Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Graphitiques'
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Obadero, Abayomi Samuel. "Intercalation dans les matériaux graphitiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024GRALY024.
Full textAs humanity grapples with the pressing challenge of greenhouse gas emissions, the significance of sustainable energy solutions becomes increasingly evident. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, hailed as a promising avenue for electricity energy storage,which is critical for embedded electronics, electric transportation, and irregular production from renewable sources such as wind, geothermal, solar. e.t.c. However, their widespread adoption hinges on two main critical factors such as the non-availability of Li in the Earth’s crust and its difficulty in extraction. Hence, its supply may lead to future conflicts. Apart from these, Li-ion batteries are required to store more energy, that is, have better capacity and also charge quickly. Perhaps, the high capacity requirement of Li-ion batteries could possibly be met by investigating into the key components of Li-ion, specifically the Anode (negative) and Cathode (positive) electrodes. These electrodes host the Li-ions that move in opposite direction to electric current during charge and discharge. Within this framework, the study of graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) emerges as a pivotal field, offering insights into enhancing the capacity of specifically the Anode electrode where graphite is the host material, hence the name GIC.Basically, GIC which belongs to layered materials, involves the regular insertion of guest atoms, ions, or molecule between the layers of graphite. In the context of GIC, both theoretical and experimental work have been carried out in a bid to understand and tackle the challenges faced with Li-ion batteries. For instance, researchers have tried to explore the use other Alkali Metals (AM) which are readily available such as Na, and K as substitutes for Li. However, the formers seems to have reduced capacity, particularly in the case Na, where fully Sodiated compound has been known not to form. Furthermore, while fully Lithiated materials of Li-GIC have been well studied and characterized, phenomena at dilute or low concentration regime remains elusive. Similar to the case of Li, little or no information about the dilute regime has been known for K-GIC. In fact, K has been reported to occupy graphite gallery in a disordered manner without any established stoichiometry between C and K. Furthermore in this regime, questions like (i) the local environment evolution of AM as a function of concentration, (ii) the AM content at which pristine graphite stacking (AB or Bernal) transit to the fully lithiated (AA or hexagonal) stacking during lithiation,(iii) the mechanism driving intercalation, and many more are still open questions in the field of Alkali Metal Graphite Intercalation Compound (AM-GIC).Therefore in this thesis manuscript, we conducted an extensive numerical study on both Li-GIC and K-GIC from the dense phase to dilute phases using the Density Functional Theory (DFT) formalism. The aim of this work is to understand the intercalation of AM (Li, Na, and K) into graphite with a particular emphasis on the dilute regime. Although with our DFT tool, we realized that not much calculations could be performed with Na due to its computational cost. Therefore, we focused on Li and K for which different behavior is reported in experiments. Hence pointing to different mechanisms at the atomic scale that we aim to capture with our approach. Using the DFT tool, we have shown that the interaction between Li and K in the graphite gallery is not merely electrostatic as assumed so far. Furthermore in the dilute regime, AM locally deforms the graphite sheet to avoid an over-compression by C atoms. This structural deformation is different in AB and AA graphite. We have used this observed structural difference between AB and AA graphite to substantiate the transition from AB to AA stacking during Li intercalation based on the total energy calculations from DFT
Dujardin, Erik. "Disques, cones et nanotubes graphitiques : synthèse, propriétés et système mesoscopique." Paris 6, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA066170.
Full textFoy, Denis. "Sur l'élaboration de nouveaux carbonitrures : des variétés graphitiques aux structures peu compressibles." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00374077.
Full textReserbat-Plantey, Antoine. "Nanosystèmes graphitiques : cavités optiques ajustables et détection spectrale des contraintes dans un nanorésonateur mécanique." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00767927.
Full textBieber, Thomas. "Etude expérimentale d'une source plasma RF à configuration hélicon dans le mélange Ar/H2 : application à la gravure chimique de surfaces graphitiques dans le cadre des interactions plasma-paroi du divertor d'ITER." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0011/document.
Full textPlasma-wall interactions are one of the main issues in fusion research and must be thoroughly studied to progress in this topic. The objective of this work is to develop an atomic hydrogen source at low pressure (< Torr) in a helicon configuration reactor working in H2/Ar gas mixture. This source is then used to study the chemical etching of graphite and carbon fiber composites composing the limiter of the Tore Supra tokamak. Depending on the experimental conditions, the RF power coupling of the reactor can be in capacitive, inductive, Trivelpiece-Gould or low field helicon mode. The characterization of these modes determined that in this case the inductive one presents the greatest interest for the atomic hydrogen source. Further studies in inductive mode showed that increasing the confinement magnetic field leads to a decrease of measured relative densities of two metastable levels of argon ion and one metastable state of neutral argon. A simple model simulating neutral metastable state behavior confirmed that these levels are destroyed by electronic collisions towards upper levels. The chemical etching of graphite exposed to the atomic hydrogen source is relatively efficient (up to 3 µm/h) at 10 mTorr and drops with the pressure. A qualitative analysis of atomic hydrogen kinetics concluded that this behavior is due to the decrease of atomic hydrogen flux on the sample with increasing pressure. Finally, first observations of the etched surface underlined different structures (nanoparticles clusters and deposits). These can be compared to the ones observed in different tokamaks
Pavon, Baldassare Delphine. "Caractérisation des dépôts sur les pistons : Influence du lubrifiant et de la combustion." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2007. http://bibli.ec-lyon.fr/exl-doc/TH_T2068_dpavon.pdf.
Full textThe aim of my thesis was to leau a precise characterization of deposits on pistons to improve the understanding of their formation. Deposits increase oil consumption, leading to hydrocarbon releases, which are injurious for post treatments. Engine tests, carried out with Volvo D12D heavy duty diesel engine, allowed to test performane of two lubricants with different formulation. We noted by piston rating that deposits formation was maximum at the first hours of engine test. Moreover, it didn't depend on oil formulation. According to analytical results obtained by X-ray Pholoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), deposits are mainly made of carbon (wt%70) including oxidized oil carbon and soot, wt%20 of inorganic products due to oil additives degradation and wt%10 of wear (iron, chronium, aluminium). We found that there was neither chemical nor morphologic kinetic for first groove deposits formation during engine test. We showed by TEM the presence of graphitic hollow particles into deposits and soot, which one seem interesting because of the resemblance with carbon onions
De, Feudis Mary. "Diamonds : synthesis and contacting for detector applications." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCD005/document.
Full textThis PhD work has been carried out in international cotutelle agreement between the University of Salento (L3, Italy) and the University of Paris 13 (LSPM, France). The main aim was the manufacturing of ohmic contacts on diamond surface for detector and electronic device applications. The work at L3 was dedicated to the laser-induced diamond graphitization process in order to produce graphitic electrodes on intrinsic diamonds. An experimental set-up dedicated to the laser writing technique on diamond has been developed in both hardware and software aspects and a protocol for the manufacturing of segmented graphitic contacts on diamond surface of large scale (cm²) has been implemented. An extensive characterization work has demonstrated the diamond-graphite phase transition and an ohmic electrical behaviour for the contacts with a resistivity of the order of ≈ 10⁻⁵ Ω.m. Eventually, an all-carbon detector has been developed and tested with 450 MeV electron and positron beams proving to be a good candidate in the role of active target for a new high-energy experiment (PADME) in the framework of the dark matter. The work at LSPM has been dedicated to the development of a protocol allowing reaching ohmic contacts on lightly boron doped diamond with oxygenated surface grown by MPACVD. The fabrication of Ti/Au metallic contact above a mesa structure has relied on a He ion implantation treatment to induce a graphitic layer underneath the diamond surface. The electrical measurements on lightly doped diamonds ([B] = 4 × 10¹⁷ cm⁻³) with metal or graphite / metal contacts have shown that the graphitic layer makes ohmic the contacts leading to a specific contact resistance as low as 3.3 × 10⁻⁴ Ω.cm²
Questo dottorato di ricerca è stato svolto in convenzione di cotutela internazionale tra l’Università del Salento (L3, Italia) e l’Università di Parigi 13 (LSPM, Francia). Il principale obiettivo è stato la fabbricazione di contatti ohmici su superficie di diamante per applicazioni come rivelatori e dispositivi elettronici. Il lavoro a L3 è stato dedicato allo studio del processo di grafitizzazione del diamante indotto da laser al fine di produrre elettrodi grafitici su diamanti intrinseci. In particolare, è stato sviluppato un apparato sperimentale dedicato alla tecnica di scrittura laser su diamante sia nelle componenti hardware che software, ed è stato realizzato un protocollo per la fabbricazione di contatti grafitici segmentati su superfici di diamante di grande scala (cm²). Un ampio lavoro di caratterizzazione ha dimostrato la transizione di fase diamante-grafite e il comportamento ohmico per i contatti elettrici con una resistività dell’ordine di 10⁻⁵ Ω.m. Pertanto, un rivelatore costituito solo di carbonio è stato sviluppato e testato con fasci elettronici e positronici di 450 MeV risultando essere un buon candidato nel ruolo di bersaglio attivo per un nuovo esperimento di fisica delle alte energie (PADME) nel contesto della materia oscura. Il lavoro a LSPM è stato dedicato allo sviluppo di un protocollo che ha consentito di ottenere contatti ohmici su diamanti leggermente drogati con boro e con superficie terminata con ossigeno, cresciuti mediante MPACVD. I processi di fabbricazione di contatti metallici Ti/Au sopra una struttura mesa sono stati sviluppato così come un trattamento di impiantazione a base di ioni di He al fine di indurre uno strato grafitico appena sotto la superficie del diamante. Le misure elettriche su diamanti leggermente drogati ([B] = 4 × 10¹⁷ cm⁻³) con contatti o solo metallici o grafitici / metallici hanno dimostrato che la presenza dello strato grafitico rende i contatti ohmici e comporta una resistenza specifica di contatto pari a 3.3 × 10⁻⁴ Ω.cm²
Zambon, Adrien. "Modèles chimiques du nitrure de carbone graphitique : lien structure-propriétés." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAV024/document.
Full textGraphitic carbon nitride (gCN) is an organic semi-conductor which has lately attracted a lot of attention when its photocatalytic properties were highlighted for water splitting. It has been recently shown to be based on the heptazine core, but its three-dimensional structure remains elusive. This is first due to its poor solubility which prevents the use of classical characterization techniques, and second to the fact that changes in synthesis experimental conditions (precursors, temperature…) yield different materials. The synthesis of tailored and well-defined molecular models would therefore certainly be of great interest to better understand the structure-properties relationship of this material. This is the aim of the work presented in this manuscript. The reactivity of cyameluryl chloride, a monomeric precursor, has been studied, and a protocol for a quantitative selective substitution by aliphatic secondary amines has been determined. The use of deprotonation by a strong base or thermal treatment yielded two dimers and one linear trimer. The oligomers have been characterized by several technique (X-ray diffraction, NMR, IR, UV-vis absorption, emission, electrochemistry), and the obtained data were in close agreement to the ones observed in DFT. As a rule of thumb, a decrease of the electronic transition energies is observed for an increasing chain length. The application of extrapolation methods to the experimental data suggests that oligomers are relevant molecular models for gCN
Jelea, Andrei. "Etude quantique de la réactivité du bore en milieu graphitique." Aix-Marseille 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX11016.
Full textThe doping with boron was proposed as solution for limiting the chemical erosion of the graphite made plasma facing components (PFC), in the fusion devices. For de-trapping of the hydrogen isotopes from the PFC's the best method seems to be the exposure to oxygen. This theoretical study treats by static or molecular dynamics DFT calculations on the fundamental features of the boron doped graphite surfaces and also on the oxygen-hydrogen reactions on pure or boron doped graphite surfaces. The substitutional doping (12 at. % B) allows diminishing 3 to 5 times the activation energies of the Langmuir-Hinshelwood reactions between oxygen and hydrogen. As a consequence, these species can be more easily eliminated from the doped surfaces in the form of water molecules. Similar results were observed for a 25 at. % B doping. The boron has to be uniformly distributed in the surface, otherwise structure modifications with implications on reactivity may occur. The H/C saturation ratio (81. 5%) for the 11 at. % boron doped surface is higher than for a pure graphite one (40%). However a previous study showed that the mobility of hydrogen on the doped surfaces is higher, this increasing the recombination yield, thus the dehydrogenation. From the molecular dynamics viewpoint, in the limits of our models, the atomic oxygen is a good dehydrogenation agent, the presence of boron increasing the dehydrogenation yield. In the fusion devices the boronisation is realised using boron hydrides. Consequently the interaction of these compounds with a graphite surface was analyzed in this study. The boron hydrides chemisorb on graphite. Some of the adsorbed hydrides can serve as departure points for the growing of carbon-boron films
Mermoux, Michel. "Contribution à l'étude de l'oxyde graphitique : application au stockage électrochimique de l'énergie." Grenoble INPG, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988INPG0117.
Full textMermoux, Michel. "Contribution à l'étude de l'oxyde graphitique application au stockage électrochimique de l'énergie /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37616303w.
Full textRoisnel, Thierry. "Etude par spectroscopie de rayons X de quelques composés d'intercalation graphitique d'halogénures métalliques." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376182211.
Full textRoisnel, Thierry. "Etude par spectroscopie d'absorption de rayons X de quelques composés d'intercalation graphitique d'halogénures métalliques." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 1988. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00621239.
Full textAlrifai, Racha. "Mise en œuvre de phases stationnaires particulières en électrochromatographie capillaire : phases stationnaires macroporeuses et carbone graphitique poreux." Lyon 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LYO10177.
Full textSelig, Christophe. "Développement des microstructures et des micro ségrégations lors de la solidification des fontes : transition de l'eutectique graphitique vers l'eutectique cémentitique." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPL016N.
Full textRoman, Jacques. "Adsorption et insertion d'atomes et de molécules dans un réseau graphitique : calculs théroriques des interactions et des propriétés structurales et physico-chimiques." Bordeaux 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989BOR10532.
Full textMontigaud, Hervé. "Synthèses sous hautes pressions et caractérisations physicochimiques du nitrure de bore cubique et du nitrure de carbone C3N4." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 1998. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00164570.
Full textPhaner-Goutorbe, Magali. "Réalisation d'un microscope à effet tunnel en milieu liquide : études de la fonctionnalisation de la surface graphitique et du décapage chimique du phosphure d'indium." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ECDL0025.
Full textChaimbault, Patrick. "Analyse d'Acides Aminés non dérivés par Chromatographie en Phase Liquide avec le Détecteur Evaporatif à Diffusion de la Lumière et Couplage avec la Spectrométrie de Masse." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00152167.
Full textPour éviter l'étape de dérivation, la Chromatographie en Phase Liquide (CPL) est ici associée au Détecteur Evaporatif à Diffusion de la Lumière (DEDL) ou couplée à la Spectrométrie de Masse (SM). Ces deux modes de détection sont quasi universels mais requièrent la mise au point de phases mobiles volatiles.
Parmi les systèmes CPL testés pour l'analyse directe des acides aminés, le carbone graphitique poreux a été retenu et évalué comme phase stationnaire. Une phase mobile aqueuse saline, volatile, composée d'acétate d'ammonium, ajustée à pH=9,3, permet notamment la séparation d'acides aminés soufrés analogues de la taurine et la séparation partielle d'acides aminés protéiques. En revanche, la séparation totale des 20 acides aminés protéiques est obtenue avec une phase mobile contenant un acide carboxylique perfluoré (acide nonafluoropentanoique) comme agent d'appariement d'ions volatil, en gradient d'élution, à 10°C, en une quarantaine de minutes.
Les systèmes CPL mis au point avec le DEDL sont directement compatibles avec la SM. En utilisant la spécificité de détection de la SM et la SM tandem, l'analyse des acides aminés protéiques est possible en 20 minutes. Si le DEDL ne permet pas de descendre à des concentrations détectées inférieures au mg/l, la SM tandem autorise des limites de détection avoisinant quelques dizaines de µg/l seulement. La CPL-SM tandem a permis le dosage direct d'acides aminés soufrés dans des invertébrés marins.
Mazan, Sébastien. "Développement de nouvelles techniques de couplage chromatographie en phase liquide - spectrométries ICP pour la spéciation de l'arsenic et du sélénium dans les eaux : mise en oeuvre d'une phase stationnaire de carbone graphitique poreux et d'une cellule de collisions-réactions." Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO10238.
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