Journal articles: 'Gravettien – Europe'

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Haesaerts, Paul, Ilie Borziac, Vasile Chirica, Freddy Damblon, and Larissa Koulakovska. "Cadre stratigraphique et chronologique du Gravettien en Europe centrale." Paléo, no. 19 (December 30, 2007): 31–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/paleo.496.

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Otte, Marcel. "Obi-Rahmat (Ouzbékistan), origine du Gravettien en Europe, et du métissage néandertalien." L'Anthropologie 121, no. 4 (September 2017): 271–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anthro.2017.10.001.

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Wilczyński, Jarosław, Tomasz Goslar, Piotr Wojtal, Martin Oliva, Ursula B. Göhlich, Walpurga Antl-Weiser, Petr Šída, Alexander Verpoorte, and György Lengyel. "New Radiocarbon Dates for the Late Gravettian in Eastern Central Europe." Radiocarbon 62, no. 1 (October 24, 2019): 243–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2019.111.

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AbstractThe Middle Upper Palaeolithic (MUP) in eastern Central Europe (ECE) comprises three variants of Gravettian culture: Early Gravettian, Pavlovian, and Late Gravettian. While Early Gravettian and Pavlovian are merely located in Lower Austria and Moravia, the Late Gravettian occupations occurred over the entire territory of ECE. Compared to the number of sites the radiocarbon dating and the absolute chronology of the Late Gravettian is rather poor. The results presented here bring a new set of radiocarbon (14C) dates for the Late Gravettian period in ECE and propose that this period began and ended earlier than previously suggested.

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Djindjian, François, and Lioudmila Iakovleva. "LA QUESTION DE L’EPIGRAVETTIEN ORIENTAL." Światowit, no. 61 (December 29, 2023): 146–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/0082-044x.swiatowit.61.6.

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he designation, under the name of Epigravettian, of all industries in Central and Eastern Europe from the last glacial maximum and up to the end of isotopic stage 2, masks the variety of industries and prevents an understanding of the adaptations of hunter-gatherer societies to climate variations. - For Eastern Europe (Dnieper, Boug and Don basins): Eastern Gravettian, Final Eastern Gravettian, Local Aurignacoid Industries (Muralovkian, Zamiatnine culture and others), Early Epigravettian of the steppe area, gap, Mezinian of the Dnieper Basin, late Epigravettian of the steppe area, - For the northeastern foothills of the Carpathians (Dniester, Prut and Bistrita basins) : Eastern Gravettian, Aurignacoid Industries, gap, Early Epigravettian (Molodovian s.s.), gap, Final Epigravettian, - For Central Europe: Eastern Gravettian, gap, Aurignacoid Industries, gap, Sagvarian, gap, Magdalenian and Late Epigravettian. The typological and technological studies of lithic and bone industries reveal large differences, due to strong changes in human systems during the last glacial maximum. And the mere presence of backed bladelets (which also exist in the Solutrean, Badegoulian and Magdalenian cultures in Western Europe) is not sufficient to cluster these industries under the same name of Epigravettian. So we propose to give different names to these different industries.

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Hahn, Joachim. "Neue Beschleuniger 14C-Daten zum Jungpaläolithikum in Südwestdeutschland." E&G Quaternary Science Journal 45, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3285/eg.45.1.09.

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Abstract. Eine neue Datierungsmethocle mit dem Beschleuniger - AMS - hat der 14C-Methode zusammen mit der Kalibration weit in das Jungpleistozän hinein neue Möglichkeiten eröffnet. Eine Reihe Proben aus südwestdeutschen jungpaläolithischen Fundstellen, vor allem Geißenklösterle und Hohle Fels wurden damit datiert. Fuldas Aurignacien und das Gravettien stellen sich erhebliche Abweichungen gegenüber den bisherigen Ansätzen heraus, die jedoch anderen neueren Datierungen in Europa entsprechen. Demnach beginnt das ältere Jungpaläolithikum mit dem Protoaurignacien um 40 ka, das „mittlere" Aurignacien mit Geschoßspitzen mit gespaltener Basis ist um 36 ka und das Gravettien ist zwischen 29 und 27 ka anzusetzen. Besiedlungsgeschichtlich und in bezug auf die Quartärchronologie hat das Konsequenzen für die Verbreitung des Homo sapiens sapiens nach Europa. Das Magdalénien hingegen bleibt in dem bisherigen zeitlichen Rahmen. Eine zweite Serie von AMS-Daten soll aber diese Ergebnisse überprüfen.

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Germonpré, Mietje, Martina Lázničková-Galetová, Elodie-Laure Jimenez, Robert Losey, Mikhail Sablin, Hervé Bocherens, and Martine Van Den Broeck. "Consumption of canid meat at the Gravettian Předmostí site, the Czech Republic." Fossil Imprint 73, no. 3-4 (December 31, 2017): 360–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/if-2017-0020.

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Předmostí is one of the most famous Gravettian sites in Central Europe. Its fame is based on a unique human assemblage, sadly largely destroyed during the Second World War, a huge mammoth assemblage and a very rich large canid assemblage. It has been shown previously that mammoth played an important role in the subsistence practices of the Gravettian inhabitants of Předmostí. Detailed analyses of the large canid postcranial material were carried out to investigate whether these canid remains can be assigned to different size groups and whether these remains show evidence of being butchered and consumed by humans. Based on defleshing marks and impact traces on the long bones, it is proposed here that large canids were consumed by the Gravettian inhabitants of Předmostí, thus further elucidating the specific human-large canid relationships that existed during the Upper Palaeolithic.

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Jacobi, R. M., T. F. G. Higham, P. Haesaerts, I. Jadin, and L. S. Basell. "Radiocarbon chronology for the Early Gravettian of northern Europe: new AMS determinations for Maisières-Canal, Belgium." Antiquity 84, no. 323 (March 1, 2010): 26–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00099749.

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The authors explore the arrival of the earliest Gravettian in north-west Europe, using new high precision radiocarbon dates for bone excavated at Maisières-Canal in Belgium to define a short-lived occupation around 33 000 years ago. The tanged points in that assemblage have parallels in British sites, including Goat's Hole (Paviland). This is the site of the famous ochred burial of a young adult male, confusingly known as the ‘Red Lady’, now dated to around 34 000 BP. The new results demonstrate that this British ‘rich burial’ and the Gravettian with tanged points may belong to two different occupation horizons separated by a cold spell.

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Aranguren, Biancamaria, Roberto Becattini, Marta Mariotti Lippi, and Anna Revedin. "Grinding flour in Upper Palaeolithic Europe (25000 years bp)." Antiquity 81, no. 314 (December 2007): 845–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00095946.

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The authors have identified starch grains belonging to wild plants on the surface of a stone from the Gravettian hunter-gatherer campsite of Bilancino (Florence, Italy), dated to around 25000bp. The stone can be seen as a grindstone and the starch has been extracted from locally growing edible plants. This evidence can be claimed as implying the making of flour – and presumably some kind of bread – some 15 millennia before the local ‘agricultural revolution’.

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Lázničková-Galetová, Martina. "Gravettian ivory ornaments in Central Europe, Moravia (Czech Republic)." L'Anthropologie 125, no. 2 (April 2021): 102870. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anthro.2021.102870.

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Wojtal, Piotr, Jarosław Wilczyński, Adam Nadachowski, and Susanne C. Münzel. "Gravettian hunting and exploitation of bears in Central Europe." Quaternary International 359-360 (March 2015): 58–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.10.017.

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Libois, Timothée. "Molodovo V (Ukraine): spatial and contextual study of Gravettian levels 10, 9 & 8." Materials and studies on archaeology of Sub-Carpathian and Volhynian area 25 (December 28, 2021): 11–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/mdapv.2021-25-11-39.

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Molodovo V is one of Ukraine’s key-sites for the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic. Since its excavation in the 1950’s and 1960’s, this sequence has been a cornerstone for the chrono-cultural framework in the Dniestr valley and adjacent areas. The site is also an important contributor to the issue of the Gravettian emergence. With radiocarbon dates around 29–28 ka uncal BP, its cultural levels 10 and 9 stand as the first Gravettian occurrence in this region, and as one of the earliest in Europe. However, this early presence of the Gravettian is relatively questionable, as it is challenged by the late Aurignacian presence in the neighbouring site of Mitoc-Malu Galben (Romania) which extends until 27.7 ka BP. Despite the consistency of the sedimentary and paleoenvironmental studies at Molodovo V, the archaeological artefacts did not benefit from extensive studies since the excavations – except for typological classification. This paper thus aims at clarifying the association of the lithic materials with the sedimentary stratigraphy and associated dates. Three types of analyses have been realized to check the conditions in which the cultural levels 10, 9 and 8 were excavated, labelled and attributed: a spatial analysis of the lithic artefacts, a refit analysis focused on inter-levels connexions and a spatial study of the position of the Upper Palaeolithic combustion features. Consequently, it appears that most artefacts from levels 10 and 9, and a majority of materials from level 8, are not reliably associated to the sedimentary stratigraphy and dates. Thus, there is no ascertained Gravettian presence in Molodovo V before its level 8, imprecisely dated between 27.000 and 25.000 uncal BP. Key words: Upper Palaeolithic, Gravettian, Ukraine, spatial analysis.

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Posth, Cosimo, He Yu, Ayshin Ghalichi, Hélène Rougier, Isabelle Crevecoeur, Yilei Huang, Harald Ringbauer, et al. "Palaeogenomics of Upper Palaeolithic to Neolithic European hunter-gatherers." Nature 615, no. 7950 (March 1, 2023): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-05726-0.

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AbstractModern humans have populated Europe for more than 45,000 years1,2. Our knowledge of the genetic relatedness and structure of ancient hunter-gatherers is however limited, owing to the scarceness and poor molecular preservation of human remains from that period3. Here we analyse 356 ancient hunter-gatherer genomes, including new genomic data for 116 individuals from 14 countries in western and central Eurasia, spanning between 35,000 and 5,000 years ago. We identify a genetic ancestry profile in individuals associated with Upper Palaeolithic Gravettian assemblages from western Europe that is distinct from contemporaneous groups related to this archaeological culture in central and southern Europe4, but resembles that of preceding individuals associated with the Aurignacian culture. This ancestry profile survived during the Last Glacial Maximum (25,000 to 19,000 years ago) in human populations from southwestern Europe associated with the Solutrean culture, and with the following Magdalenian culture that re-expanded northeastward after the Last Glacial Maximum. Conversely, we reveal a genetic turnover in southern Europe suggesting a local replacement of human groups around the time of the Last Glacial Maximum, accompanied by a north-to-south dispersal of populations associated with the Epigravettian culture. From at least 14,000 years ago, an ancestry related to this culture spread from the south across the rest of Europe, largely replacing the Magdalenian-associated gene pool. After a period of limited admixture that spanned the beginning of the Mesolithic, we find genetic interactions between western and eastern European hunter-gatherers, who were also characterized by marked differences in phenotypically relevant variants.

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Peresani, Marco, Cesare Ravazzi, Roberta Pini, Davide Margaritora, Arianna Cocilova, Davide Delpiano, Stefano Bertola, et al. "Human settlement and vegetation-climate relationships in the Greenland Stadial 5 at the Piovesello site (Northern Apennines, Italy)." Quaternary Research 90, no. 3 (October 16, 2018): 503–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qua.2018.76.

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AbstractThe Gravettian settlements of Europe are considered as an expression of human adaptation to harsh climates. In Southern Europe, however, favorable vegetation-climate conditions supported hunters-gatherer subsistence and the maintenance of their large-scale networks. This was also the case of the North-Adriatic plain and the Apennine mountain ridge in Italy. Traditionally considered lacking evidence, the northern part of the Apennine ridge has recently yielded the Early Gravettian site of Piovesello, located at 870 m a.s.l. Survey and excavation revealed lithic artifacts in primary position embedded in loamy sediments. Radiocarbon dating, anthracological and extended palynological and microcharcoal analyses have been integrated to reconstruct the palaeoecological context of this camp which was probably positioned above the timberline in an arid rocky landscape, bounding the fronts of local glaciers close to their maximum expansion at the time of Greenland Stadial (GS) 5 (32.04 - 28.9 ka cal BP). Human activity left ephemeral traces represented by lithic artefacts, charcoal, and the introduction of radiolarites from sources in proximity to the site and of chert from very far western sources. Evidence from Piovesello contributes to the reconstruction of human and vegetation ecology during Late Pleistocene glaciations and also provides hints for the historical biogeography of petrophytic plants and their orographic relics in the northern Apennine.

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Budja, Mihael. "The transition to farming and the ceramic trajectories in Western Eurasia. From ceramic figurines to vessels." Documenta Praehistorica 33 (December 31, 2006): 183–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.33.17.

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In Eurasia the invention of ceramic technology and production of fired-clay vessels has not necessarily been related to the dynamics of the transition to farming. The invention of ceramic technology in Europe was associated with female and animal figurine making in Gravettian technocomplex. The fired-clay vessels occurred first in hunter-gatherer contexts in Eastern Eurasia a millennia before the agriculture. The adoption of pottery making in Levant seems to correlate with the collapse of the ‘ritual economy’, social decentralisation and community fragmentation in the Levantine Pre-Pottery Neolithic. In South-eastern Europe the adoption of pottery making was closely associated with social, symbolic and ritual hunter-gatherers’ practices.

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Péan, Stéphane, Simon Puaud, Laurent Crépin, Sandrine Prat, Anita Quiles, Johannes van der Plicht, Hélène Valladas, et al. "The Middle to Upper Paleolithic Sequence of Buran-Kaya III (Crimea, Ukraine): New Stratigraphic, Paleoenvironmental, and Chronological Results." Radiocarbon 55, no. 3 (2013): 1454–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200048384.

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Buran-Kaya III is a rockshelter located in Crimea (Ukraine). It provides an exceptional stratigraphic sequence extending from the Middle Paleolithic to the Neolithic. Nine Paleolithic layers have been attributed to the Streletskaya or eastern Szeletian, Micoquian, Aurignacian, Gravettian, and Swiderian cultural traditions. Human remains from the richest Gravettian layer (6-1) are radiocarbon dated to 31.9 ka BP, and therefore represent, with Peştera cu Oase (Romania), one of the oldest anatomically modern humans in Europe. The aim of this study is to obtain a controlled stratigraphic sequence of Buran-Kaya III with new 14C dates from faunal and human bones, in their paleoenvironmental context. During our new excavations (2009–2011), sediments, bones, and teeth from the stratigraphical layers were sampled for sedimentological, geochemical, and 14C analyses. Fossil bones from the 2001 excavations were also analyzed. Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 14C dating, including cross-dating, was performed at Groningen, Saclay/Gif-sur-Yvette, and Oxford. Biogeochemical analysis was used to test the integrity of the bone collagen. Dates were modeled using a Bayesian approach. The sedimentological, paleoenvironmental, and chronological data are mutually consistent and show that the Paleolithic human occupations at Buran-Kaya III range from the end of MIS 3 to early MIS 1. These results provide a new chronological and paleoenvironmental framework for the human settlements in eastern Europe during the late Middle and the Upper Paleolithic.

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Хлопачев, Г. А. "GEOMETRIC IMAGES IN THE ART OF THE UPPER PALEOLITHIC OF EASTERN EUROPE: CHRONOLOGICAL AND REGIONAL FEATURES." Краткие сообщения Института археологии (КСИА), no. 261 (December 4, 2020): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.0130-2620.261.7-17.

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Исследуются абстрактные, геометрические изображения знакового искусства малых форм Восточной Европы. Данный вид изобразительной деятельности появляется в раннюю пору верхнего палеолита, одновременно с фигуративным искусством. На Русской равнине развитие знакового искусства прослеживается на протяжении всей верхнепалеолитической эпохи. Оно широко распространилось в период средней (25-21 тыс. л. н.) и поздней (20-12 тыс. л. н.) поры верхнего палеолита. Геометрическое искусство существовало бок о бок с традицией реалистичных изображений в граветтийское время и полностью вытесняет ее после максимума валдайского оледенения. В статье систематизируются данные об этом виде искусства в центре Русской равнины, рассматриваются его региональные и хронологические особенности. Исходя из данных технико-морфологического анализа, предложено два критерия для различения геометрического искусства малых форм граветтийского и эпиграветтийского времени. Для эпиграветтийских памятников характерны отсутствие реалистических элементов и нанесение изображения на всю поверхность сложной геометрической формы, с обязательной предварительной ее разметкой и использованием одной или нескольких базовых линий. Для граветтийских - наличие фигуративных элементов и нанесение орнаментальных элементов на поделки со сложным объемом в разное, не соответствующее одному технологическому циклу, время или без предварительной общей разметки. The paper explores abstract and geometric images of non-figurative (symbolic) portable art in eastern Europe. This type of visual art emerged in the early period of the Upper Paleolithic at the same time with figurative art. Development of non-figurative art in the Russian plain has been traced throughout the Paleolithic Age. It was widespread during the middle stage (25,000-21,000 years ago) and the late stage (20,000-12,000 years ago) of the Upper Paleolithic. Geometric art existed side by side with the tradition of realistic images during the Gravettian period replacing it completely after the last Valdai glacial maximum. The paper systemizes data on this type of art in the center of the Russian plain, and reviews its regional and chronological features. Using the data on the technical and morphological analysis, the author proposes two criteria for differentiating geometric portable art of the Gravettian period and the Epigravettian period. The Epigravettian sites are characterized by absence of realistic elements and presence of images all over the surface of a sophisticated geometrical shape as well as preliminary pattern outlining and use of one or several base lines. The Gravettian images are characterized by presence of figurative elements and placement of decorative elements on items of sophisticated shape in different time periods that do not correspond to the same technological cycle or without preliminary outlining of the overall pattern.

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Svoboda, Jiří, Miroslav Králík, Věra Čulíková, Šárka Hladilová, Martin Novák, Miriam Nývltová Fišáková, Daniel Nývlt, and Michaela Zelinková. "Pavlov VI: an Upper Palaeolithic living unit." Antiquity 83, no. 320 (June 1, 2009): 282–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00098434.

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AbstractThis newly discovered and excavated site defines an Upper Palaeolithic activity unit consisting of a roasting pit at the centre of an area 5m across. Although the main task was the processing of two mammoths, there were numerous other wild animals in the assemblage. The occupants used flint knives, made bone tools and modelled in baked clay – on which they left their fingerprints, along with imprints of reindeer hair and textiles. Pavlov VI offers an exemplary picture of the basic living unit that made up the settlement clusters of the Gravettian people in Central Europe.

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Szegedi, Kristóf István, György Lengyel, and Tibor Marton. "The ‘Epipalaeolithic’ site Hont–Templomdomb of Northern Hungary revisited." Communicationes Archaeologicae Hungariae 2023 (December 16, 2023): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.54640/cah.2023.9.

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This paper presents the results of the typological revision of Hont-Templomdomb site originally published in 1956 as Epipalaeolithic. Our observations contradict the Epipalaeolithic cultural and chronological position of the lithic material, which rather can be affiliated with the Late Gravettian of Eastern Central Europe. Current archaeological data allowed us to conclude that the term ‘Epipalaeolithic’ currently is inappropriate in the Palaeolithic chronological sequence of the Carpathian Basin. This led to considering the possibility of a human population hiatus during GI-1 interstadial and GS-1 stadial phases.

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Wojtal, Piotr, Jiří Svoboda, Martina Roblíčková, and Jarosław Wilczyński. "Carnivores in the everyday life of Gravettian hunters-gatherers in Central Europe." Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 59 (September 2020): 101171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2020.101171.

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Prat, S., S. Péan, L. Crépin, S. Puaud, D. G. Drucker, M. Lázničková-Galetová, J. Van der Plicht, et al. "The First Anatomically Modern Humans from South-Eastern Europe. Contributions from the Buran-Kaya III Site (Crimea)." Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris 30, no. 3-4 (October 2018): 169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/bmsap-2018-0032.

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The arrival of modern humans into Europe, their dispersal and their potential interactions with Neanderthals are still in debate. Whereas the first appearance of anatomically modern humans in Western Europe seems to be well understood, the situation is quite different for Eastern Europe, where data are more scarce. The Buran-Kaya III site in Crimea is of key importance to understand the colonization of Europe by anatomically modern humans and their potential contemporaneity with the last Neanderthal occupations. The new radiocarbon dated sequence shows that no Neanderthal settlement existed after 39 ka cal BP and casts doubt on the survival, as previously proposed, of Neanderthal refuge zones in Crimea 28 ka BP ago (34-32 ka cal BP). The human remains from Buran-Kaya III, directly dated to 32450 +250/-230 BP (layer 6-2) and 31900+/-220 BP (layer 6-1) (37.1-35.7 ka cal BP and 36.3-35.2 cal BP respectively), represent some of the oldest evidence of anatomically modern humans in Europe in a unique welldocumented archaeological context (Gravettian). Furthermore, the specimens from layer 6-1 represent the oldest Upper Palaeolithic modern humans from Eastern Europe with evidence of post-mortem treatment of the dead.

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Ochoa, Blanca, Marcos García-Diez, José-Manuel Maíllo-Fernández, Álvaro Arrizabalaga, and Paul Pettitt. "Gravettian Figurative Art in the Western Pyrenees: Stratigraphy, Cultural Context, and Chronology." European Journal of Archaeology 22, no. 2 (August 14, 2018): 168–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eaa.2018.31.

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The timing and nature of the emergence of art in human evolution has been one of the more debated subjects in palaeoanthropology in the last few years, and one of the areas where archaeology has made impressive advances. Here, we discuss the first evidence of figurative art on portable materials in the north of Spain. After analysis of the stratigraphic contexts of all examples potentially of this age, which eliminated those of uncertain provenance, only three examples can be said to be Gravettian with a degree of confidence. We examine their stratigraphic provenance, the integrity of their archaeological contexts, and the absolute dates available for them. We then discuss their thematic and stylistic traits, comparing them to the wider database of material in the adjacent regions of the French Pyrenees and Mediterranean Iberia. We conclude that figurative depictions were scarce in the Gravettian of south-western Europe, in contrast to the relatively abundant examples of cave art assigned to this period in the region. If this is correct, we should nuance our discussions of ‘Palaeolithic art’ by considering that parietal and portable art had their own trajectories and functions, at least in the Early to mid-Upper Palaeolithic.

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Khlopachev, Gennady, Carole Vercoutère, and Sibylle Wolf. "Les statuettes féminines en ivoire des faciès gravettiens et post-gravettiens en Europe centrale et orientale : modes de fabrication et de représentation." L'Anthropologie 122, no. 3 (June 2018): 492–521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anthro.2017.11.001.

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Bicho, Nuno, João Cascalheira, and Célia Gonçalves. "Early Upper Paleolithic colonization across Europe: Time and mode of the Gravettian diffusion." PLOS ONE 12, no. 5 (May 24, 2017): e0178506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0178506.

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Wojtal, Piotr, and Jarosław Wilczyński. "Hunters of the giants: Woolly mammoth hunting during the Gravettian in Central Europe." Quaternary International 379 (August 2015): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.05.040.

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Klaric, Laurent. "Regional groups in the European Middle Gravettian: a reconsideration of theRayssiantechnology." Antiquity 81, no. 311 (March 1, 2007): 176–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00094928.

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TheGravettianis considered one of the first pan-European cultures of the Upper Palaeolithic, spreading from Portugal to Russia between 28-20000 years BP and characterised by backed blades and points. TheNoaillianis a local variant in southern Europe (Northern Spain, Southern France and Italy). In France Noaillian is supposedly evolving into theRayssianwhich is replaced later by recentGravettian. By reconsidering the formation processes of some key stratigraphic sequences, the author demonstrates that the Rayssian is an idiosyncratic culture that does not have abrupt-backed bladelets, and that runs chronologically in parallel with the others. A case study, based on new work at the site of La Picardie (Indre-et-Loire), suggests that we should expect to define different contemporary regional groups during this long period.

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Trinkaus, Erik. "European early modern humans and the fate of the Neandertals." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104, no. 18 (April 23, 2007): 7367–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0702214104.

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A consideration of the morphological aspects of the earliest modern humans in Europe (more than ≈33,000 B.P.) and the subsequent Gravettian human remains indicates that they possess an anatomical pattern congruent with the autapomorphic (derived) morphology of the earliest (Middle Paleolithic) African modern humans. However, they exhibit a variable suite of features that are either distinctive Neandertal traits and/or plesiomorphic (ancestral) aspects that had been lost among the African Middle Paleolithic modern humans. These features include aspects of neurocranial shape, basicranial external morphology, mandibular ramal and symphyseal form, dental morphology and size, and anteroposterior dental proportions, as well as aspects of the clavicles, scapulae, metacarpals, and appendicular proportions. The ubiquitous and variable presence of these morphological features in the European earlier modern human samples can only be parsimoniously explained as a product of modest levels of assimilation of Neandertals into early modern human populations as the latter dispersed across Europe. This interpretation is in agreement with current analyses of recent and past human molecular data.

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Polanská, Michaela, Martin Novák, and Laurent Klaric. "Fossiles directeurs variability in Late and Final stages of the Gravettian of Central Europe." Študijné zvesti Archeologického ústavu SAV Suppl, no. 2 (October 31, 2021): 145–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31577/szausav.2021.suppl.2.10.

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Lengyel, György, and Wei Chu. "Long thin blade production and Late Gravettian hunter-gatherer mobility in Eastern Central Europe." Quaternary International 406 (June 2016): 166–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2016.01.020.

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Nývltová Fišáková, Miriam. "Seasonality of Gravettian sites in the Middle Danube Region and adjoining areas of Central Europe." Quaternary International 294 (April 2013): 120–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2011.08.017.

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Diedrich, Cajus G. "‘Neanderthal bone flutes’: simply products of Ice Age spotted hyena scavenging activities on cave bear cubs in European cave bear dens." Royal Society Open Science 2, no. 4 (April 2015): 140022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.140022.

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Punctured extinct cave bear femora were misidentified in southeastern Europe (Hungary/Slovenia) as ‘Palaeolithic bone flutes’ and the ‘oldest Neanderthal instruments’. These are not instruments, nor human made, but products of the most important cave bear scavengers of Europe, hyenas. Late Middle to Late Pleistocene (Mousterian to Gravettian) Ice Age spotted hyenas of Europe occupied mainly cave entrances as dens (communal/cub raising den types), but went deeper for scavenging into cave bear dens, or used in a few cases branches/diagonal shafts (i.e. prey storage den type). In most of those dens, about 20% of adult to 80% of bear cub remains have large carnivore damage. Hyenas left bones in repeating similar tooth mark and crush damage stages, demonstrating a butchering/bone cracking strategy. The femora of subadult cave bears are intermediate in damage patterns, compared to the adult ones, which were fully crushed to pieces. Hyenas produced round–oval puncture marks in cub femora only by the bone-crushing premolar teeth of both upper and lower jaw. The punctures/tooth impact marks are often present on both sides of the shaft of cave bear cub femora and are simply a result of non-breakage of the slightly calcified shaft compacta. All stages of femur puncturing to crushing are demonstrated herein, especially on a large cave bear population from a German cave bear den.

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KozŁowski, J. K. "The Balkans in the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic: The Gate to Europe or a Cul-de-sac?" Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 58, no. 1 (1992): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00004059.

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During the Last Interglacial Middle Palaeolithic industries of Crvena Stijena-type rich in side-scrapers with Levallois technique of recurrent type are specific to the Balkans. These industries have analogies in Anatolia and the northern part of the Middle East (Zagros-Group), but are different from industries typical of the middle Danube basin (Taubachian) and northern Central Europe (Moustero-Levalloisian). In the period preceding and immediately following the Lower Pleniglacial the Balkans were dominated by typical Mousterian and Moustero-Levalloisian, frequently with leaf points, similar to the industries of the lower Danube and Dniester basins, but unknown in western Anatolia. During the same period Eastern Micoquian developed in the middle Danube basin and northern Central Europe. Moustero-Levalloisian with leaf points persisted until the Early Interpleniglacial, but only in exceptional cases developed some Upper Palaeolithic features, and always without typical Aurignacian forms. The Aurignacian, unless it appears as a first Upper Palaeolithic culture in the Balkans with earliest dates in Europe (>40,000 years BP), seems to be an intrusive unit without any roots in the local Middle Palaeolithic. After 30,000 years BP, parallel to the Late Aurignacian, the first industries with backed blades appear. In the early stage these developed independently from those of Central Europe. Only after 26,000/24,000 BP were they followed in the eastern Balkans by assemblages strongly linked both morphologically and by raw materials to the Gravettian of the middle Danube basin. In the western Balkans, after 20,000 years BP, assemblages with shouldered points appeared, also probably of middle Danube origin. During the Last Interglacial and Interpleniglacial the territory of Balkans played an important transitional role between Anatolia and Central Europe; in the two Pleniglacials of the Würm this territory became some kind of cul-de-sac as the refugium for population groups from the middle Danube and northern Central Europe.

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Lengyel, György, and Jarosław Wilczyński. "The Gravettian and the Epigravettian chronology in eastern central Europe: A comment on Bösken et al. (2017)." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 506 (October 2018): 265–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.11.017.

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Gerasimova, M. M., and N. V. Kharlamova. "Старые палеоантропологические находки эпохи верхнего палеолита – новые проблемы / COMMON UPPER PALEOLITHIC HUMAN REMAINS — NEW CHALLENGES." Вестник антропологии (Herald of Anthropology), no. 2022 №4 (November 28, 2022): 352–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.33876/2311-0546/2022-4/352-371.

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В обзорной статье рассматриваются ключевые палеоантропологические находки верхнего палеолита в контексте результатов недавних исследований: новых датировок, новой археологической атрибутики, данных генетики. Авторы выделяют три ключевых проблемы эпохи верхнего палеолита с точки зрения биологического антрополога. Во‑первых, проблему таксономического ранга неандертальцев и их роли в происхождении европейского верхнепалеолитического населения. Отмечается, что идея трансформации Homo neanderthalensis в Homo sapiens перерастает в идею гибридизации сапиенсов и неандертальцев. Во‑вторых, проблему происхождения носителей симбиотических «переходных» культур верхнего палеолита. Делается вывод о том, что практическое отсутствие костных человеческих останков, ассоциированных с этими культурами, лишает палеоантропологов возможности ответить на вопрос о том, как складывался облик носителей «переходных» культур. И в‑третьих, рассматривается проблема физического облика насельников Европы, носителей первой автохтонной верхнепалеолитической индустрии — граветт. Показано, что краниологические характеристики мужских черепов ориньякской и граветтской культур, на фоне суммарных данных об европейских верхнепалеолитических черепах демонстрируют сходство этих групп населения, но количество наблюдений, не делает это сходство убедительным. Несмотря на то, что сформулированные в виде проблем вопросы не находят однозначных ответов, сама постановка задает направления дальнейших исследований Homo sapiens Верхнего палеолита. The digest discusses the key Upper Paleolithic paleoanthropological finds in the context of the recent studies: new dating, new archaeological attribution, genetic data. The authors identify three key problems of the Upper Paleolithic from the point of view of a biological anthropologist. First, the problem of the taxonomic rank of the Neanderthals and their role in the origin of the European Upper Paleolithic population. It is noted that the idea of transformation of Homo neanderthalensis into Homo sapiens develops into the idea of hybridization of sapiens and Neanderthals. The second problem is the origin of the “bearers” of symbiotic “transitional” cultures of the Upper Paleolithic. It is concluded that the virtual absence of human remains associated with these cultures makes it impossible for paleoanthropologists to answer the question of how the appearance of these people was formed. And thirdly, the authors consider the problem of the physical appearance of the inhabitants of Europe, makers of the first autochthonous Upper Paleolithic industry — Gravettian. It is shown that the craniological characteristics of the male crania of the Aurignacian and Gravettes cultures, against the background of summary data on European Upper Paleolithic crania, demonstrate the similarity of these groups, but, unfortunately, this similarity is not very convincing due to the small number of observations. Even though the questions formulated as problems do not find unambiguous answers, the arousal itself sets the direction for further research on Upper Paleolithic Homo sapiens.

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Bösken, Janina, Pál Sümegi, Christian Zeeden, Nicole Klasen, Sándor Gulyás, and Frank Lehmkuhl. "Reply to “The Gravettian and the Epigravettian chronology in eastern central Europe: A comment on Bösken et al. 2017”." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 506 (October 2018): 270–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.11.037.

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Hussain, Shumon T. "Gazing at Owls? Human-strigiform Interfaces and their Role in the Construction of Gravettian Lifeworlds in East-Central Europe." Environmental Archaeology 24, no. 4 (February 2, 2018): 359–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14614103.2018.1434854.

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Trinkaus, Erik, João Zilhão, and Cidália Duarte. "O Menino do Lapedo." Archaeological Dialogues 8, no. 1 (September 2001): 49–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1380203800001860.

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AbstractThe emergence of modern humans during the Late Pleistocene and the phylogenetic fate of the northwestern Eurasian Neandertals have been closely linked to our perceptions of the behavior and abilities of those late archaic humans, the Neandertals. In the past several years, several lines of evidence, including radiometric dating of archeological assemblages, taphonomic analyses of faunal remains, stable isotope analysis of Neandertal remains, the dating of late Neandertal remains, considerations of initial Upper Paleolithic associations and chronologies, and reassessments of Neandertal to early modern human phylogenetic relationships have tended to minimise the perceived behavioral differences between the Neandertals and early modern humans across Europe. Into this context, the discovery of an earlier Upper Paleolithic (Gravettian) early modern human child's skeleton at the Abrigo do Lagar Velho, Lapedo Valley, Portugal with distinctive Neandertal features provides further support for the de-dehumanising of the Neandertals. Its anatomical evidence for population blending when early modern humans spread into southern Iberia after 30,000 B.P. indicates that the behavioral differences between the local Neandertals and in-dispersing early modern humans were subtle and did not preclude them from regarding each other as human.

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Mariotti Lippi, Marta, Bruno Foggi, Biancamaria Aranguren, Annamaria Ronchitelli, and Anna Revedin. "Multistep food plant processing at Grotta Paglicci (Southern Italy) around 32,600 cal B.P." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 39 (September 8, 2015): 12075–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1505213112.

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Residue analyses on a grinding tool recovered at Grotta Paglicci sublayer 23A [32,614 ± 429 calibrated (cal) B.P.], Southern Italy, have demonstrated that early modern humans collected and processed various plants. The recording of starch grains attributable to Avena (oat) caryopses expands our information about the food plants used for producing flour in Europe during the Paleolithic and about the origins of a food tradition persisting up to the present in the Mediterranean basin. The quantitative distribution of the starch grains on the surface of the grinding stone furnished information about the tool handling, confirming its use as a pestle-grinder, as suggested by the wear-trace analysis. The particular state of preservation of the starch grains suggests the use of a thermal treatment before grinding, possibly to accelerate drying of the plants, making the following process easier and faster. The study clearly indicates that the exploitation of plant resources was very important for hunter–gatherer populations, to the point that the Early Gravettian inhabitants of Paglicci were able to process food plants and already possessed a wealth of knowledge that was to become widespread after the dawn of agriculture.

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Zubova, A. V., V. G. Moiseyev, G. A. Khlopachev, and A. M. Kulkov. "DECIDUOUS HUMAN TEETH FROM THE UPPER PALEOLITHIC SITE OF YUDINOVO, WESTERN RUSSIA." Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 46, no. 3 (September 21, 2018): 138–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2018.46.3.138-145.

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Population affinities of the Timonovka-Yudinovo Upper Paleolithic people are reconstructed on the basis of three isolated deciduous teeth––a lower lateral incisor, lower and upper second molars, likely representing three individuals––from Yudinovo in the middle Desna basin (15–12 ka BP), found in 1987–1996. Based on measurements and descriptive traits and computed microtomography, the teeth were compared with those from other Upper Paleolithic sites in northern Eurasia. The principal component analyses of metric and nonmetric traits revealed similar patterns. To minimize random variation, results of both analyses were integrated. Results indicate affi nity with Pavlov people in Central Europe. The diagnostic trait combination includes weak expression of the Carabelli cusp on the upper second molar, accessory sixth cusp on the lower second molar, large bucco-lingual diameter of both molars, and moderate mesio-distal diameter of the lower second molar. These results support the view that the Timonovka-Yudinovo tradition is related to eastern Gravette.

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Garate, Diego, Olivia Rivero, Joseba Rios-Garaizar, Martín Arriolabengoa, Iñaki Intxaurbe, and Sergio Salazar. "Redefining shared symbolic networks during the Gravettian in Western Europe: New data from the rock art findings in Aitzbitarte caves (Northern Spain)." PLOS ONE 15, no. 10 (October 28, 2020): e0240481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240481.

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Dinnis, Rob, Alexander A. Bessudnov, Natasha Reynolds, Katerina Douka, Alexander E. Dudin, Gennady A. Khlopachev, Mikhail V. Sablin, Andrei A. Sinitsyn, and Thomas F. G. Higham. "The Age of the ‘Anosovka-Tel’manskaya Culture’ and the Issue of a Late Streletskian at Kostёnki 11, SW Russia." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 84 (February 15, 2018): 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2018.1.

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Triangular, concave-base ‘Streletskian points’ are documented in several assemblages from the Kostёnki complex of Upper Palaeolithic sites in south-western Russia. Some of these assemblages have been argued to evidence very early modern human occupation of Eastern Europe. However, Streletskian points are also recorded from younger contexts, notably at Kostёnki 11, where examples are attributed both to Layer V and the stratigraphically higher Layer III. The apparent relatively young age of Layer III has led some to view it as the latest manifestation of the Streletskian, although its assemblage has also been compared to the non-Streletskian Layer I of Kostёnki 8, with the two described together as the Anosovka-Tel’manskaya Culture.Radiocarbon dates of 24–23,000 bp (c. 28,500–27,000 cal bp) for a wolf burial associated with Layer III of Kostёnki 11 confirm the layer as younger than other Streletskian assemblages at Kostёnki. New radiocarbon dates for Kostёnki 8 Layer I show that the two layers are broadly contemporary, and that both are close in age to assemblages of Kostёnki’s (Late Gravettian) Kostёnki-Avdeevo Culture. In the light of these new radiocarbon dates the context of the Streletskian point from Kostёnki 11 Layer III is considered. Although firm conclusions are not possible, unresolved stratigraphic problems and the lack of technological context for this single artefact at the very least leave a question mark over its association with other material from the layer.

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Wilczyński, Jarosław, Piotr Wojtal, Martin Oliva, Krzysztof Sobczyk, Gary Haynes, Janis Klimowicz, and György Lengyel. "Mammoth hunting strategies during the Late Gravettian in Central Europe as determined from case studies of Milovice I (Czech Republic) and Kraków Spadzista (Poland)." Quaternary Science Reviews 223 (November 2019): 105919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.105919.

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Reynolds, N., and C. Green. "Spatiotemporal modelling of radiocarbon dates using linear regression does not indicate a vector of demic dispersal associated with the earliest Gravettian assemblages in Europe." Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 27 (October 2019): 101958. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.101958.

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Goutas, Nejma, and José-Miguel Tejero. "Osseous technology as a reflection of chronological, economic and sociological aspects of Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers: Examples from key Aurignacian and Gravettian sites in South-West Europe." Quaternary International 403 (June 2016): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.11.143.

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Rufí, Isaac, Lluís Lloveras, Joaquim Soler, and Narcís Soler. "Subsistence practices in western Mediterranean Europe during the Final Gravettian. Zooarchaeological and taphonomic analysis of faunal remains from level D of Arbreda Cave (Serinyà, NE Iberian Peninsula)." Journal of Quaternary Science 36, no. 3 (March 10, 2021): 467–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jqs.3294.

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Zabiyako, Andrey P. "Genesis of Religion: The Origin of Zoolatry According to the Portable Art of Eastern Europe and Siberia." Study of Religion, no. 4 (2020): 5–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/2072-8662.2020.4.5-27.

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. Eastern Europe and Siberia are the territories of early settlement of different groups of mankind. On the Russian Plain, the first sites of Modern Humans are dated to about 40 ka BP. In Siberia, the Homo erectus groups appear in the Lower Paleolithic. Later, Denisovans, Neanderthals and Modern Humans (CroMagnons) settled here. Modern Humans penetrate Siberia about 45 ka BP. Local groups of Homo populations have created developed cultures that include a wide range of features of behavioral modernity. For local groups of Modern Humans, the appearance of zoomorphic sculptures in the period of about 34 ka BP, in the initial period of the Upper Paleolithic. During the period of the final of Aurignac and the beginning of Gravette, zoomorphic examples of mobile art became a typical phenomenon. The archaeological context of the location of artefacts and the peculiarities of their appearance in a number of cases indicate that zoomorphic objects were attributes of zoolatry. The discovery of the «lion» sculpture in Denisova Cave suggests that zoolatry existed in the culture of the Denisovans. With an age of at least 45 ka BP, the lion figure from Denisova cave is the oldest zoomorphic sculpture. The presence of zoolatry in geographically and anthropologically different cultures indicates that it is naturally formed at the stage of reaching a certain level of development of human populations and is a regular result of anthropo- and cultural genesis. Zoolatry is a universal phenomenon. Along with the general features, local features are inherent in it. In different local groups, zoolatry has specific features due to natural factors, different adaptation strategies and mental differences (different models of imagination). In different cultures, zoolatry was combined in specific combinations with funeral rituals, hunting magic, gender cults and other forms of religion. In different local cultures, there were specific configurations of forms of religion, in which zoolatry, hunting magic, funeral practices and other forms of religion were combined in a peculiar way. Thus, in different local cultures, the morphology of religion had a different configuration. The study of zoolatry of local groups of the «basal Eurasian» lineage demonstrates the variability of the morphology (internal structure) of religion, even in culturally related and chronologically close communities.

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Martínez González, Roberto, and Larissa Mendoza Straffon. "El arte de morir: Una aproximación a las concepciones del deceso humano en el Paleolítico Superior europeo = The Art of Death: Exploring the Conception of Human Demise in the European Upper Palaeolithic." Espacio Tiempo y Forma. Serie I, Prehistoria y Arqueología, no. 10 (December 4, 2017): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/etfi.10.2017.18985.

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A partir del análisis de contextos arqueológicos con restos humanos y las manifestaciones rupestres del Paleolítico Superior europeo, se proponen dos principales formas de tratamiento mortuorio; uno dirigido a la dispersión y eventual desaparición de los difuntos y otro centrado en su preservación y retención. En el primero se observa una tendencia a la difuminación de las diferencias sociales y, en el segundo, se nota una distinción en función del grupo de edad y género. Tras el cambio climático y de patrones de asentamiento en el paso del Gravetiense al Magdaleniense y Epigravetiense, se percibe que, hasta cierto punto, las formas en que se inhumaban los diversos sectores sociales se tornaron más homogéneas. Pero, reconociendo constantes, se concluye que las concepciones paleolíticas de la muerte conformaron un fenómeno de larga duración en el que, pese a la existencia de modificaciones superficiales, pudieron mantenerse una serie de elementos más centrales. Based on a comparative analysis of archaeological burial contexts and rock art in the European Upper Palaeolithic, this paper suggests two main forms of mortuary practices for that period: one aimed at the disposal and eventual disintegration of the dead, and another focused on their preservation and retention. The earlier reveals an intention to disguise social differences, the latter, on the contrary, seems to represent an effort to singularize the gender and age-group of the deceased. It appears that, following the changes in climate and settlement patterns that took place after the Gravettian and into the Magdalenian and Epigravettian, the burial forms and practices pertaining to different social groups became more homogeneous, to some extent. However, we identify some continuous trends which lead us to conclude that the Paleolithic idea of death may be perceived as a long-term phenomenon that, despite superficial transformations, maintained some basic elements at its core.

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Zheltova, Maria, and Sergey Lisitsyn. "Kostenki 4 ground stone tools in the collection of Kunstkamera museum (MAE RAS)." Camera Praehistorica 11, no. 2 (December 15, 2023): 66–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31250/2658-3828-2023-2-66-95.

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Tools made of soft rock materials at the Upper Paleolithic sites are usually represented by pebbles that were used for various domestic purposes without intentional modification of their shape. In the Neolithic period, the anisotropic stone raw materials were processed for manufacturing tools (such as axes, adzes, chisels, etc.) by abrasion — grinding, cutting edge sharpening, surface polishing. During the Upper Paleolithic, the occurrences of this technology use are rare due to the lesser role of woodworking in the life of glacial hunters. An exception is a series of ground tools from the Pavlovian sites in Central Europe, as well as from a few Gravettian sites similar to them by culture in the Kostenki-Borshchevo locality on the river Don. The largest assemblage of the ground tools originating from the site Kostenki 4 (excavations by A.N. Rogachev in 1937–1938) is housed in MAE RAS. Among these items there are rounded biconvex and plano-convex items (discs), rod-shaped and bullet-shaped items, as well as objects and fragments with polished surfaces and edges. The site comprises materials of a full cycle of manufacturing polished products, including a set of raw materials — quartzite abrasive tiles, pebbles and pieces of slate, dolomite, marl. The major part of collection consist of a series of bifacially treated blanks and amorphous items with the localized grindings. Polished discs and rods stand out for their peculiarity even against the background of the Holocene Stone Age ground tools, remaining beyond typological analogies. The traces of utilization such as short scratches and dints have surface localization instead of cutting edges or tips. The function of these objects as retouchers was determined through a traceological examination by S.A. Semenov. However, the presence of commonly used pebble and flint retouchers in the collection, combined with labor costs during grinding and mass production of such items, leaves the question of their usage open. The article presents a description of polished items from the collection of Kostenki 4, stored in the MAE (Kunstkamera) of the Russian Academy of Sciences, as well as the results of studying the issues of their manufacture and functioning.

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Moreau, Luc, Christelle Draily, Jean-Marie Cordy, Katherine Boyle, Michael Buckley, Erik Gjesfjeld, Peter Filzmoser, et al. "Adaptive Trade-offs Towards the Last Glacial Maximum in North-Western Europe: a Multidisciplinary View from Walou Cave." Journal of Paleolithic Archaeology 4, no. 2 (April 16, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41982-021-00078-5.

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AbstractThe impact of deteriorating climatic conditions on variability in the archaeological record towards the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) remains uncertain. Partly as a result of poor-quality data, previous studies on Upper Palaeolithic (UP) societies of North-Western Europe prior to the LGM have focused on techno-typological traditions and diversification to outline the diachronic processes through which assemblage composition changed. This study addresses the adaptive trade-offs brought about by the general climatic downturn towards the LGM in North-Western Europe, by investigating the impact of local climate and habitat characteristics on the behavioural variability that characterises Gravettian technological organisation compared to the previous Aurignacian, based on two assemblages from Walou Cave, Belgium. This site is one of the rare well-stratified sites in North-Western Europe with evidence for multiple occupation events accompanied by a fine-grained palaeoenvironmental record. We use a combination of analytical techniques (AMS, LA-ICP-MS and ZooMS) to evaluate questions about hunter-gatherer adaptations. Faunal remains at Walou Cave mirror the faunal diversity documented at numerous other Aurignacian and Gravettian sites in the broader European context, which is similar between both periods. The overall picture presented here, using multiple lines of evidence, is not entirely clear; nonetheless, the results suggest that Gravettian technologies are unlikely to solely be a product of heightened risk in relation to a significant reshuffling of food resources compared to the previous Aurignacian. Future research of the factors structuring assemblage variability prior to the LGM will have to assess whether Aurignacian and Gravettian technologies indeed offer no relative material advantage over one another, a phenomenon called ‘technological equivalence’.

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Borgia, Valentina. "Hunting High and Low: Gravettian Hunting Weapons from Southern Italy to the Russian Plain." Open Archaeology 3, no. 1 (December 20, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opar-2017-0024.

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AbstractThe current paper aims at describing and analysing the backed tools found in two Early Gravettian sites separated geographically from each other: Grotta Paglicci (layer 23-22) in Italy, and Kostenki 8 (layer II) in Russia. A similarity between the lithic assemblages of the two sites, and other cultural aspects, has been reported by authors over many decades. The analysis of the backed tools has created the opportunity to apply the same methodological approach to verify the resemblance and potential causes for the similarity, and also to address broader considerations on Gravettian hunting strategies and the modalities and timing of the spread of new techniques, whether related to physical movement of people or assimilation of ideas. The perception is that, during the Gravettian period, shared symbolic behaviours and subsistence strategies linked people living in completely different environments with completely different resources, from the temperate regions of southern Italy, to the very cold Russian plains. This point of view cannot be questioned, but it tends to flatten an articulated palimpsest of human generations and to underestimate the very low demographic density of Prehistoric Europe.

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Pryor, A. J. E., T. Nesnídalová, P. Šída, G. Lengyel, C. D. Standish, J. A. Milton, M. J. Cooper, B. Hambach, J. Crowley, and J. Wilczyński. "Reindeer prey mobility and seasonal hunting strategies in the late Gravettian mammoth steppe." Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 16, no. 8 (July 22, 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12520-024-02019-z.

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AbstractReindeer are part of the faunal suite that dominated central Europe during the last glacial cycle. Their importance to Late Gravettian hunters as prey and a source of raw materials (hide, bone, antler) is well attested, however the context of Late Gravettian reindeer predation is lesser understood. This paper presents an investigation of human and reindeer predator-prey interactions at the Late Gravettian kill-butchery site of Lubná VI, Czech Republic. We reconstruct seasonal mobility (87Sr/86Sr, δ18O), diet (δ13C, δ15N) and season of death (dental cementum) of up to nine reindeer prey, to inform on the strategic choices made by Late Gravettian hunters. Results indicate that most hunted reindeer lived year-round in the foothills of the Bohemian-Moravian highlands near where Lubná is located, at altitudes between ~ 200–450 m above present sea level, while a smaller number showed evidence of seasonal migration between this area and the open plains of the Elbe river corridor (Bohemian Cretaceous basin). No evidence for long distance migration of reindeer was detected, indicating that productive local environments were supporting reindeer herds within a single annual territory. Meanwhile, areas higher than ~ 450 m above present sea level were avoided entirely by all analysed individuals, consistent with these areas being topographic barriers to movement due to climate severity. We conclude that hunters visited Lubná as part of a logistically-organised subsistence strategy, deliberately targeting reindeer in late autumn when fat supplies, hides and antler are in prime condition knowing that they would reliably encounter their prey at this location.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Gravettien – Europe'

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