NOVELLIS, Stefano CARLINO, Juraj PAPČO, Eliana BELLUCCI SESSA, and Richard CZIKHARDT. "Interpretation of spatiotemporal gravity changes accompanying the earthquake of 21 August 2017 on Ischia (Italy)." Contributions to Geophysics and Geodesy 51, no. 4 (December 22, 2021): 345–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31577/congeo.2021.51.4.3.

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We analyse spatiotemporal gravity changes observed on the Ischia island (Italy) accompanying the destructive earthquake of 21 August 2017. The 29 May 2016 to 22 September 2017 time-lapse gravity changes observed at 18 benchmarks of the Ischia gravimetric network are first corrected for the gravitational effect of the surface deformation using the deformation-induced topographic effect (DITE) correction. The co-seismic DITE is computed by Newtonian volumetric integration using the Toposk software, a high-resolution LiDAR DEM and the co-seismic vertical displacement field derived from Sentinel-1 InSAR data. We compare numerically the DITE field with its commonly used Bouguer approximation over the island of Ischia with the outcome that the Bouguer approximation of DITE is adequate and accurate in this case. The residual gravity changes are then computed at gravity benchmarks by correcting the observed gravity changes for the planar Bouguer effect of the elevation changes at benchmarks over the same period. The residual gravity changes are then inverted using an inversion approach based on model exploration and growing source bodies, making use of the Growth-dg inversion tool. The found inversion model, given as subsurface time-lapse density changes, is then interpreted as mainly due to a co-seismic or post-seismic disturbance of the hydrothermal system of the island. Pros and weak points of such interpretation are discussed.

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Ogneva, Irina V. "Single Cell in a Gravity Field." Life 12, no. 10 (October 14, 2022): 1601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12101601.

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The exploration of deep space or other bodies of the solar system, associated with a long stay in microgravity or altered gravity, requires the development of fundamentally new methods of protecting the human body. Most of the negative changes in micro- or hypergravity occur at the cellular level; however, the mechanism of reception of the altered gravity and transduction of this signal, leading to the formation of an adaptive pattern of the cell, is still poorly understood. At the same time, most of the negative changes that occur in early embryos when the force of gravity changes almost disappear by the time the new organism is born. This review is devoted to the responses of early embryos and stem cells, as well as terminally differentiated germ cells, to changes in gravity. An attempt was made to generalize the data presented in the literature and propose a possible unified mechanism for the reception by a single cell of an increase and decrease in gravity based on various deformations of the cortical cytoskeleton.

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Yakushin, Sergei B., Theodore Raphan, and Bernard Cohen. "Gravity-Specific Adaptation of the Angular Vestibuloocular Reflex: Dependence on Head Orientation With Regard to Gravity." Journal of Neurophysiology 89, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 571–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00287.2002.

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The gain of the vertical angular vestibuloocular reflex (aVOR) was adaptively altered by visual-vestibular mismatch during rotation about an interaural axis, using steps of velocity in three head orientations: upright, left-side down, and right-side down. Gains were decreased by rotating the animal and visual surround in the same direction and increased by visual and surround rotation in opposite directions. Gains were adapted in one head position (single-state adaptation) or decreased with one side down and increased with the other side down (dual-state adaptation). Animals were tested in darkness using sinusoidal rotation at 0.5 Hz about an interaural axis that was tilted from horizontal to vertical. They were also sinusoidally oscillated from 0.5 to 4 Hz about a spatial vertical axis in static tilt positions from yaw to pitch. After both single- and dual-state adaptation, gain changes were maximal when the monkeys were in the position in which the gain had been adapted, and the gain changes progressively declined as the head was tilted away from that position. We call this gravity-specific aVOR gain adaptation. The spatial distribution of the specific aVOR gain changes could be represented by a cosine function that was superimposed on a bias level, which we called gravity-independent gain adaptation. Maximal gravity-specific gain changes were produced by 2–4 h of adaptation for both single- and dual-state adaptations, and changes in gain were similar at all test frequencies. When adapted while upright, the magnitude and distribution of the gravity-specific adaptation was comparable to that when animals were adapted in side-down positions. Single-state adaptation also produced gain changes that were independent of head position re gravity particularly in association with gain reduction. There was no bias after dual-state adaptation. With this difference, fits to data obtained by altering the gain in separate sessions predicted the modulations in gain obtained from dual-state adaptations. These data show that the vertical aVOR gain changes dependent on head position with regard to gravity are continuous functions of head tilt, whose spatial phase depends on the position in which the gain was adapted. From their different characteristics, it is likely that gravity-specific and gravity-independent adaptive changes in gain are produced by separate neural processes. These data demonstrate that head orientation to gravity plays an important role in both orienting and tuning the gain of the vertical aVOR.

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Goto, Hiroki, Mituhiko Sugihara, Yuji Nishi, and Hiroshi Ikeda. "Simultaneous gravity measurements using two superconducting gravimeters to observe temporal gravity changes below the nm s−2 level: ocean tide loading differences at different distances from the coast." Geophysical Journal International 227, no. 3 (August 3, 2021): 1591–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggab300.

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SUMMARY Gravity monitoring might require observation of temporal changes of gravity below the nanometre per second squared (nm s−2) level, which can be achieved by precise isolation of the signal of interest from all other disturbing effects. One method of signal isolation is elimination of disturbing effects by taking the difference between gravity changes measured simultaneously using two gravimeters installed close together. Herein, we describe differences in temporal gravity changes below the nm s−2 level in the tidal frequency bands as observed through simultaneous measurements taken with three superconducting gravimeters (SGs) located 80, 93 and 94 m from the coastline in Tomakomai, Hokkaido, northern Japan. Those changes are consistent with differences in ocean tide loading effects on gravity at the SG locations computed using the software package GOTIC2, which uses a highly accurate land–sea boundary and ocean tide model near our site. The observed ocean tide loading differences were found to result from Newtonian attraction of the ocean tide mass within an angular distance of 0.003° from the SG locations. This result suggests that coastal observations of differential tidal gravity variations at different distances from the coast help to validate ocean tide loading computation models in the immediate vicinity of the SG stations. This method enables observation of non-periodic gravity changes occurring below the nm s−2 level over a few hours. Its salient benefit is that rapid and simple observation can be achieved without long-term continuous measurements, which is necessary for observing that level of gravity change with only one SG.

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Chongyang, Shen, Li Hui, Sun Shaoan, Yang Guangliang, Xuan Songbai, Tan Hongbo, and Liu Shaoming. "Temporal gravity changes before the 2008 Yutian Ms7.3 earthquake." Geodesy and Geodynamics 3, no. 1 (February 2012): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1246.2012.00019.

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Hurong, Duan, and Wang Tao. "Influence of fault asymmetric dislocation on the gravity changes." Geodesy and Geodynamics 5, no. 3 (August 2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1246.2014.03001.

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Hinderer, Jacques, and Hilaire Legros. "Elasto-Gravitational Deformation, Relative Gravity Changes and Earth dynamics." Geophysical Journal International 97, no. 3 (June 1989): 481–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1989.tb00518.x.

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Slenzka, K., R. Appel, and H. Rahmann. "Metabolic adaptation to long term changes in gravity environment." Advances in Space Research 22, no. 2 (January 1998): 273–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0273-1177(98)80019-7.

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SOCQUET-JUGLARD, HERVÉ, KRISTIAN DYSTHE, KARSTEN TRULSEN, HARALD E. KROGSTAD, and JINGDONG LIU. "Probability distributions of surface gravity waves during spectral changes." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 542, no. -1 (October 25, 2005): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112005006312.

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45

Ding, Shuxue, Yasushige Maeda, and Masaru Siino. "Topology changes by quantum tunneling in four dimensional gravity." Physics Letters B 354, no. 1-2 (July 1995): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(95)00621-q.

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Xu, JianQiao, XiaoDong Chen, JiangCun Zhou, and HePing Sun. "Characteristics of tidal gravity changes in Lhasa, Tibet, China." Chinese Science Bulletin 57, no. 20 (April 22, 2012): 2586–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11434-012-5130-2.

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Ovadia-Blechman, Zehava, Ashley Gritzman, Maya Shuvi, Benjamin Gavish, Vered Aharonson, and Neta Rabin. "The response of peripheral microcirculation to gravity-induced changes." Clinical Biomechanics 57 (August 2018): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2018.06.005.

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Zhan, F., Yiqing Zhu, Jinsheng Ning, Jiangcun Zhou, Weifeng Liang, and Yunma Xu. "Gravity changes before large earthquakes in China: 1998–2005." Geo-spatial Information Science 14, no. 1 (January 2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11806-011-0440-0.

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Watanabe, Satoru, and Akira Takabayashi. "Postural adjustment responses of goldfish during changes of gravity." Neuroscience Research Supplements 9 (January 1989): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-8696(89)90938-9.

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50

Vigouroux, Nathalie, Glyn Williams-Jones, William Chadwick, Dennis Geist, Andres Ruiz, and Dan Johnson. "4D gravity changes associated with the 2005 eruption of Sierra Negra volcano, Galápagos." GEOPHYSICS 73, no. 6 (November 2008): WA29—WA35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2987399.

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Sierra Negra volcano, the most voluminous shield volcano in the Galápagos archipelago and one of the largest basaltic calderas in the world, erupted on October 22, 2005 after more than [Formula: see text] of quiescence. GPS and satellite radar interferometry (InSAR) monitoring of the deformation of the caldera floor in the months prior to the eruption documented extraordinary inflation rates [Formula: see text]. The total amount of uplift recorded since monitoring began in 1992 approached [Formula: see text] at the center of the caldera over the eight days of the eruption the caldera floor deflated a maximum of 5 m and subsquently renewed its inflation, but at a decelerating rate. To gain insight into the nature of the subsurface mass/density changes associated with the deformation, gravity measurements performed in 2005, 2006, and 2007 are compared to previous measurements from 2001-2002 when the volcano underwent a period of minor deflation and magma withdrawal.The residual gravity decrease between 2001-2002 and 2005 is among the largest ever recorded atan active volcano (−950 μGal) and suggests that inflation was accompanied by a relative density decrease in the magmatic system. Forward modeling of the residual gravity data in 4D (from 2002 to 2005) gives an estimate of the amount of vesiculation in the shallow sill required to explain the observed gravity variations. Geochemical constraints from melt inclusion and satellite remote-sensing data allow us to estimate the pre-eruptive gas content of the magma and place constraints on the thickness of the gas-rich sill necessary to produce the gravity anomalies observed. Results suggest that reasonable sill thicknesses [Formula: see text] and bubble contents (10–50 volume %) can explain the large decrease in residual gravity prior to eruption. Following the eruption (2006 and 2007), the deformation and gravity patterns suggest re-equilibration of the pressure regime in the shallow magma system via a renewed influx of relatively gas-poor magma into the shallow parts of the system.

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