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Academic literature on the topic 'Grating'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 4 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Grating"

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Wang, Ye, Xiuhua Fu, Yongyi Chen, Hangyu Peng, Li Qin, Yongqiang Ning, and Lijun Wang. "Optimal Design and Analysis of 4.7 μm Hybrid Deep Dielectric High Efficiency Transmission Gratings." Micromachines 13, no. 10 (October 10, 2022): 1706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13101706.

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There is currently no transmission grating with good diffraction efficiency in the 4.7 μm band. Metal gratings at this wavelength are all reflective gratings which has a diffraction efficiency of lower than 90% and lower laser damage threshold. In this paper, we bring up a design of a multi-layer transmission grating with both high diffraction efficiency and wide working wavelength band. We have proved that the transmission grating made of composite materials has an average diffraction effectiveness of more than 96% throughout the whole spectral range of 200 nm. Meanwhile, the theoretically computed transmission grating has a highest first-order diffraction efficiency of more than 99.77% at 4746 nm. This multilayer dielectric film transmission grating’s optimized design may further boost spectral beam combining power, providing a practical technique for increasing SBC power and brightness.
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Ichihara, Shigeru, and Kenji Susami. "Temporal-Discontinuity Detection with Contrast-Modulated Gratings." Perception 24, no. 11 (November 1995): 1257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p241257.

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Three experiments on temporal-discontinuity detection were carried out. In experiment 1, temporal-discontinuity thresholds were measured for sinusoidal gratings by the use of the double-staircase method. A sinusoidal grating was presented twice successively. The subject judged whether or not an interval was present. The temporal-discontinuity threshold increased as the spatial frequency of the grating increased, but decreased as the contrast of the grating increased. In experiment 2, contrast-modulated gratings were used instead of the sinusoidal grating. The temporal-discontinuity threshold increased as the carrier frequency increased, and the threshold for each contrast-modulated grating was similar to that for the no-modulation (sinusoidal) grating whose contrast was the same as the maximum local contrast of the contrast-modulated grating. In experiment 3, temporal-discontinuity thresholds were measured for low-contrast (3%) sinusoidal gratings. The thresholds were very low, even for such low-contrast gratings. These results suggest that the low-spatial-frequency channels are not involved in detecting the modulation frequency of the contrast-modulated grating. Rather, the local contrast seems to be the determinant of the detection of the contrast-modulated grating itself.
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Kajkowska, Marta, Miłosz Sławomir Chychłowski, Sławomir Ertman, and Piotr Lesiak. "Dual-Period Polarization-Dependent Diffraction Gratings Based on a Polymer-Stabilized Liquid Crystal." Materials 16, no. 23 (November 24, 2023): 7313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16237313.

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In this paper, we demonstrate the first ever dual-period diffraction gratings that do not require electrical tuning to obtain the effect of period change. Our method allows for multiplication of the base period by proper modification of the subsequent slits of the grating. The proposed elements are fabricated by selective photopolymerization of a composite based on a nematic liquid crystal. The gratings are formed by polymer stabilization of a liquid crystal in different orientations of the molecules in selected grating slits to allow for period manipulation. The operating principle is based on changing the phase delay introduced by the slits depending on polarization direction of incident light with respect to the director in each type of slit, which allows to change the grating’s period. The proposed technique was successfully utilized to obtain diffraction gratings with either doubling or tripling of the period.
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Ivanov, Oleg V., Paulo Caldas, and Gaspar Rego. "Simulation of the Transmission Spectrum of Long-Period Fiber Gratings Structures with a Propagating Acoustic Shock Front." Sensors 21, no. 21 (October 29, 2021): 7212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21217212.

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In this paper, we investigate modification of transmission spectra of long-period fiber grating structures with an acoustic shock front propagating along the fiber. We simulate transmission through inhomogeneous long-period fiber gratings, π-shift and reflective π-shift gratings deformed by an acoustic shock front. Coupled mode equations describing interaction of co-propagating modes in a long-period fiber grating structures with inhomogeneous deformation are used for the simulation. Two types of apodization are considered for the grating modulation amplitude, such as uniform and raised-cosine. We demonstrate how the transmission spectrum is produced by interference between the core and cladding modes coupled at several parts of the gratings having different periods. For the π-shift long-period fiber grating having split spectral notch, the gap between the two dips becomes several times wider in the grating with the acoustic wave front than the gap in the unstrained grating. The behavior of reflective long-period fiber gratings depends on the magnitude of the phase shift near the reflective surface: an additional dip is formed in the 0-shift grating and the short-wavelength dip disappears in the π-shift grating.
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Inneam, Chanikan, Keerayoot Srinuanjan, and Witoon Yindeesuk. "An application of reflective holographic gratings for measurement of cylindrical curvature." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2145, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2145/1/012054.

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Abstract This paper presented an application of reflective holographic gratings for the measurement of cylindrical curvature. The surface of the fabricated holographic grating was coated with gold by the sputtering method, where it became a reflective holographic grating. The grating was attached to the surface of various radius cylindrical objects. The diffraction pattern produced by the bent grating with different radius was observed by illuminating a laser beam normal to the grating surface. The gratings constant were calculated from the observed diffraction pattern. The relationship between the grating constants and the radius of cylindrical objects was obtained. The grating constant and the reciprocal of the radius of cylindrical objects was a linear relationship, with the least R-square between 0.85-0.97. Moreover, the y-intercept of the relationship between the grating constants and the reciprocal radius was consistent with the grating constant of the non-bended grating. As the radius of the grating approach is infinite, the reciprocal of the radius approaches zero, which is a non-bend grating. We can apply this method to measure the radius of cylindrical objects.
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Yang, Zhiyong, Xiaochen Ma, Daguo Yu, Bin Cao, Qianqi Niu, Mengwei Li, and Chenguang Xin. "An Ultracompact Angular Displacement Sensor Based on the Talbot Effect of Optical Microgratings." Sensors 23, no. 3 (January 17, 2023): 1091. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23031091.

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Here, we report an ultracompact angular displacement sensor based on the Talbot effect of optical microgratings. Periodic Talbot interference patterns were obtained behind an upper optical grating. By putting another grating within the Talbot region, the total transmission of the two-grating structure was found to be approximatively in a linear relationship with the relative pitch angle between the two gratings, which was explained by a transversal shift of the Talbot interference patterns. The influence of the grating parameters (e.g., the grating period, the number of grating lines and the gap between the two gratings) was also studied in both a simulation and an experiment, showing a tunable sensitivity and range by simply changing the grating parameters. A sensitivity of 0.19 mV/arcsec was experimentally obtained, leading to a relative sensitivity of 0.27%/arcsec within a linear range of ± 396 arcsec with the 2 μm-period optical gratings. Benefitting from tunable properties and an ultracompact structure, we believe that the proposed sensor shows great potential in applications such as aviation, navigation, robotics and manufacturing engineering.
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Tian, Zhenhua, Lingyu Yu, Xiaoyi Sun, and Bin Lin. "Damage localization with fiber Bragg grating Lamb wave sensing through adaptive phased array imaging." Structural Health Monitoring 18, no. 1 (February 19, 2018): 334–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475921718755572.

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Fiber Bragg gratings are known being immune to electromagnetic interference and emerging as Lamb wave sensors for structural health monitoring of plate-like structures. However, their application for damage localization in large areas has been limited by their direction-dependent sensor factor. This article addresses such a challenge and presents a robust damage localization method for fiber Bragg grating Lamb wave sensing through the implementation of adaptive phased array algorithms. A compact linear fiber Bragg grating phased array is configured by uniformly distributing the fiber Bragg grating sensors along a straight line and axially in parallel to each other. The Lamb wave imaging is then performed by phased array algorithms without weighting factors (conventional delay-and-sum) and with adaptive weighting factors (minimum variance). The properties of both imaging algorithms, as well as the effects of fiber Bragg grating’s direction-dependent sensor factor, are characterized, analyzed, and compared in details. The results show that this compact fiber Bragg grating array can precisely locate damage in plates, while the comparisons show that the minimum variance method has a better imaging resolution than that of the delay-and-sum method and is barely affected by fiber Bragg grating’s direction-dependent sensor factor. Laboratory tests are also performed with a four–fiber Bragg grating array to detect simulated defects at different directions. Both delay-and-sum and minimum variance methods can successfully locate defects at different positions, and their results are consistent with analytical predictions.
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Xie, Hui Min, Yan Jie Li, Hua Du, Bing Pan, Qiang Luo, Chang Zhi Gu, and Hai Chang Jiang. "The Technique for Fabricating Submicron Moiré Grating Using FIB Milling." Advanced Materials Research 47-50 (June 2008): 710–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.47-50.710.

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In this study, focused gallium ion (Ga+) beam is utilised to fabricate micro/submicron spacing gratings on specimen surface. The grating types include: parallel, cross, and hybrid (grating with double-frequency). Several hybrid gratings with double frequency were produced in combination mode or superposition mode, which have a good potential to measure deformation within different range. Techniques for producing different type of gratings are discussed in detail. As an application, a 5000 lines/mm grating was fabricated on an amorphous SIC MEMS cantilever and was successfully used to measure its virtual strain with aid of digital moiré. The experimental results verify the feasibility of fabricating high frequency grating on metal or non-metal surface using the FIB milling and the resultant grating can be used to measure micro-deformation.
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Yang, Ying Li, and Guo Dong Wang. "Coupling Efficiency Analysis of Different Top Coupling Grating for Quantum Well Infrared Photo-Detector." Applied Mechanics and Materials 273 (January 2013): 515–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.273.515.

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The relative coupling efficiency of different top coupling grating for quantum well infrared photo-detector is calculated by finite difference time domain algorithms. The relative coupling efficiency respect to the grating parameters, such as, grating period and grating depth is analyzed for both square lattice and hexagonal lattice structure gratings. By comparison, it can be concluded that the optimization grating parameters is differential for different grating structure.
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ZHANG, GUOQUAN, FANG BO, FENG GAO, RONG DONG, YANFEI TU, and JINGJUN XU. "SLOW AND FAST LIGHTS WITH MOVING AND STATIONARY REFRACTIVE INDEX GRATINGS IN SOLIDS AT ROOM TEMPERATURE." International Journal of Modern Physics B 22, no. 05 (February 20, 2008): 447–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979208038788.

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We reviewed the recent progress on slow and fast lights in solids at room temperature based on moving and stationary refractive index gratings. A dispersive photorefractive phase coupling associated with moving gratings results in slow and fast lights. In principle, such phase-coupling-induced slow and fast lights can be observed in any nonlinear wave mixing process with a dispersive phase coupling effect. The slow and fast lights in the stationary gratings are also discussed. One advantage of the stationary gratings is the possibility to engineer the dispersion slope of the grating through designing the grating structure and parameters. As an example, we show that the dispersion slope of the gratings is enhanced significantly by stratifying a series of identical volume index gratings with homogeneous optical buffer layers sandwiched between every two neighboring grating layers. The slow and fast lights, therefore, can be controlled more effectively in such specifically designed grating structures than in the homogeneous gratings. Another advantage is the high transparency of the slow and fast lights with appropriate grating structure and parameters. Issues such as the pulse broadening effect and the pulse distortion are addressed. The slow and fast light techniques have many important potential applications such as optical delay lines and optical buffers.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Grating"

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Dadiotis, Konstantinos. "Improving phase grating and absorption grating diffusers." Thesis, University of Salford, 2010. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/26633/.

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This thesis investigates room acoustic diffusers based on number sequences, exploring their shortcomings and presents improvements. Standard Phase Grating Diffusers display frequencies where they act like flat plates and fail to diffuse. To overcome this, two new sequences (Luke and power residue) are introduced. The diffusers based on these sequences display extended frequency range compared to standard ones such as Quadratic Residue and Primitive Root Diffusers. Their performance is studied using Boundary Element Modelling which shows that they can avoid flat plate phenomena in the audible frequency range. Furthermore, it is shown that by taking advantage of their inner symmetries Quadratic Residue and Primitive Root Diffusers can be created from smaller components thus allowing for the flat plat effect to be mitigated. Next, Absorption Grating Diffusers are investigated. They consist of ideally absorbing and reflecting elements. For their implementation heavily damped Helmholtz Resonators are investigated showing that they give an approximation of the required distribution of admittance on the surface. Then the performance of ideal Absorption Grating Diffusers is investigated using Boundary Element Modelling. Even with idealised completely absorbing elements, the performance of the diffuser is shown not to achieve substantial diffusion. This arises because edge diffraction from the reflecting elements weakens at high frequencies. At frequencies where smaller elements are creating substantial scattering, larger elements are producing specular reflections. Furthermore, due to the lack of cancellation, the specular reflected lobe is insufficiently attenuated, because it can only be changed through absorption. Improvements to the original design are suggested. By changing reflective elements to reactive ones, scattering can be extended to higher frequencies. This allows for a range of frequencies were more reflecting elements display substantial dispersion. Also, implementing the absorbing elements using porous material in a shallow well allows some reflection, resulting in cancellation in the specular reflection lobe due to interference. Measurements of the scattered pressure distribution of absorption grating surfaces are carried out and then compared to Boundary Element Modelling simulations using surface admittance data measured in an impedance tube. The agreement between measurement and simulation is excellent proving the accuracy of this simulation method for these applications. The results show that the samples tested perform as two level Phase Grating Diffusers, with some energy loss, while their diffusion characteristics are shifted to lower frequencies. This arises because of the lower speed of sound in the porous medium. This implementation is shown to absorb 50% of the incident sound while the rest is scattered uniformly but only over a limited bandwidth.
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Greenwell, Andrew. "RIGOROUS ANALYSIS OF WAVE GUIDING AND DIFFRACTIVE INTEGRATED OPTICAL STRUCTURES." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2007. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4346.

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The realization of wavelength scale and sub-wavelength scale fabrication of integrated optical devices has led to a concurrent need for computational design tools that can accurately model electromagnetic phenomena on these length scales. This dissertation describes the physical, analytical, numerical, and software developments utilized for practical implementation of two particular frequency domain design tools: the modal method for multilayer waveguides and one-dimensional lamellar gratings and the Rigorous Coupled Wave Analysis (RCWA) for 1D, 2D, and 3D periodic optical structures and integrated optical devices. These design tools, including some novel numerical and programming extensions developed during the course of this work, were then applied to investigate the design of a few unique integrated waveguide and grating structures and the associated physical phenomena exploited by those structures. The properties and design of a multilayer, multimode waveguide-grating, guided mode resonance (GMR) filter are investigated. The multilayer, multimode GMR filters studied consist of alternating high and low refractive index layers of various thicknesses with a binary grating etched into the top layer. The separation of spectral wavelength resonances supported by a multimode GMR structure with fixed grating parameters is shown to be controllable from coarse to fine through the use of tightly controlled, but realizable, choices for multiple layer thicknesses in a two material waveguide; effectively performing the simultaneous engineering of the wavelength dispersion for multiple waveguide grating modes. This idea of simultaneous dispersion band tailoring is then used to design a multilayer, multimode GMR filter that possesses broadened angular acceptance for multiple wavelengths incident at a single angle of incidence. The effect of a steady-state linear loss or gain on the wavelength response of a GMR filter is studied. A linear loss added to the primary guiding layer of a GMR filter is shown to produce enhanced resonant absorption of light by the GMR structure. Similarly, linear gain added to the guiding layer is shown to produce enhanced resonant reflection and transmission from a GMR structure with decreased spectral line width. A combination of 2D and 3D modeling is utilized to investigate the properties of an embedded waveguide grating structure used in filtering/reflecting an incident guided mode. For the embedded waveguide grating, 2D modeling suggests the possibility of using low index periodic inclusions to create an embedded grating resonant filter, but the results of 3D RCWA modeling suggest that transverse low index periodic inclusions produce a resonant lossy cavity as opposed to a resonant reflecting mirror. A novel concept for an all-dielectric unidirectional dual grating output coupler is proposed and rigorously analyzed. A multilayer, single-mode, high and graded-index, slab waveguide is placed atop a slightly lower index substrate. The properties of the individual gratings etched into the waveguide's cover/air and substrate/air interfaces are then chosen such that no propagating diffracted orders are present in the device superstrate and only a single order is present outside the structure in the substrate. The concept produces a robust output coupler that requires neither phase-matching of the two gratings nor any resonances in the structure, and is very tolerant to potential errors in fabrication. Up to 96% coupling efficiency from the substrate-side grating is obtained over a wide range of grating properties.
Ph.D.
Optics and Photonics
Optics and Photonics
Optics PhD
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Hajibaratali, Babak. "Dynamics of Bragg Grating Solitons In Coupled Bragg Gratings With Dispersive Reflectivity." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/12080.

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We study dynamics of Bragg grating solitons in a system of linearly coupled Bragg gratings with Kerr nonlinearity. The effects of dispersive reflectivity on the behaviour of solitons in the system are investigated by solving the coupled mode equations numerically. Gap solitons, are found to exist throughout the bandgap of the structure. The system supports two types of symmetric and asymmetric solitons that can have any velocities from zero to the speed of light in the medium. At given soliton parameters a critical coupling coefficient is found above which only symmetric solitons exist. Below the critical point however, both types of gap solitons may exist at the same time. Linear forms of coupled mode equations are solved analytically. The results are in excellent agreement with the gap soliton tails. Also, using the linear analysis a condition is found for the solitons to have sidelobes in their tails. Stability of solitons are investigated using systematic simulations. Generally, when dispersive reflectivity is zero, asymmetric solitons are stable for ω≥0. While with increase of dispersive reflectivity the stable region expands into the negative frequencies. Symmetric solitons on the other hand are found to be stable where they exist on their own. Interactions of quiescent gap solitons in the model are studied numerically. The outcomes generally depend on the initial separation (Δx) and phase difference. However, when the dispersive reflectivity is small, Δx-dependence is very weak. Interactions are found to result in a number of outcomes including merger into a single quiescent soliton, destruction, formation of a bound state that eventually breaks up into two separating solitons, formation of two moving and one quiescent solitons, and repulsion. The most interesting outcomes of the collisions of counter-propagating in-phase moving solitons are merger and 2→3 transformation. On the contrary, out-of-phase collisions generally result in the repulsion of the pulses.
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Li, Lifeng. "Application of diffraction grating theory to analysis and fabrication of waveguide gratings." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184388.

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This dissertation includes three separate studies of related waveguide grating phenomena. These studies deal with a numerical improvement of the integral method of diffraction grating theory, the theoretical analysis of waveguide gratings, and fabrication techniques for photoresist grating masks. The first topic addresses the acceleration of the convergence of the integral kernels. To improve the performance of the integral method for calculating diffraction grating efficiencies, the convergence of the integral kernels is studied. A nonlinear sequence transformation, Levin's u-transformation, is successfully applied to accelerate the convergence of the integral kernels. The computer execution time saving is significant. The application details and many numerical examples are given. The second subject is the ray optics theory of waveguide grating analysis. To establish a linkage between the analysis of diffraction gratings and the analysis of waveguide gratings, a new rigorous ray optics theory is developed. It takes into account phase changes on diffraction, multiple diffraction processes, depletion of the incident guided wave, and lateral shifts. A general characteristic equation that determines the waveguide grating attenuation (coupling) coefficient is derived. The symmetry properties of grating diffraction are applied to waveguide grating analysis for the first time. Lateral shifts of optical rays at a periodically corrugated interface similar to the Goos-Haenchen shift at a planar interface are suggested. The third subject is the in situ control of the development of photoresist grating masks. The existing method for monitoring and modeling photoresist grating development are modified and extended to monitoring and modeling photoresist grating mask development. Experimental examples, detailed theoretical considerations, and computer simulations are presented.
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Barnier, Fabien. "Fibre Bragg grating techniques." Thesis, University of Hull, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322570.

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MORIKAWA, SERGIO RICARDO KOKAY. "TRIAXIAL BRAGG GRATING ACCELEROMETER." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2004. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=5413@1.

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AGÊNCIA NACIONAL DE PETRÓLEO
TRANSMISSÃO DE ENERGIA ELÉTRICA S.A
Desde o final da década de 80 a indústria de fibras óticas têm passado por avanços consideráveis. Através de técnicas controladas, as fibras ópticas podem gerar sinais associados a uma vasta gama de grandezas físicas funcionando como sensores denominados de Sensores a Fibra Óptica (SFO s). Diversas técnicas podem ser empregadas para tal, e entre as existentes a baseada em redes de Bragg é a que mais tem se destacado. O interesse por transdutores empregando esta técnica se justifica pelas vantagens proporcionadas pelo uso da luz, tais como sua capacidade de multiplexação, boa relação sinal/ruído, medições a longas distâncias, imunidade a campos eletromagnéticos, ausência de faísca, entre outras. Neste trabalho buscou-se desenvolver um transdutor e uma técnica de medição baseada em sensores a rede de Bragg para medição de vibrações mecânicas. Um acelerômetro óptico triaxial é projetado e construído. Diferentes modelos foram testados em busca das características de desempenho desejadas. Simulações numéricas empregando o método dos elementos finitos auxiliaram na decisão por melhores desenhos para o transdutor. Resultados de testes experimentais e calibrações empregando um sistema de aquisição de sinais desenvolvido são mostrados. Medições de longa duração para avaliação de estabilidade do sistema e efeitos de temperatura também são apresentados.
Since the end of the 1980s, the fiber optics industry has experienced considerable advances. Through a number of controlled techniques, fiber optics can generate signals associated with a vast array of physical measures, working as sensors denominated Optical Fiber Sensors (OFS s). Many different techniques can be employed to achieve this objective. Among these, the one based on Bragg networks has received the greatest amount of attention. The interest in transducers employing this technique is justified by the advantages of using light, such as its multiplexing capability, good signal-to-noise ratio, possibility of long distance measurements, immunity to electromagnetic fields, and absence of sparks. In the present work, a transducer and measurement technique based on Bragg network sensors vibration are developed, in order to measure mechanical vibrations. A triaxial optical accelerometer is designed and built. Different models are tested in the search for the desired performance characteristics. Numerical simulations employing the finite element method help the decision making process for better transducer designs. Results from experimental and calibration tests using a newly developed signal acquisition system are presented. Long duration measurements to evaluate system stability and temperature effects are also shown.
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Anderson, Brian Benjamin. "Grating light reflection spectroscopy /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8600.

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Aslund, Mattas L. "Bragg grating interference devices." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2004. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/28157.

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This thesis is about novel components designed to enable low-cost optical fiber networks. These networks constitute the global backbone of the in— ternet and all other telecommunication. However, the available technologies are much to expensive to be considered for home-users, so the optical fiber networks only reach as far as the substations half—way to the home—user. Op— tical fiber networks all the way to the home—users is potentially an immense market, and there is a large interest from the industry in novel enabling technologies.
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Gibson, Steven Ross. "KiwiSpec: The Design and Performance of a High Resolution Echelle Spectrograph for Astronomy." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Physics and Astronomy, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8811.

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This document describes the design, analysis, construction and testing of KiwiSpec, a fibre-fed, high resolution astronomical spectrograph of an asymmetric white pupil design. The instrument employs an R4, 31.6 groove mm⁻¹ échelle grating for primary dispersion and a 725 lines mm⁻¹ volume phase holographic (VPH) based grism for cross-dispersion. Two versions of the prototype were designed and constructed: an 'in-air' prototype, and a prototype featuring a vacuum chamber (to increase the stability of the instrument). The KiwiSpec optical design is introduced, as well as a description of the theory behind a cross-dispersed échelle spectrograph. The results of tolerancing the optical design are reported for alignment, optical fabrication, and optical surface quality groups of parameters. The optical windows of an iodine cell are also toleranced. The opto-mechanical mounts of both prototypes are described in detail, as is the design of the vacuum chamber system. Given the goal of 1 m/s radial velocity stability, analyses were undertaken to determine the allowable amount of movement of the vacuum windows, and to determine the allowable changes in temperature and pressure within and outside of the vacuum chamber. The spectral efficiency of the instrument was estimated through a predictive model; this was calculated for the as-built instrument and also for an instrument with ideal, high-efficiency coatings. Measurements of the spectral efficiency of various components of the instrument are reported, as well as a description of the measurement system developed to test the efficiency of VPH gratings. On-sky efficiency measurements from use of KiwiSpec on the 1-m McLellan telescope at Mt John University Observatory are reported. Two possible exposure meter locations are explored via an efficiency model, and also through the measurement of the zero-order reflectivity of the échelle grating. Various stability aspects of the design are investigated. These include the stability of the optical mounts with temperature changes, and also the effect of the expansion and contraction of the supporting optical tables. As well, the stability of the in-air prototype was determined through measurement of the movement of thorium-argon emission lines within spectra as the temperature, atmospheric pressure and relative humidity (naturally) varied. Current and planned testing for determining the stability of the vacuum chamber prototype is discussed.
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Roberts, Karl Anton. "Opponent processes in human motion perception : shear and compression sensitivity, induced motion and motion capture." Thesis, Brunel University, 1994. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/5444.

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Sensitivity to differential motion components, shearing and compressive (opposed) motion, was examined. The hypothesis that the visual system contains local mechanisms specifically sensitive to these types of motion was tested. Stimuli consisted of two moving sinusoidal gratings. Sensitivity to shear and compression was compared with sensitivity for linear motion. Lower thresholds of motion and contrast sensitivities were obtained. Subjects were more sensitive to opposed than to non-opposed motion for a range of grating orientations and different grating spatial frequencies. However sensitivity for opposed motion decreased in the presence of a second added linear motion. The hypothesis of local shear and compression mechanisms was rejected in favour of antagonistic (opponent) interactions between local motion mechanisms. Motion capture was examined. Stimuli were made up of a circular test grating surrounded by another grating. Subjects were required to judge the direction of motion of the test grating. Experiments examined the effects on motion capture of: centre grating size; orientation of surround; relative contrast of centre and surround; plaids in the surround. Conditions favouring motion capture were: with the smallest centre grating; with surround and centre orientations within thirty degrees; with surround had higher contrast than the centre; and only when a plaid surround contained a component of similar orientation as the centre. For conditions of motion capture relative to those of no-capture, increased velocity thresholds for judging the centre direction were found. This was associated with a shift in the bias point between opposed directions with no change in overall sensitivity to motion. It is suggested that a cooperative network of local motion mechanisms featuring centre-surround opponency can account for all the results of this study.
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Books on the topic "Grating"

1

Laboratories, Sadtler Research, ed. Surface active agents: Grating spectra. Philadelphia, PA (3316 Spring Garden St., Philadelphia 19104): The Laboratories, 1985.

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Aikio, Mauri. Hyperspectral prism-grating-prism imaging spectrograph. Espoo [Finland]: Technical Research Centre of Finland, 2001.

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Harrison, Ken M. Grating Spectroscopes and How to Use Them. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1397-4.

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Scherer, Kai Hermann. Grating-Based X-Ray Phase-Contrast Mammography. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39537-1.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Deformed ellipsoidal diffraction grating blank: Final report. Chelmsford, MA: SORL, 1994.

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service), SpringerLink (Online, ed. Grating Spectroscopes and How to Use Them. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2012.

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Daud, Suzairi, and Jalil Ali. Fibre Bragg Grating and No-Core Fibre Sensors. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90463-4.

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Low, Andy Lock Yen. Analysis and design of grating-embedded optical filters. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 2002.

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Y, Choe Joon, Oh Tae K, and National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.), eds. High resolution grating-assisted acousto-optic tunable filter. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1998.

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Y, Choe Joon, Oh Tae K, and National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.), eds. High resolution grating-assisted acousto-optic tunable filter. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Grating"

1

Weik, Martin H. "grating." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary, 689. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_8046.

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Hashimoto, Ken-ya. "Grating." In Surface Acoustic Wave Devices in Telecommunications, 25–46. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04223-6_2.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Diffraction Grating." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 220. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_3651.

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Weik, Martin H. "Bragg grating." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary, 142. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_1812.

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Weik, Martin H. "diffraction grating." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary, 406. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_4990.

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Eichler, Hans Joachim, Peter Günter, and Dieter W. Pohl. "Mechanisms of Grating Formation and Grating Materials." In Laser-Induced Dynamic Gratings, 38–93. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-39662-8_3.

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Tan, Kang, Ping Dong, Wanchun Gou, Qi Guo, and Yi Li. "Experimental Study on Inclination Test of Fiber Bragg Grating." In Advances in Frontier Research on Engineering Structures, 503–15. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8657-4_45.

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AbstractDeep displacement monitoring is an important means to monitor the deformation of slope, landslide and deep foundation pit. Traditional deep displacement monitoring uses manual inclinometer, which is time-consuming and laborious, and has large manual operation error, so it is impossible to realize automatic monitoring. It is urgent to adopt new technical means to make up for these shortcomings. Based on fiber Bragg grating sensing technology and beam bending theory, this paper establishes the calculation formula of fiber Bragg grating deep inclinometer, which can calculate the deep displacement curve of inclinometer through the change of fiber Bragg grating center wavelength; The strain sensitivity coefficient of fiber Bragg grating is calibrated by indoor calibration test. The experimental results show that the center wavelength of fiber Bragg grating has a high correlation with strain, and the relationship is linear. The strain and displacement of inclinometer tube are monitored and compared by indoor model test. The test results show that the displacement error calculated by fiber Bragg grating is 2% ~ 12%, which can meet the needs of deep displacement monitoring. The relevant conclusions provide a certain reference for the research of fiber Bragg grating deep displacement monitoring.
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Deeg, F. W. "Transient Grating Spectroscopy." In Dynamics During Spectroscopic Transitions, 456–505. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79407-0_12.

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Suresh, R., S. C. Tjin, and J. Hao. "Fiber Bragg Grating." In Advanced Topics in Science and Technology in China, 413–39. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24463-6_11.

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Caucheteur, Christophe, and Tuan Guo. "Fiber Grating Devices." In Handbook of Optical Fibers, 1–27. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1477-2_42-1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Grating"

1

Nasanen, Risto. "Effect of noise on contrast thresholds for gratings." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1987.thpo50.

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Contrast thresholds were measured for sinusoidal gratings at different spatial frequencies and grating areas with and without additive static spatial noise. The increase of contrast threshold produced by noise was dependent on spatial frequency and gratng area: for high spatial frequencies and small grating areas the increase of thresholds was larger than for low spatial frequencies and large grating areas.
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Awwal, A. A. S., D. Klemer, T. Birt, M. Vallapareddy, C. Kurek, H. Kauffman, S. Turumella, and J. Flahive. "Laser beam diameter measurement using a periodic logarithmic grating." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1991.thbb6.

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Measurement of the laser beam diameter is essential for estimation of the beam divergence, in optical disks, and metrology application utilizing laser sensors. While the rectangular (Ronchi) ruling of a particular period (L) is capable of estimating the beam radius (ro) for ro/L ranging from between 0.2 and 1.2, triangular and sinusoid gratings1 extend the range to a much smaller radius compared to the grating period. The upper limit of the beam diameter measurement has recently been improved by formulation of an aperiodic ruling.2 However, because of the rectangular (discontinuous) nature of the grating, the lower values of the beam radius cannot be measured. In this work, we propose a novel grating with periodic logarithmic transmission characteristics that are capable of extending the range to both higher and lower values of the beam radius. Our proposed logarithmic periodic grating provides a linear variation of k for ro/L between 0 to 1.2. Using two or more gratings it is possible to extend the beam radius on a truly continuous scale. Gratings of such characteristics can be fabricated by contact screen method.
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Hartman, Nile F., and Elizabeth Twyford. "Electro-optically controlled waveguide grating switch." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1990.tuz1.

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An optical switch based on thick phase-reflective gratings and optical waveguides has been designed and tested. As a switch, the device offers both speed and high isolation. The switching mechanism relies on modulation of the grating diffraction efficiency by locally varying the average refractive index within the grating region of the waveguide. Electro-optic modulation of holographic phase gratings recorded in bulk LiNbO3 has been demonstrated previously.1 The performance of the bulk device, however, encounters severe limitations that are overcome by the waveguide design. In the waveguide configuration, gratings with thicknesses of more than 100 m can be fabricated. These gratings are capable of 100% diffraction efficiency and exhibit spectral bandwidths of only a few angstroms. The diffraction efficiency of such gratings is easily varied by addressing with a tunable narrow-spectral-bandwidth source or, alternatively, by locally varying the average refractive index within the grating region. The latter requires index differences of only 10−410−3. The experimental device described in this presentation used LiNbO3 and the linear electro-optic effect, although other active and passive mediums may be used. In addition to switching elements, modulators and grating based logic elements have also been designed.
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Kathman, A. D., E. G. Johnson, and M. L. Scott. "Multi-Beam Grating Structures." In Optical Design for Photonics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/odp.1993.tua.13.

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New systems are being developed around innovative diffractive optical components. Applications in optical interconnects, signal switching and interferometry have created a need for two-dimensional optical fanout gratings with unusual geometries. The increasingly complex gratings being designed for such optical fanout devices require specialized optimization algorithms to achieve desired performance. In this paper, we demonstrate optimization of a fanout grating in an n-dimensional solution space using a simulated annealing algorithm. The algorithm provides a successful first-order design which is further optimized using wave optics design software. A three beam grating is fabricated and tested; diffraction efficiencies will be reported. By means of the example below, we present a design algorithm for fanout grating of arbitrary geometry.
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Ebizuka, Noboru, Shin-ya Morita, Yutaka Yamagata, Minoru Sasaki, Andorea Bianco, Ayano Tanabe, Nobuyuki Hashimoto, Yasuhiro Hirahara, and Wako Aoki. "Birefringence Bragg Binary (3B) grating, quasi-Bragg grating and immersion gratings." In SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation, edited by Ramón Navarro, Colin R. Cunningham, and Allison A. Barto. SPIE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2055045.

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Noll, R. J., and S. H. Macomber. "Resonance Floquet-Block analysis for grating couplers and grating-surface-emitting lasers." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1989.mhh3.

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The rigorous Floquet-Block mode expansion1 used in the past to discuss off-resonance grating waveguide coupling is extended to the on-resonance condition using the method of grating eigenfunctions.2 The results of this theory are applied to a discussion of the grating/waveguide coupling problem as well as to the outcoupling of surface-emitting DFB and DBR lasers. Of special concern are second-order grating devices with thick metal gratings which cannot be handled by perturbation theory.
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Morey, W. W., G. A. Ball, G. Meltz, J. R. Dunphy, and A. D. Kersey. "Advances in Fiber Grating Sensors." In Photosensitivity and Quadratic Nonlinearity in Glass Waveguides. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/pqn.1995.pmc.1.

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Properly annealed fiber gratings can be used as sensor transducer elements at temperatures of 400° C over long periods of time without measurable changes. At 650° C, however, a problem was observed with creep or hysteresis of the grating response. At even higher temperatures diffusion of the core material will become a problem for long term operation. A couple new decoding schemes for fiber grating sensors use matched gratings and acousto-optic tunable filter in the decoding unit These systems can measure many grating transducer elements simultaneously with high sensitivity. Short cavity fiber lasers that utilized fiber gratings can also act as sensor transducer elements giving one ultra high sensitivities that are limited by the fundamental noise in the fiber. One fiber laser sensor uses hetrodyning to generate a signal that can be measured on an RF spectrum analyzer. New techniques for simultaneous measurement of temperature and strain will also be discussed.
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Larson, D. A., T. D. Black, and Robert Magnusson. "Optical probing investigations using holographic gratings in LiNbO3 and GaAs and the acoustooptic interaction with surface acoustic waves." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1989.wl36.

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The combined interaction of a probing laser beam with traveling and stationary gratings has been studied previously in the Raman-Nath diffraction regime.1,2 This analysis was recently extended to include the interaction of diffracted orders from a surface acoustic wave (SAW) with a stationary Bragg regime grating using coupled wave analysis.2 That report demonstrated that the modulated intensity of the diffracted orders due to the interaction of the probing beam with a SAW and a Raman-Nath regime reference grating was not necessarily sinusoidal. The resulting intensity modulation for the combined interaction of the beam with a SAW and a Bragg regime reference grating was found to be purely sinusoidal. In fact, for specular and primary diffracted orders from the acoustic grating satisfying the reference grating's Bragg condition simultaneously, the intensity is modulated at the fundamental SAW frequency. This paper summarizes the essential elements of the analysis and discusses experimental configurations used to study the interaction of a probing beam with a SAW and holographic reference gratings recorded in LiNbO3 and GaAs.
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Taglietti, Bruno, Hao Sun, Sehr Moosabhoy, and Lawrence R. Chen. "Random Subwavelength Grating Waveguide Bragg Gratings." In 2022 IEEE Photonics Conference (IPC). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ipc53466.2022.9975633.

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Moharam, M. G. "Bragg condition for asymmetric dielectric surface-relief gratings." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1988.tub5.

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Holographic planar gratings are fabricated by inducing perturbation in the refractive index (permittivity) in the medium. The Bragg condition for slanted or unslanted holographic gratings is given by 2nL cos(ϕ ‒ θ) = λ0, where L is the grating period, ϕ is the slant angle, θ is the angle of incidence measured in the grating medium, λ0 is the free-space wavelength, n is the refractive index of the grating medium neglecting the grating modulation. This approximation is generally valid since the index does not vary through the grating thickness and the index modulation is very small. Surface-relief gratings are fabricated by producing periodic perturbation in the surface of the grating medium. The above Bragg condition may be used for symmetric surface-relief gratings (ϕ = 90) in the form 2L sinθ0 = λ0, where θ0 is the angle of incidence in air. For asymmetric gratings, the average refractive index or permittivity of the grating varies though the grating thickness and is significantly different from the refractive indices of two regions forming the grating. The slant angle of the grating and the grating period needed in the Bragg condition are not defined. In this work, a condition for maximum diffraction efficiency for asymmetric surface-relief gratings is proposed. The predicted angles of incidence for maximum diffraction efficiency for several grating profiles are compared with the exact angles obtained using the rigorous coupled-wave analysis. Satisfactory agreement is shown for both TE and TM polarization for the various grating profiles considered. The proposed condition is shown to be a reliable indicator of the maximum efficiency.
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Reports on the topic "Grating"

1

Tai, Anthony M. Grating Interferometric Sensors. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada165593.

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Ronald E. Bell. Exploiting a Transmission Grating Spectrometer. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/836478.

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Nunes, J. A., W. G. Tong, D. W. Chandler, and L. A. Rahn. Four-wave mixing using polarization grating induced thermal grating in liquids exhibiting circular dichroism. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/481612.

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Bionta, R. M., and L. L. Ott. Transmission Grating Measurements of Undulator K. US: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA, May 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/899383.

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Petersson, N. Anders, Bjorn Sjogreen, and Samuel Schrauth. Numerical simulations of realistic grating compressors. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1481090.

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Bionta, R. M. Transmission Grating Measurements of Undulator K. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/993726.

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Fernow, R. C. The grating as an accelerating structure. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6064000.

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Schwarze, Craig. Low Cost Grating Based Laser Sensor. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada362289.

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Seim, John, Whitten L. Schulz, Eric Udd, and Mike Morrell. Higher Speed Demodulation of Fiber Grating Sensors. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada451133.

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Munter, A. E., S. Adenwalla, G. P. Felcher, and X. L. Zhou. Reflection of neutrons from an optical grating. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/28357.

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