Relevant bibliographies by topics / Grasslands ecosystems

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Grasslands ecosystems'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Grasslands ecosystems"

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Valkó, Orsolya, Rocco Labadessa, Salza Palpurina, Sabina Burrascano, Atushi Ushimaru, and Stephen Venn. "Conservation and diversity of Palaearctic grasslands – Editorial to the 5th EDGG special issue in Hacquetia." Hacquetia 18, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hacq-2019-0011.

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Abstract Palaearctic grasslands are diverse and dynamic ecosystems that are in the focus of ecology, conservation biology and agronomy. This special issue is dedicated to the biodiversity and conservation issues of Palaearctic grasslands and was initiated by the Eurasian Dry Grassland Group members attending the 14th Eurasian Dry Grassland Conference (EDGC) at Sulmona, Italy in 2018. The papers in this special issue cover a wide range of grassland ecosystems from mountain dry grasslands to lowland loess grasslands, feathergrass steppes and wet grasslands, and focus on the biodiversity values and conservation issues of Palaearctic grasslands. We believe that this compilation will contribute to a better understanding of the ecology of grasslands and support their more effective conservation.
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Kang, Le, Xingguo Han, Zhibin Zhang, and Osbert Jianxin Sun. "Grassland ecosystems in China: review of current knowledge and research advancement." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 362, no. 1482 (February 22, 2007): 997–1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2029.

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Grasslands are the dominant landscape in China, accounting for 40% of the national land area. Research concerning China's grassland ecosystems can be chronologically summarized into four periods: (i) pre-1950s, preliminary research and survey of grassland vegetation and plant species by Russians, Japanese and Western Europeans, (ii) 1950–1975, exploration and survey of vegetation, soils and topography as part of natural resource inventory programmes by regional and national institutions mainly led by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, (iii) 1976–1995, establishment of field stations for long-term ecological monitoring and studies of ecosystem processes, (iv) 1996–present, comprehensive studies of community dynamics and ecosystem function integrating multi-scale and multidisciplinary approaches and experimental manipulations. Major findings of scientific significance in China's grassland ecosystem research include: (i) improved knowledge on succession and biogeochemistry of the semi-arid and temperate grassland ecosystems, (ii) elucidation of life-history strategies and diapause characteristics of the native grasshopper species as one of the key grassland pests, and (iii) development of effective management strategies for controlling rodent pests in grassland ecosystems. Opportunities exist for using the natural grasslands in northern China as a model system to test ecosystem theories that so far have proven a challenge to ecologists worldwide.
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Gharun, Mana, Lukas Hörtnagl, Eugénie Paul-Limoges, Shiva Ghiasi, Iris Feigenwinter, Susanne Burri, Kristiina Marquardt, et al. "Physiological response of Swiss ecosystems to 2018 drought across plant types and elevation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1810 (September 7, 2020): 20190521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0521.

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Using five eddy covariance flux sites (two forests and three grasslands), we investigated ecosystem physiological responses to the 2018 drought across elevational gradients in Switzerland. Flux measurements showed that at lower elevation sites (below 1000 m.a.s.l.; grassland and mixed forest) annual ecosystem productivity (GPP) declined by approximately 20% compared to the previous 2 years (2016 and 2017), which led to a reduced annual net ecosystem productivity (NEP). At the high elevation sites, however, GPP increased by approximately 14% and as a result NEP increased in the alpine and montane grasslands, but not in the subalpine coniferous forest. There, increased ecosystem respiration led to a reduced annual NEP, despite increased GPP and lengthening of the growing period. Among all ecosystems, the coniferous forest showed the most pronounced negative stomatal response to atmospheric dryness (i.e. vapour pressure deficit, VPD) that resulted in a decline in surface conductance and an increased water-use efficiency during drought. While increased temperature enhanced the water-use efficiency of both forests, de-coupling of GPP from evapotranspiration at the low-elevation grassland site negatively affected water-use efficiency due to non-stomatal reductions in photosynthesis. Our results show that hot droughts (such as in 2018) lead to different responses across plants types, and thus ecosystems. Particularly grasslands at lower elevations are the most vulnerable ecosystems to negative impacts of future drought in Switzerland. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Impacts of the 2018 severe drought and heatwave in Europe: from site to continental scale’.
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Feng, Jiguang, Jingsheng Wang, Yanjun Song, and Biao Zhu. "Patterns of soil respiration and its temperature sensitivity in grassland ecosystems across China." Biogeosciences 15, no. 17 (September 3, 2018): 5329–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5329-2018.

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Abstract. Soil respiration (Rs), a key process in the terrestrial carbon cycle, is very sensitive to climate change. In this study, we synthesized 54 measurements of annual Rs and 171 estimates of Q10 value (the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration) in grasslands across China. We quantitatively analyzed their spatial patterns and controlling factors in five grassland types, including temperate typical steppe, temperate meadow steppe, temperate desert steppe, alpine grassland, and warm, tropical grassland. Results showed that the mean (±SE) annual Rs was 582.0±57.9 g C m−2 yr−1 across Chinese grasslands. Annual Rs significantly differed among grassland types, and was positively correlated with mean annual temperature, mean annual precipitation, soil temperature, soil moisture, soil organic carbon content, and aboveground biomass, but negatively correlated with soil pH (p<0.05). Among these factors, mean annual precipitation was the primary factor controlling the variation of annual Rs among grassland types. Based on the overall data across Chinese grasslands, the Q10 values ranged from 1.03 to 8.13, with a mean (±SE) of 2.60±0.08. Moreover, the Q10 values varied largely within and among grassland types and soil temperature measurement depths. Among grassland types, the highest Q10 derived by soil temperature at a depth of 5 cm occurred in alpine grasslands. In addition, the seasonal variation of soil respiration in Chinese grasslands generally cannot be explained well by soil temperature using the van't Hoff equation. Overall, our findings suggest that the combined factors of soil temperature and moisture would better predict soil respiration in arid and semi-arid regions, highlight the importance of precipitation in controlling soil respiration in grasslands, and imply that alpine grasslands in China might release more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere under climate warming.
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Tomaškin, Ján, Ján Jančovič, Ľuboš Vozár, and Judita Tomaškinová. "The effect of mineral fertilization on belowground plant biomass of grassland ecosystems." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 61, no. 5 (2013): 1431–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201361051431.

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Aim of the work was to determine the effect of different doses of mineral fertilization on belowground and aboveground plant biomass production of three different types of grasslands, to state R:S ratio (root:shoot) and turnover period of belowground plant biomass of grasslands. In the contribution, we assess production of underground biomass, tillering zone and aboveground biomass on three types of grasslands – permanent grassland (PG), over-sown grassland (OSG) and temporary grassland (TG) in sub-mountain area of central Slovakia. There were applied four levels of mineral nutrition in each grassland (non-fertilized variant, var. 30 kg.ha−1P and 60 kg.ha−1 K. var. 90 kg.ha−1 N + P30K60, var. 180 kg.ha−1 N + P30K60). The root biomass has the most significant share in the total biomass of grasslands (49.9–54.2 %), followed by tillering zone (33.3–36.0 %) and with the lowest share of aboveground biomass (11.9–16.8 %). A dominant share of root biomass and tillering zone ensure significant extra-productive functions of grasslands that contribute to the stability of agriculture landscape. We recorded the lowest amounts of root mass on TG (7.31 t.ha−1) and OSG (7.76 t.ha−1), the highest amounts on PG (8.52 t.ha−1). The specific nitrogen stimulating influence on root biomass production has been proven. Production of tillering zone was lower on OSG and TG (5.11 or 5.42 t.ha−1), significantly higher on PG (5.72 t.ha−1). We observed a significantly higher production of tillering zone with variants which were fertilized with nitrogen than on non-fertilized and PK fertilized. The lowest harvests of aboveground biomass were noticed on TG (5.80 t.ha−1), significantly higher on PG and OSG (6.35 or 6.54 t.ha−1). Mineral nutrition had a significant impact on production of aboveground biomass.R:S ratio of the assessed grasslands achieved the values from 4.02 to 5.16. Higher values on PG (5.16) are indicating its higher resistance to drought. Turnover time of root biomass was the longest on PG 3.5–5.0 years, on OSG and TG 2.5–3.5 years. Based on achieved results, we recommend using the fodder plants cultivation system on PG or OSG. Permanent grasslands are proved as ecologically more stable and more resistant to drought than temporary grasslands; they can together with optimal mineral nutrition provide adequate production of root biomass (8.5 t.ha−1) and a harvest of aboveground biomass (6.3 t.ha−1).
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Chang, Juan, Jiaxi Tian, Zengxin Zhang, Xi Chen, Yizhao Chen, Sheng Chen, and Zheng Duan. "Changes of Grassland Rain Use Efficiency and NDVI in Northwestern China from 1982 to 2013 and Its Response to Climate Change." Water 10, no. 11 (November 19, 2018): 1689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10111689.

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The grasslands in arid and semi-arid regions rely heavily on the use of rain, thus, improving rain use efficiency (RUE) is essential for securing sustainable development of grassland ecosystems in these areas with limited rainfall. In this study, the spatial and temporal variabilities of RUE for grassland ecosystems over Northwestern China during 1982–2013 were analyzed using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and precipitation data. Results showed that: (1) Although grassland area has decreased gradually over the past 30 years, the NDVI in most areas showed that the vegetation was gradually restored; (2) The trends of RUE increased in the east of Northwestern China and decreased in the west of Northwestern China. However, the trends of RUE for the high-coverage grasslands (vs. low-coverage grassland) increased (decreased) significantly over the past 30 years. (3) The RUE for the grasslands was positively correlated with air temperature, while it was negatively correlated with the change of annual mean precipitation in northwestern China. Moreover, the obvious RUE increasing trends were found in the vegetation restoration areas, while the RUE decreasing trends appeared in the vegetation degradation areas. This study will be helpful for understanding the impacts of climate change on securing the sustainable development of grassland ecosystems in arid and semi-arid regions.
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Yang, Y. H., J. Y. Fang, D. L. Guo, C. J. Ji, and W. H. Ma. "Vertical patterns of soil carbon, nitrogen and carbon: nitrogen stoichiometry in Tibetan grasslands." Biogeosciences Discussions 7, no. 1 (January 5, 2010): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-7-1-2010.

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Abstract. Vertical patterns of soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN) and C:N stoichiometry are crucial for understanding biogeochemical cycles in high-altitude ecosystems, but remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated vertical distributions of SOC and TN as well as their stoichiometric relationships in alpine grasslands on the Tibetan Plateau using data of 405 profiles surveyed from 135 sites across the plateau during 2001–2004. Our results showed that, both SOC and TN in alpine grasslands decreased with soil depth, while C:N ratio did not exhibit significant change along soil profile. The associations of SOC and TN content (amount per area) with environmental factors diminished with soil depth. Soil carbon content was nearly proportional to nitrogen content with a slope of 1.04 across various various grassland types. The slope did not differ significantly between alpine steppe and alpine meadow or between alpine grasslands and global ecosystems, and also did not reveal significant differences among various soil depth intervals, suggesting that soil carbon-nitrogen coupling is irrespective of ecosystem types and soil depths.
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Imran, Hafiz Ali, Damiano Gianelle, Michele Scotton, Duccio Rocchini, Michele Dalponte, Stefano Macolino, Karolina Sakowska, Cristina Pornaro, and Loris Vescovo. "Potential and Limitations of Grasslands α-Diversity Prediction Using Fine-Scale Hyperspectral Imagery." Remote Sensing 13, no. 14 (July 6, 2021): 2649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13142649.

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Plant biodiversity is an important feature of grassland ecosystems, as it is related to the provision of many ecosystem services crucial for the human economy and well-being. Given the importance of grasslands, research has been carried out in recent years on the potential to monitor them with novel remote sensing techniques. In this study, the optical diversity (also called spectral diversity) approach was adopted to check the potential of using high-resolution hyperspectral images to estimate α-diversity in grassland ecosystems. In 2018 and 2019, grassland species composition was surveyed and canopy hyperspectral data were acquired at two grassland sites: Monte Bondone (IT-MBo; species-rich semi-natural grasslands) and an experimental farm of the University of Padova, Legnaro, Padua, Italy (IT-PD; artificially established grassland plots with a species-poor mixture). The relationship between biodiversity (species richness, Shannon’s, species evenness, and Simpson’s indices) and optical diversity metrics (coefficient of variation-CV and standard deviation-SD) was not consistent across the investigated grassland plant communities. Species richness could be estimated by optical diversity metrics with an R = 0.87 at the IT-PD species-poor site. In the more complex and species-rich grasslands at IT-MBo, the estimation of biodiversity indices was more difficult and the optical diversity metrics failed to estimate biodiversity as accurately as in IT-PD probably due to the higher number of species and the strong canopy spatial heterogeneity. Therefore, the results of the study confirmed the ability of spectral proxies to detect grassland α-diversity in man-made grassland ecosystems but highlighted the limitations of the spectral diversity approach to estimate biodiversity when natural grasslands are observed. Nevertheless, at IT-MBo, the optical diversity metric SD calculated from post-processed hyperspectral images and transformed spectra showed, in the red part of the spectrum, a significant correlation (up to R = 0.56, p = 0.004) with biodiversity indices. Spatial resampling highlighted that for the IT-PD sward the optimal optical pixel size was 1 cm, while for the IT-MBo natural grassland it was 1 mm. The random pixel extraction did not improve the performance of the optical diversity metrics at both study sites. Further research is needed to fully understand the links between α-diversity and spectral and biochemical heterogeneity in complex heterogeneous ecosystems, and to assess whether the optical diversity approach can be adopted at the spatial scale to detect β-diversity. Such insights will provide more robust information on the mechanisms linking grassland diversity and optical heterogeneity.
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Breitkreuz, Sarah, Laio Silva Sobrinho, Leah Stachniak, and Scott Chang. "Can the Adaptive Multi-Paddock Grazing System Increase Carbon Sequestration in Alberta's Grassland Soils?" Alberta Academic Review 2, no. 2 (September 11, 2019): 13–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/aar52.

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Natural grasslands cover around 40% of the Earth’s surface and play an important role as a source of ecological goods and services. By sequestering around 30% of terrestrial global carbon, grasslands play a critical part in the alleviation of climate change. Despite their ecological significance, grasslands have been reduced to a fraction of their original extent. In Canada, up to 70% of grasslands have been destroyed, making it the most endangered ecosystem in North America. What remains is often intensely grazed and a diverse ecosystem of wild animals is replaced by domestic livestock. The continuous application of poor grazing management by ranchers is one of the main causes for the depletion of natural grasslands, resulting in the release of stored soil carbon back into the atmosphere. Fortunately, 60-70% of the depleted carbon can be re-sequestered through the adoption of improved grazing management, thus improving grassland ecosystems. The Adaptive Multi-Paddock (AMP) grazing system is an example of improved grazing management. AMP grazing is a system in which livestock is frequently rotated between multiple fenced paddocks. Compared to conventional grazing practices (Non-AMP), the AMP system is a favorable solution which can improve carbon sequestration in world wide grasslands soils– and in turn, contribute to the mitigation of climate change. By regenerating grassland ecosystems, AMP grazing could potentially aid in creating a more sustainable, resilient agroecosystem. Our goal is to study the effect of AMP grazing on soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration in Canadian grasslands. First, we collected soil cores from 30 study sites located throughout the grassland ecoregions in Canada. Each site consisted of a pair of ranches: one AMP and one Non-AMP. Second, we analyzed the soil cores for total carbon using an elemental analyzer. There does not seem to be any substantial difference in total carbon between AMP and Non-AMP systems, however we have yet to differentiate between soil organic carbon and soil inorganic carbon. Once we distinguish the two variables we will be able to confirm the effectiveness of the AMP grazing system in increasing carbon sequestration in Canadian grasslands. Literature Cited: Derner, J. D., & Schuman, G. E. (2007). Carbon sequestration and rangelands: a synthesis of land management and precipitation effects. Journal of soil and water conservation, 62(2), 77-85. Gauthier, D. A., & Wiken, E. B. (2003). Monitoring the conservation of grassland habitats, Prairie Ecozone, Canada. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 88(1-3), 343-364. Samson, F., & Knopf, F. (1994). Roundtable: prairie conservation in North America. BioScience, 44(6), 418-421 Kraus, D. (2016). Why Canada’s Prairies are the World’s Most Endangered Ecosystem. Retrieved from: http://www.natureconservancy.ca/en/blog/archive/grasslands-the-most.html#.XUnsE-hKi70 Lal, R. (2002). Soil carbon dynamics in cropland and rangeland. Environmental pollution, 116(3), 353-362 Teague, W. R. (2018). Forages and pastures symposium: Cover crops in livestock production: Whole-system approach: Managing grazing to restore soil health and farm livelihoods. Journal of animal science, 96(4), 1519-1530.
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Bai, W. M., M. Zhou, Y. Fang, and W. H. Zhang. "Differences in spatial and temporal root lifespan of temperate steppes across Inner Mongolia grasslands." Biogeosciences Discussions 12, no. 23 (December 15, 2015): 19999–20023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-19999-2015.

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Abstract. Lifespan of fine roots plays important roles in regulating carbon (C) cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. Determination of root lifespan and elucidation of its regulatory mechanism in different plant communities are essential for accurate prediction of C cycling from ecosystem to regional scales. Temperate steppes in Inner Mongolia grasslands have three major types, i.e., Stipa krylovii, Stipa grandis and Stipa breviflora grasslands. There have been no studies to compare the root dynamics among the three types of grasslands. In the present study, we determined root lifespan of the three grasslands using the rhizotron. We found that root lifespan differed substantially among the three types of grasslands within the temperate steppes of Inner Mongolia, such that root lifespan of Stipa breviflora > Stipa grandis > Stipa krylovii grasslands. Root lifespan across the three types of grasslands in the Inner Mongolian temperate steppes displayed a similar temporal pattern, i.e. lifespan of the roots produced in spring and autumn was shortest and longest, respectively, whereas lifespan of summer-produced roots was between that of roots produced in spring and autumn. The spatial and temporal differences in root lifespan across the three types of grasslands were mainly determined by contents of soluble sugars in roots of the dominant species. The differences in root lifespan across the major types of grasslands and different seasons highlight the necessity to take into account these differences in the prediction of C cycling within grassland ecosystem by the simulating model.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Grasslands ecosystems"

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Phipps, Sarah J. "Biodiversity of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in restored grasslands of different ages." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4538.

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Thesis (M.S.) University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on August 27, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.
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Edwards, Grant R. "The creation and maintenance of spatial heterogeneity in plant communities : the role of plant-animal interactions." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.239335.

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Mendez-Estrella, Romeo, Jose Romo-Leon, Alejandro Castellanos, Fabiola Gandarilla-Aizpuro, and Kyle Hartfield. "Analyzing Landscape Trends on Agriculture, Introduced Exotic Grasslands and Riparian Ecosystems in Arid Regions of Mexico." MDPI AG, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621492.

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Riparian Zones are considered biodiversity and ecosystem services hotspots. In arid environments, these ecosystems represent key habitats, since water availability makes them unique in terms of fauna, flora and ecological processes. Simple yet powerful remote sensing techniques were used to assess how spatial and temporal land cover dynamics, and water depth reflect distribution of key land cover types in riparian areas. Our study area includes the San Miguel and Zanjon rivers in Northwest Mexico. We used a supervised classification and regression tree (CART) algorithm to produce thematic classifications (with accuracies higher than 78%) for 1993, 2002 and 2011 using Landsat TM scenes. Our results suggest a decline in agriculture (32.5% area decrease) and cultivated grasslands (21.1% area decrease) from 1993 to 2011 in the study area. We found constant fluctuation between adjacent land cover classes and riparian habitat. We also found that water depth restricts Riparian Vegetation distribution but not agricultural lands or induced grasslands. Using remote sensing combined with spatial analysis, we were able to reach a better understanding of how riparian habitats are being modified in arid environments and how they have changed through time.
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Hsu, Joanna S. "Potential Effects of Altered Precipitation Regimes on Primary Production in Terrestrial Ecosystems." DigitalCommons@USU, 2011. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1053.

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In addition to causing an increase in mean temperatures, climate change is also altering precipitation regimes across the globe. General circulation models project both latitude-dependent changes in precipitation mean and increases in precipitation variability. These changes in water availability will impact terrestrial primary productivity, the fixation of carbon dioxide into organic matter by plants. In my thesis, I addressed the following three questions: 1.) What will be the relative effect of changes in the mean and standard deviation of annual precipitation on mean annual primary production? 2.) Which ecosystems will be the most sensitive to changes in precipitation? 3.) Will increases in production variability be disproportionately greater than increases in precipitation variability? I gathered 58 time series of annual precipitation and aboveground net primary production (ANPP) from long-term ecological study sites across the globe. I quantified the sensitivity of ANPP at each site to changes in precipitation mean and variance. My results indicated that mean ANPP is about 40 times more sensitive to changes in precipitation mean than to changes in precipitation variance. I showed that semi-arid ecosystems such as shortgrass steppe in Colorado or typical steppe in Inner Mongolia may be the most sensitive to changes in precipitation mean. At these sites and several others, a 1% change in mean precipitation may result in a change in ANPP that is greater than 1%. To address how increases in interannual precipitation variability will impact the variability of ANPP, I perturbed the variability of observed precipitation time series and evaluated the impact of this perturbation on predicted ANPP variability. I found that different assumptions about the precipitation-ANPP relationship had different implications for how increases in precipitation variability will impact ANPP variability. Increases in ANPP variability were always directly proportional to increases in precipitation variability when ANPP was modeled as a simple linear or a lagged function of precipitation. However, when ANPP was modeled as a nonlinear, saturating function of precipitation, increases in ANPP variability were disproportionately low compared to increases in precipitation variability during wet years but disproportionately high during dry years. My thesis addresses an existing research gap regarding the long-term impact of increases in interannual precipitation variability on key ecosystem functioning. I showed that increases in precipitation variability will have negligible impacts on ANPP mean and have disproportionately large impacts on ANPP variability only when ANPP is a concave down, nonlinear function of precipitation. My work also demonstrates the importance of the precipitation-ANPP relationship in determining the magnitude of impacts to ANPP caused by changes in precipitation. Finally, my thesis highlights the potential for considerable changes in ANPP variability due to increases in precipitation variability.
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Windhager, Steven. "An assessment of the use of seeding, mowing, and burning in the restoration of an oldfield to tallgrass prairie in Lewisville, Texas." Thesis, Connect to this title online, 1999. http://www.library.unt.edu/theses/open/19992/windhager%5Fsteven/index.htm.

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Psomas, Achilleas. "Hyperspectral remote sensing for ecological analyses of grasslands ecosystems : spectral separability and derivation of NPP related biophysical and biochemical parameters /." Zürich : RSL, Remote Sensing Laboratories, Department of Geography, University of Zürich, 2009. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?u20=9783037030202.

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Asandei, Ancuta. "Global warming : carbon-nutrient interactions and warming effects on soil carbon dynamics." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/17537.

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In order to predict how terrestrial ecosystems will respond to global change, there is growing recognition that we need to better understand linkages between plant and soil processes. Previously the factors and processes with potential to influence the terrestrial carbon (C) cycle have been investigated in isolation from each other. This study investigated the interactions of nutrient availability and warming in controlling the soil carbon dynamics, with regards to the fate of already sequestered carbon in soil, under conditions of increasing atmospheric temperatures. The project objectives were addressed by three independent experiments designed to explain specific components of the carbon-nutrient cycle interactions, and the findings brought together to describe the implications for future soil carbon storage. The main measurements collected throughout this project included soil carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes, partitioned into autotrophic and heterotrophic components, net ecosystem exchange and respiration fluxes, and background soil moisture and temperature data, backed by gas, soil and biomass analyses. In the two field experiments, these measurements were taken from plots with or without any inorganic nutrient additions or in the presence or absence of legumes providing biological nitrogen addition to the ecosystem. In the laboratory, temperature and nutrient availability were manipulated within the ecosystem. The reduction in decomposition rates, without reduction of productivity as a result of inorganic nutrient additions, indicated the potential for increasing C storage. There was also evidence that nutrient availability controls the strength of the link between plant and soil processes in semi-natural grasslands. The yields, decomposition rates and soil C fluxes recorded in the presence and absence of legumes provided some evidence of N2 fixation, improving ecosystem productivity and soil properties while reducing soil C effluxes, in a managed grassland. In the laboratory, the warming of soils from lysimeters with and without plants, receiving or not receiving fertiliser, supported the findings from field experiments regarding the importance of the soil-plant link in controlling C fluxes. However, C stocks and δ13C analyses showed that over a year’s worth of warming and nutrient manipulations made little difference to the amount of C stored in the soil, indicating that edaphic factors have greater control over the response of C dynamics to increased temperatures.
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Goldas, Camila da Silva. "Distúrbio por fogo nos campos sulinos: artrópodes e hemiptera como bioindicadores." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/117899.

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Distúrbios são eventos que modificam os processos e a biodiversidade presentes em um ecossistema. Estas mudanças dão origem a um processo de sucessão ecológica, onde o tempo de retorno a o estado anterior ao distúrbio e chamado de resiliência. Organismos bioindicadores são ferramentas amplamente utilizadas na compreensão destas relações entre os distúrbios e os ecossistemas. Campos são ecossistemas altamente diversos, que podem possuir importante relação com o distúrbio de fogo, sendo este possivel responsável por modelar sua distribuição e propriedades ecológicas. Os artrópodes são componentes importantes da biodiversidade, e possuem respostas rápidas aos distúrbios, características que os tornam ferramentas importantes no monitoramento desta. Dentre estes a ordem Hemiptera é recorrentemente utilizada como bioindicadora de distúrbios, devido ao fato de sua diversidade estar diretamente ligada à diversidade da vegetação onde estes se encontram. Neste estudo explorei as respostas da comunidade de artrópodes ao distúrbio causado pelo fogo, sendo este o tema do primeiro capítulo desta dissertação, e no segundo capítulo, aspectos da diversidade taxonômica e funcional da ordem Hemiptera (Heteroptera e Auchenorryncha) foram utilizados como ferramentas de compreensão dos efeitos do fogo sobre o ecossistema campestre. O experimento de fogo foi conduzido na Estação Experimental Agronômica da UFRGS em Eldorado do Sul. Instalei sete blocos de unidades experimentais, constituídos por duas parcelas de 10 x 10 m, sendo uma delas queimada em dezembro/2009. Realizei amostragens em quatro períodos: antes da queima e um, seis e 12 meses após a queima. Utilizei armadilhas pitfall no solo (cinco por parcela), e rede de varredura na vegetação (quatro transectos em cada parcela). Os artrópodes coletados foram classificados em ordens e contabilizados. Para a ordem Hemiptera classifiquei os adultos em famílias e os jovens em subordem, e para todos os indivíduos medi atributos morfológicos funcionais. No primeiro capítulo conclui-se que a comunidade de artrópodes responde às mudanças ambientais causados pelo fogo, com respostas distintas entre ordens, e entre os níveis da vegetação e sobre o solo. No solo, a resiliência dos artrópodes foi mais lenta do que em artrópodes da vegetação, provavelmente devido à reconstituição da camada de serrapilheira acontecer posteriormente à regeneração da vegetação, através da deposição de matéria orgânica morta. No segundo capítulo concluo que os efeitos do fogo sobre a vegetação campestre afetaram a comunidade de Hemiptera aumentando a abundância e diversidade deste grupo, padrão este que segue a diversificação da vegetação. Quanto aos atributos, o principal atributo selecionado foi aparelho sugador maior nas áreas queimadas. O período de desenvolvimento em que os organismos se encontram, adulto ou imaturo, parece ter sido mais fortemente selecionado pelas alterações do fogo.
Disturbances are events that modify processes and biodiversity present in an ecosystem. These changes lead to an ecological succession process, where the time to return to pre-disturbance state is called resilience. Bioindicators are tools widely used to understand these relationships between disturbances and ecosystems. Grasslands are highly diverse ecosystems and fire disturbance is an important factor there, responsible for shaping their distribution and ecological properties. Arthropods are key biodiversity components, and have fast responses to disturbances. These characteristics make them important tools for biodiversity monitoring. Among arthropods, the order Hemiptera is recurrently used as a bioindicators of disturbance, because their diversity is directly linked to vegetation diversity. This study explored the effects of fire on the arthropod community, which is the theme of the first chapter of this dissertation, and in the second chapter, aspects of taxonomic and functional diversity of the order Hemiptera (Heteroptera and Auchenorryncha) were used to understand the fire effects on the grasslands. Fire experiment was conducted at Estação Agronômica Experimental da UFRGS in Eldorado do Sul. I installed seven blocks of experimental units (two plots of 10 x 10 m) and one plot of each were burned in December 2009. Samplings occurred in four periods: before fire and one, six and 12 months after fire. I used pitfall traps in the soil (five per plot), and in vegetation we use sweep net (four transects in each plot). Arthropods collected were identified into orders. I classified the order Hemiptera adults in families and the young in suborders, and for each individual i measured functional morphological attributes. From the first chapter we conclude that the arthropod assemblage responds to environmental changes caused by fire, with distinct responses among arthropod orders and between the vegetation and ground levels. On the ground, arthropod community resilience is slower than for vegetation arthropods, probably due to a delay in the comeback of the litter soil layer which is subsequent to the regeneration of the vegetation, through deposition of dead organic matter. In the second chapter I conclude that the effects caused by fire affected the Hemiptera community, increasing abundance and diversity of this group. For functional attributes, the sucking apparatus was selected most in burned areas. The developmental period of the organisms, either adult or immature, seems to have been more strongly selected by fire-induced changes.
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Le, Stradic Soizig. "Composition, phenology and restoration of campo rupestre mountain grasslands - Brazil." Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00942593.

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Global environmental changes, especially land-use changes, have profound effects on both ecosystem functioning and biodiversity, having already altered many ecosystem services. These losses emphasize the need to preserve what remains; however when conservation programs are not sufficient, restoring areas that have been destroyed or disturbed can improve conservation efforts and mitigate damages. This work focuses on campos rupestres, Neotropical grasslands found at altitudes, which are part of the Cerrado (Brazilian savannas). They host a great biodiversity with a high level of endemism and, like other mountain ecosystems, provide valuable ecosystem services, such as water purification and recreational services. They have been and still are being impacted by human activities, such as civil engineering construction, quarrying or mining. The first objective of this thesis was to describe the reference ecosystem in order to aim for a clear restoration target and to monitor progress and success. We show that campos rupestres are composed of at least two distinct plant communities (i.e. sandy and stony grasslands), each having a specific composition and structure, hosting a great biodiversity. Several phenological patterns occur among the herbaceous communities: the majority of species flowers and fruits appear during the rainy season but other patterns can be observed. During our 2-year survey, some dominant species belonging to Poaceae, among others, were not observed reproducing, which implies limited chances to disperse on degraded areas. Campo rupestre vegetation is not resilient following a strong disturbance: several years after the disturbance, almost no native species are encountered on the degraded areas, soils are completely altered and seed bank recomposes only with non-target ruderal species. According to the filter model, a local community is a subset of the regional species pool determined by a set of dispersal, abiotic and biotic filters. Acting on the different filters to influence the plant community was the core of our restoration interventions. We then applied three in-situ restoration protocols (hay transfer, species translocation and turf translocation) to restore both kinds of grassland. Hay transfer does not allow the restoration of campo rupestre vegetation because of soil alteration and mainly because of poor seed quality. Indeed, germination studies show that, while some Xyridaceae and Velloziaceae have a high germinability, some dominant Poaceae, Cyperaceae or Asteraceae species have embryoless, unviable or dormant seeds, which makes seeding less efficient. There is no evidence that fire-related cues enhance germination in campos rupestres. Species translocation is successful for only one species, Paspalum erianthum; for the others, root damages probably impede survival. Finally, turf translocation is the most successful method, since numerous species are re-introduced on degraded areas. However due to the low resilience of pristine campos rupestres where turfs are taken from, turf translocation can only be considered in the case of habitat rescue, in circumstances when complete habitat destruction is otherwise unavoidable. Face to the difficulty to restore these peculiar grasslands, the protection and the conservation of campos rupestres must be made a high priority
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Andrade, Bianca Ott. "Interação solo-vegetação campestre:estudos de caso em diferentes escalas ecológicas." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/148772.

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Enquanto em regiões temperadas o conhecimento sobre a relação solo-vegetação é consolidado, nos trópicos e subtrópicos é preliminar. É urgente a necessidade de se determinar os fatores abióticos que controlam padrões vegetacionais visando dar suporte a estudos de recuperação e conservação. O presente estudo analisa a relação entre fatores abióticos e vegetação campestre na forma de três artigos científicos (capítulos I, II e III) e um artigo de revisão (capítulo IV). Nos primeiros três artigos, analisou-se a variância da vegetação em diferentes escalas ecológicas; e no artigo de revisão, discutiu-se de forma aplicada a variância de fatores bióticos e abióticos em resposta à degradação. Dessa forma, a presente tese objetivou responder as seguintes questões: (I) Que diferenças podem ser observadas dentro de uma mesma espécie quanto à funcionalidade e suas estratégias de alocação sob diferentes graus de disponibilidade de recursos?; (II) Quão variáveis são as propriedades físicas e químicas do solo em diferentes escalas espaciais; e existem propriedades dos solos que podem explicar com maior precisão a distribuição das espécies em diferentes escalas espaciais? (III) Que porcentagem de variância da vegetação pode ser explicada por propriedades pedológicas e climáticas; e quais características de solo e clima melhor explicam esses padrões de vegetação? No capítulo IV é apresentado um modelo conceitual sobre degradação dos campos e sua aplicação aos campos do Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Para responder as questões acima usei dados ao nível de espécie de campos calcáreos da Alemanha (capítulo I); dados ao nível de comunidade em seis áreas campestres do Rio Grande do Sul, sul do Brasil (capítulos II e III); e através da revisão de literatura relacionada à degradação, quanto à capacidade de recuperação dos campos do RS (capítulo IV). Os resultados evidenciaram que: (I) dentro de espécies ficaram evidentes duas estratégias frente à limitação de recursos, enquanto a resposta dos atributos aos diferentes tratamentos se mostrou constante; (II) a variação dos parâmetros do solo relaciona-se à escala espacial aplicada e a variância da vegetação geralmente responde a diferentes parâmetros de solo em diferentes escalas; (III) 45% da variância da vegetação entre biomas nos campos do RS foi explicada por características pedológicas e climáticas, sendo em grande parte governada pela precipitação anual e a porcentagem de saturação por alumínio do solo; e (IV) o modelo conceitual apresenta variações ao longo de dois eixos (biótico e abiótico) e poderá servir de suporte a estudos de conservação e recuperação de campos tropicais e suptropicais, bem como facilitar a tomada de decisões quanto ao manejo e conservação. Como conclusão geral, verificou-se que a vegetação campestre responde a variações ambientais em diferentes escalas espaciais e pode adotar diferentes estratégias para sobrepor filtros ambientais e processos de degradação. O entendimento da relação entre a vegetação e o meio abiótico é de grande importância para tomada de decisões quanto ao emprego de formas alternativas de manejo e conservação.
Whereas in temperate regions the abiotic-biotic relationship is well-known, in the tropics and subtropics our understanding is still preliminary. There is an urgent need to determine abiotic factors that control vegetation patterns in order to give support to restoration and conservation approaches. The present thesis analyses the relationship between abiotic factors and grassland vegetation in three original research papers (chapters I, II and III) and a review paper (chapter IV). In the first three papers, vegetation variance in response to abiotic factors was analyzed at different ecological scales; and in the fourth, the variance in biotic and abiotic factors in response to degradation process was discussed with a more applied view. Thus in this thesis the aim is to answer the following questions: (I) Which differences can be found in functional plant traits and allocation strategies within species at different levels of water and nutrient availability?; (II) How variable are physical and chemical parameters in different spatial scales; and are there soil parameters that can more accurately explain plant distribution in different spatial scales? (III) How much of RS grassland vegetation variance can be explained by soil and climatic properties; and which climatic and soil properties better explain these vegetation patterns? In chapter IV a conceptual model of grassland degradation is presented and applied to Rio Grande do Sul (RS) grasslands. To address these questions I used species-level data in a calcareous grassland in Germany (chapter I); community-level data in six sites in RS, South Brazilian grasslands (chapter II and III); and a review of literature studies concerning RS grassland degradation and restorability (chapter IV). The results showed that: (I) at a intraspecific level, the study species showed two allocation strategies in relation to resource stress, while the responses of individual traits to the soil treatments were consistent across species; (II) soil parameters variation are related to the measurement scale applied and the vegetation variance often responds to different soil parameters at different scales; (III) climatic and soil properties explained 45% of vegetation variance between biomes in RS grasslands and the main factors controlling its variance are annual precipitation and percent aluminum saturation; and (IV) the conceptual model is displayed as biotic and abiotic changes along the axes and can serve as a general framework to study degradation and restorability of tropical and subtropical grasslands, and further it may facilitate decisions on alternative management and conservation. As a general conclusion, the grassland vegetation responds to changes in the environment in different scales and may use different strategies to overcome environmental selective forces and degradation process. The understanding of this relationship is of high importance to facilitate decisions on alternative management and conservation.
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Books on the topic "Grasslands ecosystems"

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Biodiversity of grasslands. New York: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark, 2012.

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Keith, McDougall, Hyde Michael, and World Wide Fund for Nature (Australia), eds. Australia's most threatened ecosystems: The southeastern lowland native grasslands. Chipping Norton,NSW,Australia: Surrey Beatty in association with The World Wide Fund for Nature, Australia, 1995.

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Box, James E., ed. Root Demographics and Their Efficiencies in Sustainable Agriculture, Grasslands and Forest Ecosystems. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5270-9.

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Dunning, Glenna. The role of fire in the ecosystems of forests and grasslands: A partially annotated bibliography. Monticello, Ill., USA: Vance Bibliographies, 1990.

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Lemaire, Gilles. Grassland productivity and ecosystem services. Cambridge, MA: CABI, 2011.

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Li, Linghao, Jiquan Chen, Xingguo Han, Wenhao Zhang, and Changliang Shao. Grassland Ecosystems of China. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3421-8.

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Siobhan, Murray, Rohweder Mark, and World Resources Institute, eds. Pilot analysis of global ecosystems: Grassland ecosystems. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute, 2000.

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Lemaire, G., J. Hodgson, and A. Chabbi, eds. Grassland productivity and ecosystem services. Wallingford: CABI, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781845938093.0000.

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Finton, Nancy. Ecosystems. Washington, D.C: National Geographic, 2004.

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Thornley, J. H. M. Grassland dynamics: An ecosystem simulation model. Wallingford, UK: CAB International, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Grasslands ecosystems"

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Mishra, Niti B., and Kenneth R. Young. "Savannas and Grasslands." In Terrestrial Ecosystems and Biodiversity, 235–47. Second edition. | Boca Raton: CRC Press, [2020] | Revised edition of: Encyclopedia of natural resources. [2014].: CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429445651-30.

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Li, Linghao, Jiquan Chen, Xingguo Han, Wenhao Zhang, and Changliang Shao. "Major Regional Grasslands in China." In Ecosystems of China, 81–120. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3421-8_4.

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Tognetti, Pedro M. "Case Study: Novelty Measurement in Pampean Grasslands." In Novel Ecosystems, 205–11. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118354186.ch25.

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Noss, Reed F. "Biological Hotspots and Endangered Ecosystems." In Forgotten Grasslands of the South, 73–115. Washington, DC: Island Press/Center for Resource Economics, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-225-9_3.

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Otsamo, Antti. "Effect of fertilizing on establishment and early growth of tree plantations on Imperata cylindrica grasslands." In Soils of Tropical Forest Ecosystems, 137–43. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03649-5_15.

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Titlyanova, A. A., N. A. Kosych, and N. P. Mironycheva-Tokareva. "Dynamics of below-ground plant organs in grasslands." In Root Demographics and Their Efficiencies in Sustainable Agriculture, Grasslands and Forest Ecosystems, 247–63. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5270-9_20.

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Ohta, Seiichi, Kazuhito Morisada, Nagaharu Tanaka, Yoshiyuki Kiyono, and Syarif Effendi. "Are Soils in Degraded Dipterocarp Forest Ecosystems Deteriorated? A Comparison of Imperata Grasslands, Degraded Secondary Forests, and Primary Forests." In Rainforest Ecosystems of East Kalimantan, 49–57. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-67911-0_4.

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Kubíček, F., L. Šomšak, and V. Šimonovič. "Root biomass of the root-herb layer in coniferous ecosystems of Slovakia." In Root Demographics and Their Efficiencies in Sustainable Agriculture, Grasslands and Forest Ecosystems, 139–45. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5270-9_11.

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Tarshis, L. G., and G. I. Tarshis. "Morphological intraspecific diversity of below-ground organs in herbs and dwarf shrubs inhabiting the Urals." In Root Demographics and Their Efficiencies in Sustainable Agriculture, Grasslands and Forest Ecosystems, 155–63. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5270-9_13.

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Gáborčík, N. "Some aspects of the root system of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)." In Root Demographics and Their Efficiencies in Sustainable Agriculture, Grasslands and Forest Ecosystems, 237–46. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5270-9_19.

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Conference papers on the topic "Grasslands ecosystems"

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Trofimova, Lyudmila. "HERBAL ECOSYSTEMS IN AGROLANDSCAPES VORONEZH-BORISOGLEBSK DISTRICT OF MIDDLE-RUSSIAN PROVINCE FOREST-STEPPE ZONE OF THE CENTRAL BLACK EARTH RUSSIA." In Multifunctional adaptive fodder production. ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2020-24-72-54-58.

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The characteristic of the spread herbal ecosystems in the agrolandscapes of the Voronezh-Borisoglebsk district Middle Russian province forest-steppe zone Central Black Earth of Russia is given. Oska-Don meadow steppes and steppificated grasslands in complex with the vegetation of solonets and southern differences of Middle Russian meadow steppes predominate.
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Almeida-Ñauñay, Andrés, Rosa M. Benito, Miguel Quemada, Juan C. Losada, and Ana M. Tarquis. "Recurrence techniques for the analysis of vegetation indices and climate anomalies: a study case in semiarid grasslands." In Remote Sensing for Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Hydrology XXIII, edited by Christopher M. Neale and Antonino Maltese. SPIE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2600222.

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Stroope, Timothy L., Joseph T. Gurrieri, and Kathleen A. Dwire. "INVENTORY AND MONITORING OF GROUNDWATER DEPENDENT ECOSYSTEMS: PROTOCOL IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULTS FOR NATIONAL FORESTS AND GRASSLANDS." In GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017am-305733.

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Siegmund, Robert, Stephanie Redl, Melanie Wagner, and Stephan Hartmann. "Grassland monitoring based on Sentinel-1." In Remote Sensing for Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Hydrology XXI, edited by Christopher M. Neale and Antonino Maltese. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2532801.

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Russo, Lucia, and Konstantinos G. Spiliotis. "Bifurcation analysis of a forest-grassland ecosystem." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF NUMERICAL ANALYSIS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS 2015 (ICNAAM 2015). Author(s), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4951933.

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Brown, J. F. "Mapping global grassland ecosystems: a comparison of four data sets." In IGARSS '98. Sensing and Managing the Environment. 1998 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing. Symposium Proceedings. (Cat. No.98CH36174). IEEE, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.1998.703756.

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Lu, Liping, Zhihao Qin, Bin Xu, Weiguo Tao, and Lipeng Jiang. "Remote sensing monitoring of grass growing in grassland ecosystems of China." In Geoinformatics 2007, edited by Weimin Ju and Shuhe Zhao. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.760772.

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Jiang, Lipeng, Zhihao Qin, Liping Lu, Wen Xie, and Wenjuan Li. "Monitoring grassland ecosystem degradation using EOS/MODIS data in North China." In Remote Sensing, edited by Manfred Ehlers and Ulrich Michel. SPIE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.689414.

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Spiliotis, Konstantinos G., and Lucia Russo. "Shifts and oscillations in a forest-grassland ecosystem affected by fire." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF COMPUTATIONAL METHODS IN SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING 2016 (ICCMSE 2016). Author(s), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4968712.

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Döpper, Veronika, Alby Duarte Rocha, Tobias Gränzig, Birgit Kleinschmit, and Michael Förster. "Using radiative transfer models for mapping soil moisture content under grassland with UAS-borne hyperspectral data." In Remote Sensing for Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Hydrology XXIII, edited by Christopher M. Neale and Antonino Maltese. SPIE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2600296.

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Reports on the topic "Grasslands ecosystems"

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Herold, Jamie, and Kitty McCracken. Grassland Ecosystem Management Plan for the Oak Ridge Reservation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1476430.

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Finch, Deborah M. Ecosystem disturbance and wildlife conservation in western grasslands - A symposium proceedings. Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rm-gtr-285.

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Owensby, C. E., J. M. Ham, C. W. Rice, and A. K. Knapp. Processes Affecting Carbon Fluxes of Grassland Ecosystems Under Elevated CO{sub 2}. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/759206.

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Field, Christopher, Harold Mooney, and Peter Vitousek. Threshold responses to interacting global changes in a California grassland ecosystem. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1169531.

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Finch, Deborah M. Assessment of grassland ecosystem conditions in the Southwestern United States. Vol. 1. Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rmrs-gtr-135-v1.

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Jaworski, Delilah, Jeffrey D. Kline, Chris Miller, Kawa Ng, Mike Retzlaff, Henry Eichman, and Doug Smith. Evaluating Ecosystem Services as Management Outcomes in National Forest and Grassland Planning Assessments. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-gtr-968.

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Jaworski, Delilah, Jeffrey D. Kline, Chris Miller, Kawa Ng, Mike Retzlaff, Henry Eichman, and Doug Smith. Evaluating Ecosystem Services as Management Outcomes in National Forest and Grassland Planning Assessments. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-gtr-968.

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Owensby, C. E., J. M. Ham, C. Rice, and A. Knapp. Processes affecting carbon fluxes of grassland ecosystems under elevated CO{sub 2}. Progress report, 1996--97. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/564137.

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Finch, Deborah M. Assessment of grassland ecosystem conditions in the Southwestern United States: Wildlife and fish. Vol. 2. Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rmrs-gtr-135-v2.

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Stumpff, Linda M., Fernando Sanchez-Trigueros, Alan E. Watson, Florence Mdodi, and Aaron Teasdale. Grassland, forest and riparian ecosystems on mixed-ownership federal lands adjacent to the Crow Indian Reservation: Developing a protective shield for sustainability of the environment and culture from the impacts of climate-related disturbance. Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rmrs-gtr-410.

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