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1
Bartelt, Hartmut. "Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors and Sensor Arrays." Advances in Science and Technology 55 (September 2008): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.55.138.
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Fiber Bragg gratings have found widespread application in sensor systems, e. g. for temperature, strain or refractive index measurements. The concept of fiber Bragg gratings allows also in a simple way the realisation of arrays of such sensors. The development of such optical fiber sensor systems often requires special fibers and grating structures which may go beyond more conventional Bragg grating structures in typical communication fibers. Concerning fibers there is, for example., a need of achieving fiber gratings in small diameter fibers and fiber tapers as well as in microstructured fibers. Special fiber grating structures are of interest e.g. in the visible wavelength range, which requires smaller spatial structures compared to more conventional gratings in the near infrared wavelength region. Examples for such modern developments in fiber Bragg grating technology for sensor applications will be presented and discussed.
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Tian, Zhenhua, Lingyu Yu, Xiaoyi Sun, and Bin Lin. "Damage localization with fiber Bragg grating Lamb wave sensing through adaptive phased array imaging." Structural Health Monitoring 18, no. 1 (February 19, 2018): 334–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475921718755572.
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Fiber Bragg gratings are known being immune to electromagnetic interference and emerging as Lamb wave sensors for structural health monitoring of plate-like structures. However, their application for damage localization in large areas has been limited by their direction-dependent sensor factor. This article addresses such a challenge and presents a robust damage localization method for fiber Bragg grating Lamb wave sensing through the implementation of adaptive phased array algorithms. A compact linear fiber Bragg grating phased array is configured by uniformly distributing the fiber Bragg grating sensors along a straight line and axially in parallel to each other. The Lamb wave imaging is then performed by phased array algorithms without weighting factors (conventional delay-and-sum) and with adaptive weighting factors (minimum variance). The properties of both imaging algorithms, as well as the effects of fiber Bragg grating’s direction-dependent sensor factor, are characterized, analyzed, and compared in details. The results show that this compact fiber Bragg grating array can precisely locate damage in plates, while the comparisons show that the minimum variance method has a better imaging resolution than that of the delay-and-sum method and is barely affected by fiber Bragg grating’s direction-dependent sensor factor. Laboratory tests are also performed with a four–fiber Bragg grating array to detect simulated defects at different directions. Both delay-and-sum and minimum variance methods can successfully locate defects at different positions, and their results are consistent with analytical predictions.
3
Cao, Jianjun, Yuan Sun, Yan Kong, and Weiying Qian. "The Sensitivity of Grating-Based SPR Sensors with Wavelength Interrogation." Sensors 19, no. 2 (January 19, 2019): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19020405.
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In this paper, we derive the analytical expression for the sensitivity of grating-based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors working in wavelength interrogation. The theoretical analysis shows that the sensitivity increases with increasing wavelength and is saturated beyond a certain wavelength for Au and Ag gratings, while it is almost constant for Al gratings in the wavelength range of 500 to 1000 nm. More importantly, the grating period (P) and the diffraction order (m) dominate the value of sensitivity. Higher sensitivity is possible for SPR sensors with a larger grating period and lower diffraction order. At long wavelengths, a simple expression of P/|m| can be used to estimate the sensor sensitivity. Moreover, we perform experimental measurements of the sensitivity of an SPR sensor based on an Al grating to confirm the theoretical calculations.
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Jiao, Fei, Yuqing Lei, Guozheng Peng, Funing Dong, Qing Yang, and Wei Liao. "Grating Spectrum Design and Optimization of GMM-FBG Current Sensor." Energies 16, no. 2 (January 16, 2023): 997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16020997.
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In this study, the performance of a current sensor based on giant magnetostrictive materials (GMM) and fiber Bragg grating (FBG) has been improved by optimizing the spectral characteristics of gratings. By analyzing the influence of FBG on the current sensor characteristics, three key parameters (gate region length, refractive index modulation depth, and toe cutting system) are selected for optimization. The optimal grating parameters are determined to improve the linearity and sensitivity of sensor output. Experimental tests reveal that after grating optimization, the current sensor shows excellent performance parameters, including a linearity of 0.9942, sensitivity of 249.75 mV/A, and good stability in the temperature range of 0–60 °C. This research can provide a reference for improving the grating design and performance of existing GMM-FBG current sensors.
5
Gao, Xiaoyu, Shengjie Cao, Yongqiu Zheng, and Jiandong Bai. "A Compact Fabry–Pérot Acoustic Sensor Based on Silicon Optical Waveguide Bragg Gratings." Photonics 10, no. 8 (July 25, 2023): 861. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10080861.
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No membranous optical sensors have excellent development prospects in aerospace and other industrial fields due to their small size and anti-electromagnetic interference. Here, we proposed a novel Fabry–Pérot (FP) cavity acoustic sensor based on silicon optical waveguide Bragg gratings. The FP cavity consists of two Bragg gratings written on the silicon-based optical waveguide and a miniature air groove. When the sound signal acts on the miniature air groove, the sound pressure changes the density of air molecules near the waveguide grating’s evanescent field, causing variation in the air’s refractive index. This results in a shift in the reflection spectrum of the FP cavity to detect the sound signal. The effects of the grating period, grating pitch quantity, and groove depth of the FP cavity on acoustic sensing were studied. The modelling predicts that the sensing sensitivity could be 0.4 nm/Pa. Theoretically, the compact self-designed acoustic sensor can withstand temperatures above 800 °C. Therefore, it has significant potential applications in precision measurement in high-temperature and high-pressure environments.
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Babu, Sachin, and Jeong-Bong Lee. "Axially-Anisotropic Hierarchical Grating 2D Guided-Mode Resonance Strain-Sensor." Sensors 19, no. 23 (November 28, 2019): 5223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19235223.
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Guided-mode resonance strain sensors are planar binary gratings that have fixed resonance positions and quality factors decided by material properties and grating parameters. If one is restricted by material choices, the quality factor can only be improved by adjusting the grating parameters. We report a new method to improve quality factor by applying a slotting design rule to a grating design. We investigate this design rule by first providing a theoretical analysis on how it works and then applying it to a previously studied 2D solid-disc guided-mode resonance grating strain sensor design to create a new slotted-disc guided-mode resonance grating design. We then use finite element analysis to obtain reflection spectrum results that show the new design produces resonances with at least a 6-fold increase in quality factor over the original design and more axially-symmetric sensitivities. Lastly, we discuss the applicability of the slotting design rule to binary gratings in general as a means of improving grating performance while retaining both material and resonance position choices.
7
Bartelt, Hartmut. "Trends in Bragg Grating Technology for Optical Fiber Sensor Applications." Key Engineering Materials 437 (May 2010): 304–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.437.304.
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Fiber Bragg gratings have found widespread and successful applications in optical sensor systems, e. g. for temperature, strain or refractive index measurements. Such sensor elements are fiber integrated, are applicable under harsh environmental conditions, and can be easily multiplexed. In order to further extend the field of applications, there is a great interest in specifically adapted Bragg gratings, in Bragg grating structures with increased stability, or in the use of special fiber types for grating inscription. The paper discusses such specific concepts for grating inscription, covers novel aspects of fiber gratings in small diameter fibers or in fiber tapers, of gratings in pure silica fibers without UV sensitivity, of grating inscription in different microstructured fibers or photonic crystal fibers, and investigates the concept of femtosecond inscription and the extension of the Bragg reflection wavelengths down to the visible range.
8
Thursby, G., B. Sorazu, D. Betz, M. Staszewski, and B. Culshaw. "The Use of Fibre Optic Sensors for Damage Detection and Location in Structural Materials." Applied Mechanics and Materials 1-2 (September 2004): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.1-2.191.
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The measurement of changes in the properties of ultrasonic Lamb waves propagating through structural material has frequently been proposed as a method for the detection of damage. In this paper we describe work that uses optical fibre sensors to detect the Lamb waves and show that the directional properties of these sensors allow us to not only detect damage, but also to locate it. We look at two types of optical fibre sensor, a polarimetric sensor and the fibre Bragg grating. The polarimetric sensor measures the change in birefringence of a fibre caused by the pressure wave of the ultrasound acting upon it. This is an integrated sensor since the fibre length bonded to the sample needs to be greater than the ultrasonic wavelength in order to obtain the required sensitivity. The maximum sensitivity of this sensor is when the fibre is positioned normal to the direction of wave propagation. Fibre Bragg gratings are essentially point sensors since the grating length needs to be a fraction of the ultrasound wavelength to obtain maximum sensitivity. Ultrasound is detected mainly through the in-plane strain it produces and maximum sensitivity is therefore produced when the grating is aligned parallel to the direction of wave propagation. Holes drilled into sample plates can be detected using both type of sensor by examining the changes in either the transmitted Lamb wave or through detection of the reflections produced by the hole. The sensitivity of the technique is shown to be determined by the relative positions of the acoustic source, the hole and the sensor. If we use fibre Bragg gratings in a rosette configuration (i.e. 3 gratings forming an equilateral triangle) then the direction of the Lamb wave can be determined using the directional sensitivities of the gratings. Using two such rosettes allows us to calculate the source of the wave from the intersection of two of these directions. If the source of the wave is the hole (which acts as a passive source), then the location of that hole can be determined.
9
Yang, Zhiyong, Xiaochen Ma, Daguo Yu, Bin Cao, Qianqi Niu, Mengwei Li, and Chenguang Xin. "An Ultracompact Angular Displacement Sensor Based on the Talbot Effect of Optical Microgratings." Sensors 23, no. 3 (January 17, 2023): 1091. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23031091.
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Here, we report an ultracompact angular displacement sensor based on the Talbot effect of optical microgratings. Periodic Talbot interference patterns were obtained behind an upper optical grating. By putting another grating within the Talbot region, the total transmission of the two-grating structure was found to be approximatively in a linear relationship with the relative pitch angle between the two gratings, which was explained by a transversal shift of the Talbot interference patterns. The influence of the grating parameters (e.g., the grating period, the number of grating lines and the gap between the two gratings) was also studied in both a simulation and an experiment, showing a tunable sensitivity and range by simply changing the grating parameters. A sensitivity of 0.19 mV/arcsec was experimentally obtained, leading to a relative sensitivity of 0.27%/arcsec within a linear range of ± 396 arcsec with the 2 μm-period optical gratings. Benefitting from tunable properties and an ultracompact structure, we believe that the proposed sensor shows great potential in applications such as aviation, navigation, robotics and manufacturing engineering.
10
Missinne, Jeroen, Nuria Teigell Benéitez, Marie-Aline Mattelin, Alfredo Lamberti, Geert Luyckx, Wim Van Paepegem, and Geert Van Steenberge. "Bragg-Grating-Based Photonic Strain and Temperature Sensor Foils Realized Using Imprinting and Operating at Very Near Infrared Wavelengths." Sensors 18, no. 8 (August 18, 2018): 2717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18082717.
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Thin and flexible sensor foils are very suitable for unobtrusive integration with mechanical structures and allow monitoring for example strain and temperature while minimally interfering with the operation of those structures. Electrical strain gages have long been used for this purpose, but optical strain sensors based on Bragg gratings are gaining importance because of their improved accuracy, insusceptibility to electromagnetic interference, and multiplexing capability, thereby drastically reducing the amount of interconnection cables required. This paper reports on thin polymer sensor foils that can be used as photonic strain gage or temperature sensors, using several Bragg grating sensors multiplexed in a single polymer waveguide. Compared to commercially available optical fibers with Bragg grating sensors, our planar approach allows fabricating multiple, closely spaced sensors in well-defined directions in the same plane realizing photonic strain gage rosettes. While most of the reported Bragg grating sensors operate around a wavelength of 1550 nm, the sensors in the current paper operate around a wavelength of 850 nm, where the material losses are the lowest. This was accomplished by imprinting gratings with pitches 280 nm, 285 nm, and 290 nm at the core-cladding interface of an imprinted single mode waveguide with cross-sectional dimensions 3 × 3 µm2. We show that it is possible to realize high-quality imprinted single mode waveguides, with gratings, having only a very thin residual layer which is important to limit bend losses or cross-talk with neighboring waveguides. The strain and temperature sensitivity of the Bragg grating sensors was found to be 0.85 pm/µε and −150 pm/°C, respectively. These values correspond well with those of previously reported sensors based on the same materials but operating around 1550 nm, taking into account that sensitivity scales with the wavelength.
11
Hsieh, Hung-Chih, Yi-Ming Lu, and Ke-Cheng Huang. "Glucose Concentration Measurement by All-Grating-Based System." Sensors 23, no. 9 (April 23, 2023): 4216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23094216.
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An accurate, easy setup, low-cost, and time-saving method for measuring glucose concentration was proposed. An all-grating-based glucose concentration measurement system contained moving-grating-based heterodyne interferometry and a grating-based self-align sensor. By combining the first-order diffraction lights from two separated moving gratings by a polarization beam splitter and creating S- and P-polarized light interference by an analyzer, the interference signal could be a heterodyne light source with a heterodyne frequency depending on the relative velocities of the two moving gratings. Next, a grating-based self-align sensor was used to make the optical configuration setup easy and accurate. Moreover, the sensor was deposited on GOx film to improve the measurement sensitivity and specificity for glucose. Finally, the phase change induced by the reaction of the sensor and glucose solutions was detected. The validity of this method was proved, and the measurement resolution can reach 2 mg/dL.
12
Meyer, Jan, Antonio Nedjalkov, Christian Kelb, Gion Joel Strobel, Leonhard Ganzer, and Wolfgang Schade. "Manufacturing and Characterization of Femtosecond Laser-Inscribed Bragg Grating in Polymer Waveguide Operation in an IR-A Wavelength Range." Sensors 20, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20010249.
Full textAbstract:
Optical sensors, such as fiber Bragg gratings, offer advantages compared to other sensors in many technological fields due to their outstanding characteristics. This sensor technology is currently transferred to polymer waveguides that provide the potential for cost-effective, easy, and flexible manufacturing of planar structures. While sensor production itself, in the majority of cases, is performed by means of phase mask technique, which is limited in terms of its degrees of freedom, other inscription techniques enable the manufacture of more adaptable sensor elements for a wider range of applications. In this article, we demonstrate the point-by-point femtosecond laser direct inscription method for the processing of polymer Bragg gratings into waveguides of the epoxy-based negative photoresist material EpoCore for a wavelength range around 850 nm. By characterizing the obtained grating back-reflection of the produced sensing element, we determined the sensitivity for the state variables temperature, humidity, and strain to be 45 pm/K, 19 pm/%, and 0.26 pm/µε, respectively. Individual and more complex grating structures can be developed from this information, thus opening new fields of utilization.
13
Volkova L. V., Kazantsev S. Y., Muzychka A. Yu., and Skobeleva V. S. "Wavefront sensor for wide-aperture laser beams and its applications." Technical Physics 92, no. 9 (2022): 1217. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/tp.2022.09.54686.49-22.
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The results of studies of a wavefront sensor based on the Talbot effect, in which a periodic grating made by laser printing is used, are presented. The optical characteristics of periodic gratings printed on polymer films exposed to a continuous radiation density of up to 0.9 W/cm2 have been studied. The possibility of creating efficient configurable wavefront sensors for lasers in the visible and mid-IR spectral ranges is demonstrated. Keywords: wavefront sensor, Talbot effect, wide-aperture laser beams, polymer films, periodic gratings.
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Wang, Bowen, Yi Zhou, Zhihe Guo, and Xiang Wu. "Design for Distributed Feedback Laser Biosensors Based on the Active Grating Model." Sensors 19, no. 11 (June 5, 2019): 2569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19112569.
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The distributed feedback (DFB) laser is widely used in sensing because of its portable size, simple fabrication and high sensitivity. Most theoretical design models are based on passive Bragg gratings. However, passive grating models cannot be used to predict sensor performance using the important indicator of figure of merit (FOM) through theoretical calculations. To solve this problem, we replaced the passive grating with an active grating by using the imaginary part of the coupling constant that represents the value of the gain. As a comparison, the influence of the full width at half maximum (FWHM) and sensitivity were analyzed for different grating duty cycles and depths in the passive grating sensors. To obtain a higher FOM in the active grating sensors, we systematically investigated the effects of duty cycle and gain value through numerical simulations. We found that the redshift caused by a duty cycle increase can improve the sensitivity of biomolecule detection by 1.7 times.
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Dhavamani, Vigneshwar, Srijani Chakraborty, S. Ramya, and Somesh Nandi. "Design and Simulation of Waveguide Bragg Grating based Temperature Sensor in COMSOL." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2161, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2161/1/012047.
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Abstract With the advancements in the domain of photonics and optical sensors, Fibre Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors, owing to their increased advantages, have been researched widely and have proved to be useful in sensing applications. Moreover, the advent of Photonic Integrated Circuits (PICs) demands the incorporation of optical sensing in waveguides, which can be integrated on silicon photonic chips. In this paper, the design of a sub-micron range Waveguide Bragg Grating (WBG) based temperature sensor with high peak reflectivity and thermal sensitivity is proposed. The flexibility of COMSOL Multiphysics software is explored to simulate the sensor and the results are verified with the analytical values calculated using MATLAB. The simulation is carried out for the proposed design having 16000 gratings and a corresponding peak reflectivity of 0.953 is obtained. A thermal sensitivity of 80 pm/K is achieved, which is approximately eight times better than that of FBG based sensor.
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Jalil, Muhammad Arif Bin. "Simulation of Fiber Bragg Grating Characteristics and Behaviors as Strain and Temperature Sensor." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 11 (November 30, 2021): 1154–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.38883.
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Abstract: Optical Fiber Sensor (OFS) has come quite considerable and famous in world of sensor technology where it has been used widely to detect for a changeable environment and responds to some output on other system such as in industrial, chemical analysis and monitoring. A Fiber Bragg Grating (Fiber Bragg Grating) is a kind of appropriated where the short fragment of optical fiber which certain and specific wavelength is reflected with light and the Bragg reflector started developed and transmits all others. The current project is concerned with the development characteristics and behaviors of strain and temperature sensors acting on Fiber Bragg Grating by a computer simulation. This study focuses on analyzing the performance of the characteristics and behavior of strain and temperature sensors acting on Fiber Bragg Grating. A strain sensor is used to measure strain on an object of which the resistance varies range with applied force. Meanwhile,for the temperature sensor is used to measure and detect any abnormality of temperature acting on Fiber Bragg Grating such as can lead into fire and accidents. This will found out on how Fiber Bragg Grating can demonstrate strain and temperature sensors. A simulation of the computer program (MATLAB) will be carried out to simulate due to the strain and temperature sensor of Fiber Bragg Grating. Keywords Fiber Bragg Grating, sensors; Strain; Temperature; Simulation; MATLAB
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Wang, Xian Quan, Hong Guang Zhang, Yi Tan Lei, Gui Lin Zhu, and Yao Yu. "Design and Simulation Analysis of Two-Phase Grating-Type Displacement Sensors with Unequal-Pitch." Applied Mechanics and Materials 631-632 (September 2014): 548–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.631-632.548.
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With the development of grating displacement sensors towards higher precision and higher speed of dynamic responses, the traditional design structure is hard to solve the processing difficulty of the increasing number of poles for time grating sensors. In order to realize the analysis on the internal magnetic field distribution of high precision displacement sensor, the unequal pitch grating displacement sensor with two phase model is established using Ansoft Maxwell simulation environment. The feasibility of the two unequal pitch grating displacement sensor and magnetic field simulation are performed based on the proposed sensor model. In addition the detailed synthetic method is proposed for the simulation data. The analysis show the feasibility of the unequal pitch grating displacement sensor with two phase. The proposed displacement sensor decreases the difficulties of machining process technology and increase the pole number. As the result, the measuring precision is improved.
18
Yu, Hai Ying, Xiao Liu, Tong Yu Liu, Lin Suo, and Ling Song Yu. "A Novel Chirped Fiber Grating Sensor for Strain Detection." Applied Mechanics and Materials 94-96 (September 2011): 1222–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.94-96.1222.
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In this paper, a novel strain sensor based on chirped fiber grating with temperature compensation is presented. The proposed strain sensor uses double chirped fiber gratings. The temperature compensation exploit the principle that the wavelength shifts of these two chirped fiber gratings induced by temperature is consistent. This strain sensor is demodulated by the light intensity detection with low cost. Furthermore, the strain sensor is simulated in the end of this paper.
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Odinokov, Sergey, Maria Shishova, Michael Kovalev, Alexander Zherdev, and Dmitrii Lushnikov. "Phase Imbalance Optimization in Interference Linear Displacement Sensor with Surface Gratings." Sensors 20, no. 5 (March 6, 2020): 1453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20051453.
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In interferential linear displacement sensors, accurate information about the position of the reading head is calculated out of a pair of quadrature (sine and cosine) signals. In double grating interference schemes, diffraction gratings combine the function of beam splitters and phase retardation devices. Specifically, the reference diffraction grating is located in the reading head and regulates the phase shifts in diffraction orders. Measurement diffraction grating moves along with the object and provides correspondence to the displacement coordinate. To stabilize the phase imbalance in the output quadrature signals of the sensor, we propose to calculate and optimize the parameters of these gratings, based not only on the energetic analysis, but along with phase relationships in diffraction orders. The optimization method is based on rigorous coupled-wave analysis simulation of the phase shifts of light in diffraction orders in the optical system. The phase properties of the reference diffraction grating in the interferential sensor are studied. It is confirmed that the possibility of quadrature modulation depends on parameters of static reference scale. The implemented optimization criteria are formulated in accordance with the signal generation process in the optical branch. Phase imbalance and amplification coefficients are derived from Heydemann elliptic correction and expressed through the diffraction efficiencies and phase retardations of the reference scale. The phase imbalance of the obtained quadrature signals is estimated in ellipticity correction terms depending on the uncertainties of influencing parameters.
20
Kiesewetter, Dmitry, Sergey Krivosheev, Sergey Magazinov, Victor Malyugin, Sergey Varzhel, Elizaveta Loseva, Sauletbek Koshkinbayev, and Nurzhigit Smailov. "Application of Fiber Bragg Gratings as a Sensor of Pulsed Mechanical Action." Sensors 22, no. 19 (September 26, 2022): 7289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22197289.
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The pulsed elongation of fiber Bragg gratings is considered in order to be used to measure the displacement or deformation rate of objects. Optimal measurement modes were determined, numerical simulation of the output signal was performed during pulsed elongation or compression of the fiber grating, and the main patterns were analyzed. The results of the application of the Bragg gratings for the experimental determination of the deformation rate of materials under pulsed magnetic action are presented. Experimentally obtained and theoretical dependencies are compared. The dependencies of the change in the grating parameters—the coefficient and the half-width of the reflection spectrum with successive shortening of the grating—are given.
21
Mattelin, Marie-Aline, Jeroen Missinne, Bert De Coensel, and Geert Van Steenberge. "Imprinted Polymer-Based Guided Mode Resonance Grating Strain Sensors." Sensors 20, no. 11 (June 5, 2020): 3221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20113221.
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Optical sensors based on guided mode resonance (GMR) realized in polymers are promising candidates for sensitive and cost effective strain sensors. The benefit of GMR grating sensors is the non-contact, easy optical read-out with large working distance, avoiding costly alignment and packaging procedures. The GMR gratings with resonance around 850–900 nm are fabricated using electron beam lithography and replicated using a soft stamp based imprinting technique on 175 μ m-thick foils to make them suitable for optical strain sensing. For the strain measurements, foils are realized with both GMR gratings and waveguides with Bragg gratings. The latter are used as reference sensors and allow extracting the absolute strain sensitivity of the GMR sensor foils. Following this method, it is shown that GMR gratings have an absolute strain sensitivity of 1.02 ± 0.05 pm / μ ε at 870 nm.
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A. Tolegenova, M. Yerishova, A. Zhetpisbayeva, K. Zhetpisbayev, and A. S. Tolegenova. "INVESTIGATION OF THE TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF TFBG WITH TILT ANGLES OF 20 AND 40." Bulletin of Toraighyrov University. Energetics series, no. 2.2022 (June 30, 2022): 322–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.48081/bxag3995.
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Due to advantages such as electromagnetic stability, durability, and high sensitivity, fiber Bragg gratings have found application as sensors of physical quantities. A special place in the line of such devices is occupied by Bragg gratings with tilted strokes (Tilted fiber Bragg grating- TFBG). At the moment, TFBGs are used to estimate the velocity of two-phase flows, to create a torsion sensor, as temperature and deformation sensors, etc. This article examines the possibility of implementing a temperature sensor based on TFBG with an angle of inclination of 2° and 4° inscribed in a single-mode optical fiber. For this purpose, experimental studies of the dependence of the wavelength of the Bragg resonance on temperature have been carried out. The grating period is 540 nm and the length is 10 mm. The temperature ranged from 30 °C to 85 °C in increments of 5 degrees. The results of the experiment are to find a linear dependence of the minimum wavelength of the Bragg resonance λB on the change in ambient temperature.
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Xing, S. Y., Q. Wang, and A. X. Liu. "Research on basic principle and calibration experiment of fiber bragg grating sensor." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1242, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1242/1/012040.
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Abstract Fiber bragg grating has the advantages of simple structure, light weight, small volume, low energy consumption, high sensitivity and measurement accuracy, and is widely used in the field of structural health monitoring. the structure and basic principle of fiber bragg grating sensor are introduced. the change of temperature, stress and other parameters will lead to the change of reflection center wavelength. The strain and temperature sensitivity coefficients of Fiber Bragg Grating sensors with different wavelengths are obtained. The fiber Bragg grating strain sensor is developed, and the calibration experiment of the sensor is carried out. The loading equipment is the loading tester. The linearity of the Fiber Bragg Grating sensor is good, and it has a good prospect of engineering civil application.
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Lee, Songbi, and Joohyeon Lee. "Braided Fabrication of a Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor." Sensors 20, no. 18 (September 14, 2020): 5246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20185246.
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Our objective was to construct textile braiding manufacturing methods to facilitate high precision and accurate measurements using optical fiber Bragg grating sensors for various structures. We aimed to combine three-dimensional (3D) braiding processing with the optical Bragg grating sensor’s accurate metrology. Outside the limits of the sensor’s epoxy attachment methods, the textile braiding method can diversify the scope of application. The braiding process can be used to design a 3D fabric module process for multiple objective mechanical fiber arrangements and material characteristics. Optical stress–strain response conditions were explored through the optimization of design elements between the Bragg grating sensor and the braiding. Here, Bragg grating sensors were located 75% away from the fiber center. The sensor core structure was helical with a 1.54 cm pitch, and a polyurethane synthetic yarn was braided together with the sensor using a weaving machine. From the prototype results, a negative Poisson’s ratio resulted in a curled braided Bragg grating sensor. The number of polyurethane strands was studied to determine the role of wrap angle in the braiding. The 12-strands condition showed an increase in double stress–strain response rate at a Poisson’s ratio of 1.3%, and the 16-strands condition was found to have noise affecting the sensor at a Poisson’s ratio of 1.5%. The findings suggested the application of braiding fabrication to the Bragg grating sensor could help to develop a new monitoring sensor.
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Malayappan, Balasubramanian, Narayan Krishnaswamy, and Prasant Kumar Pattnaik. "Novel High-Resolution Lateral Dual-Axis Quad-Beam Optical MEMS Accelerometer Using Waveguide Bragg Gratings." Photonics 7, no. 3 (July 18, 2020): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics7030049.
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A novel lateral dual-axis a-Si/SiO2 waveguide Bragg grating based quad-beam accelerometer with high-resolution and large linear range has been presented in this paper. The sensor consists of silicon bulk micromachined proof mass suspended by silica beams. Three ridge gratings are positioned on the suspending beam and proof mass to maximize sensitivity and reduce noise. Impact of external acceleration in the sensing direction on the Bragg wavelength of gratings and MEMS structure has been modelled including the effects of strain, stress and temperature variation. Acceleration induces stress in the beam thus modifying the grating period and introducing chirp. The differential wavelength shift with respect to reference grating on the proof mass is the measure of acceleration. To compensate for the effect of the weight of the proof mass and increase the sensitivity of the sensor, electrostatic force of repulsion is applied to the proof mass. For the chosen parameters, the designed sensor has a linear response over a large range and a sensitivity of 30 pm/g. The temperature of surroundings, which acts as noise in sensor performance is compensated by taking differential wavelength shift with respect to reference grating. By design and choice of material, low cross-axis sensitivity is achieved. The proposed design enables a high-resolution well below 1 μ g/ Hz and is suitable for inertial navigation and seismometry applications.
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Kameshkov, Oleg, Vasily Gerasimov, and Boris Knyazev. "Numerical Optimization of Refractive Index Sensors Based on Diffraction Gratings with High Aspect Ratio in Terahertz Range." Sensors 22, no. 1 (December 28, 2021): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22010172.
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Terahertz surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors have been regarded as a promising technology in biomedicine due to their real-time, label-free, and ultrasensitive monitoring features. Different authors have suggested a lot of SPR sensors, including those based on 2D and 3D metamaterials, subwavelength gratings, graphene, and graphene nanotube, as well as others. However, one of the traditional approaches to realize high sensitivity SPR sensors based on metal diffraction gratings has been studied poorly in the terahertz frequency range. In this article, a linear metal rectangular diffraction grating with high aspect ratio is studied. The influence of the grating structure parameters on the sensor sensitivity is simulated. Effects arising from different ratios of depth and width were discovered and explained. The results show that the sensitivity can be increased to 2.26 THz/RIU when the refractive index range of the gas to measure is between 1 and 1.002 with the resolution 5×10−5 RIU.
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Hessler, Steffen, Marieke Rüth, Horst-Dieter Lemke, Bernhard Schmauss, and Ralf Hellmann. "Deep UV Formation of Long-Term Stable Optical Bragg Gratings in Epoxy Waveguides and Their Biomedical Sensing Potentials." Sensors 21, no. 11 (June 3, 2021): 3868. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21113868.
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In this article, we summarize our investigations on optimized 248 nm deep ultraviolet (UV) fabrication of highly stable epoxy polymer Bragg grating sensors and their application for biomedical purposes. Employing m-line spectroscopy, deep UV photosensitivity of cross-linked EpoCore thin films in terms of responding refractive index change is determined to a maximum of Δn = + (1.8 ± 0.2) × 10−3. All-polymer waveguide Bragg gratings are fabricated by direct laser irradiation of lithographic EpoCore strip waveguides on compatible Topas 6017 substrates through standard +1/-1-order phase masks. According near-field simulations of realistic non-ideal phase masks provide insight into UV dose-dependent characteristics of the Bragg grating formation. By means of online monitoring, arising Bragg reflections during grating inscription via beforehand fiber-coupled waveguide samples, an optimum laser parameter set for well-detectable sensor reflection peaks in respect of peak strength, full width at half maximum and grating attenuation are derived. Promising blood analysis applications of optimized epoxy-based Bragg grating sensors are demonstrated in terms of bulk refractive index sensing of whole blood and selective surface refractive index sensing of human serum albumin.
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Liu, Jun Sheng, and Ming Liang Liu. "Application Research of Fiber Grating Sensor in Structural Health Monitoring." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 5365–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.5365.
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The fiber grating sensor with its unique advantages in the structural health monitoring used and more extensive. Based on Fiber Bragg Grating as an example, this paper expounds the FBG sensor system integration method, the principle of fiber grating sensors, aiming at temperature drift characteristics of FBG, proposes a new method of temperature drift compensation by using metal platinum resistance. On the other hand, the existing fiber grating monitoring system is used mostly in the series of topological way, which impacts of the sensor's survival rate, this paper proposes a new method of combining the series-parallel topological way, using relatively cheap couplers, increasing the survival rate of the sensor, thus improving the efficiency of structural health monitoring.
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Tomyshev, K. A., E. I. Dolzhenko, and O. V. Butov. "Correlation between optical fibre diameter and characteristics of tilted fibre Bragg grating-assisted sensors." Quantum Electronics 51, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 1113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/qel17663.
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Abstract We report the results of a study on the influence of the fibre cladding diameter on the accuracy and resolution of tilted fibre Bragg grating-assisted refractometers. Tilted fibre Bragg gratings are an essential element used to develop high-precision fibre sensors for environmental monitoring. Comparative research was performed using one of comprehensive processing algorithms employing spectral envelope analysis. It was shown that the sensor accuracy decreases with decreasign fibre cladding diameter. At the same time, an increase in the diameter deteriorates the spectral pattern contrast, thus impeding the development of high-efficiency sensor elements.
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Lee, Yeon-Gwan, and Chun-Gon Kim. "Impact source identification for pipe structure based on a one-dimensional fiber Bragg grating sensor array." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 28, no. 12 (February 23, 2017): 1662–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x16679292.
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This article presents a spatial impact source identification based on a one-dimensional fiber Bragg grating sensor array for application in tubular structures. The effective number of sensors and the sensor arrangement method were investigated for the plumbing pipe structure as the application subject. The fiber Bragg grating sensors were used to determine the impact location via the signal processing of the measured acoustic emission signals with a sampling frequency of 100 kHz. The root mean squared value–based algorithm, which was newly verified for a stiffened composite structure, was employed to identify the impact source in this article. Impact source identification was implemented according to the sensor arrangement and number of sensors, which were selectively used on the pipe structure among six multiplexed fiber Bragg grating sensors in one optical fiber line. This process shows that impact location detection is possible with only a one-dimensional sensor array compared to the results of a two-dimensional sensor array. The impact location could be predicted within a maximum error range of 31.12 mm, even if only one sensor was used to identify the impact source.
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Hosono, Koji, WooJae Kim, Akihide Kimura, Yuki Shimizu, and Wei Gao. "Surface Encoders for a Mosaic Scale Grating." International Journal of Automation Technology 5, no. 2 (March 5, 2011): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2011.p0091.
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The surface encoder we propose for simultaneously measuring XYZ-directional displacements consists of a XY-axis with a scale grating and an optical sensor head. The XY-axis scale grating size determines the surface encoder’s measurement range in plane - in the X and Y directions. The mosaic XY-axis scale grating we use to expand the measurement range in plane consists of multiple XY-axis scale gratings arranged in plane. We present two optical configurations for the mosaic XY-axis scale grating. To confirm our configurations’ effectiveness, we fabricated two prototypes that we tested in basic experiments using a mosaic single-axis scale grating.
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Wang, Shuchao, Fu Wan, Hong Zhao, Weigen Chen, Weichao Zhang, and Quan Zhou. "A Sensitivity-enhanced Fiber Grating Current Sensor Based on Giant Magnetostrictive Material for Large-Current Measurement." Sensors 19, no. 8 (April 12, 2019): 1755. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19081755.
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Currently, in the modern power industry, it is still a great challenge to achieve high sensitivity and uninterrupted-online measurement of large current on the high voltage gridlines. At present, the fiber grating current sensors based on giant magnetostrictive material used in the modern power industry to achieve uninterrupted-online measurement of large currents on high voltage grid lines is a better method, but the sensitivity of this current sensor is relatively low, therefore, it is key to improve the sensitivity of this current sensor. Here we show a sensitivity-enhanced fiber grating current sensor based on giant magnetostrictive material (in the following, simply referred to as the sensitivity-enhanced fiber grating current sensor) that is able to achieve high sensitivity and uninterrupted-online measurement of large currents by means of pressurizing the giant magnetostrictive material. Sampling the power frequency sinusoidal alternating current signals with the amplitudes of 107, 157 and 262 A respectively, based on realistic factors, for the sensitivity-enhanced current sensor, the sensitivities, compared with that of the traditional fiber grating current sensor based on giant magnetostrictive material (in the following, simply referred to as the traditional fiber grating current sensor), were respectively enhanced by 268.96%, 135.72% and 71.57%. Thus the sensitivity-enhanced fiber grating current sensor allows us to solve the issue of high sensitivity and uninterrupted-online measurement of large currents that have been plaguing the power industry in a very simple and low-cost way.
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Aristilde, Stenio, Cristiano M. B. Cordeiro, and Jonas H. Osório. "Gasoline Quality Sensor Based on Tilted Fiber Bragg Gratings." Photonics 6, no. 2 (May 14, 2019): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics6020051.
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We report on the study of an intensity-based optical fiber sensor for gasoline quality monitoring. The sensor setup employs two Bragg gratings with different spectral responses to interrogate the optical response of a tilted Bragg grating. The sensor operation is based on the tilted Bragg grating sensitivity to external refractive index changes, which are translated as power variations by the interrogation scheme. Gasoline–ethanol solutions with concentrations ranging from 0% to 60% ethanol were used to demonstrate the sensor performance. The results allowed to estimate that the sensor is able, within its resolution limit, to detect ethanol concentration variations of 1.5% in gasoline–ethanol solutions and discriminate temperature variations of 0.5 °C. The all-optical sensor setup is compact and robust, making it a competitive alternative for the realization of fuel quality analyses in practical applications.
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Braunfelds, Janis, Elvis Haritonovs, Ugis Senkans, Inna Kurbatska, Ints Murans, Jurgis Porins, and Sandis Spolitis. "Designing of Fiber Bragg Gratings for Long-Distance Optical Fiber Sensing Networks." Modelling and Simulation in Engineering 2022 (October 5, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8331485.
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Most optical sensors on the market are optical fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors with low reflectivity (typically 7-40%) and low side-lobe suppression (SLS) ratio (typically SLS <15 dB), which prevents these sensors from being effectively used for long-distance remote monitoring and sensor network solutions. This research is based on designing the optimal grating structure of FBG sensors and estimating their optimal apodization parameters necessary for sensor networks and long-distance monitoring solutions. Gaussian, sine, and raised sine apodizations are studied to achieve the main requirements, which are maximally high reflectivity (at least 90%) and side-lobe suppression (at least 20 dB), as well as maximally narrow bandwidth (FWHM<0.2 nm) and FBGs with uniform (without apodization). Results gathered in this research propose high-efficiency FBG grating apodizations, which can be further physically realized for optical sensor networks and long-distance (at least 40 km) monitoring solutions.
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Gao, Zhong Hua. "Error Calibration System for Time Grating Angular Displacement Sensor." Advanced Materials Research 662 (February 2013): 705–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.662.705.
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A calibration system was developed for time grating angular displacement sensors to calibrate errors of this type of sensor. In the system, the motor was controlled by ARM processor according to the setting value coming from the USB port of the computer, and therefore the motor outputted angular displacement values. Meanwhile, with the motor turning, the optical grating, which was used as the criterion instrument, and time grating turned together corresponding angular displacements. Several displacement values from a circle of sensors of time grating and optical grating were sent to computer by serial port to be processed. Furthermore, an error calibration algorithm, which was based on the least square method (LMS), was used in this calibration system. The precise of time grating can reach to ±0.7″after calibrating using this algorithm and the process of error calibration can be automatically made by the computer.
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Kim, Sang-Woo. "Signal characteristics of surface-bonded fiber Bragg grating sensor with elastoplastic metallic coating subjected to residual strain." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 29, no. 17 (May 15, 2017): 3374–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x17708044.
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This study involved predicting the reflected spectrum of a surface-bonded fiber Bragg grating sensor with an elastoplastic metallic coating wherein residual strains are non-uniformly distributed on the sensor. A profile of residual strains was numerically calculated based on the stepwise numerical technique by adopting strain transfer analysis and was validated by finite element analysis. The reflected spectrum of a metal-coated fiber Bragg grating sensor was consequently simulated to obtain the calculated profile of residual strains through the Transfer-matrix (T-matrix) method and coupled mode theory. The results revealed that a non-uniform profile of permanently induced residual strains along the sensor makes the reflected spectrum distorted. Thus, it is necessary for a metal-coated fiber Bragg grating sensor with a 10-mm Bragg grating to be bonded to a minimum length of 16.0 mm to suppress the signal distortion. The study additionally investigated the effect of parameters of an elastoplastic metallic coating (i.e. thicknesses and mechanical properties) on the spectrum characteristics and proposed minimally required bonding lengths by considering these characteristics. The evaluated spectra of the metal-coated fiber Bragg grating sensors that consider various coating parameters will reduce measurement errors and provide directions to determine geometric parameters when the sensor is actually installed on a structure surface.
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Pedroso, Marcelo A., Lucas H. Negri, Marcos A. Kamizi, José L. Fabris, and Marcia Muller. "Tactile Sensor Array with Fiber Bragg Gratings in Quasi-Distributed Sensing." Journal of Sensors 2018 (2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6506239.
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This work describes the development of a quasi-distributed real-time tactile sensing system with a reduced number of fiber Bragg grating-based sensors and reports its use with a reconstruction method based on differential evolution. The sensing system is comprised of six fiber Bragg gratings encapsulated in silicone elastomer to form a tactile sensor array with total dimensions of 60 × 80 mm, divided into eight sensing cells with dimensions of 20 × 30 mm. Forces applied at the central position of the sensor array resulted in linear response curves for the gratings, highlighting their coupled responses and allowing the application of compressive sensing. The reduced number of sensors regarding the number of sensing cells results in an undetermined inverse problem, solved with a compressive sensing algorithm with the aid of differential evolution method. The system is capable of identifying and quantifying up to four different loads at four different cells with relative errors lower than 10.5% and signal-to-noise ratio better than 12 dB.
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Hudson, Tyler B., Nicolas Auwaijan, and Fuh-Gwo Yuan. "Guided wave-based system for real-time cure monitoring of composites using piezoelectric discs and phase-shifted fiber Bragg gratings." Journal of Composite Materials 53, no. 7 (August 15, 2018): 969–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998318793512.
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A real-time, in-process cure monitoring system employing a guided wave-based concept for carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites was developed. The system included a single piezoelectric disc that was bonded to the surface of the composite for excitation, and an embedded phase-shifted fiber Bragg grating for sensing. The phase-shifted fiber Bragg grating almost simultaneously measured both quasi-static strain and the ultrasonic guided wave-based signals throughout the cure cycle. A traditional FBG was also used as a base for evaluating the high sensitivity of the phase-shifted fiber Bragg grating sensor. Composite physical properties (degree of cure and glass transition temperature) were correlated to the amplitude and time of arrival of the guided wave-based measurements during the cure cycle. In addition, key state transitions (gelation and vitrification) were identified from the experimental data. The physical properties and state transitions were validated using cure process modeling software (e.g. RAVEN®). This system demonstrated the capability of using an embedded phase-shifted fiber Bragg grating to sense a wide bandwidth of signals during cure. The distinct advantages of a fiber optic-based system include multiplexing of multiple gratings along a single optical fiber, small size compared to piezoelectric sensors, ability to embed or surface mount, utilization in harsh environments, electrically passive operation, and electromagnetic interference (EMI) immunity. The embedded phase-shifted fiber Bragg grating fiber optic sensor can monitor the entire life-cycle of the composite structure from curing, post-cure/assembly, and in-service creating “smart structures”.
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Mihailov, Stephen J., Cyril Hnatovsky, Nurmemet Abdukerim, Robert B. Walker, Ping Lu, Yanping Xu, Xiaoyi Bao, et al. "Ultrafast Laser Processing of Optical Fibers for Sensing Applications." Sensors 21, no. 4 (February 19, 2021): 1447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21041447.
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A review of recent progress in the use of infrared femtosecond lasers to fabricate optical fiber sensors that incorporate fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) and random fiber gratings (RFG) is presented. The important advancements in femtosecond laser writing based on the phase mask technique now allow through-the-coating (TTC) fabrication of Bragg gratings in ultra-thin fiber filaments, tilted fiber Bragg gratings, and 1000 °C-resistant fiber Bragg gratings with very strong cladding modes. As an example, through-the-coating femtosecond laser writing is used to manufacture distributed fiber Bragg grating sensor arrays for oil pipeline leak detection. The plane-by-plane femtosecond laser writing technique used for the inscription of random fiber gratings is also reviewed and novel applications of the resultant devices in distributed temperature sensing, fiber lasers and fiber laser sensors are discussed.
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Li, Ying Na, Xiao Yong Cao, Tao Xie, Zhen Gang Zhao, Ya Ping Zhou, Chuan Li, Hao Liu, Jian Kun Su, Zhi Lin Zhang, and Li Ming Li. "Monitoring of Tunnel Second Lining and Steel Lining by Using Fiber Bragg Grating Strain Sensor." Applied Mechanics and Materials 330 (June 2013): 479–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.330.479.
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Dong Yang Tunnel is located in the low mountains and hilly areas with tectonic denudation, where the tunnel of K147+535~K147+575 passes mainly through the maroon and purple red completely weathered mudstone. A differential fiber Bragg grating strain sensor is developed for monitoring the surface strain of tunnel lining. By converting the strain of gauge rod into the strain of beam, two fiber Bragg gratings are separately mounted on the top and bottom surfaces of beam, and as a result shifts its Bragg wavelength. The difference of relative Bragg wavelength shifts of the sensing gratings is 1.05×10-6/. Grating sensors are installed on the tunnel lining of K147+540~K147+610. Especially, the second lining of K147+592~K147+598 is enhanced by the steel plate. The strains of >100 occur on the lining of K147+560 and K147+590 in the reinforcing period of 20 days. Following a 160 days operation period, the measurement results indicate that the tunnel structures are gradually tending towards stability.
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Ran, Zengling, Xiu He, Yunjiang Rao, Dong Sun, Xiaojuan Qin, Debiao Zeng, Wangwei Chu, Xiankun Li, and Yabin Wei. "Fiber-Optic Microstructure Sensors: A Review." Photonic Sensors 11, no. 2 (April 24, 2021): 227–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13320-021-0632-7.
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AbstractThis paper reviews a wide variety of fiber-optic microstructure (FOM) sensors, such as fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors, long-period fiber grating (LPFG) sensors, Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) sensors, Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) sensors, Michelson interferometer (MI) sensors, and Sagnac interferometer (SI) sensors. Each FOM sensor has been introduced in the terms of structure types, fabrication methods, and their sensing applications. In addition, the sensing characteristics of different structures under the same type of FOM sensor are compared, and the sensing characteristics of the all FOM sensors, including advantages, disadvantages, and main sensing parameters, are summarized. We also discuss the future development of FOM sensors.
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Zhang, Heng, Jun Yao, Feng Gang Tao, and Xu Ye Zhuang. "MEMS Grating with Interdigitated-Comb Structure." Key Engineering Materials 503 (February 2012): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.503.49.
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Grating as an important spectral component can be applied to spectral analysis, filtering, dispersion compensation, sensing and so on. Their advantages are compactness, potentially high actuation speed and the ability to deflect light at large angles. In this paper, a MEMS interdigitated-comb grating actuated by a comb-drive actuator is presented. An experiment is performed to demonstrate how the proposed grating works with an applied voltage. At 85V, the displacement of comb-drive actuator can achieve 2.1μm; accordingly the gap between the interdigitated-comb gratings varies by 2.1μm. The mechanical and the optical sensing properties of the MEMS grating are both analyzed in this paper. This grating can be widely used in optical sensor and to detect the micro-displacement.
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Voet, Eli, Geert Luyckx, Ives De Baere, Joris Degrieck, J. Vlekken, E. Jacobs, and Hartmut Bartelt. "High Strain Monitoring during Fatigue Loading of Thermoplastic Composites Using Imbedded Draw Tower Fibre Bragg Grating Sensors." Advances in Science and Technology 56 (September 2008): 441–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.56.441.
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This paper presents the experimental study of fibre Bragg grating sensors for measuring strain inside composite laminates during fatigue loading. The optical fibres are imbedded inside thermoplastic CFRP test-coupons which have an ultimate strain of about 1.1%. Tension – tension fatigue cycling at a rate of 5Hz is been carried out at 314MPa with a maximum strain of 0.51%. At such extreme strain levels the use of high strength sensors becomes inevitable. Neither the sensor nor the composite test-coupons showed any significant degradation even after more than 500000 cycles. Fibre optic Bragg grating sensors are known to be very accurate strain sensors but one should be very careful interpreting their response once they are imbedded inside composite materials. In this study high strength fibre Bragg grating sensors with coating are imbedded in composite test coupons and a pretty good correlation was found between the strain measurements of an electrical extensometer and the imbedded sensor during the complete cycling. The high strength sensor show to be very feasible for extreme and long term strain measurements.
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Liu, Hanjie, Ciming Zhou, Yandong Pang, Xi Chen, Ye Xu, and Dian Fan. "High-Resolution Optical Fiber Temperature Sensor Based on Draw Tower Grating Array." Sensors 22, no. 8 (April 7, 2022): 2846. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22082846.
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Ocean temperature monitoring is of great significance to marine fishing, aquaculture, and marine operations. Traditional electric sensors lack the potential to multiplex several sensors, and may suffer from electromagnetic interference. Meanwhile, fiber Bragg grating-based sensors have the advantages of high sensitivity, possibility for large-scale multiplexing, and immunity to electromagnetic interference. In this paper, we propose a Fabry–Pérot (FP) interferometer based on the draw tower grating array and combine it with the phase measurement method for demonstration and testing. In the sensor system, two adjacent fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) are used as mirrors and an optical fiber connects them, forming a sensor unit. The signal was detected through the compensation of the optical path difference via two-arm path differences in an unbalanced interferometer. The sensor is calibrated in the range of 36.00–36.50 °C, and back to 36.00 °C, in steps of 0.10 °C. A thermocouple (DW1222) is used as a reference. Experimental testing demonstrates that under the thermal loop, the temperature and phase can be approximated as a linear relationship, the Pearson square correlation coefficient is 0.9996, and the temperature sensitivity is −9846 rad/°C. To prove that our experimental device can achieve a higher temperature resolution, we measured the background noise of the system. The experimental results indicate that the order of magnitude of our system temperature resolution can reach 10−5 °C. Thus, we believe that the sensor system is promising for the application of ocean temperature detection, and owing to the ultraweak reflection characteristics of the FBG, this method provides the possibility for large-scale multiplexing of the system.
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Kocaman, ES, C. Yilmaz, A. Deniz, and M. Yildiz. "The performance of embedded fiber Bragg grating sensors for monitoring failure modes of foam cored sandwich structures under flexural loads." Journal of Sandwich Structures & Materials 20, no. 5 (September 1, 2016): 553–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099636216664777.
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In this study, failure modes of foam core sandwich composites are investigated by using embedded Fiber Bragg Grating sensors. Sandwich specimens with Fiber Bragg Grating sensors, embedded inside the face sheet, are manufactured using vacuum infusion process and then subjected to a static and a cyclic loading under the three-point bending mode. Different failure modes are monitored utilizing the wavelength shift and the spectrum of Fiber Bragg Grating sensors. It is shown that the responses of the Fiber Bragg Grating sensor differ depending on damage modes thereby making structural health monitoring of sandwich structures possible.
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Zhang, Han, and Lijun Meng. "Research status of sensor demodulation technology of fiber grating ultrasonic signal." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2302, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2302/1/012001.
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Abstract Compared with ordinary gratings, phase-shifted fiber gratings have better ultrasonic response sensitivity and higher upper response frequency. The application of phase-shifted fiber gratings in ultrasonic signal detection has gradually become a research hotspot. This paper mainly introduces the demodulation principle of tunable laser power scanning and wavelength feedback control techniques such as wavelength stabilization, frequency stabilization and laser tracking. Most of the existing demodulation techniques are only suitable for single optical channel, and the demodulation frequency is low. The development direction of fiber Bragg grating demodulation technology is multi-channel synchronous stable high frequency demodulation.
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Butt, Muhammad Ali. "Numerical investigation of a small footprint plasmonic Bragg grating structure with a high extinction ratio." Photonics Letters of Poland 12, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v12i3.1042.
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In this paper, miniaturized design of a plasmonic Bragg grating filter is investigated via the finite element method (FEM). The filter is based on a plasmonic metal-insulator-metal waveguide deposited on a quartz substrate. The corrugated Bragg grating designed for near-infrared wavelength range is structured on both sides of the waveguide. The spectral characteristics of the filter are studied by varying the geometric parameters of the filter design. As a result, the maximum ER and bandwidth of 36.2 dB and 173 nm is obtained at λBragg=976 nm with a filter footprint of as small as 1.0 x 8.75 µm2, respectively. The ER and bandwidth can be further improved by increasing the number of grating periods and the strength of the grating, respectively. Moreover, the Bragg grating structure is quite receptive to the refractive index of the medium. These features allow the employment of materials such as polymers in the metal-insulator-metal waveguide which can be externally tuned or it can be used for refractive index sensing applications. The sensitivity of the proposed Bragg grating structure can offer a sensitivity of 950 nm/RIU. We believe that the study presented in this paper provides a guideline for the realization of small footprint plasmonic Bragg grating structures which can be employed in filter and refractive index sensing applications. Full Text: PDF ReferencesJ. W. Field et al., "Miniaturised, Planar, Integrated Bragg Grating Spectrometer", 2019 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe and European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC), Munich, Germany, 2019, CrossRef L. Cheng, S. Mao, Z. Li, Y. Han, H.Y. Fu, "Grating Couplers on Silicon Photonics: Design Principles, Emerging Trends and Practical Issues", Micromachines, 11, 666 (2020). CrossRef J. Missinne, N. T. Beneitez, M-A. Mattelin, A. Lamberti, G. Luyckx, W. V. Paepegem, G. V. Steenberge, "Bragg-Grating-Based Photonic Strain and Temperature Sensor Foils Realized Using Imprinting and Operating at Very Near Infrared Wavelengths", Sensors, 18, 2717 (2018). CrossRef M. A. Butt, S.N. Khonina, N.L. Kazanskiy, "Numerical analysis of a miniaturized design of a Fabry–Perot resonator based on silicon strip and slot waveguides for bio-sensing applications", Journal of Modern Optics, 66, 1172-1178 (2019). CrossRef H. Qiu, J. Jiang, P. Yu, T. Dai, J. Yang, H. Yu, X. Jiang, "Silicon band-rejection and band-pass filter based on asymmetric Bragg sidewall gratings in a multimode waveguide", Optics Letters, 41, 2450 (2016). CrossRef M. A. Butt, S.N. Khonina, N.L. Kazanskiy, "Optical elements based on silicon photonics", Computer Optics, 43, 1079-1083 (2019). CrossRef N. L. Kazanskiy, S.N. Khonina, M.A. Butt, "Plasmonic sensors based on Metal-insulator-metal waveguides for refractive index sensing applications: A brief review", Physica E, 117, 113798 (2020). CrossRef L. Lu et al, "Mode-Selective Hybrid Plasmonic Bragg Grating Reflector", IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 22, 1765-1767 (2012). CrossRef R. Negahdari, E. Rafiee, F. Emami, "Design and simulation of a novel nano-plasmonic split-ring resonator filter", Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, 32, 1925-1938 (2018). CrossRef M. Janfaza, M. A. Mansouri-Birjandi, "Tunable plasmonic band-pass filter based on Fabry–Perot graphene nanoribbons", Applied Physics B, 123, 262 (2017). CrossRef C. Wu, G. Song, L. Yu, J.H. Xiao, "Tunable narrow band filter based on a surface plasmon polaritons Bragg grating with a metal–insulator–metal waveguide", Journal of Modern Optics, 60, 1217-1222 (2013). CrossRef J. Zhu, G. Wang, "Sense high refractive index sensitivity with bragg grating and MIM nanocavity", Results in Physics, 15, 102763 (2019). CrossRef Y. Binfeng, H. Guohua, C. Yiping, "Design of a compact and high sensitive refractive index sensor base on metal-insulator-metal plasmonic Bragg grating", Optics Express, 22, 28662-28670 (2014). CrossRef A.D. Simard, Y. Painchaud, S. Larochelle, "Small-footprint integrated Bragg gratings in SOI spiral waveguides", International Quantum Electronics Conference Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe, IEEE, Munich, Germany (2013). CrossRef C. Klitis, G. Cantarella, M. J. Strain, M. Sorel, "High-extinction-ratio TE/TM selective Bragg grating filters on silicon-on-insulator", Optics Letters, 42, 3040 (2017). CrossRef J. Ctyroky et al., "Design of narrowband Bragg spectral filters in subwavelength grating metamaterial waveguides", Optics Express, 26, 179 (2018). CrossRef M.A. Butt, N.L. Kazanskiy, S.N. Khonina, "Hybrid plasmonic waveguide race-track µ-ring resonator: Analysis of dielectric and hybrid mode for refractive index sensing applications", Laser Phys., 30, 016202 (2020). CrossRef M. A. Butt, N.L. Kazanskiy, S.N. Khonina, "Label-free detection of ambient refractive index based on plasmonic Bragg gratings embedded resonator cavity sensor", Journal of Modern Optics, 66, 1920-1925 (2019). CrossRef N. L. Kazanskiy, M.A. Butt, Photonics Letters of Poland, 12, 1-3 (2020). CrossRef Z. Guo, K. Wen, Q. Hu, W. Lai, J. Lin, Y. Fang, "Plasmonic Multichannel Refractive Index Sensor Based on Subwavelength Tangent-Ring Metal–Insulator–Metal Waveguide", Sensors, 18, 1348 (2018). CrossRef
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Geng, Jin Feng, Dong Fang Ma, Hong Sheng Cai, Wen Tao Wu, Jun Wei Dong, and Xiao Huan Shen. "The Comparison and Analysis of Fiber Grating Strain Sensor and Resistance Strain Slice for Transmission Tower Vibration Monitoring." Applied Mechanics and Materials 533 (February 2014): 211–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.533.211.
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Contrast advantages and existing problems of resistance strain slice and fiber grating strain sensor for tower vibration strain monitoring, compare the structure of the two, and do the on-site installation and experiments, analyze the monitoring data. It can make a conclusion that the properties of fiber bragg grating strain sensors are basic consistent with resistance strain slice. And fiber bragg grating strain sensors can be used for transmission tower vibration monitoring .
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Eid, Mahmoud M. A., and Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed. "Numerical simulation of long-period grating sensors (LPGS) transmission spectrum behavior under strain and temperature effects." Sensor Review 41, no. 2 (March 22, 2021): 192–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-10-2020-0248.
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Purpose The purpose of this study aims to simulate the long-period fiber grating sensor pulse peak position against the transmission range. The long-period fiber grating sensor pulse peak position against the transmission range is simulated clearly where the pulse peak value at zero position is 0.972655 with the ripple factor of unity. It is demonstrated that the long-period fiber grating sensor bandwidth can be estimated to be 50 µm. Wavelength shift of the long-period grating sensor (LPGS) is reported against grating wavelength, applied temperatures and applied micro strain. Design/methodology/approach This work has reported the numerical simulation of LPGS transmission spectrum behavior characteristics under the strain and temperature effects by using OptiGrating simulation software. The sensor fabrication material is silica-doped germanium. The transmittivity/reflectivity and input spectrum pulse intensity of long-period Bragg sensor variations are simulated against the grating wavelength variations. Input/output pulse intensity of LPGS variations is simulated against the timespan variations with the Gaussian input pulse from 100 to 500 km link length. Findings Temperature variation and strain variation of the LPGS are outlined against both applied temperatures and micro-strain variations at the central grating wavelength of 1,550 nm. Originality/value It is demonstrated that the long period fiber grating sensor bandwidth can be estimated to be 50 µm. Wavelength shift of the long period grating sensor is reported against both grating wavelength, applied temperatures and applied micro strain. Temperature variation and strain variation of the long period grating sensor are outlined against both applied temperatures and micro strain variations at the central grating wavelength of 1550 nm.
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Silva, A. F., F. Gonçalves, L. A. A. Ferreira, F. M. Araújo, P. M. Mendes, and J. Higino Correia. "Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors Integrated in Polymeric Foils." Materials Science Forum 636-637 (January 2010): 1548–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.636-637.1548.
Full textAbstract:
Optical sensors have hit their maturity and a new kind of systems is being developed. This paper deals with the development of a new sensing structure based on polymeric foils and optic fiber sensors, namely the Fiber Bragg Grating sensors. Sensor integration in polymeric foils, using industrial process is the proposed goal. To achieve this goal, Finite Element Analysis was used for prototype modeling and simulation. The model was subjected to loads and restraints in order to retrieve information about stress distribution and displacement of specific points. From the simulation was possible to predict the sections where the sensor should be positioned. A prototype was then fabricated using industrial processes. Tests indicate that the polymeric foil influence on the sensor performance may exist. However, the prototype was able of transferring the full deformation to the optical sensor. Moreover, the optical sensor, which is incorporated in the polymeric foil, is fully functional with high sensitivity, 0.6 picometer by microstrain, allowing deformation measurements, up to 1.2 millimeter.