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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Grassland'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 March 2023

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1

Stevens, Randall Elliott. "The use of weed technology in Palouse prairie remnants for management and restoration." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2010. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Summer2010/r_stevens_051010.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in crop science)--Washington State University, August 2010.
Title from PDF title page (viewed on July 30, 2010). "Department of Crop and Soil Sciences." Includes bibliographical references.

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2

Soest, Francien van. "Factors determining location and species composition of wet grasslands in Southwest England /." Utrecht : Royal Dutch Geographical Society [u.a.], 2005. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0710/2007385399.html.

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3

Wissman, Jörgen. "Grazing regimes and plant reproduction in semi-natural grasslands /." Uppsala : Department of Conservation Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2006. http://epsilon.slu.se/200640.pdf.

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4

Schmitz, Anja [Verfasser]. "Grassland management with horses: Its role in grassland utilization in Germany and the effects on grassland vegetation / Anja Schmitz." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1225556112/34.

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5

Gustavsson, Eva. "Grassland plant diversity in relation to historical and current land use /." Uppsala : Dept. of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/2007106.pdf.

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6

Ložytė, Aurelija. "The influence of agri-environmental measures based grassland management on grassland plant communities." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140526_082518-10331.

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Grassland is an important component of agrarian landscape, performing wide range of ecological, economic and social functions. Long-term changes of the conditions of habitats, determined by human economic activities, influence the state of grassland plants. Rural Development Programme for Lithuania 2007–2013 sets measure to preserve biological diversity of grassland. The purpose of it is to reduce negative anthropogenic effect on grassland plant communities using the EU funds. Having researched the differences of grassland plant diversity and economic value, influenced by different intensity economic activities, the main objective of this paper is to evaluate the efficiency of EU regulated, agri-environmental measures based, grassland management methods in small farming sector of Lithuania. The research, involving the assessment of the number of plant species, diversity of plant families, distribution of relative plant abundance, and dominance of plant species in plant communities in grassland managed traditionally and according to the requirements of agri-environmental farming, showed that both types of grassland had similar plant communities. Such conclusion was drawn from the analysis of Jaccard and Sörensen similarity coefficients. The difference of plant adaptation to soil dampness, acidity, and nutrition was not statistically significant in grasslands of both types. Most of the plants in grassland researched were mesophytes; soil acidity was not a determining factor to... [to full text]
Pievos yra svarbus agrarinio kraštovaizdžio komponentas, atliekantis įvairias ekologines, ekonomines ir socialines funkcijas. Ilgalaikiai augaviečių sąlygų pokyčiai, kuriuos lemia žmogaus ūkinė veikla, įtakoja pievų augalų būklę. Lietuvos kaimo plėtros 2007–2013 m. programoje numatyta priemonė pievų biologinės įvairovės išsaugojimui, kurios tikslas panaudojant ES lėšas mažinti neigiamą antropogeninį poveikį pievų augalų bendrijoms. Ištyrus pievų augalijos įvairovės ir ūkinės vertės skirtumus, sąlygotus skirtingos ūkinės veiklos intensyvumo, šio darbo tikslas įvertinti reglamentuotų, ES agrarinės aplinkosaugos priemonėmis paremtų, pievų tvarkymo metodų efektyvumą smulkiuose Lietuvos ūkiuose. Atliktas tyrimas parodė, kad įvertinus augalų rūšių skaičių, augalų šeimų įvairovę, augalų rūšių santykinio gausumo pasiskirstymą, dominuojančias augalų rūšis tradiciniais ir agrarinės aplinkosaugos reikalavimus atitinkančiais ūkininkavimo metodais tvarkomose pievose, nustatyta, kad jose augo panašios augalų bendrijos. Tai parodė ir Žakaro bei Sörensen bendrumo koeficientų reikšmės. Abiejų tipų pievose rastų augalų rūšių prisitaikymo prie dirvožemio drėgmės, rūgštingumo, turtingumo maisto medžiagomis rodiklių reikšmės statistiškai reikšmingai nesiskyrė. Pievų augalų bendrijose vyravo mezofitai, daugumai augalų rūšių dirvožemio rūgštingumas buvo neįtakojantis veiksnys, pievoms būdingi mezooligotrofiniai ir mezotrofiniai žolynai. Tyrimas parodė, kad biologinės įvairovės apsaugai palankus... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

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7

Blake, Shona. "Effects of management practices on the ground beetle assemblages of grassland and related habitats (Coleoptera: Carabidae)." Thesis, Connect to e-thesis, 1996. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/702/.

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Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Glasgow, 1996.
Ph.D. thesis submitted to the Environmental Sciences Department, Scottish Agricultural College, 1996. Includes bibliographical references. Print version also available.

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8

Allan, Eric. "Herbivore interactions and grassland biodiverity." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.486760.

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The role of vertebrate herbivores in affecting plant diversity and coexistence in grasslands is well known. What is less clear is the importance of invertebrate herbivores and how different groups of herbivores might interact to affect plant communities. I will present data from a 16 year study which factorially excluded insects, molluscs and rabbits in an acid grassland in South East England. Rabbits play a keystone role in preventing tree invasion and therefore maintaining the community as a grassland. The invertebrate herbivores are also important but have contrasting effects: a specialist insect Diuraphis hold feeds on the competitive dominant Holcus mollis, reducing its competitiveness and allowing the coexistence ofother grasses and of forbs. Molluscs feed on forbs, particularly forb seedlings, and therefore reduce diversity by excluding these species. These resulted are supported by short tenn (three year) exclusions ofthese herbivores.One ofthese experiments also excluded fungi, with foliar fungicides, and it suggests that pathogenic fungi may be important in maintaining grassland diversity as well, by reducing the dominance of, in particular Festuca ruhra. The invertebrate herbivores may also interact with the fungi. As mentioned above mollusc herbivores have their greatest impact at the recruitment stage and my thesis will include data from an experiment with mollusc and rabbit exclusion as well as seed sowing and the use ofselective herbicides, to show what effect molluscs have on seedling recnntment and how this interacts with plant competition

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9

Cook, A. A. "Auchenorrhyncha of a calcareous grassland." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/34310.

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1) The Auchenorrhyncha of the Deeps, an area of calcareous grassland in Northamptonshire, were surveyed. Two contrasting sites within grassland, one with taller (50 - 70 cm) vegetation dominated by Brachypodium pinnatum and the other with shorter (10-20 cm) vegetation dominated by Festuca spp., were sampled with both an Univac vacuum sampler and a sweep net between April 22 and September 9, 1987. On two occasions sticky traps were also used. Most of the commoner species showed a marked preference for one or other of the sampling sites. The majority of the 40 species of Auchenorrhyncha recorded from the site during the entire study was found during the survey. 2) The nymphs of the commoner species of Cicadellidae encountered during the study were identified and described. Most of the identifications were made by rearing the nymphs to maturity by confining them in clip-cages on grasses, which were grown in plastic pots in a greenhouse. A key to the nymphs, illustrated by drawing and photographs, was constructed. 3) Choice experiments were conducted in a greenhouse on two of the common species of cicadellid recorded at the Deeps; Adarrus multinotatus and Turrutus socialis. Adult specimens of the two species were collected from the field and released into a cage with seven species of the commoner grasses found at the Deeps. Collections of the leafhoppers made from the grasses indicated that A. multinotatus was specific to Brachypodium pinnatum and Turrutus socialis had a wide host range, with a preference for Avenula pubescens and Festuca rubra. 4) Choice experiments were conducted in the field over a three year period (1990 -1992). Replicated grass species, grown in plastic pots, were sunk into the ground in both the sites initially surveyed at the Deeps. Auchenorrhyncha were collected from the grasses at intervals by carefully removing pots from the ground and brushing the plant inside a muslin cage. Auchenorrhyncha removed from the grasses in this way were collected from the cage with pooters. The data obtained from this aspect of the study indicated that a number of species of Auchenorrhyncha were specific to one grass species or genus, a few species were associated with a well defined range of grasses and a third group (the largest) had a wide host range. 5) During the first year of the field choice experiments an investigation into the role of plant nitrogen in host selection by Auchenorrhyncha was undertaken. The response of Auchenorrhyncha to the 'natural' range of total leaf nitrogen found in unfertilised grasses grown in pots and their response to grasses fertilised with NH4NO3 were studied. Total leaf nitrogen was measured using a micro-Kjeldahl digestion. Although this aspect of the study was limited, the results indicated that only a few species at the Deeps selected plant hosts with a high nitrogen content. 6) Greenhouse no-choice experiments were conducted on the survival and oviposition of Adarrus multinotatus and Turrutus socialis and the survival of Criomorphus albomarginatus on a range of potential host grasses. The survival and oviposition of specimens contained in clip-cages on potential host grasses grown in plastic pots was monitored. The results obtained supported the results of the choice experiments, indicating that A. multinotatus was specific to B. pinnatum, T. socialis had a wide host range, and C. albomarginatus was specific to F. rubra. 7) Observations were made on the oviposition behaviour of a number of species, in addition to those described in 6) above, which were confined on host plants in clip-cages. Dead or living leaf sheaths were most commonly used for oviposition, although flower stems and leaves were also used. Generally, the species observed appeared to be specific in their choice of oviposition site.

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10

Allan, Eric. "Herbivore interactions and grassland biodiversity." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/11256.

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11

Hadden, Susan A. "Composition and ecology of the flora and fauna of remnant native grasslands of the western basalt plains and northern plains of Victoria : implications for management on private property." Thesis, Federation University Australia, 1998. http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/157195.

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"This thesis investigated a) the effects of the removal of grazing on the botanical composition, structure and biomass of two long-grazed species-rich grassland remnants, b) the habitat use and requirements of the ground-dwelling mammal, reptile and amphibian fauna and c) the composition, and abundance of the beetle, ant and spider assemblages."
Doctor of Philosophy

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12

Lee, Stephanie L. "Post-fire successional effects on breeding grassland birds in mesquite savanna habitats of the Texas rolling plains." Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4672.

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North American grasslands and grassland birds have declined drastically due to habitat degradation by fire suppression (i.e., woody encroachment), fragmentation, and conversion to croplands. A better understanding is needed of the relationships among disturbance regimes (e.g., fire), resultant vegetation changes, and grassland bird communities to effectively manage remaining grasslands and grassland birds. I assessed the relationship between post-fire succession, and mean relative abundance and nesting ecology of breeding grassland birds (i.e., nest-site selection and nest success) in mesquite-dominated rangeland of the Texas Rolling Plains, where prescribed fire is used as a tool to manage shrub encroachment. Brush cover, grass cover, and visual obstruction generally increased with post-fire succession, and bare ground decreased with post-fire succession. Species richness, grasshopper sparrows (Ammodramus savannarum), CassinÃ¢ÂÂs sparrows (Aimophila cassinii), and dickcissels (Spiza americana) responded positively to post-fire succession, and lark sparrows (Chondestes grammacus) responded negatively to post-fire succession.; abundance of these avian groups was low on the control sites. During 2004Ã¢ÂÂ2005, 90 grassland bird nests were monitored. I found conflicting results for vegetation parameters important to nest site selection and probability of nest success. For all species except lark sparrows, nest-site location was positively associated with visual obstruction and with grass or forb cover. However, the probability of nest success increased with lower visual obstruction, bare ground cover, or grass cover. Grassland bird abundance, nest-site location, and nest success had differing associations with vegetation variables. These results suggest that to effectively manage remaining grasslands for sustainable breeding grassland bird populations, managers should engage in practices that keep habitat in multiple vegetative successional stages.

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13

Parker, Gary. "Comparison of IKONOS Derived Vegetation Index and LiDAR Derived Canopy Height Model for Grassland Management." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2009. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc12179/.

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Forest encroachment is understood to be the main reason for prairie grassland decline across the United States. In Texas and Oklahoma, juniper has been highlighted as particularly opportunistic. This study assesses the usefulness of three remote sensing techniques to aid in locating the areas of juniper encroachment for the LBJ Grasslands in Decatur, Texas. An object based classification was performed in eCognition and final accuracy assessments placed the overall accuracy at 94%, a significant improvement over traditional pixel based methods. Image biomass was estimated using normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) for 1 meter resolution IKONOS winter images. A high correlation between the sum of NDVI for tree objects and field tree biomass was determined where R = 0.72, suggesting NDVI sum of a tree area is plausible. However, issues with NDVI saturation and regression produced unrealistically high biomass estimates for large NDVI. Canopy height model (CHM) derived from 3-5m LiDAR data did not perform as well. LiDAR typically used for digital elevation model (DEM) production was acquired for the CHM and produced correlations of R = 0.26. This suggests an inability for this particular dataset to identify juniper trees. When points that registered a tree height where correlated with field values, an R = 0.5 was found, suggesting denser point spacing would be necessary for this type of LiDAR data. Further refining of the methods used in this study could yield such information as the amount of juniper tree for a given location, fuel loads for prescribed burns and better information for the best approach to remove the juniper and ultimately management juniper encroachment into grasslands.

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14

Kuhn, Bernadette. "A floristic inventory of the Cimarron National Grassland (Kansas) and the Comanche National Grassland (Colorado), U.S.A." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1935300211&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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15

Linsler, Deborah [Verfasser]. "Effects of grassland renovation on carbon concentrations and aggregate distribution in temperate grassland soils / Deborah Linsler." Kassel : Universitätsbibliothek Kassel, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1046424963/34.

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16

Chepulis, Brian James. "Grassland Bird Response to Landscape-Level and Site-Specific Variables in the Little Missouri National Grassland." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2016. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/28252.

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Trend analysis from the North American Breeding Bird Survey indicates that the Sprague?s pipit (Anthus spragueii) and Baird?s sparrow (Ammodramus bairdii) populations have experienced severe annual declines of -3.5% and -3.0%, respectively, between 1966 and 2013. The Little Missouri National Grassland (LMNG) in western North Dakota is listed as an important breeding area for the Sprague?s pipit, Baird?s sparrow, and other grassland birds. Our objectives for this study were to provide a better understanding of the effects of landscape-level (e.g., oil development) and site-specific (e.g., vegetation structure) variables on sensitive grassland bird populations in the LMNG. We surveyed 60 study sites twice each year (2014 and 2015) using a modified transect survey to evaluate grassland bird abundance. The results from this study contributed to understanding grassland bird responses to landscape-level and site-specific variables and identified specific mechanisms by which conservation measures for declining grassland bird populations can be improved.
U.S Forest Service (USFS); Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center (NPWRC) of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS); North Dakota EPSCoR Graduate Research Assistantship program; Robert H. Levis II Cross Ranch Fellowship

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17

Woldu, Zerihun. "Variation in grassland vegetation on the central plateau of Shewa, Ethiopia in relation to edaphic factors and grazing conditions /." Vaduz : J. Cramer, 1985. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/12384853.html.

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18

Mills, Carolyn Lesley. "The nutrient economy of grazed grassland." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361226.

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19

Baharith, Osama. "Ecological studies on some grassland Auchenorrhyncha." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.254616.

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20

Livesey, Valerie. "Interference between genotypes during grassland establishment." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316652.

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21

Deacon, Lewis James. "Functional biodiversity of grassland saprotrophic fungi." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.408680.

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22

Ramos, M. I. R. F. "Studies of interactions between grassland plants." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.379344.

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23

Gottfried, Gerald J., and Peter F. Ffolliott. "The Seven Springs Experimental Grassland Watersheds." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/301340.

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24

Tolsma, Arn Douwe. "The Effects of fire and grazing on the energy reserves of resprouting plants in Victoria's alpine grasslands /." Connect to thesis, 2002. http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00000331.

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25

Roy, Gairik. "Methodologies for mapping the spatial extent and fragmentation of grassland using optical remote sensing." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, c2012, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/3316.

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Grassland is an important part of the ecosystem in the Canadian prairies and its loss and fragmentation affect biodiversity, as well as water and carbon fluxes at local and regional levels. Over the years, native grasslands have been lost to agricultural activities, urban development and oil and gas exploration. This research reports on new methodologies developed for mapping the spatial extent of native grasslands to an unprecedented level of detail and assessing how the grasslands are fragmented. The test site is in the Newell County region of Alberta (NCRA). 72 Landsat and 34 SPOT images from 1985 to 2008 were considered for the analysis. With an airport runway used as a pseudo-invariant feature (PIF), relative radiometric correction was applied to 17 Landsat and 8 SPOT images that included the same airport runway. All the images were classified using the Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification algorithm into grassland, crop, water and road infrastructure classes. The classification results showed an average of 98.2 % overall accuracy for Landsat images and SPOT images. Spatial extents and their temporal change were estimated for all the land cover classes after classifying the images. Fragmentation statistics were obtained using FRAGSTATS 3.3 software that calculated land cover pattern metrics (patch, class and landscape). Based on the available satellite image data, it is found that in Newell County there is almost no significant change found in the grassland and road infrastructure land cover in over two decades. Also, the fragmentation results suggest that fragmentation of grassland was not due to the result of road infrastructure.
x, 105 leaves : ill., ; 29 cm

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26

Phipps, Sarah J. "Biodiversity of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in restored grasslands of different ages." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4538.

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Thesis (M.S.) University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on August 27, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.

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Wang, Zhi-gang. "Comparative ecology of pauciennials in chalk grassland." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.315978.

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Tye, Andrew M. "Responses to calcified seaweed in managed grassland." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.309803.

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29

Zaloumis, Nicholas Paul. "South African grassland ecology and its restoration." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6629.

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The aim of this study is to investigate how human related disturbances affect mesic grasslands. I identified what was lost from the system after a disturbance and what biological constraints ecologists and managers will face when approaching their restoration. I then investigated biological limitations to grassland restoration by attempting species reintroduction into secondary grasslands and exploring the interaction between grasses and forbs.

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30

Perlut, Noah G. "Effects of Hayfield Management on Grassland Songbirds:." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2007. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/178.

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Over the last 40 years North American grassland bird populations have declined more than any other bird guild. This trend is especially evident in Vermont, where species experiencing precipitous declines include the Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis) and Bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus). These declines are linked to habitat loss due to reforestation and suburbanization as well as the intensification of grassland management. Modern grassland management includes earlier first-haying dates (late-May) and shorter intervals between haying events (35 days). These management practices have severe repercussions for songbird populations because 1) early-haying results in complete nest failure (99% Savannah Sparrow and 100% Bobolink nests), 2) the interval between the first and second haying is too short for birds to renest, and 3) intensively managed fields comprise a significant portion of the total available habitat (as much as 40%). In 2002-2006, I examined how hayfield and pasture management affected grassland songbird ecological and evolutionary behavior in the agricultural landscape of the Champlain Valley, Vermont and New York. I studied songbirds in four grassland management types: early-hayed fields harvested in late-May or early-June and again in mid-July; middle-hayed fields harvested in late-June or early-July; late-hayed fields harvested after 1 August; rotationally-grazed pastures, a matrix of small paddocks where cows are moved after the grass in a paddock is eaten to a low point. I addressed the following objectives: 1. Determined the annual productivity, survival, and recruitment of Bobolinks and Savannah Sparrows in the four treatment types. 2. Identified the effects of early-haying on the social and genetic mating systems of Savannah Sparrows. 3. Conducted a population viability analysis for Bobolinks and Savannah Sparrows nesting in the Champlain Valley, assessing sensitivities of life-history parameters and identifying effective management alternatives. This study provides information on how agricultural management affects the ecology, evolution, and viability of grassland birds. It will help inform landowners, managers, and law-makers about management practices and habitat requirements needed to sustain populations.

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31

Welti, Ellen A. R. "Ecological networks of grassland plants and arthropods." Diss., Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/35284.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Division of Biology
Anthony Joern
John Blair
Ecological communities are comprised both of species and their interactions. The importance of species interactions is embraced by ecological network analysis, a framework used to identify non-random patterns in species interactions, and the consequences of these patterns for maintaining species diversity. Here, I investigated environmental drivers of the structure of plant-pollinator and plant-herbivore networks. Specifically, I asked: (1) Do global-scale climate gradients shape mutualistic and antagonistic networks? (2) At a landscape scale (within a 3,487 ha research site), how do contrasting regimes of major grassland disturbances - fire frequency and grazing by bison (Bison bison) - shape plant-pollinator network structure? (3) How do fire and grazing affect plant-grasshopper network structure? And, (4) What is the role of plant species diversity in determining plant-herbivore network structure? At the global scale, variability in temperature was the key climatic factor regulating both antagonistic and mutualistic network structural properties. At the landscape scale, fire and grazing had major consequences for plant-pollinator and plant-herbivore communities. In particular, bison grazing increased network complexity and resistance to species loss for both plant-pollinator and plant-herbivore systems. Results from an experimental grassland restoration that manipulated plant diversity suggest that plant diversity directly affects plant-herbivore structure and increases network stability. Collectively, these results suggest that environmental gradients and plant species diversity regulate the network structure of ecological communities. Determining how the structure of ecological interactions change with environmental conditions and species diversity improves our ability to identify vulnerable communities, and to predict responses of biodiversity to global change.

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32

Cunfer, Geoffrey Alan. "Common ground : the American grassland, 1870-1970 /." Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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Judd, Rachel Anne. "The coastal grasslands of the Eastern Cape west of the Kei River." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003772.

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The grasslands of South Africa are the foundation of commercial and subsistence agriculture yet they are being degraded at an alanning rate. The coastal grasslands of the Eastern Cape are no exception and they suffer added pressure of coastal resort development because of their proximity to an attractive coastline. In order to determine the degree of conservation necessary for any area it is essential to know what species occur there in order to determine if protection from habitat destruction is required. Four aims were defined for this studv. The initial aim was a phytogeographical classification of the grasslands in the coastal region west of the Kei River. This was done by vegetation sampling followed by computer based analysis with TWINSPAN. This analysis defined ten grassland associations. five being located in the area west of the Keiskamma River and five occurring east of it. The associations in the eastern half are termed mesic while those in the western balf are xeric. The second aim was to determine the presence of any underlying ecological gradients affecting the distribution of tbe associations. Indirect gradient analysis was carried out where samples are analysed irrespective of environmental factors. Direct gradient analysis was then carried out using scores per sample of various environmental factors. Environmental factors whicb migbt produce such gradients are both naturally-ocurring and man-induced. Natural factors which were recorded in the field include depth of soil at sample site, soil family, aspect and distance from the shore. An important factor is the land / sea interface. Natural factors analysed in the laboratory include soil pH. conductivity. percent organic matter, calcium, magnesium, phosphate and potassium. Man-induced factors are land use history e.g. Ploughing and grazing. Both direct and indirect gradient analysis were carried out with the computer based programme CANOCO. The third aim of the study was to determine the presence of any successional trends between the ten defined associations. This was done using several characteristics of the associations. Alpha and beta diversity were the first factors compared between associations. The percentage contribution of the Cyperaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae and Poaceae to each association was assessed and compared. The presence of various life forms of the species occurring in each association was determined together with the cover abundance of different classes of grass species. These results were then combined and analysed in the light of the results from CANOCO analvsis. They show that the mesic Themeda Iriandra - Anthospermum herhoceum, association which occurs closest to the shore and with the least disturbance is a depauperate form of the mesic climax Themeda triandra association. The mesic Hyparrhenia hirta - Dtheteropogon amplectens association may be a secondary grassland on account of phosphate and potassiun poor soils and land-use. The mesic Hyparrhenia hirta - Themedo triandra association is a slightly degraded form of the climax association due to grazing. The severely disturbed Stenotaphrum secundatum - C'entella coriacea association, which is located close to the shore, is a secondary grassland. Analysis of the xeric associations indicates a clearly defined ordination of associations on the basis of land-use. The Cynodon daclylon - Helictolrichon hirtulum and Sporobolis africanus - Setaria sphacelata associations which occur where ploughed lands have been left to lie fallow are secondary in nature. The Themeda triandra - Ehrharta calycina association is thought to be the closest representati ve of a climax xeric association but the presence of E. calycina indicates that some disturbance has occurred. The vegetation is subject to moderate grazing. The Cynodon dactylon - Ehrharla calycina and Diheleropogon filifolius - Ehrharla calycina associations are subject to varying intensities of trampling and grazing and are degraded forms of the Themeda triandra - Ehrharla calycina association. Because of tbe overriding influence of the land-use gradient separation along gradients of the remaining eight factors was limited. The effect of fire and temporal change in the mesic Themeda triandra and Hyparrhenia hirta - Themeeia trianda associations was assessed via long-term studies at Potter's Pass outside East London. The results show a quick response to burning with a return to 100% cover within six months by both associations. During spring the two associations could not be separated by either TWINSPAN or DECORANA. indicating a temporal shift from the Hyparrhenia hirta - Themeda triandra association to the Themeda triandra association. The fourth and final aim was to identify plants requiring protection from habitat destruction and to make recommendations for further conservation areas and management of the coastal grasslands. Through the collection and identification of as many plants as possible a species checklist was prepared and the status of each was determined through reference to the Red Data Book of threatened and endangered species. Kniphofia rooperi is vulnerable in the Cape and Euphorbia hupleuroides is considered rare in kwazulu-Natal. Ten species are endemic to the Cape and / or South Africa. The richness of the vegetation lies in the presence of species representative of the four major floras which converge in the eastern Cape. i.e. The Cape, NamaKarroo, Tongoland-Pondolaod floras and the Kalahari Highveld Regional Transitional Zone. Suggestions are made for the conservation of the grassland associations at various sites within the study area based on the present area conserved. Less than 2% of the coastline in the study area is conserved and it is felt that the area under conservation should be increased. Management suggestions based on the available literature are given for both farmed and conserved areas. There is a great potential for further studies on grassland dmamics within the areas surveyed. In terms of management, the grasslands require careful examination to determine the most effective season in which to burn if at all. As with most agricultural systems in South Africa. grazing strategies will benefit from further research. Any additional research on the dynamics of these grasslands can only be of benefit to the sustained utilisation of this vital resource.

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Nüsse, Anja Marie [Verfasser]. "Effects of grassland management intensification on dynamics of soil organic carbon and nitrogen in temperate grassland soils / Anja Marie Nüsse." Kassel : Universitätsbibliothek Kassel, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1160045526/34.

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Kamffer, Dewald. "Community-level effects of fragmentation of the afromontane grassland in the escarpment region of Mpumalanga, South Africa." Connect to this title online, 2004. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-11242004-104932.

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Moore, Joslin Lynley. "Coexistence, assembly and invasion of plant communities in theory and practice." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312122.

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Bossenbroek, Jonathan Mark. "Spatial structure and scaling of beetle, bird and plant communities in North American grasslands." Access citation, abstract and download form; downloadable file 10.52 Mb, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3131657.

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Tofts, Richard James. "On the assembly of a grassland plant community." Thesis, n.p, 1998. http://oro.open.ac.uk/19787/.

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Kahmen, Stefanie. "Plant trait responses to grassland management and succession." kostenfrei, 2004. http://www.opus-bayern.de/uni-regensburg/volltexte/2004/324/.

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Hulme, Philip Eric. "Small mammal herbivory and plant recruitment in grassland." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/46352.

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Heidorn, Christina Melanie. "Soil carbon dynamics in a nitrogen-enriched grassland." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0028/MQ50343.pdf.

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Dalgleish, Harmony J. "Belowground bud banks as regulators of grassland dynamics." Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/312.

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Taube, Melanie I. "Establishment of grassland forbs in modified urban environments /." Connect to thesis, 1998. http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00000306.

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MacLeod, Alyssa. "Patterns of diversity in high elevation grassland Diptera." Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=114279.

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Abstract:

Species diversity patterns of high elevation grassland Diptera (Brachycera) were assessed to determine the community structure, species turnover, and species abundance patterns along a latitudinal gradient. Fieldwork took place in May 2008 in the Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina and June-July 2010 in the Rocky Mountains at sites in Colorado, Wyoming, and Alberta. Two spatial scales were used: sample area and site. There was a slight latitudinal turnover of species, with latitude, longitude, and elevation being the most strongly associated with species composition. All sites were significantly different except the two sites in Alberta. Close proximity and site similarity may be responsible for this. There were similarities between all sample areas except Colorado. These results are attributed to the Wyoming basin, possibly a considerable barrier to dispersal. Patterns were driven mostly by rare species. High beta-diversity was found between sites, even in patterns of common species. Species abundance patterns in both the Rockies and the Appalachians revealed that although ecologically diverse and broad generalist families were more reliably dominated by a few species, trophic guild may not always accurately predict dominance/evenness patterns.
La structure des communautés, le renouvellement et les patrons d'abondance des espèces de Diptera (Brachycera) ont été évalués le long de gradients latitudinaux dans les montagnes appalachiennes (Caroline du Nord) et les montagnes rocheuses (Colorado, Wyoming, Alberta). Deux échelles spatiales ont été utilisées dans chacune des montagnes: l'aire d'échantillonnage et le site. Il y avait un renouvellement des espèces, avec la latitude, la longitude et l'élévation étant les facteurs les plus fortement associés à la composition en espèces. Les communautés de chacun des sites étaient significativement différentes, excepté les deux sites de l'Alberta. La proximité et la similarité des sites étaient probablement responsables de cette différence. Les sites du Colorado étaient significativement différents des autres sites des Rocheuses, probablement à cause du bassin du Wyoming de faible altitude créant une barrière pour la dispersion des espèces retrouvées en haute altitude. Les patrons étaient en grande partie dirigés par les espèces rares. Une haute diversité-béta était retrouvée entre les sites, même chez les espèces communes. Les patrons d'abondance des espèces dans les Rocheuses et les Appalaches ont révélé que bien que les familles diverse écologiquement et les familles généralistes étaient dominées par quelques espèces, les groupes trophiques ne prédisent pas toujours avec précision les patrons de dominance/uniformité.

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Chaneton, Enrique Jose. "Herbivore-mediated plant interactions in grassland food webs." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.314368.

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Mohd-Said, Mohd Nizam. "Effects of anthropogenic nitrogen inputs on dune grassland." Thesis, Bangor University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285519.

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Ludlam, Denise. "The growth of roots in sown grassland systems." Thesis, Bangor University, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.305237.

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Laughlin, R. J. "Processes responsible for denitrification in a grassland soil." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.403169.

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Kirkpatrick, T. "Fertiliser formulations to maximise nitrogen efficiency on grassland." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.398096.

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Mello, Maeve Brito de. "Studies on the structure of grassland spider communities." Thesis, University of Sunderland, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241504.

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