Journal articles on the topic 'Gravitational waves'

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1

Cai, Rong-Gen, Zhoujian Cao, Zong-Kuan Guo, Shao-Jiang Wang, and Tao Yang. "The gravitational-wave physics." National Science Review 4, no. 5 (April 4, 2017): 687–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwx029.

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Abstract The direct detection of gravitational wave by Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory indicates the coming of the era of gravitational-wave astronomy and gravitational-wave cosmology. It is expected that more and more gravitational-wave events will be detected by currently existing and planned gravitational-wave detectors. The gravitational waves open a new window to explore the Universe and various mysteries will be disclosed through the gravitational-wave detection, combined with other cosmological probes. The gravitational-wave physics is not only related to gravitation theory, but also is closely tied to fundamental physics, cosmology and astrophysics. In this review article, three kinds of sources of gravitational waves and relevant physics will be discussed, namely gravitational waves produced during the inflation and preheating phases of the Universe, the gravitational waves produced during the first-order phase transition as the Universe cools down and the gravitational waves from the three phases: inspiral, merger and ringdown of a compact binary system, respectively. We will also discuss the gravitational waves as a standard siren to explore the evolution of the Universe.
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2

Szostek, R., P. Góralski, and K. Szostek. "Gravitational waves in Newton’s gravitation and criticism of gravitational waves resulting from the General Theory of Relativity (LIGO)." Bulletin of the Karaganda University. "Physics" Series 96, no. 4 (December 30, 2019): 39–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2019ph4/39-56.

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The most important conclusion from this article is that from the General Theory of Relativity do not result any gravitational waves, but just ordinary modulation of the gravitational field intensities caused by rotating of bodies. If the LIGO team has measured anything, it is only this modulation, rather than the gravitational wave understood as the carrier of gravity. This discussion shows that using too complicated mathematics in physics leads to erroneous interpretation of results (in this case, perhaps the tensor analysis is guilty). Formally, various things can be calculated, but without knowing what such analysis means, they can be attributed misinterpreted. Since the modulation of gravitational field intensities has been called a gravitational wave in contemporary physics, we have also done so, although it is misleading. In the article it was shown, that from the Newton’s law of gravitation resulted an existence of gravitational waves very similar to these, which result from the General Theory of Relativity (GTR). The article shows differences between the course of gravitational waves that result from Newton’s gravitation, and the course of gravitational waves that result from the General Theory of Relativity, which measurement was announced by the LIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory) [1–3]. According to both theories, gravitational waves are cyclical changes of the gravitational field intensities. The article proposes a method of testing a laser interferometer for gravitational wave measurement used in the LIGO Observatory. Criticism of results published by the LIGO team was also presented.
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3

Yuan, Tony. "Gravitational fields and gravitational waves." Physics Essays 35, no. 2 (June 26, 2022): 208–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-35.2.208.

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The relative velocity between objects with finite velocity affects the reaction between them. This effect is known as general Doppler effect. The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) discovered gravitational waves and found their speed to be equal to the speed of light c. Gravitational waves are generated following a disturbance in the gravitational field; they affect the gravitational force on an object. Just as light waves are subject to the Doppler effect, so are gravitational waves. This article explores the following research questions concerning gravitational waves: Is there a linear relationship between gravity and velocity? Can the speed of a gravitational wave represent the speed of the gravitational field (the speed of the action of the gravitational field upon the object)? What is the speed of the gravitational field? What is the spatial distribution of gravitational waves? Do gravitational waves caused by the revolution of the Sun affect planetary precession? Can we modify Newton's gravitational equation through the influence of gravitational waves?
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4

Trautman, Andrzej. "Gravitational waves." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 873 (July 2017): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/873/1/012012.

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5

Robertson, Norna A. "Gravitational Waves." Classical and Quantum Gravity 18, no. 15 (July 18, 2001): 3081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/18/15/701.

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6

Ferreira, Pedro. "Gravitational waves." New Scientist 207, no. 2767 (July 2010): vi. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(10)61579-5.

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7

Davier, Michel. "Gravitational waves." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 87, no. 1-3 (June 2000): 453–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5632(00)00720-9.

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8

Blair, David. "Gravitational waves." Endeavour 16, no. 1 (January 1992): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-9327(92)90115-6.

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9

LEE, Hyung Mok. "Gravitational Waves." Physics and High Technology 20, no. 3 (March 31, 2011): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3938/phit.20.012.

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10

Sathyaprakash, B. S., and Waiter Winkler. "Gravitational waves." Europhysics News 32, no. 6 (November 2001): 240–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epn:2001614.

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11

Schutz, B. F. "Gravitational waves." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 35 (May 1994): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-5632(94)90217-8.

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12

Bisnovatyi-Kogan, G. S., and O. Yu Tsupko. "Gravitational lensing by gravitational waves." Gravitation and Cosmology 14, no. 3 (July 2008): 226–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0202289308030031.

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13

Ruffa, Anthony A. "Gravitational Lensing of Gravitational Waves." Astrophysical Journal 517, no. 1 (May 20, 1999): L31—L33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/312015.

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14

Canazas Garay, Anthonny Freddy. "TEORÍA EFECTIVA PARA ESTRELLAS BINARIAS Y SU APLICACIÓN A ONDAS GRAVITACIONALES." Revista Cientifica TECNIA 25, no. 2 (February 23, 2017): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21754/tecnia.v25i2.51.

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Las recientes detecciones de ondas gravitacionales han traído mayor atención al problema de obtener predicciones de alta precisión para los espectros de radiación gravitacional emitidos por sistemas binarios constituidos por agujeros negros o estrellas de neutrones. Este trabajo explica como la teoría de campos efectiva aplicada a la gravitación puede ser usada para describir objetos extendidos interactuando gravitacionalmente como en el caso de un sistema binario. Usando métodos que usualmente se aplican en teoría cuántica de campos se muestra como el sistema binario emite ondas gravitacionales. Palabras clave.- Ondas gravitacionales, Teoría de campos efectiva, Relatividad general, astrofísica, Agujero negro, Estrella de neutrones. ABSTRACTThe recent detections of gravitational waves have brought renewed attention to the problem of obtaining high accuracy predictions for the gravitational radiation spectra emitted by binary systems with black holes or neutron stars constituents. This work explains how effective field theory applied to gravitation can be used to describe a gravitationally interacting extended object as in the binary system case. Gravitational wave emission from the binary system is shown by using methods that are usually applied in quantum field theory. Keywords.- Gravitational waves, Effective field theory, General relativity, Astrophysics, Black hole, Neutron star.
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15

Biesiada, Marek, and Sreekanth Harikumar. "Gravitational Lensing of Continuous Gravitational Waves." Universe 7, no. 12 (December 17, 2021): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe7120502.

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Continuous gravitational waves are analogous to monochromatic light and could therefore be used to detect wave effects such as interference or diffraction. This would be possible with strongly lensed gravitational waves. This article reviews and summarises the theory of gravitational lensing in the context of gravitational waves in two different regimes: geometric optics and wave optics, for two widely used lens models such as the point mass lens and the Singular Isothermal Sphere (SIS). Observable effects due to the wave nature of gravitational waves are discussed. As a consequence of interference, GWs produce beat patterns which might be observable with next generation detectors such as the ground based Einstein Telescope and Cosmic Explorer, or the space-borne LISA and DECIGO. This will provide us with an opportunity to estimate the properties of the lensing system and other cosmological parameters with alternative techniques. Diffractive microlensing could become a valuable method of searching for intermediate mass black holes formed in the centres of globular clusters. We also point to an interesting idea of detecting the Poisson–Arago spot proposed in the literature.
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16

Wen, Zhao, Zhang Xing, Liu Xiao-jin, Zhang Yang, Wang Yun-yong, Zhang Fan, Zhao Yu-hang, et al. "Gravitational Waves and Gravitational-wave Sourcestwo." Chinese Astronomy and Astrophysics 42, no. 4 (October 2018): 487–526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chinastron.2018.10.010.

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17

Ferreira, Ivan S., C. Frajuca, Nadja S. Magalhaes, M. D. Maia, and Claudio M. G. Sousa. "The laser gravitational compass: A spheroidal interferometric gravitational observatory." International Journal of Modern Physics A 35, no. 02n03 (January 24, 2020): 2040020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x20400205.

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Using the observational properties of Einstein’s gravitational field it is shown that a minimum of four non-coplanar mass probes are necessary for a Michelson and Morley interferometer to detect gravitational waves within the context of General Relativity. With fewer probes, some alternative theories of gravitation can also explain the observations. The conversion of the existing gravitational wave detectors to four probes is also suggested.
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18

Sivaram, C. "Thermal Gravitational Waves." Open Astronomy Journal 4, no. 1 (August 15, 2011): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874381101004010065.

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19

Maggiore, Michele. "Gravitational waves constrained." Nature 447, no. 7145 (June 2007): 651–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/447651a.

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20

Kasliwal, M. M. "Seeing Gravitational Waves." Science 340, no. 6132 (May 2, 2013): 555–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1235956.

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21

Woodhouse, N. M. J. "Cylindrical gravitational waves." Classical and Quantum Gravity 6, no. 6 (June 1, 1989): 933–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/6/6/017.

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22

Hervik, Sigbjørn. "Solvegeometry gravitational waves." Classical and Quantum Gravity 21, no. 17 (August 17, 2004): 4273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/21/17/013.

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23

Ricci, Fulvio. "Gravitational Waves Detectors." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1468 (February 2020): 012224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1468/1/012224.

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24

Cerdonio, M. "Gravitational Waves: Experiments." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 114 (February 2003): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5632(02)01895-9.

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25

Stewart, J. M. "Gravitational shock waves." General Relativity and Gravitation 38, no. 6 (May 18, 2006): 1017–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10714-006-0284-3.

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26

Reitze, David. "Chasing gravitational waves." Nature Photonics 2, no. 10 (October 2008): 582–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2008.186.

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27

Battye, R. A., and E. P. S. Shellard. "Relic gravitational waves." Classical and Quantum Gravity 13, no. 11A (November 1, 1996): A239—A246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/13/11a/032.

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28

Mashhoon, Bahram, and Hernando Quevedo. "Rotating gravitational waves." Physics Letters A 151, no. 9 (December 1990): 464–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9601(90)90462-w.

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29

Frajuca, C., F. S. Bortoli, F. Y. Nakamoto, and G. A. Santos. "Gravitational Waves Propagation through the Stochastic Background of Gravitational Waves." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 957 (February 2018): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/957/1/012005.

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30

Shankaranarayanan, S. "Strong gravity signatures in the polarization of gravitational waves." International Journal of Modern Physics D 28, no. 14 (October 2019): 1944020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271819440206.

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General Relativity is a hugely successful description of gravitation. However, both theory and observations suggest that General Relativity might have significant classical and quantum corrections in the Strong Gravity regime. Testing the strong field limit of gravity is one of the main objectives of the future gravitational wave detectors. One way to detect strong gravity is through the polarization of gravitational waves. For quasi-normal modes of black-holes in General Relativity, the two polarization states of gravitational waves have the same amplitude and frequency spectrum. Using the principle of energy conservation, we show that the polarizations differ for modified gravity theories. We obtain a diagnostic parameter for polarization mismatch that provides a unique way to distinguish General Relativity and modified gravity theories in gravitational wave detectors.
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31

Rai, Ankush, and Jagadeesh Kannan R. "MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF FEEDBACK CONTROL OF GRAVITATIONAL WAVES." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 13 (April 1, 2017): 420. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10s1.19980.

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We present an analysis for gravitation through space-mass quantization technique where gravitational waves is the fundamental interaction through distinct state of quantization of mass & space while remaining mathematically compatible with general relativity (GR). It also encompasses issues such as the notion of space-radiative expansion leading to order in the large radius expansion, zero point energy & also space-contraction is introduced that sets the physical scales and subleading terms. We discuss conditions under which gravitational waves is transformed locally under space-mass action. A proposal for improving the current use of scientific methods & mechanism to forge a model of gravitational waves is given. We refer this physical interpretation in rest of the text as “Quantize field Theory”.
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32

Unnikrishnan, C. S., and George T. Gillies. "Gravitational waves at their own gravitational speed." International Journal of Modern Physics D 27, no. 14 (October 2018): 1847015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271818470156.

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Gravitational waves propagate at the speed of light in general relativity, because of their special relativistic basis. However, light propagation is linked to the electromagnetic phenomena, with the permittivity and permeability constants as the determining factors. Is there a deeper reason why waves in a geometric theory of gravity propagate at a speed determined by electromagnetic constants? What is the relation between gravity’s own constants and the speed of gravitational waves? Our attempt to answer these fundamental questions takes us far and deep into the universe.
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33

Al Mamun, Al Mahmud, and Md Ashik Iqbal. "Classifying the gravitational waves using the deep learning technique." Material Science & Engineering International Journal 6, no. 2 (June 14, 2022): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/mseij.2022.06.00178.

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Gravitational waves are related to the concept of vibration of space-time curvature. When the body of heavy masses lies on the four-dimensional space-time and changes their position with turbulence motion then actually they create a disturbance in the space. The disturbance travels outward from the origin having light velocity is known as gravitational waves. Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) scientific teamwork declared the identification of these waves. In this paper, we review Gravitational waves, Detection of gravitational waves, deep learning for the classification of gravitational waves. We design and develop a deep learning system to classification gravitational waves of the dataset ‘Gravity Spy (Gravitational waves)’ that is made up of the LIGO images. The goals of this research are to gain a piece of reasonable and useful knowledge about Gravitational waves and propose an effective deep learning network system to classify the gravitational waves. The accuracy achieved by our model is 99.34%.
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34

Bramson, Brian. "Do electromagnetic waves harbour gravitational waves?" Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 462, no. 2071 (February 21, 2006): 1987–2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2006.1658.

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In linearized, Einstein–Maxwell theory on flat spacetime, an oscillating electric dipole is the source of a spin-2 field. Within this approximation to general relativity, it is shown that electromagnetic waves harbour gravitational waves.
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35

Winterberg, Friedwardt. "Explanation of the Quantum-Mechanical Particle-Wave Duality through the Emission of Watt-Less Gravitational Waves by the Dirac Equation." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 71, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2015-0331.

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AbstractAn explanation of the quantum-mechanical particle-wave duality is given by the watt-less emission of gravitational waves from a particle described by the Dirac equation. This explanation is possible through the existence of negative energy, and hence negative mass solutions of Einstein’s gravitational field equations. They permit to understand the Dirac equation as the equation for a gravitationally bound positive–negative mass (pole–dipole particle) two-body configuration, with the mass of the Dirac particle equal to the positive mass of the gravitational field binding the positive with the negative mass particle, and with the mass particles making a luminal “Zitterbewegung” (quivering motion), emitting a watt-less oscillating positive–negative space curvature wave. It is shown that this thusly produced “Zitterbewegung” reproduces the quantum potential of the Madelung-transformed Schrödinger equation. The watt-less gravitational wave emitted by the quivering particles is conjectured to be de Broglie’s pilot wave. The hypothesised connection of the Dirac equation to gravitational wave physics could, with the failure to detect gravitational waves by the LIGO antennas and pulsar timing arrays, give a clue to extended theories of gravity, or a correction of astrophysical models for the generation of such waves.
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36

Singh, Amit, Ivan Li, Otto Hannuksela, Tjonnie Li, and Kyungmin Kim. "Classifying Lensed Gravitational Waves in the Geometrical Optics Limit with Machine Learning." American Journal of Undergraduate Research 16, no. 2 (September 30, 2019): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33697/ajur.2019.019.

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Gravitational waves are theorized to be gravitationally lensed when they propagate near massive objects. Such lensing effects cause potentially detectable repeated gravitational wave patterns in ground- and space-based gravitational wave detectors. These effects are difficult to discriminate when the lens is small and the repeated patterns superpose. Traditionally, matched filtering techniques are used to identify gravitational-wave signals, but we instead aim to utilize machine learning techniques to achieve this. In this work, we implement supervised machine learning classifiers (support vector machine, random forest, multi-layer perceptron) to discriminate such lensing patterns in gravitational wave data. We train classifiers with spectrograms of both lensed and unlensed waves using both point-mass and singular isothermal sphere lens models. As the result, classifiers return F1 scores ranging from 0:852 to 0:996, with precisions from 0:917 to 0:992 and recalls ranging from 0:796 to 1:000 depending on the type of classifier and lensing model used. This supports the idea that machine learning classifiers are able to correctly determine lensed gravitational wave signals. This also suggests that in the future, machine learning classifiers may be used as a possible alternative to identify lensed gravitational wave events and to allow us to study gravitational wave sources and massive astronomical objects through further analysis. KEYWORDS: Gravitational Waves; Gravitational Lensing; Geometrical Optics; Machine Learning; Classification; Support Vector Machine; Random Tree Forest; Multi-layer Perceptron
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37

Frieman, Joshua A., Diego D. Harari, and Gabriela C. Surpi. "Gravitational lens time delays and gravitational waves." Physical Review D 50, no. 8 (October 15, 1994): 4895–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.50.4895.

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38

Allen, B. "Using gravitational lenses to detect gravitational waves." General Relativity and Gravitation 22, no. 12 (December 1990): 1447–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00756842.

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39

Sorge, Francesco. "On the gravitational scattering of gravitational waves." Classical and Quantum Gravity 32, no. 3 (January 8, 2015): 035007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/32/3/035007.

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40

Cornish, N. J., J. W. Moffat, and D. C. Tatarski. "Gravitational waves in the nonsymmetric gravitational theory." Physics Letters A 173, no. 2 (February 1993): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9601(93)90172-v.

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41

Morozov, A. N., I. V. Fomin, V. O. Gladyshev, V. L. Kauts, E. A. Sharandin, and A. V. Kayutenko. "Method for Generating Gravitational Waves by Meansof a Standing Electromagnetic Wave System." Herald of the Bauman Moscow State Technical University. Series Natural Sciences, no. 6 (105) (December 2022): 90–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/1812-3368-2022-6-90-105.

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In this paper, we consider the method of generating gravitational waves by means of a system of standing electromagnetic waves at the difference frequency in electromagnetic resonators and their further registration based on various types of detectors. As a factor of amplification of the amplitude of gravitational waves induced by the proposed method, the inverse dependence of their amplitude on the square of the difference frequency is considered, which is a consequence of Einstein’s equations for the studied configuration of electromagnetic fields in the resonator. The characteristics of gravitational waves associated with the electromagnetic field inside the resonator and gravitational waves in empty space are compared. The possibility of conducting an experiment on the generation and detection of gravitational waves with controlled parameters of the source and detector (Hertz experiment) on the basis of the proposed method has been investigated. Various types of existing and promising detectors of low-frequency gravitational waves are considered and an estimate of the source characteristics necessary for the successful detection of gravitational waves generated by this method is obtained. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is compared with other methods of generating gravitational waves. The specificity of the considered method of generating gravitational waves is noted, associated with the possibility of obtaining in laboratory conditions low-frequency gravitational waves with a frequency close to the frequency of gravitational waves of astrophysical sources and the amplitude significantly exceeding the amplitude of high-frequency gravitational waves, which can be generated on the basis of previously proposed methods
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42

Zhou, Jing-Zhi, Xukun Zhang, Qing-Hua Zhu, and Zhe Chang. "The third order scalar induced gravitational waves." Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2022, no. 05 (May 1, 2022): 013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2022/05/013.

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Abstract Since the gravitational waves were detected by LIGO and Virgo, it has been promising that lots of information about the primordial Universe could be learned by further observations on stochastic gravitational waves background. The studies on gravitational waves induced by primordial curvature perturbations are of great interest. The aim of this paper is to investigate the third order induced gravitational waves. Based on the theory of cosmological perturbations, the first order scalar induces the second order scalar, vector and tensor perturbations. At the next iteration, the first order scalar, the second order scalar, vector and tensor perturbations all induce the third order tensor perturbations. We present the two point function 〈h λ,(3) h λ',(3)〉 and corresponding energy density spectrum of the third order gravitational waves for a monochromatic primordial power spectrum. The shape of the energy density spectrum of the third order gravitational waves is different from that of the second order scalar induced gravitational waves. And it is found that the third order gravitational waves sourced by the second order scalar perturbations dominate the two point function 〈h λ,(3) h λ',(3)〉 and corresponding energy density spectrum of third order scalar induced gravitational waves.
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43

Chang, Yi-Fang. "Three Predictions of Gravitational Waves, and Black Holes." Sumerianz Journal of Scientific Research, no. 62 (April 10, 2023): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.47752/sjsr.6.2.27.32.

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Gravitational wave forms a focus of physics, astrophysics and cosmology. First, we propose three predictions of gravitational waves: their observations must be nonlinear waves; velocity of gravitational wave should be slightly higher than the velocity of light; gravitational waves in black holes may emit and be observed. Next, we discuss the analogies of the gravitational and electromagnetic fields, and research some relations between black holes and gravitational waves. Finally, we propose the directed gravitational wave observatories of high-energy astrophysics, as such for the huge black holes in the Galactic center.
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44

Iorio, L. "Gravitomagnetism and Gravitational Waves." Open Astronomy Journal 4, no. 1 (August 15, 2011): 84–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874381101004010084.

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45

Singh, Abhishek Ranjan, Ashutosh Kumar Giri, and Himanshu Kr Pandey. "Gravitational waves: A Persual." Bulletin of Pure & Applied Sciences- Physics 37d, no. 1 (2018): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2320-3218.2018.00003.9.

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46

Lee, Hyung-Mok, Chang-Hwan Lee, Gung-Won Kang, John-J. Oh, Chung-Lee Kim, and Sang-Hoon Oh. "GRAVITATIONAL WAVES AND ASTRONOMY." Publications of The Korean Astronomical Society 26, no. 2 (July 6, 2011): 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5303/pkas.2011.26.2.071.

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47

Blair, David. "Astronomy: Detecting gravitational waves." Nature 323, no. 6091 (October 1986): 761. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/323761a0.

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48

Luca, V. De, V. Desjacques, G. Franciolini, and A. Riotto. "Gravitational waves from peaks." Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2019, no. 09 (September 26, 2019): 059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2019/09/059.

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49

Chang, Sung. "LIGO detects gravitational waves." Physics Today 69, no. 4 (April 2016): 14–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/pt.3.3123.

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50

Ingraham, R. L. "Gravitational Waves in Matter." General Relativity and Gravitation 29, no. 1 (January 1997): 117–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1010208315587.

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