Academic literature on the topic 'Grasp and functional use'
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Journal articles on the topic "Grasp and functional use"
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Kithu, Mutindi C., Elizabeth J. Saccone, Sheila G. Crewther, Melvyn A. Goodale, and Philippe A. Chouinard. "A pantomiming priming study on the grasp and functional use actions of tools." Experimental Brain Research 237, no. 9 (June 15, 2019): 2155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-019-05581-4.
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Drobnyk, Wendy, Karen Rocco, Sara Davidson, Susan Bruce, Fang Zhang, and Stephen B. Soumerai. "Sensory Integration and Functional Reaching in Children With Rett Syndrome/Rett-Related Disorders." Clinical Medicine Insights: Pediatrics 13 (January 2019): 117955651987195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1179556519871952.
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Background: The loss of functional hand skills is a primary characteristic of Rett syndrome. Stereotypies, dyspraxia, and other sensory processing issues severely limit the individual’s ability to reach toward and sustain grasp on objects. This loss of functional reach and grasp severely limits their ability to participate in self-help, play, and school-related activities. We proposed that Ayres Sensory Integration (ASI) treatment would improve sensory processing and motor planning, which would lay the sensory-motor groundwork for improving grasp of objects, an important first step in developing functional hand use. Objective: We examined effects of ASI treatment on rate of reaching and grasping for children with Rett syndrome/Rett-related disorders. Methods: We used an interrupted time series design to measure changes in outcome variables occurring after intervention initiation and cessation. We analyzed daily video observations during baseline, intervention, and post-intervention periods, over a span of 7 months. Results: During baseline, rate of grasping declined moderately. There was a 15% increase in grasping from the end of baseline to end of the post-intervention period. There was no significant change in rate of reaching. Conclusions: This study provides preliminary data showing very small improvements in hand grasp of children with Rett syndrome following ASI treatment; larger studies in diverse settings are needed to establish the effectiveness of this approach. This study shows that an interrupted time series research design provides a valid template for evaluating interventions for children with rare disorders.
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Shah, Maulik, Sweety Shah, and Vaibhavi Ved. "A Study to Evaluate Pencil Grip Type, Hand Functions - Dexterity & Grip Strength in Children Using Tech for 2 or More Hours a Day." International Journal of Health Sciences and Research 12, no. 3 (March 16, 2022): 274–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20220339.
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Background: These days, modern innovative technology plays a crucial part in our life. Touch screens has become the primary interaction method for smart phones due to their ability to combine input and output in a single interface. On the one hand, it has made our lives easier by allowing us to browse the internet, have essential conversations, and have a source of pleasure. Frequent use of technical devices without taking regular rest periods may result in cumulative trauma disorders to the neck, shoulders, hands and wrists. These disorders may occur because Smartphone, iPod etc. use typically requires thumb and finger interactions with the screen. Reports have shown that extended technology use accompanied by awkward wrist posture can lead to collective trauma disorders of the wrist joints, particularly when the wrist, hands, and fingers are overused. Repetitive static motion of the hands may also decrease blood supply and prevent nutrients from being delivered to muscles, thus leading to pain and muscle fatigue may result into poor hand function including reduced grip strength & poor dexterity. Children are attracted to smart phones because these devices can be used anywhere and contain games that are specifically matched to their ages. Numbers of studies have been done on Smartphone usage, hand writing performance & grip strength individually. However, the link between Smartphone addiction and grip strength and upper limb disability has been left unnoticed. Methodology: A cross sectional observational study was conducted to evaluate pencil grip type, hand dexterity & grip strength in children using technological devices for 2 or more hours a day dividing subjects into 2 groups. Group A: Children using technological devices for 2 or more hours a day. Group B: Children not using technological devices. Written consent was taken from the subjects and the subjects were made to understand the purpose of the study. Hand dexterity was evaluated using Functional Dexterity Test, Grip strength with hand held dynamometer & Pencil grip type was evaluated. Results: Data analysis was done using Graph Pad Prism 6. In Group A, Dynamic Tripod grasp was present in 19 subjects (61.29%) Five finger grasp in 0 subjects (0 %,), Thumb Wrap grasp in 1 subject (3.22%), Upright tripod grasp in 11 subject (35.48%).In Group B, Dynamic Tripod grasp was present in 26 subjects (83.87%) Five finger grasp in 0 subjects (0 %,), Thumb Wrap grasp in 1 subject (3.22%), Upright tripod grasp in 4 subjects (12.90%).The result showed significant difference for the functional dexterity test between Group A and Group B (t = 5.725 and p = 0.0001) & grip strength between Group A and Group B (t = 6.449 and p = 0.0001). Conclusion: Increased use of tech devices significantly affects Hand performance like Grip strength, Hand dexterity & Pencil grip pattern amongst children. Key words: Hand Dexterity, Grip Strength, Pencil Grip Type, Smart Phone Use, Functional Dexterity Test, Hand Writing Performance.
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Grafton, S. T., A. H. Fagg, and M. A. Arbib. "Dorsal Premotor Cortex and Conditional Movement Selection: A PET Functional Mapping Study." Journal of Neurophysiology 79, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): 1092–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.79.2.1092.
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Grafton, S. T., A. H. Fagg, and M. A. Arbib. Dorsal premotor cortex and conditional movement selection: a PET functional mapping study. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 1092–1097, 1998. Positron emission tomography (PET) brain mapping was used to investigate whether or not human dorsal premotor cortex is involved in selecting motor acts based on arbitrary visual stimuli. Normal subjects performed four movement selection tasks. A manipulandum with three graspable stations was used. An imperative visual cue (LEDs illuminated in random order) indicated which station to grasp next with no instructional delay period. In a power task, a large aperture power grip was used for all trials, irrespective of the LED color. In a precision task, a pincer grasp of thumb and index finger was used. In a conditional task, the type of grasp (power or precision) was randomly determined by LED color. Comparison of the conditional selection task versus the average of the power and precision tasks revealed increased blood flow in left dorsal premotor cortex and superior parietal lobule. The average rate of producing the different grasp types and transport to the manipulandum stations was equivalent across this comparison, minimizing the contribution of movement attributes such as planning the individual movements (as distinct from planning associated with use of instructional stimuli), kinematics, or direction of target or limb movement. A comparison of all three movement tasks versus a rest task identified movement related activity involving a large area of central, precentral and postcentral cortex. In the region of the precentral sulcus movement related activity was located immediately caudal to the area activated during selection. The results establish a role for human dorsal premotor cortex and superior parietal cortex in selecting stimulus guided movements and suggest functional segregation within dorsal premotor cortex.
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Pierno, Andrea C., Cristina Becchio, Matthew B. Wall, Andrew T. Smith, Luca Turella, and Umberto Castiello. "When Gaze Turns into Grasp." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18, no. 12 (December 2006): 2130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2006.18.12.2130.
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Previous research has provided evidence for a neural system underlying the observation of another person's hand actions. Is the neural system involved in this capacity also important in inferring another person's motor intentions toward an object from their eye gaze? In real-life situations, humans use eye movements to catch and direct the attention of others, often without any accompanying hand movements or speech. In an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study, subjects observed videos showing a human model either grasping a target object (grasping condition) or simply gazing (gaze condition) at the same object. These two conditions were contrasted with each other and against a control condition in which the human model was standing behind the object without performing any gazing or grasping action. The results revealed activations within the dorsal premotor cortex, the inferior frontal gyrus, the inferior parietal lobule, and the superior temporal sulcus in both “grasping” and “gaze” conditions. These findings suggest that signaling the presence of an object through gaze elicits in an observer a similar neural response to that elicited by the observation of a reach-to-grasp action performed on the same object.
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Malfatti, Giulia, and Luca Turella. "Neural encoding and functional interactions underlying pantomimed movements." Brain Structure and Function 226, no. 7 (July 10, 2021): 2321–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-021-02332-6.
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AbstractPantomimes are a unique movement category which can convey complex information about our intentions in the absence of any interaction with real objects. Indeed, we can pretend to use the same tool to perform different actions or to achieve the same goal adopting different tools. Nevertheless, how our brain implements pantomimed movements is still poorly understood. In our study, we explored the neural encoding and functional interactions underlying pantomimes adopting multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) and connectivity analysis of fMRI data. Participants performed pantomimed movements, either grasp-to-move or grasp-to-use, as if they were interacting with two different tools (scissors or axe). These tools share the possibility to achieve the same goal. We adopted MVPA to investigate two levels of representation during the planning and execution of pantomimes: (1) distinguishing different actions performed with the same tool, (2) representing the same final goal irrespective of the adopted tool. We described widespread encoding of action information within regions of the so-called “tool” network. Several nodes of the network—comprising regions within the ventral and the dorsal stream—also represented goal information. The spatial distribution of goal information changed from planning—comprising posterior regions (i.e. parietal and temporal)—to execution—including also anterior regions (i.e. premotor cortex). Moreover, connectivity analysis provided evidence for task-specific bidirectional coupling between the ventral stream and parieto-frontal motor networks. Overall, we showed that pantomimes were characterized by specific patterns of action and goal encoding and by task-dependent cortical interactions.
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Przybylski, Łukasz, and Gregory Króliczak. "Planning Functional Grasps of Simple Tools Invokes the Hand-independent Praxis Representation Network: An fMRI Study." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 23, no. 2 (February 2017): 108–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617716001120.
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AbstractObjectives: Neuropsychological and neuroimaging evidence indicates that tool use knowledge and abilities are represented in the praxis representation network (PRN) of the left cerebral hemisphere. We investigated whether PRN would also underlie the planning of function-appropriate grasps of tools, even though such an assumption is inconsistent with some neuropsychological evidence for independent representations of tool grasping and skilled tool use. Methods: Twenty right-handed participants were tested in an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study wherein they planned functionally appropriate grasps of tools versus grasps of non-tools matched for size and/or complexity, and later executed the pantomimed grasps of these objects. The dominant right, and non-dominant left hands were used in two different sessions counterbalanced across participants. The tool and non-tool stimuli were presented at three different orientations, some requiring uncomfortable hand rotations for effective grips, with the difficulty matched for both hands. Results: Planning functional grasps of tools (vs. non-tools) was associated with significant asymmetrical increases of activity in the temporo/occipital-parieto-frontal networks. The greater involvement of the left hemisphere PRN was particularly evident when hand movement kinematics (including wrist rotations) for grasping tools and non-tools were matched. The networks engaged in the task for the dominant and non-dominant hand were virtually identical. The differences in neural activity for the two object categories disappeared during grasp execution. Conclusions: The greater hand-independent engagement of the left-hemisphere praxis representation network for planning functional grasps reveals a genuine effect of an early affordance/function-based visual processing of tools. (JINS, 2017, 23, 108–120)
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Barelli, Renato G., Valter F. Avelino, and Maria Claudia F. Castro. "STIMGRASP: A Home-Based Functional Electrical Stimulator for Grasp Restoration in Daily Activities." Sensors 23, no. 1 (December 20, 2022): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23010010.
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Thousands of people currently suffer from motor limitations caused by SCI and strokes, which impose personal and social challenges. These individuals may have a satisfactory recovery by applying functional electrical stimulation that enables the artificial restoration of grasping after a muscular conditioning period. This paper presents the STIMGRASP, a home-based functional electrical stimulator to be used as an assistive technology for users with tetraplegia or hemiplegia. The STIMGRASP is a microcontrolled stimulator with eight multiplexed and independent symmetric biphasic constant current output channels with USB and Bluetooth communication. The system generates pulses with frequency, width, and maximum amplitude set at 20 Hz, 300 µs/phase, and 40 mA (load of 1 kΩ), respectively. It is powered by a rechargeable lithium-ion battery of 3100 mAh, allowing more than 10 h of continuous use. The development of this system focused on portability, usability, and wearability, resulting in portable hardware with user-friendly mobile app control and an orthosis with electrodes, allowing the user to carry out muscle activation sequences for four grasp modes to use for achieving daily activities.
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HOBBY, J., P. N. TAYLOR, and J. ESNOUF. "Restoration of Tetraplegic Hand Function by Use of the Neurocontrol Freehand System." Journal of Hand Surgery 26, no. 5 (October 2001): 459–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/jhsb.2001.0587.
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Nine tetraplegic patients with C5 or C6 level spinal cord lesions had the Freehand System, an eight channel Functional Electrical Stimulation device, implanted to allow of hand opening and grasp. This paper describes the surgical implementation of the system and the challenges encountered. Seven of the subjects are currently daily users of the device. One subject is unable to use the system due to disruption of bowel function when the system is used. A second subject suffered a lesion of the posterior interosseous nerve, but this was not thought to be related to system use. Additionally, one subject exhibited symptoms of autonomic dysreflexia, which were alleviated by reduction of the strength of the stimulus. Despite such problems, the Freehand system can significantly improve the functional ability of C5 and C6 lesion tetraplegics.
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Palomo-Carrión, Rocío, Rita-Pilar Romero-Galisteo, Elena Pinero-Pinto, Purificación López-Muñoz, Helena Romay-Barrero, and Francisco García-Muro San José. "Application of Low-Intensity Modified Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy to Improve the Affected Upper Limb Functionality in Infantile Hemiplegia with Moderate Manual Ability: Case Series." Children 7, no. 9 (September 4, 2020): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children7090127.
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Objective: To assess the functionality of the affected upper limb in children diagnosed with hemiplegia aged between 4 and 8 years after applying low-intensity modified Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy (mCIMT). Methods: Prospective case series study. A mCIMT protocol was applied for five weeks, with two hours of containment per day. The study variables were quality of movement of the upper limb, spontaneous use, participation of the affected upper limb in activities of daily living, dynamic joint position, grasp–release action, grasp strength, supination and extension elbow movements. Four measurements were performed, using the quality of upper extremity test (QUEST) scale, the Shriners Hospital for Children Upper Extremity Evaluation (SHUEE) Evaluation, a hand dynamometer and a goniometer. Results: The sample was composed of eight children with moderate manual ability. Statistically significant differences were detected in all the studied variables (p < 0.05) between the pre-treatment and post–treatment results (Week 0–Week 5), except for upper limb dressing, putting on splints and buttoning up. In the first week, the changes were statistically significant, except for protective extension, grasp strength, grasp–release and all functional variables (level of functionality and participation of the patient’s upper limbs) in the SHUEE Evaluation (p > 0.05). The greatest increase occurred in spontaneous use from Assessment 1 to Assessment 4 (p = 0.01), reaching 88.87% active participation in bimanual tasks. The quality of movement of the upper limb exhibited a significant value due to the increase in dissociated movements and grasp (p = 0.01). Conclusion: A low dose (50 h) of mCIMT increased the functionality of children diagnosed with congenital hemiplegia between 4 and 8 years of age with moderate manual ability.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Grasp and functional use"
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Rubert, Escuder Carlos. "Application and use of quality metrics for the prediction of grasp success and evaluation of artificial hands." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Jaume I, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/663158.
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Artificial manipulation has been one of the main areas of interest in robotics for decades. Finding a proper grasp to seize objects and design robotic hands capable of such grasps are two of the main problems in such field.
This thesis analyze the use of quality metrics to evaluate grasp hypothesis. Different classification algorithms are used with such metrics to predict the success of grasp hypothesis. These algorithms are applied to evaluate artifical hands and their performance to grasp objects.La manipulación ha sido una de las grandes áreas de interés en la rootica durante décadas. Encontrar una forma de agarre adecuada para manipular objetos y disear manos capaces de dichos agarres son dos de los principales problemas en este campo. En esta tesis se analia el uso de distintas métricas de calidad para evaluar las hipótesis de agarre y, mediante algoritmos de aprendizaje automico, predecir el éxito de los mismos. Por último, dichos algoritmos son utilizados para evalaur diseños de manos y sus capacidades para agarrar objetos. Los experimentos llevados a cabo en esta tesis se han realizado tanto en entornos de simulación como con robots reales.
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Gracia, Ibañez Verónica. "Contribution to hand functional assessment based on its kinematics." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Jaume I, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/398838.
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Aquesta tesi per articles aporta diferents contribucions pràctiques a l'avaluació de la funcionalitat de la mà en el desenvolupament d'activitats de la vida diària (AVD), començant amb una revisió de l'estat de l'art que revela la necessitat d'objectivar l'avaluació funcional de la mà.
En primer lloc es presenta un enfoc qualitatiu, consistent en una gradació dels diferents tipus de prensió en relació a la seva rellevància per a l'autonomia personal.
Es proporcionen valors més reals de rangs actius de moviment (RAM) mitjançant la quantificació de la interrelació entre els rangs de flexo-extensió de l'articulació metacarpofalàngica (MCF) dels dits, útil per comprovar anormalitats.
Amb el fi de caracteritzar la cinemàtica de la mà en AVD, es proposa un nou mètode de calibratge per a un guant instrumentat que requereix el registre de sols una única postura de referència, vàlid per tant per a ser utilitzat amb pacients.
Es posen a disposició rangs de moviments funcionals i es comparen amb els RAM, proporcionant dades que permeten inferir el nivell de funcionalitat en relació amb el RAM assolit.
Finalment, es posa a prova l'ús de l'anàlisi de components principals (ACP) per identificar els paràmetres a utilitzar en l'avaluació funcional, reflectint uns resultats prometedors de l'ús de l'ACP com un mètode objectiu i d'aplicació general per avaluar la funcionalitat de la cinemàtica de la mà.Esta tesis por artículos proporciona diferentes contribuciones prácticas a la evaluación funcional de la mano en el desarrollo de actividades de la vida diaria (AVD), comenzando por una revisión del estado del arte que revela la necesidad de objetivar la evaluación funcional de la mano. En primer lugar se presenta un enfoque cualitativo, consistente en una clasificación de los diferentes tipos de agarre según su relevancia para la autonomía personal. Se proporcionan valores más reales de rangos activos de movilidad (RAM) mediante la cuantificación de la interrelación entre los rangos de flexo-extensión de la articulación metacarpofalángica (MCF) de los dedos, útil para comprobar anormalidades. Con el fin de permitir la caracterización de la cinemática funcional de la mano en AVD, se propone un nuevo método de calibración para un guante instrumentado que requiere del registro de una simple postura de referencia, siendo por tanto válido para su uso con pacientes. Se ponen a disposición rangos funcionales de movimiento y se comparan con los RAM, proporcionándose datos que permiten inferir el nivel de funcionalidad en relación con el RAM alcanzado. Por último, se evalúa el uso de análisis de componentes principales (ACP) para identificar los parámetros a utilizar en la evaluación funcional, obteniéndose resultados prometedores del uso de ACP como un método objetivo y de aplicación general para evaluar la funcionalidad cinemática de la mano.
This thesis by articles provides different practical contributions to the assessment of hand function for developing activities of daily living (ADL), starting with a review of the state of the art revealing the need of objectifying the hand functional assessment. A qualitative approach is presented first, consisting in a rating of the grasp types according to their relevancy for personal autonomy. More realistic values of active range of motion (AROM) are provided through the quantification of the interrelationship between the ranges of flexion and extension of adjacent metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints of the fingers, useful to check abnormalities. To enable the characterization of the hand kinematics in ADL, a new calibration method for an instrumented glove is proposed, requiring the registration of just one simple reference posture, therefore being valid to be used with patients. Functional ranges of motions are made available and compared with the AROM, providing data that allow inferring the level of functionality in relation to the current AROM. Finally, the use of principal component analysis (PCA) to identify parameters to be used in functional assessment is tested, disclosing promising results of the usage of PCA as an objective and generally applicable method to assess hand kinematics functionality.
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Salajková, Michaela. "Nanocelluloses - surface modification and use in functional materials." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Biokompositer, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-90864.
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Cellulose nanocomposites offer interesting potential in terms of improved properties and new functionalities compared with microcomposites. Preparation from colloidal suspensions is promising, since high reinforcement content is possible and a wide range of constituents can be used. In the first study, the challenge is to form a stable suspension of well-dispersed carbon nanotubes (CNT) and nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) in water and to prepare commingled high CNT content nanopaper structures by filtration. Various surfactants were used to modify CNT. The NFC was stabilized by charged carboxylate groups. A nonylphenol phosphate ester surfactant, NPPE, worked well for CNT and provided a stable and well-dispersed water suspension of CNT and NFC. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), porosimetry and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to characterize nanopaper structure, and tensile properties were measured as well as surface resistivity. The processing route is water based and it is possible to prepare thin coatings as well as thicker films with a combination of low surface resistivity, flexibility in bending and high strength and toughness in tension. As inspired by organo-modified layered silicates, the objective of the second study is to develop an environmentally friendly procedure for the surface modification of cellulose nanocrystals, CNC, using quaternary ammonium salts via adsorption. In order to obtain higher surface charge density on CNC, a new route is developed for preparation of CNC with carboxylic acid groups. Quanternary ammonium cations bearing alkyl, phenyl, glycidyl, and diallyl groups are used to modify CNC to render their surface more hydrophobic. The structure and surface hydrophobicity of unmodified and modified CNC as well as their dispersibility in organic solvent are characterized by AFM, FE-SEM, Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-Ray analysis (XDR) and contact angle measurement (CAM). Future work will focus on surface-modified nanocelluloses in composite materials, in order to learn more about surface treatment effects on nanocomposite properties.Nanokompositer från cellulosa har potential att ge starkt förbättrade egenskaper och ny funktionalitet jämfört med mikrokompositer. De ger även möjlighet till komposittillverkning från kolloidala suspensioner där man kan uppnå hög halt av förstärkningsfasen. Det är också möjligt att välja från en bred flora av lösliga och dispergerbara materialkomponenter. I första studien är utmaningen att skapa en stabil och väldispergerad suspension av kolnanorör (CNT) och nanofibrillerad cellulosa (NFC) i vatten för att genom filtrering framställa nanopapper med interpenetrerande CNT och NFC nätverk. Olika ytaktiva ämnen användes för att modifiera CNT. NFC stabiliserades genom laddade karboxylgrupper på ytan. En nonylfenol fosfatester, NPPE, fungerade bra för CNT och resulterade i en stabil och väldispergerad vattensuspension av CNT och NFC. FE-SEM, densitometri och AFM användes för att karakterisera nanopapperstruktur. Mekaniska egenskaper och ytresistivitet mättes. Processen för framställning av CNT/NFC nanopapper är vattenbaserade och det är möjligt att framställa tunna ytbeläggningar likväl som tjockare filmer. Dessa strukturer har en kombination av låg resistivitet, flexibilitet i böjning liksom hög hållfasthet och seghet i dragbelastning. Syftet med den andra studien är att utgå från organo-modifierade skiktade silikater (leror) för att utveckla en miljövänlig ytmodifieringsmetod för nanocellulosa. För att öka ytladdningstätheten på CNC (nanokristaller från cellulosa) utvecklas ett nytt sätt att skapa karboxylgrupper på ytan. Kvarternära ammoniumsalter med alkyl, fenyl, glycidyl och diallylgrupper används för att göra ytan på CNC mer hydrofob. Ytans struktur och hydrofoba karaktär, liksom dispersionsegenskaper i organiska lösningsmedel, karakteriseras med hjälp av AFM, FE-SEM, FT-IR, XDR och kontaktvinkelmätning. Fortsatt arbete kommer att fokusera på ytmodifierad cellulosa i kompositmaterial, för att utveckla förståelsen för effekter av ytmodifiering på nanokompositers egenskaper
QC 20120302
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Holguin, Emilsen Salazar. "Strategies Functional Managers Use to Control Cyberloafing Behaviors." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2604.
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Computer technologies have increased the opportunities for employees to engage in cyberloafing by using the Internet at work for personal purposes. Uncontrolled cyberloafing is a threat to organizational effectiveness because it affects organizational productivity. The purpose of this single case study was to explore successful strategies functional managers use to control cyberloafing behaviors of their employees at an e-learning organization located in the northeastern United States. The theory of planned behavior, which emphasized behavioral, normative, and control beliefs as key elements to predict individuals' intentions to behave was the conceptual framework. Data collection included semistructured face-to-face interviews with 11 functional managers and an exploration of organizational policies, procedures, and handbooks. Data analysis included examination of word frequencies, keyword coding, and theme identification. Using Yin's 5 steps for data analysis, 3 themes emerged: create engaging jobs, communicate clear expectations, and promote a positive work environment. Functional managers in the e-learning organization in this study may control cyberloafing by ensuring that social norms convey disapproval, combining deterrence policies and performance metrics; and showing attitudes that promote citizenship behaviors. The implications for positive social change include the potential to provide the e-learning organization in this study with best practices that support employees' needs for work-life balance, thus promoting employee satisfaction while maximizing employee productivity. As a result, the findings of this study can decrease stress, increase morale and positively impact the overall well-being of the organization's workforce.
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Rodsiri, Ratchanee. "MDMA : binge use and functional outcomes in the rat." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2009. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13386/.
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3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) use has increased dramatically and more intensive patterns of use such as binging have become common. This thesis pays particular attention to the translation of animal data to humans by examining low doses and binge type repeated regimen of MDMA in the rat. The functional effects especially acute and long-term effects on memory have been investigated together with the measurement of changes in 5-HT and dopamine to investigate the possible link of these neurotransmitters and the functional effects of MDMA. The acute effect of single low doses of MDMA on memory was initially examined and it was shown that MDMA (3 mg/kg) acutely disrupted novel object discrimination when given 30 min before the test. However there was no change in 5-HT and dopamine in the hippocampus, striatum and frontal cortex 150 min after MDMA administration. The combined techniques of radiotelemetry and in vivo microdialysis were used to examine effects of 'binge-type' repeated low dose MDMA administration (3 or 6 mglkg i.p. x 3 every 2 h). Locomotor activity, body temperature and 5-HT release in the hippocampus were simultaneously measured in the same animal during MDMA administration. MDMA (3 x 6 mglkg) increased locomotor activity after each injection. In addition MDMA (3 x 3 mg/kg) produced hypothermia following each injection while MDMA (3 x 6 mg/kg) changed thermoregulation as it decreased body temperature after the first injection and then increased body temperature after the second to a maximum of + 1.3 °C after the third injection. Both 'binge' doses of MDMA however increased extracellular 5-HT in the hippocampus after each injection and there was no correlation between 5-HT release in the hippocampus and changes either in locomotor activity or body temperature. The long-term effect of repeated administration of low doses of MDMA (3 or 6 mg/kg i.p. x 3 every 2 h) on memory was investigated using novel object discrimination 2 weeks after treatment. To imitate the single housing condition used in radiotelemetry experiments, rats were individually housed during drug treatment. MDMA (3 x 6 mglkg) caused impairment of novel object discrimination but there was no change in 5-HT, dopamine and their metabolites in the hippocampus, striatum and frontal cortex 2 weeks after MDMA treatment suggesting no contribution of either 5-HT or dopamine loss to the MDMA-induced memory impairment. The effects of housing conditions on MDMA-induced changes in body temperature and subsequent 5-HT neurotoxicity were determined. Group housed rats showed a similar pattern of changes in body temperature to singly housed rats measured by radiotelemetry following MDMA (3 x 6 mg/kg) suggesting no effect of the housing condition on MDMA-induced changes in body temperature. MDMA (3 x 6 mg/kg) given to group housed rats however produced loss of hippocampal 5-HT 2 weeks after treatment indicating that MDMA-induced hyperthermia is not an essential factor for MDMA-induced neurotoxicity. The influence of tyrosine on MDMA-induced 5-HT neurotoxicity was determined by depletion of brain tyrosine availability by giving a tyrosine-free amino acid mixture (1 glkg twice 1 h apart) to Dark Agouti rats before and after MDMA administration (12.5 mglkg i.p.). A small increase of tyrosine in the hippocampus and striatum occurred in rats treated with MDMA alone. Although the tyrosine-free amino acid mixture decreased tyrosine in the hippocampus and striatum by more than 50% 2 h after administration, this did not protect against MDMA-induced acute hippocampal and striatal 5-HT depletion and long-term 5-HT loss in the hippocampus indicating no effect of tyrosine on MDMA-induced 5-HT neurotoxicity. Overall the results of the present study provide extensive evidence for acute and long-term memory impairments following single and 'binge-type' repeated low dose MDMA administration and that these effects may translate effectively to human conditions. The memory impairments appeared to have no link with 5-HT and dopamine thus it is important to focus on other factors involved in the mechanism of MDMA-induced memory impairments.
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Mecitoğlu, Güçbilmez Çiğdem Yemenicioğlu Ahmet. "Production of functional packaging materials by use of biopreservatives/." [s.l.]: [s.n.], 2005. http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tezlerengelli/master/biyoteknoloji/T000356.pdf.
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Thesis (Master)--İzmir Institute of Technology, İzmir, 2005.Keywords: Biopreservatives, antimicrobial enzymes, antioxidant proteins, edible films, functional packaging materials. Includes bibliographical references (leaves.88-101).
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Sheldrake, Simon N. "Extending functional databases for use in text-intensive applications." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2002. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/34644.
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This thesis continues research exploring the benefits of using functional databases based around the functional data model for advanced database applications-particularly those supporting investigative systems. This is a growing generic application domain covering areas such as criminal and military intelligence, which are characterised by significant data complexity, large data sets and the need for high performance, interactive use. An experimental functional database language was developed to provide the requisite semantic richness. However, heavy use in a practical context has shown that language extensions and implementation improvements are required-especially in the crucial areas of string matching and graph traversal. In addition, an implementation on multiprocessor, parallel architectures is essential to meet the performance needs arising from existing and projected database sizes in the chosen application area.
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Ibrahim, Saber. "Synthesis of Functional Block Copolymers for use in Nano-hybrids." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-67435.
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Polystyrene block polyethyleneimine (PS-b-PEI) copolymer prepared by combining PS and poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) (PMeOx) segments together through two strategies. Furthermore, PMeOx block was hydrolysis to produce PEI block which linked with PS block.
Macroinitiator route is one of these two ways to prepare PS-b-PEI copolymer. Polystyrene macroinitiator or poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) macroinitiator prepared through Nitroxide Mediate Radical Polymerization (NMRP) or Cationic Ring Opening Polymerization (CROP) respectively. Each macroinitiator has active initiated terminal group toward another block monomer. Second strategy based on coupling of PS segment with PMeOx block through “click” coupling chemistry. Polystyrene modified with terminal azide moiety are combined with PMeOx functionalized with alkyne group via 1,3 dipolar cycloaddition reaction “click reaction”.
PS-b-PMeOx was hydrolysis in alkaline medium to produce amphiphilic PS-b-PEI copolymer. A set of block copolymer with different block ratios was prepared and investigated to select suitable block copolymer for further applications. Stichiometric PS-b-PEI copolymer selected to stabilize gold nanoparticle (Au NPs) in polymer matrix. PEI segment work as reducing and stabilizing agent of gold precursor in aqueous solution. Various concentrations of gold precursor were loaded and its effect on UVVIS absorbance, particle size and particle distribution studied. In addition, reduction efficiency of PEI block was determined from XPS measurements. The thickness of Au NPs/PS-b-PEI thin film was determined with a novel model for composite system. On the other hand, Gallium nitride quantum dots (GaN QDs) stabilized in PS-b-PEI copolymer after annealing. Our amphiphilic block copolymer exhibit nice thermal stability under annealing conditions. GaN QDs prepared in narrow nano-size with fine particle distribution. Blue ray was observed as an indication to emission activity of GaN crystal. Over all, PS-b-PEI copolymer synthesized through macroinitiator and click coupling methods. It was successfully stabilized Au NPs and GaN QDs in polymer matrix with controlled particle size which can be post applied in tremendous industrial and researcher fields.
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Mwihaki, Alice. "Meaning and use: a functional view of semantics and pragmatics." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-91021.
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This article addresses the notion of linguistic meaning with reference to Kiswahili. It focuses particular attention on meaning typology, with the assumption that a discussion of meaning types can enhance the understanding and appreciation of linguistic meaning. The discussion takes its general conceptual orientation from the approach that considers meaning as use, whereby the unit of analysis is the speech
act. This is a functional view of linguistic meaning, the tenets of which are contained in functional grammar. From a broader perspective, this article distinguishes conceptual and associative meaning then proceeds to deal with the individual types. Ultimately, five types of linguistic meaning are discussed: conceptual, connotative, social, affective and collocative. From the discussion, conclusionsabout the value of the typology for defining the concept and the scope of semantics are drawn.
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Dobson, Benjamin Pirnie. "Dispersions of graphene for use as thermal and functional fluids." Thesis, Durham University, 2018. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/12570/.
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Graphene's combination of properties makes it a material with great potential in a wide range of applications. High thermal conductivity and good tribological properties mean graphene has been proposed as an additive for both lubricants and thermal fluids; being used to form nanofluids with improved properties. However, the use of graphene in these applications requires the significant challenge of dispersing graphene in applied fluids to be overcome. In this work graphene, and its functionalised derivatives were dispersed in both polar and non-polar fluids using a range of techniques, following which the properties of these fluids were analysed. Initially, the dispersibility of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) in water was investigated and a novel method of using N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP)to act as a dispersant for rGO in polar fluids was developed. Using this method dispersions of rGO in water were produced at over six times the concentration possible by standard dispersion. Working in more applied fluids efforts were made to improve the dispersibility of graphene materials in applied polar fluids such as oils. Stable dispersions of graphene materials in commercial oils were produced through functionalisation of graphene, with a range of reagents, to improve its compatibility with non-polar solvents. These functionalised graphenes were then dispersed in commercial lubricants to form stable dispersions and the tribological properties of these dispersions were tested showing that it was possible for functionalised graphenes to improve the performance of commercial lubricants. To assess the impact of graphene on the thermal properties of applied fluids dispersions of graphene materials were prepared in a commercial coolant. The thermal properties of this nanofluid were then determined and it was shown that the addition of graphene materials can improve the thermal properties of applied fluids.
Books on the topic "Grasp and functional use"
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Saarela, Maria, and Tiina Mattila-Sandholm. Functional dairy products. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 2003.
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Saarela, Maria. Functional dairy products. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2007.
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Mushrooms as functional foods. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley, 2008.
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International Contrastive Linguistics Conference (3rd 2003 Santiago de Compostela, Spain). The dynamics of language use: Functional and contrastive perspectives. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Pub., 2005.
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Anthony, Raymond J. The manufacture and use of the functional foot orthosis. Basel: Karger, 1991.
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Corder, Larry S. Health status metodology report: Use of functional limitations battery. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina: Research Triangle Institute, 1986.
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John, Shi, Mazza G. 1946-, and Le Maguer M, eds. Functional foods: Biochemical & processing aspects. Lancaster, PA: Technomic Pub., 1998.
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de Moura, Carlos A. Functional Analysis Tools for Practical Use in Sciences and Engineering. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10598-2.
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Urala, Nina. Functional foods in Finland: Consumers' views, attitudes and willingness to use. Espoo, Finland: VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, 2005.
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Sven, Klussmann, ed. The aptamer handbook: Functional oligonucleotides and their applications. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2006.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Grasp and functional use"
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Pantin, Isabelle. "The Illustrated Printed Page as a Tool for Thinking and for Transmitting Knowledge. The Case of the Theoricae Planetarum." In Scientific Visual Representations in History, 33–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11317-8_2.
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AbstractDuring the early modern period, astronomy underwent a profound transformation in the way it was taught, as the response of an enlarged readership took on more and more importance. This change notably concerned the use of images and diagrams. The Theoricae planetarum, especially Peuerbach’s Theoricae novae planetarum, are a privileged example in this respect, for they served a particularly large range of functions. They were mnemonic tools and visual glossaries, and an essential element in Peuerbach’s pedagogical approach. They had a documentary role, as they gave plausible representations of the celestial spheres; they could be used as proofs of the soundness of a “theory,” or could simply help to follow a geometrical demonstration. Some of them were small-scale models designed to serve as tools for the mind to better grasp the complex combination of movements in what was then called machina mundi. All these figures, and their power to exercise the mind, were well suited to a period when more and more astronomers were involved in imagining, drawing, and comparing hypothetical models of planetary movements.
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Polzehl, Jörg, and Karsten Tabelow. "Functional Magnetic Resonance." In Use R!, 25–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29184-6_4.
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Gondro, Cedric. "Databases and Functional Information." In Use R!, 201–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14475-7_6.
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Lecessi, Ralph. "Use in Optionals." In Functional Interfaces in Java, 243–57. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-4278-0_11.
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Lecessi, Ralph. "Use in Streams." In Functional Interfaces in Java, 259–91. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-4278-0_12.
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Lecessi, Ralph. "Use in Collections." In Functional Interfaces in Java, 181–207. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-4278-0_9.
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Pokorny, Colleen, Bethany Juhnke, and Linsey Griffin. "A Visible Functional Grasp to Measure the Complete Hand." In Advances in Industrial Design, 589–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51194-4_77.
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Lecessi, Ralph. "Use in Comparing Objects." In Functional Interfaces in Java, 209–42. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-4278-0_10.
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Lecessi, Ralph. "Use in Multithreaded Programs." In Functional Interfaces in Java, 293–327. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-4278-0_13.
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Lecessi, Ralph. "Use in Atomic Calculations." In Functional Interfaces in Java, 329–46. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-4278-0_14.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Grasp and functional use"
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Lim, Kai Yuen, Emily Cook, S. Philip Kirkpatrick, and Neophytos Palettas. "Tactile Surface Detector for a Prosthetic Hand." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53544.
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Currently, the number of amputees in the United States is estimated at 1.7 million people [1], and of those 1.7 million people, only approximately 300,000 are upper limb amputees [2]. However, the number of amputees is growing at a rate of more than 18,000 people per year [3]. Although the body powered and myoelectric prosthetics have been invented to provide a cosmetic solution and functionally allow the user to employ leverage or grasp an object, there are no marketed products which provide tactile feedback. Often amputees will not use their current prosthetics due to their unnatural feel. In terms of functional use of the prosthetics, reports show as low as 29% of amputees with prosthetics make use of the grasp feature [4]. Due to the general lack of user satisfaction, it is necessary to improve the prosthetic market by incorporating sensory feedback into upper limb prosthetics so that the user feels like they are using their own arm. With the incorporation of sensory-motor coordination, amputees’ reliance on visual information to be aware of the artificial hand and arm will be decreased, thereby, decreasing their cognitive load [5]. Additionally, due to the increased feedback from the arm regarding the environment, the amputee will be able to use their artificial limb more effectively and with more of native feel.
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Endo, Yui, Satoshi Kanai, Natsuki Miyata, Makiko Kouchi, Masaaki Mochimaru, Jun Konno, Michiyo Ogasawara, and Marie Shimokawa. "An Optimization-Based Approach for Grasp Posture Generation of Digital Hand." In ASME 2008 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2008-49749.
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Recently, as handheld information appliances, such as mobile phones, PDAs, have widely spread, the development of these appliances should pay more attention in their ergonomic design. However, the user tests for developing the “ergonomic” appliances are usually done by many real subjects testing a variety of these physical mockups, and the process of these tests usually requires the expensive cost and has to take a long time. So, we propose a software system of an automatic ergonomic assessment system for designing handheld information appliances by integrating the digital hand model with the 3D product model of the appliance. Our system has the following four feature functions for ergonomic assessment: 1) Generation of kinematically and geometrically accurate digital hand models with rich dimensional variation, 2) automatic grasp posture generation and evaluation of the posture stability by estimating the force-closure and the grasp quality, 3) automatic evaluation of ease of the finger motion in operating the user interface, 4) aiding the designers to re-design the housing shapes and user-interfaces in the product model. In this paper we propose a new optimization-based method the 2) of the above functions. As the objective function, we use the number of the contact points, the fit of the specific part of the hand surface for the feature edges of the product surface and the margin for the constraints on the joint angle limits of the figures. The experimental studies on the grasp posture generation for the digital camera indicate that more realistic grasp posture could be generated using the proposed optimization-based method than the one using our former method.
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Abbott, Daniel R., and Katie Grantham Lough. "Representing Historically Based Component-Function Relationships Through Design Templates." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-35382.
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Functional analysis of systems is a common engineering application during different stages of design. Conceptual designers as well as post-development designers use the process to gather useful information about the system that is under consideration. The functional basis and component taxonomy are collective approaches to describe these systems in unique languages. Since many designers naturally think in terms of physical components, it is more difficult for them to grasp fundamental concepts necessary to functionally model a system properly. A new design instrument, component functional templates, has been developed as a means to link the functional basis and component taxonomy together in one coherent visual form that can be used by novice designers as an invaluable skill-building tool. Principal components analysis (PCA) is used to extract historical data from many consumer products whose design information has been stored in an online repository produced by the UMR Design Engineering Lab. This paper presents the approach and derivation of the templates, along with valid examples of template groupings that result from the analysis. An application of the templates is presented in a case study on the drive train of a bicycle where the templates prove to sufficiently begin the modeling process and provide room for unique manipulation that accurately describes functional requirements of the subsystem.
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Helms, Michael E., Hoda Ehsan, Euisun Kim, Roxanne Moore, Meltem Alemdar, Christopher J. Cappelli, Jeff Rosen, and Marc Weissburg. "Getting Beyond the Hairy House: Using Structure-Function-Mechanism to Advance Biologically Inspired Design Pedagogy." In ASME 2021 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2021-71721.
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Abstract In this case study we report on the use of a Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS)-aligned form of Structure-Behavior-Function, called Structure-Function-Mechanism (SFM), to teach four high school engineering teachers an approach for Biologically Inspired Design (BID). Functional theories of design describe a natural way in which designers solve design problems. They provide support for case-based and analogical-based reasoning systems and have been used successfully to teach BID to undergraduate students. We found that teachers instructed on BID practice and pedagogy using our modified theory were able to grasp the structural concepts and looked for clear markers separating mechanism (behavior) and function. Because of the systems-of-systems nature of most biological entities, these boundaries were often subjective, presenting unique challenge to teachers. As high school engineering teachers look for methods to enhance their pedagogy and to understand multidisciplinary content, these findings will inform future curriculum development and professional learning approaches for engineering education.
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Vanteddu, Teja, Bijo Sebastian, and Pinhas Ben-Tzvi. "Design Optimization of RML Glove for Improved Grasp Performance." In ASME 2018 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2018-9004.
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This paper describes the design optimization of the RML Glove in order to improve its grasp performance. The existing design is limited to grasping objects of large diameter (> 110mm) due to its inability in attaining high bending angles. For an exoskeleton glove to be effective in its use as an assistive and rehabilitation device for Activities of Daily Living (ADL), it should be able to interact with objects over a wide range of sizes. Motivated by these limitations, the kinematics of the existing linkage mechanism was analyzed in detail and the design variables were identified. Two different cost functions were formulated and compared in their ability to yield optimal values for the design variables. The optimal set of design variables was chosen based on the grasp angles achieved and the resulting mechanism was simulated in CAD for feasibility testing. An exoskeleton mechanism corresponding to the index finger was manufactured with the chosen design variables and detailed experimental validation was performed to illustrate the improvement in grasp performance over the existing design. The paper ends with a summary of the experimental results and directions for future research.
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Tai, Muyo, Keita Ishida, Kazuya Oizumi, and Kazuhiro Aoyama. "A Formal Process to Support Resolution of Functional Trade-Offs in Complex Product Development." In ASME 2018 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2018-86317.
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This paper proposes a method to resolve trade-off problems between functionalities, which hinders unconventional improvement of a product. As products have become increasingly complex, it becomes difficult to grasp the whole aspects of a product. In order to resolve trade-off problems of a complex product, it is required to model the product in an appropriate form and to gather knowledge of experts in each domain. Although there have been several models to tackle with this issue, modelling still poses difficulties due to lack of clear guideline. This paper classified models into three types: function-based, cognition-based and physics-based. Then, their roles and description guidelines are clarified. As a function-based model depicts functionality of a product in a rather simple description, it is employed to specify significant tradeoffs. A cognition-based model depicts the designers’ recognition of physical phenomena while a physics-based model rigorously depicts the physical phenomena. A cognition-based model is appropriate for ideation while physics-based model contributes to objectivity of a model. This paper proposes complimentary modelling and use of cognition-based and physics-based models. To support ideation of solution to the trade-offs, TRIZ is applied. The proposed method is demonstrated and validated by the case study of Continuously Variable Transmission.
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Johannes, Robin, and Abigail Clarke-Sather. "Proof of Concept: Hand Extension Device to Aid Impaired Hand Functionn." In 2022 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2022-1032.
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Abstract Human hands are made to do everything: grasp objects, communicate, perform daily tasks, and learn. Certain people with difficulties using their hands are affected greatly by spasticity, uncontrolled tightness in hand muscles, and impaired motor function in their hands. Hand spasticity specifically can be caused by several medical conditions including cerebral palsy, stroke, arthritis, and carpal tunnel. Often an individual's hand remains in a clenched fist position causing pain and limited mobility within the fingers. Many products exist on the market that specifically help meet the clinical needs of opening and extending a hand for long periods of time. Individuals can purchase products, but they are usually only used during occupational therapy sessions due to their high cost. The Hand Extender is a wearable designed for participants who struggle with functional use of their hands, and over time the Hand Extender is designed to support and aid their hand in everyday functions. Similar products only come in a few standard sizes, resulting in potentially poorer fit, e.g., commercially available products are not currently sized for the pediatric population or participants with an abnormal hand size. The custom fit glove of the Hand Extender made possible via 3D printed parts accommodates all participant populations with a variety of different hand sizes. The tailored glove also provides more accurate extension due to the better fit. A custom fit 3D Hand Extender was able to accurately fit two adult participants with different sized hands and normal hand function.
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Miro, Michael, Benedict Theren, Tobias Schmelter, and Bernd Kuhlenkötter. "SMA Actuator Usage in Upper Limb Rehabilitation Technology." In ASME 2021 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2021-67599.
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Abstract Today, therapy of neurologically induced functional losses of the upper limbs is mainly carried out manually. Recently, with the progress in automation technology, device-assisted therapy has established itself internationally as an additional treatment option. Thereby, proven therapy methods are applied automatically, which can relieve therapists, increase treatment frequency and lead to a better outcome. However, many of these solutions are still costly, heavy, bulky, or unsuitable for non-specialists because of the device’s and external actuator unit’s complexity. These limitations deny regular and otherwise immensely beneficial self-training by demanding the continuous presence of a therapist for setup and oversight. In this context, Shape-Memory-Alloy-based actuators’ usage may permit new design approaches with enhanced physical properties and usability. Thereby, inhibition thresholds are overcome by reducing the size and weight of available devices and their peripherals, which use standard actuators. For SMA, the necessary strokes and forces are a challenge. To meet the given demands of automated grasp therapy, a suitable actuator build is designed using VDI 2248. The build bases on an antagonistic SMA approach consisting of Nitinol spring combinations to match given boundary conditions, like necessary stroke and gripping forces for a physiologically correct hand movement. Furthermore, optimization for properties like a minimal size to stroke ratio is conducted. This paper delivers an early proof of concept based on a prototype for an SMA-actuated grasp therapy device for neurological rehabilitation.
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Seifert, Emily, Christopher Curry, and Linsey Griffin. "3D Anthropometric Assessment of Functional Hand Grasps for Surgeons and Medical Professionals." In 2019 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2019-3310.
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Fine and gross motor skills of the hand are essential to complete the work of surgery. During examinations and surgery, the hand becomes a surgeon and a medical professional’s first point of contact with a patient, as they use their hands to perform tasks with various tools while wearing gloves. The anthropometry of hands and the interaction of the tool can affect the probability of developing a musculoskeletal injury [3]. Tools for healthcare professionals are typically designed using male anthropometric data taken from only one position using tape measures and calipers. The problem with this approach is that humans are rarely in these positions when carrying out everyday tasks and hand measurements and form change with movement. This paper discusses a new method of capturing dynamic hand anthropometry through the use of 3D scanners, to address traditional anthropometric hand data’s limitation. Based on an initial assessment of surgical instruments, six functional hand grasps were selected and compared to traditional hand anthropometric poses. Using these poses, a pilot study with one male was conducted. In total 65 measurements were gathered through 8 poses. The positions with the largest range of measurement change were: Total Hand Length-Palmar with 48 mm, Total Hand Length-Dorsal with 39 mm, and the tip of the first digit through webspace to the tip of digit 2 (Web) with 26 mm. Understanding dimensional change in select areas of the hand is essential to developing more ergonomic, better fitting products for surgeons and medical professionals. A 26–48 mm dimensional change can have a significant impact on the positioning of surgical tool properties, as well as the functionality of the tool and precision of work for surgeons and medical professionals with different hand sizes. This pilot study demonstrated the feasibility of using functional hand grasps as a basis for collecting hand anthropometric data using a 3D scanner.
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Shafat, Gabriel, Binyamin Abramov, and Ilya Levin. "Using Threshold Functions in Teaching Electronics." In ASME 2008 9th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2008-59125.
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Teaching of digital electronics and the teaching of analog electronics differ significantly. The methods in use today differ in two major points: the required mathematical background and the used didactic methods. The well-known gap between the analog and the digital paradigms in teaching electronics has motivated the present study. The paper introduces a novel approach for electronics course teaching. The approach uses a concept threshold functions. Threshold functions have three remarkable properties that are suitable for the purposes of teaching an electronics course. The first property is the simplicity of the functions’ representation and implementation; the essence of a threshold function is understandable on the common sense level. The second property is the dual analog-digital nature of the threshold functions. The definition of a threshold function usually includes both Boolean and arithmetic portions and weaves together the two alternative domains: digital and analog. Since students are familiar with regular arithmetic functions from previous math courses, the addition of Boolean concepts is simple to grasp. The possibility to transform any threshold function from one domain to another, serves as a powerful tool for processes teaching. The third property we consider is the multiple representations possible for threshold functions. Besides the classical Boolean and arithmetic representations, a threshold function can be represented in the format of an electric/electronic circuit and also can be represented in a spatial form, by three-dimensional visualization for better understanding the functional properties of threshold functions. The paper discusses a problem-based learning with two main types of problems: synthesis and analysis problems of threshold elements. While the analysis problem is relatively simple, the problem of optimal synthesis is NP-complete, and equivalent to a well-known optimization problem that exists also in linear programming. Using the linear programming for teaching the synthesis of a threshold element is a challenging pedagogical task. The paper describes an approach for solving this task. A number of real-world problems may be formulated and efficiently solved by using the proposed threshold-based approach, for example the problems of event-driven control, fuzzy control, linear optimization, self-regulation. These problems formulate as students’ assignments, and are used in the lesson. These exercises convert a lesson of electronics into an interesting, challengeable and useful educational event. Introduction of the threshold approach into the electronics curriculum enables the students to acquire much deeper understanding of electronic systems.
Reports on the topic "Grasp and functional use"
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Popovic, Mirjana B., Dejan B. Popovic, and Nebojsa Ralevic. Functional Range of Motion During GRASP: Impact of the Object Location. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada412366.
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Busby, Ryan, Thomas Douglas, Joshua LeMonte, David Ringelberg, and Karl Indest. Metal accumulation capacity in indigenous Alaska vegetation growing on military training lands. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41443.
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Permafrost thawing could increase soil contaminant mobilization in the environment. Our objective was to quantify metal accumulation capacities for plant species and functional groups common to Alaskan military training ranges where elevated soil metal concentrations were likely to occur. Plant species across multiple military training range sites were collected. Metal content in shoots and roots was compared to soil metal concentrations to calculate bioconcentration and translocation factors. On average, grasses accumulated greater concentrations of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, and Zn relative to forbs or shrubs, and bioconcentrated greater concentrations of Ni and Pb. Shrubs bioconcentrated greater concentrations of Sb. Translocation to shoots was greatest among the forbs. Three native plants were identified as candidate species for use in metal phytostabilization applications. Elymus macrourus, a grass, bioconcentrated substantial concentrations of Cu, Pb, and Zn in roots with low translocation to shoots. Elaeagnus commutata, a shrub, bioconcentrated the greatest amounts of Sb, Ni, and Cr, with a low translocation factor. Solidago decumbens bio-concentrated the greatest amount of Sb among the forbs and translocated the least amount of metals. A combination of forb, shrub, and grass will likely enhance phytostabilization of heavy metals in interior Alaska soils through increased functional group diversity.
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Sessa, Guido, and Gregory Martin. Role of GRAS Transcription Factors in Tomato Disease Resistance and Basal Defense. United States Department of Agriculture, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7696520.bard.
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The research problem: Bacterial spot and bacterial speck diseases of tomato are causedby strains of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv) and Pseudomonas syringae pv.tomato (Pst), respectively. These bacteria colonize aerial parts of the plant and causesignificant losses in tomato production worldwide. Protection against Xcv and Pst bycultural practices or chemical control has been unsuccessful and there are only limitedsources of genetic resistance to these pathogens. In previous research supported in part byBARD IS-3237-01, we extensively characterized changes in tomato gene expression uponthe onset of spot and speck disease resistance. A remarkable finding of these studies wasthe inducibility in tomato leaves by both Xcv and Pst strains of genes encodingtranscriptional activator of the GRAS family, which has not been previously linked todisease resistance. Goals: Central goals of this research were to investigate the role of GRAS genes in tomatoinnate immunity and to assess their potential use for disease control.Specific objectives were to: 1. Identify GRAS genes that are induced in tomato during thedefense response and analyze their role in disease resistance by loss-of-function experiments.2. Overexpress GRAS genes in tomato and characterize plants for possible broad-spectrumresistance. 3. Identify genes whose transcription is regulated by GRAS family. Our main achievements during this research program are in three major areas:1. Identification of tomato GRAS family members induced in defense responses andanalysis of their role in disease resistance. Genes encoding tomato GRAS family memberswere retrieved from databases and analyzed for their inducibility by Pst avirulent bacteria.Real-time RT-PCR analysis revealed that six SlGRAS transcripts are induced during theonset of disease resistance to Pst. Further expression analysis of two selected GRAS genesshowed that they accumulate in tomato plants in response to different avirulent bacteria orto the fungal elicitor EIX. In addition, eight SlGRAS genes, including the Pst-induciblefamily members, were induced by mechanical stress in part in a jasmonic acid-dependentmanner. Remarkably, SlGRAS6 gene was found to be required for tomato resistance to Pstin virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) experiments.2. Molecular analysis of pathogen-induced GRAS transcriptional activators. In aheterologous yeast system, Pst-inducible GRAS genes were shown to have the ability toactivate transcription in agreement with their putative function of transcription factors. Inaddition, deletion analysis demonstrated that short sequences at the amino-terminus ofSlGRAS2, SlGRAS4 and SlGRAS6 are sufficient for transcriptional activation. Finally,defense-related SlGRAS proteins were found to localize to the cell nucleus. 3. Disease resistance and expression profiles of transgenic plants overexpressing SlGRASgenes. Transgenic plants overexpressing SlGRAS3 or SlGRAS6 were generated. Diseasesusceptibility tests revealed that these plants are not more resistant to Pst than wild-typeplants. Gene expression profiles of the overexpressing plants identified putative direct orindirect target genes regulated by SlGRAS3 and SlGRAS6. Scientific and agricultural significance: Our research activities established a novel linkbetween the GRAS family of transcription factors, plant disease resistance and mechanicalstress response. SlGRAS6 was found to be required for disease resistance to Pstsuggesting that this and possibly other GRAS family members are involved in thetranscriptional reprogramming that takes place during the onset of disease resistance.Their nuclear localization and transcriptional activation ability support their proposed roleas transcription factors or co-activators. However, the potential of utilizing GRAS familymembers for the improvement of plant disease resistance in agriculture has yet to bedemonstrated.
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Erhart, M. F. 241-SY-101 multi-functional instrument tree acceptance for beneficial use (ABU). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/409922.
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Burgeson, I. E., S. A. Bryan, D. M. Camaioni, R. T. Hallen, B. D. Lerner, and R. D. Scheele. Use of organic functional group concentrations as a means of screening for energetics. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/276924.
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DeArmond, Kathryn. The use of phonological process assessment for differentiating developmental apraxia of speech from functional articulation disorders. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.5861.
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Lo, Gane Samb. How to use the functional empirical process for deriving asymptotic laws for functions of the sample. Arxiv, July 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.16929/hs/imhotep.2016.x.001.
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The functional empirical process is a very powerful tool for deriving asymptotic laws for almost any kind of statistics whenever we know how to express them into functions of the sample. Since this method seems to be applied more and more in the very recent future, this paper is intended to provide a complete but short description and justification of the method and to illustrate it with a non-trivial example using bivariate data. It may also serve for citation without repeating the arguments
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Dougherty, Shona. Isolation and Functional Characterization of Prostate Tumor-Specific Hypoxia-Inducible Promoter/Enhancer Elements for Use in Gene Therapy. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada413596.
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Kent, Stephen. Use of Modern Chemical Protein Synthesis and Advanced Fluorescent Assay Techniques to Experimentally Validate the Functional Annotation of Microbial Genomes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1087659.
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Cody, William J., William B. Rouse, and Kenneth R. Boff. Automated Information Management for Designers: Functional Requirements for Computer Based Associates That Support Access and Use of Technical Information in Design. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada274603.
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