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Journal articles on the topic 'Grass grub'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 February 2022

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1

Mundy, D. C., P. A. Alspach, and J. Dufay. "Grass grub damage and mycorrhizal colonisation of grapevine rootstocks." New Zealand Plant Protection 58 (August 1, 2005): 234–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2005.58.4279.

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Field observations and a grower survey during 2002/2003 indicated that grass grub larvae might be responsible for the death of young grape vines In November 2003 a pot trial was established to determine whether grass grab larvae feeding caused sufficient root damage to account for observed vine deaths The experiments also evaluated whether arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonisation of grape vine roots was affected by grass grub feeding Grass grub damage was found on the belowground portion of the trunk and was proportional to the numbers of grubs present However root and shoot weight and shoot length were not affected by grub density when measured two months after grubs were introduced AMF colonization varied between the four rootstocks in the trial and was higher where grass grubs had been introduced Further research is required to elucidate the causes of young vine decline in Marlborough

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2

Townsend, R. J., J. E. Dunbar, and T. A. Jackson. "Grass grub distribution on the upper West Coast defined by soil sampling and pheromone trapping." New Zealand Plant Protection 66 (January 8, 2013): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2013.66.5681.

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The New Zealand grass grub (Costelytra zealandica) is distributed throughout the South Island but surprisingly has not been recorded west of Reefton In 2006 pasture damage from rootfeeding scarab larvae on the West Coast initially attributed to grass grub was found to be caused by manuka beetles Pyronota spp Winter surveys during 20082012 between Karamea and Hokitika confirmed that most damage patches were caused by manuka beetle larvae but there was a small localised population of C zealandica associated with Westport airport and golf course In 2012 a network of phenolbaited pheromone traps was established around this epicenter during the grass grub flight season with traps spaced at approximately 05 km intervals Traps within the identified zone of grass grub infestation caught 15 beetles per night Single male beetles were trapped up to 75 km from the epicenter but with no evidence of established populations from larval sampling It is likely that the localised grass grub population became established after an accidental introduction of insects with soil or plant material to the modified and drained airport and golf course environments and may act as an infestation source for other areas Pastures on the nearby newlyflipped land of Cape Foulwind may also be suitable for grass grub and should be regularly inspected to anticipate and prevent outbreaks

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3

Bughrara, Suleiman S., David R. Smitley, and David Cappaert. "European Chafer Grub Feeding on Warm-season and Cool-season Turfgrasses, Native Prairie Grasses, and Pennsylvania Sedge." HortTechnology 18, no. 3 (January 2008): 329–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.18.3.329.

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Six grass species representing vegetative and seeded types of native, warm-season and cool-season grasses, and pennsylvania sedge (Carex pensylvanica) were evaluated in the greenhouse for resistance to root-feeding grubs of european chafer (Rhizotrogus majalis). Potted bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon), buffalograss (Buchlöe dactyloides), zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica), indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans), little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), and pennsylvania sedge grown in a greenhouse were infested at the root zone with 84 grubs per 0.1 m2 or 182 grubs per 0.1 m2. The effects on plant growth, root loss, survival, and weight gain of grubs were determined. Survival rates were similar for low and high grub densities. With comparable densities of grubs, root loss tended to be proportionately less in zoysiagrass and bermudagrass than in other species. European chafer grubs caused greater root loss at higher densities. Grub weight gain and percentage recovery decreased with increasing grub density, suggesting a food limitation even though root systems were not completely devoured. Bermudagrass root weight showed greater tolerance to european chafer grubs; another mechanism is likely involved for zoysiagrass. Variation in susceptibility of plant species to european chafer suggests that differences in the ability of the plants to withstand grub feeding damage may be amenable to improvement by plant selection and breeding.

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4

Popay, A. J., R. J. Townsend, and L. R. Fletcher. "The effect of endophyte (Neotyphodium uncinatum) in meadow fescue on grass grub larvae." New Zealand Plant Protection 56 (August 1, 2003): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2003.56.6052.

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Grass grub (Costelytra zealandica) population density mean larval weight and visible damage were lower in meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis) infected with the endophyte Neotyphodium uncinatum (E) than in uninfected meadow fescue (E) in an unreplicated field trial In two bioassays third instar grass grubs ate all meadow fescue E roots but significantly less of the E roots Larvae fed E roots lost weight at the same rate as unfed control larvae Larvae given a choice between maize and either E or E meadow fescue in a pot trial consumed 33 more of the maize in the E treatment than in the E treatment Weight gain of larvae in E treatments was significantly less than in E in both the choice and nochoice pot trials but survival was the same It was concluded that meadow fescue infected with N uncinatum deters grass grub larval feeding but has no major toxic effects

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5

Wright, D. A., J. Swaminathan, M. Blaser, and T. A. Jackson. "Carrot seed coating with bacteria for seedling protection from grass grub damage." New Zealand Plant Protection 58 (August 1, 2005): 229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2005.58.4278.

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Carrot seedlings are susceptible to damage from grass grub larvae The biological control bacterium Serratia entomophila was applied to the surface of carrot seeds via pelleting or as a biopolymer seed coating and the activity against grass grubs determined in pot trials Seedling mortality caused by grass grub larvae was significantly reduced (Plt;005) in two trials from 88 and 64 in untreated pots to 26 and 13 in pots containing pelleted seed and 7 and 16 in pots containing biopolymercoated seed Shelf life studies showed formulations were stable at 4C for at least eight weeks and for two weeks at 20C after which cell viability decreased over time Bioassay results showed little difference between the two treatments despite a higher concentration of bacteria on the biopolymercoated than the pelleted seeds The potential of seed coating as a delivery mechanism for biocontrol agents has been demonstrated and future possibilities are discussed

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6

Kard, Bradford M. R., and Fred P. Hain. "CHEMICAL1 CONTROL OF THREE WHITE GRUB SPECIES (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE) ATTACKING FRASER FIR CHRISTMAS TREES IN THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS." Journal of Entomological Science 22, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-22.1.84.

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Field experiments were conducted in 1982, 1983, and 1984 to evaluate the efficacy of several insecticides for controlling white grubs infesting Fraser fir, Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir., Christmas trees and pastureland scheduled for fir plantings, and to evaluate insecticide phytotoxicity. The white grub complex consisted primarily of three species: Pyllophaga anxia (LeConte) Glasgow, P. fusca (Froelich) Glasgow, and Polyphylla comes Casey. Mean pretreatment white grub population densities ranged from 20.8 to 77.8 grubs per m2. Isazophos, diazinon, carbofuran, carbaryl, trichlorfon, chlorpyrifos, and isofenphos demonstrated a wide range of effectiveness in reducing populations while showing no phytotoxicity to grass sod or fir. Isazophos and diazinon applications provided the highest levels of control.

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7

Wrenn, N. R., R. A. McGhie, and R. P. Pottinger. "Evaluation of terbufos for grass grub control." Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference 38 (January 8, 1985): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1985.38.9463.

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8

Heffernan, P. M., T. A. Jackson, C. B. Dyson, and D. J. Saville. "Sequential sampling of grass grub,Costelytra zealandica." New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 35, no. 3 (July 1992): 299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288233.1992.10427507.

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9

Patchett, B. J., R. B. Chapman, L. R. Fletcher, and S. R. Gooneratne. "Root loline concentration in endophyteinfected meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis) is increased by grass grub (Costelytra zealandica) attack." New Zealand Plant Protection 61 (August 1, 2008): 210–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2008.61.6844.

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The larvae of New Zealand grass grub are economically important subterranean pests of pastures Some endophyteinfected meadow fescues contain loline alkaloids in the roots which can protect the plant from insect attack Loline concentrations in the roots of meadow fescue ecotypes in autumn were similar to concentrations in shoots of the same line Loline concentrations in the roots of the meadow fescue ecotypes exposed to grass grub were significantly higher (P

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10

Zydenbos, S. M., R. J. Townsend, P. M. S. Lane, S. Mansfield, M. O?Callaghan, C. Van_Koten, and T. A. Jackson. "Effect of Serratia entomophila and diazinon applied with seed against grass grub populations on the North Island volcanic plateau." New Zealand Plant Protection 69 (January 8, 2016): 86–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2016.69.5919.

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The bacterial biocontrol agent Serratia entomophila and the insecticide diazinon were applied as separate granular formulations with ryegrass seed and compared with a seedonly control treatment on three pastures of different ages and composition on the North Island volcanic plateau In the first 2 years diazinon and S entomophila significantly reduced healthy grass grub populations compared with the control However by the third year populations in the diazinon treatments had recovered and were significantly higher than in S entomophila or control plots Grass grub populations were reduced by disease outbreaks after S entomophila was applied which infected >40 of grass grub larvae in the treated plots in year two Bacterial extraction from soil a year after application confirmed establishment and persistence of S entomophila in treated plots Visual positive pasture growth responses were noted in both the S entomophila and diazinontreated plots

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11

Van_Toor, R., and K. M. Stewart. "Insecticide control of grass grub larvae in swedes." Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference 38 (January 8, 1985): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1985.38.9480.

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12

Atkinson, D. S., and M. W. Slay. "Winter management of grass grub(Costelytra zealandia(white))." New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 37, no. 4 (December 1994): 553–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288233.1994.9513094.

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13

Townsend, R. J., T. A. Jackson, C. M. Ferguson, J. R. Proffitt, M. W. A. Slay, J. Swaminathan, S. Day, E. M. Gerard, M. O'Callaghan, and V. W. Johnson. "Establishment of Serratia entomophila after application of a new formulation for grass grub control." New Zealand Plant Protection 57 (August 1, 2004): 310–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2004.57.6927.

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The bacterium Serratia entomophila is a naturally occurring pathogen causing amber disease of the New Zealand grass grub (Costelytra zealandica) A novel granular formulation of S entomophila Bioshieldtrade; was applied to 18 pasture sites in a largescale programme to demonstrate efficacy against grass grub No significant difficulties were encountered in application of the granules through conventional machinery There were high populations of the applied bacteria in soil within the first week of application and within 6 weeks of application there was an average of 3 x 104 viable S entomophila of the applied strain per gram of soil This resulted in a significant (Plt;005) 20 increase in the incidence of amber disease in the treated grass grub populations compared to untreated populations Successful establishment of the bacteria in the soil and target population following Bioshieldtrade; granule application was demonstrated on a wide range of sites under various farming conditions

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14

Young, S. D., R. J. Townsend, and M. O?Callaghan. "Bacterial entomopathogens improve cereal establishment in the presence of grass grub larvae." New Zealand Plant Protection 62 (August 1, 2009): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2009.62.4798.

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Grass grub (Costelytra zealandica) larvae can damage or kill establishing cereal seedlings Two entomopathogenic bacteria applied as seed coatings were investigated as a means of protecting emerging wheat seedlings Seeds coated with Serratia entomophila or Yersinia sp nov were planted outdoors in pots containing grass grub larvae at rates equivalent to 70 and 140 larvae/m2 Seedling establishment was significantly increased in both bacterial treatments compared to untreated controls with S entomophilacoated seed having the higher establishment rate 94 at both larval densities although this was not significantly different from the Yersinia sp nov treatment at the highest larval density When included in a comparison of chemical seed dressing treatments for grass grub a S entomophilacoated seed treatment was as efficacious as standard insecticide treatments indicating there is good potential to develop this bacterium as an alternative to chemical pesticides for use in cereal crops

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15

Young, S. D., R. J. Townsend, J. Swaminathan, and M. O'Callaghan. "Serratia entomophilacoated seed to improve ryegrass establishment in the presence of grass grubs." New Zealand Plant Protection 63 (August 1, 2010): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2010.63.6573.

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The entomopathogenic bacterium Serratia entomophila is an alternative to chemical control of grass grub (Costelytra zealandica) and is applied in a granule formulation to established pastures Treatment of seed with microbial inoculants is an ideal mechanism for delivery and establishment of microbial control agents into the plant root zone where soil dwelling pests such as grass grub are located Seed treatment with S entomophila was tested in three glasshouse pot trials for its ability to protect germinating ryegrass seedlings from grass grub damage A range of larval densities was used and microbial seed treatment was compared with the insecticide imidacloprid At medium larval densities (equivalent to 70 larvae/m2) use of S entomophilacoated seed resulted in 85 seedling establishment in comparison with 82 emergence from imidaclopridtreated seed At a high larval density of 300/m2 where there was no establishment of untreated seed 3551 of seedlings established from S entomophilatreated seed Results suggest there is potential for seed coating to aid ryegrass establishment in autumnsown pastures

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16

Popay, A. J., and B. A. Tapper. "Endophyte effects on consumption of seed and germinated seedlings of ryegrass and fescue by grass grub (Costelytra zealandica) larvae." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 13 (January 1, 2007): 353–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.13.2006.3168.

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Tall fescue, meadow fescue and ryegrass seeds with and without endophyte infection were fed to third-instar grass grub to determine the relative effects of different endophytes on consumption. Treatments were: tall fescue without endophyte or infected with four novel endophytes (AR514, AR542, AR584, ES), meadow fescue without endophyte or infected with Neotyphodium uncinatum and perennial ryegrass infected with a novel endophyte AR37. Grass grub larvae were initially given hard seed but when they failed to eat this, moist soil was added to allow seed to soften and germinate. After 7 days, all endophytes had reduced feeding compared to their endophytefree counterparts. At the completion of the trial, 15 days after adding moist soil, only AR37 in perennial ryegrass had no effect on damage to the seed. Of the endophytes in tall fescue, seeds containing AR542 were significantly more damaged than other endophyte treatments. Composition of loline alkaloids may be important in reducing feeding. Keywords: tall fescue, meadow fescue, ryegrass, endophytes, loline alkaloids, seed damage, grass grub, Costelytra zealandica

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17

Mansfield, Sarah, Richard J. Chynoweth, Mark R. H. Hurst, Alasdair Noble, Sue M. Zydenbos, and Maureen O'Callaghan. "Novel bacterial seed treatment protects wheat seedlings from insect damage." Crop and Pasture Science 68, no. 6 (2017): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp17176.

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Insecticidal seed treatments are used commonly worldwide to protect seedlings against root feeding insects. Organophosphate insecticides that have been used for seed treatments are being phased out and replaced with neonicotinoid insecticides. Concerns about the environmental impact of neonicotinoids have prompted a search for alternatives. Microbial insecticides are a biological alternative for seed treatments to target root feeding insects. Six field trials with organophosphate granules (diazinon, chlorpyrifos), neonicotinoid seed treatment (clothianidin) and microbial (Serratia entomophila) seed treatment targeting grass grub, a New Zealand scarab pest, were conducted in wheat crops at several sites over 4 years (2012–2015). Sites were selected each year that had potentially damaging populations of grass grub present during the trials. Untreated seeds led to significant losses of plants and wheat yield due to lower seedling establishment and ongoing plant losses from grass grub damage. Insecticide and microbial treatments increased plant survival in all trials compared with untreated seeds. Better plant survival was associated with higher yields from the insecticide treatments in four out of six trials. Neonicotinoid seed treatment alone gave similar yield increases to combined neonicotinoid seed treatment and organophosphate granules. Microbial seed treatment with S. entomophila gave similar yield increases to insecticide treatments in two out of six trials. Seed treatment with S. entomophila is an alternative for grass grub control; however, development of a commercial product requires effective scale-up of production, further research to improve efficacy, and viability of the live bacteria needs to be maintained on coated seed.

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18

Stewart, K. M., and R. F. Van_Toor. "Control of grass grub by four types of roller." Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference 39 (January 8, 1986): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1986.39.9384.

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19

Van_Toor, R. F., and K. M. Stewart. "The time of rolling for control of grass grub." Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference 39 (January 8, 1986): 19–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1986.39.9385.

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20

Van_Toor, R. F., C. M. Ferguson, and B. I. P. Barratt. "Evaluation of mob stocking for control of grass grub." Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference 42 (January 8, 1989): 60–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1989.42.10995.

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21

O'Callaghan, M., and T. A. Jackson. "Adult grass grub dispersal of Serratia entomophila." Proceedings of the New Zealand Plant Protection Conference 46 (January 8, 1993): 235–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1993.46.11138.

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22

Barlow, N. D., T. A. Jackson, and R. J. Townsend. "Predicting Canterbury grass grub outbreaks: the role of temperature." Proceedings of the New Zealand Plant Protection Conference 49 (August 1, 1996): 262–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1996.49.11452.

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23

Lauren, D. R., R. F. Henzell, and N. R. Wrenn. "Grass grub (Costelytra zealandica) population trends following insecticide applications." New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 33, no. 1 (January 1990): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288233.1990.10430673.

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24

East, R., and B. E. Willoughby. "Control of grass grub beetles in blueberries with pyrethroid insecticides." Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference 38 (January 8, 1985): 228–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1985.38.9495.

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25

Sutherland, O. R. W., J. J. Dymock, G. A. Lane, and G. B. Russell. "Silene vulgaris: a new grass grub resistant plant." Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference 42 (January 8, 1989): 88–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1989.42.11003.

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26

Cliffe, A., G. Kerse, C. Canty, R. Wrenn, and G. Barker. "Residual effects of controlled release chlorpyrifos against grass grub larvae." Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference 43 (January 8, 1990): 343–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1990.43.10906.

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27

Jackson, T. A., and R. J. Townsend. "Two-year grass grub cause damage in midsummer in Canterbury." Proceedings of the New Zealand Plant Protection Conference 46 (January 8, 1993): 233–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1993.46.11137.

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28

Qureshi, M. S., T. A. Jackson, R. J. Townsend, and D. J. Saville. "Toxicity of neem and pyrethrum extracts to adult grass grub." New Zealand Plant Protection 55 (August 1, 2002): 298–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2002.55.3956.

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Grass grub Costelytra zealandica larvae damage pastures and crops by root feeding while the adult beetles can be serious defoliators of a wide range of plants Control of this pest with botanical insecticides has received little attention The objectives of this study were to investigate the direct effects of neem and pyrethrum extracts on the adult beetle A laboratory bioassay was used to test the acute and chronic effects of the botanicals over a range of doses by treating a food source (Pittosporum tenuifolium) with the extracts Pyrethrum had the faster action; at all doses beetles were killed within a day Neem caused only low mortality even at the highest rate Similar results were obtained when the bioassays were repeated using the same treatments for Smiths chafer (Odontria smithii) beetle Further research is needed on the practical implications of these results

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29

Lauren, D. R., R. F. Henzell, and N. R. Wrenn. "Control of grass grub (Costelytra zealandica) adults with soil insecticides." New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 33, no. 1 (January 1990): 165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288233.1990.10430674.

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30

Unelius, C. R., R. J. Townsend, D. C. Mundy, L. M. Manning, T. A. Jackson, and D. M. Suckling. "Comparisons of traps and lures for monitoring grass grub Costelytra zealandica." New Zealand Plant Protection 61 (August 1, 2008): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2008.61.6845.

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Phenol the attractant pheromone of adult males of the native New Zealand grass grub Costelytra zealandica (White) is produced in the beetles as the result of bacterial degradation of tyrosine A lure consisting of a resin impregnated with phenol has been widely used to monitor male beetle flight activity The present formulation is highly attractive for the first week in the field but then loses activity rapidly A number of phenolcontaining formulations were tested to improve the lure A new formulation gave lower catches that were more stable with time producing data more suitable for population density estimation Phenylacetaldehyde a bacterial metabolite of phenylalanine was tested as a possible synergist to phenol Field results showed that this floral compound exhibited no behaviourallyactive properties to grass grubs when tested together with phenol Catches with water traps were compared with those in sticky delta and flat delta traps in two vineyards and in pasture Water traps caught four times more beetles

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31

Miln, A. J., A. Byett, and N. A. Thomson. "Differences in susceptibility of grass grub in Taranaki to organophosphate insecticides." Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference 38 (January 8, 1985): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1985.38.9464.

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32

Blank, R. H., M. H. Olson, and D. S. Bell. "Soil-applied lindane to protect kiwifruit from grass grub beetle attack." Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference 38 (January 8, 1985): 223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1985.38.9479.

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33

O'Callaghan, M., and T. A. Jackson. "Serratia entomophila for control of grass grub in strawberries." Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference 41 (January 8, 1988): 249–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1988.41.9867.

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34

Gaynor, D. L., G. A. Lane, D. R. Biggs, and O. R. W. Sutherland. "Measurement of grass grub resistance of bean in a controlled environment." New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture 14, no. 1 (January 1986): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03015521.1986.10426128.

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35

Stewart, K. M., R. F. van Toor, and S. F. Crosbie. "Control of grass grub (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) with rollers of different design." New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture 16, no. 2 (April 1988): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03015521.1988.10425630.

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36

Van_Toor, R. F., and K. M. Stewart. "Comparison of a grooved and smooth roller for control of grass grub." Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference 40 (January 8, 1987): 191–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1987.40.9969.

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37

Jackson, T. A., and R. J. Townsend. "Grass grub damage in irrigated and dryland pastures near Carew, mid Canterbury." Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference 44 (January 8, 1991): 212–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1991.44.10835.

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38

Richards, N. K., T. R. Glare, and D. C. A. Hall. "Genetic variation in grass grub, Costelytra zealandica, from several regions." Proceedings of the New Zealand Plant Protection Conference 50 (August 1, 1997): 338–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1997.50.11327.

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39

Johnson, V. W., J. Pearson, and T. A. Jackson. "Formulation of Serratia entomophila for biological control of grass grub." New Zealand Plant Protection 54 (August 1, 2001): 125–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2001.54.3752.

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Cultures of the bacterium Serratia entomophila (Enterobacteriaceae) have been applied as the biological control product Invade for the control of grass grub for more than a decade However the use of the bacterium is limited by the specific requirements of the live microbial cultures for distribution and delivery The cultures must be maintained under refrigeration and applied through a modified seed drill To overcome these problems we have developed a system for stabilising the bacterium in a biopolymer matrix which can then be incorporated into claybased granules The resulting formulation can be stored at ambient temperatures for extended periods and applied to the soil through conventional farm machinery Such thermostable formulations of sensitive microorganisms are likely to have a wide application in the biological control of pests and diseases

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40

Prestidge, R. A., S. Van Der Zijpp, and D. Badan. "Effects of plant species and fertilisers on grass grub larvae,Costelytra zealandica." New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 28, no. 3 (July 1985): 409–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288233.1985.10430446.

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41

Van den Bosch, J., J. R. Caradus, G. A. Lane, D. L. Gaynor, and J. J. Dymock. "Screening white clover for resistance to grass grub in a controlled environment." New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 38, no. 3 (September 1995): 329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288233.1995.9513134.

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42

Stewart, K. M. "Control of grass grub (Costelytra zealandica) by cultivation in spring or summer." New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture 14, no. 1 (January 1986): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03015521.1986.10426129.

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43

Lura, Charles L., and Paul E. Nyren. "Some Effects of a White Grub Infestation on Northern Mixed-Grass Prairie." Journal of Range Management 45, no. 4 (July 1992): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4003081.

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44

O'Callaghan, Maureen, Trevor A. Jackson, and Travis R. Glare. "Serratia entomophilabacteriophages: host range determination and preliminary characterization." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 43, no. 11 (November 1, 1997): 1069–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m97-152.

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Eight bacteriophages specific to Serratia entomophila, a commercially available bacterial pathogen of the New Zealand grass grub (Costelytra zealandica), were characterized by host range determination, morphology and restriction endonuclease patterns of DNA. Phages were originally isolated from grass grub larvae and fermenter broth where phages had disrupted large-scale production of S. entomophila. Seven of the phages (CW1–CW5, BC, and BT) had heads similar in size (approximately 60 × 60 nm) and long noncontractile tails (185 × 10 nm). Phage AgRP8 (P8) had a smaller head and a short tail structure. Restriction endonuclease analysis divided the phages into four groups: CW2, CW4, CW5, BC, and BT gave identical patterns, while CW1, CW3, and P8 each gave different patterns. Six distinct phage groups were distinguished by host range determination, after screening phages against 70 bacterial isolates: CW1, CW2/CW4, CW3, CW5, BC/BT, and P8. While confirming the indicated groupings by DNA analysis, it was possible to distinguish between some of the phages in the largest group: CW2/4 could be distinguished from CW5 and BC/BT. Screening of soil bacterial isolates of S. entomophila against nondiluted phages will aid in monitoring the establishment and persistence of strains applied for biological control of the grass grub.Key words: Serratia entomophila, bacteriophage, morphology, phage typing, host range.

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45

Klein, M. G., and P. G. Allsopp. "Artificial Diets for Third Instar Japanese Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)." Journal of Entomological Science 29, no. 4 (October 1, 1994): 585–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-29.4.585.

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Of four diets tested, one based on lima beans and casein was selected as the best and easiest for rearing third instars of Japanse beetles, Popillia japonica Newman. The diet gave the best survival and heaviest pupae and was previously used for rearing larvae of the New Zealand grass grub, Costelytra zealandica (White).

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46

Hurst, Mark R. H., Travis R. Glare, and Trevor A. Jackson. "Cloning Serratia entomophila Antifeeding Genes—a Putative Defective Prophage Active against the Grass Grub Costelytra zealandica." Journal of Bacteriology 186, no. 15 (August 1, 2004): 5116–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.186.15.5116-5128.2004.

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ABSTRACT Serratia entomophila and Serratia proteamaculans (Enterobacteriaceae) cause amber disease in the grass grub Costelytra zealandica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), an important pasture pest in New Zealand. Larval disease symptoms include cessation of feeding, clearance of the gut, amber coloration, and eventual death. A 155-kb plasmid, pADAP, carries the genes sepA, sepB, and sepC, which are essential for production of amber disease symptoms. Transposon insertions in any of the sep genes in pADAP abolish gut clearance but not cessation of feeding, indicating the presence of an antifeeding gene(s) elsewhere on pADAP. Based on deletion analysis of pADAP and subsequent sequence data, a 47-kb clone was constructed, which when placed in either an Escherichia coli or a Serratia background exerted strong antifeeding activity and often led to rapid death of the infected grass grub larvae. Sequence data show that the antifeeding component is part of a large gene cluster that may form a defective prophage and that six potential members of this prophage are present in Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. laumondii TTO1, a species which also has sep gene homologues.

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47

Brownbridge, M., R. J. Townsend, T. L. Nelson, B. Gicquel, and M. Gengos. "Susceptibility of redheaded cockchafer Adoryphorus couloni in New Zealand to Metarhizium anisopliae strain DATF001 (Chaferguard)." New Zealand Plant Protection 62 (August 1, 2009): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2009.62.4830.

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The Australian pasture pest Adoryphorus couloni (redheaded cockchafer RHCC) continues to slowly spread from the Port Hills and Banks Peninsula through Christchurch towards productive agricultural land on the Canterbury Plains There are currently no products chemical or biological registered in New Zealand to control this pest In Christchurch several parks used extensively for human recreation were badly damaged by RHCC grubs in the autumn/early winter of 2008 and had to be treated with chemical insecticides (diazinon) Laboratory trials were thus carried out to assess the susceptibility of New Zealand populations of RHCC to a microbial biocontrol agent Metarhizium anisopliae DATF001 (ChaferGuard) registered in Australia Fungal activity was directly influenced by temperature and mode of application Infection and mortality occurred faster at 20C than 15C High mortality levels (90100 after 7 weeks) were obtained when larvae were treated by topical application (105 conidia/grub) or exposure to the dry ChaferGuard formulation in soil; >80 of the cadavers in these treatments were mycosed Direct incorporation of conidia into soil was the least effective treatment Grass grub (Costelytra zealandica) was unaffected by the fungus This trial confirmed the efficacy of DATF001 and its potential for use against New Zealand populations of RHCC

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Sen, Anindito, Daria Rybakova, Mark R. H. Hurst, and Alok K. Mitra. "Structural Study of the Serratia entomophila Antifeeding Prophage: Three-Dimensional Structure of the Helical Sheath." Journal of Bacteriology 192, no. 17 (July 2, 2010): 4522–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00224-10.

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ABSTRACT The sheath of the Serratia entomophila antifeeding prophage, which is pathogenic to the New Zealand grass grub Costelytra zealandica, is a 3-fold helix formed by a 4-fold symmetric repeating motif disposed around a helical inner tube. This structure, determined by electron microscopy and image processing, is distinct from that of the other known morphologically similar bacteriophage sheaths.

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Van_Toor, R. F. "Economics of using a grooved roller for control of grass grub in Southland." Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference 41 (January 8, 1988): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1988.41.9906.

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50

Willoughby, B. E., M. F. Hawke, and R. A. Prestidge. "Grass grub (Costelytra zealandica) populations under Pinus radiata agroforestry." Proceedings of the New Zealand Plant Protection Conference 45 (January 8, 1992): 220–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1992.45.11264.

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