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Journal articles on the topic 'Graphite oxide'

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Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 4 May 2024

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1

Yao, Yu Qin, Yin Jie Cen, Richard D. Sisson, and Jian Yu Liang. "A Synthesize Protocol for Graphene Nanosheets." Materials Science Forum 880 (November 2016): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.880.3.

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Chemical synthesis is cheap and easy to be tailored. Reduction of graphite oxide to form graphene nanosheets is a necessary step that determines yield, quality, chemical and surface properties of graphene nanosheets. In this report, the reduction of graphite oxides by chemical and thermal methods has been employed to convert graphite oxide synthesized by the same wet chemical method using KMnO4 and H2O2. The characterization results from the two reduction methods indicate that a combination of wet oxidation of graphite and thermal reduction method is an efficient and environmental friendly way to produce graphene.
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2

Li, Jinghao, Qiangu Yan, Xuefeng Zhang, Jilei Zhang, and Zhiyong Cai. "Efficient Conversion of Lignin Waste to High Value Bio-Graphene Oxide Nanomaterials." Polymers 11, no. 4 (April 4, 2019): 623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11040623.

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Lignin graphene oxide was oxidized after Kraft lignin was graphitized by thermal catalytic conversion. The reduced lignin graphene oxide was derived from lignin graphene oxide through thermal reduction treatment. These Kraft lignin, lignin graphite, lignin graphene oxide, and reduced lignin graphene oxide were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, raman microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The results showed lignin graphite converted from Kraft lignin had fewer layers with smaller lateral size than natural graphite. Moreover, lignin graphene oxide was successfully produced from lignin graphite by an oxidation reaction with an hour-long reaction time, which has remarkably shorter reaction time than that of graphene oxide made from natural graphite. Meanwhile, this lignin-derived graphene oxide had the same XRD, FTIR and Raman peaks as graphene oxide oxidized from natural graphite. The SEM, TEM, and AFM images showed that this lignin graphene oxide with 1–3 average layers has a smaller lateral size than that of graphene oxide made from natural graphite. Moreover, the lignin graphene oxide can be reduced to reduced lignin graphene oxide to fabricate graphene-based aerogel, wire, and film for some potential applications.
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3

Cao, Ning, and Yuan Zhang. "Study of Reduced Graphene Oxide Preparation by Hummers’ Method and Related Characterization." Journal of Nanomaterials 2015 (2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/168125.

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As a novel two-dimensional carbon material, graphene has fine potential applications in the fields of electron transfer agent and supercapacitor material for its excellent electronic and optical property. However, the challenge is to synthesize graphene in a bulk quantity. In this paper, graphite oxide was prepared from natural flake graphite by Hummers’ method through liquid oxidization, and the reduced graphene oxide was obtained by chemical reduction of graphene oxide using NH3·H2O aqueous solution and hydrazine hydrate. The raw material graphite, graphite oxide, and reduced graphene oxide were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), attenuated total reflectance-infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR), and field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results indicated that the distance spacing of graphite oxide was longer than that of graphite and the crystal structure of graphite was changed. The flake graphite was oxidized to graphite oxide and lots of oxygen-containing groups were found in the graphite oxide. In the morphologies of samples, fold structure was found on both the surface and the edge of reduced graphene oxide.
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4

Muzyka, Roksana, Sabina Drewniak, Tadeusz Pustelny, Marcin Sajdak, and Łukasz Drewniak. "Characterization of Graphite Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide Obtained from Different Graphite Precursors and Oxidized by Different Methods Using Raman Spectroscopy Statistical Analysis." Materials 14, no. 4 (February 6, 2021): 769. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14040769.

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In this paper, various graphite oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) preparation methods are analyzed. The obtained materials differed in their properties, including (among others) their oxygen contents. The chemical and structural properties of graphite, graphite oxides, and reduced graphene oxides were previously investigated using Raman spectroscopy (RS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). In this paper, hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to trace the directions of changes of the selected parameters relative to a preparation method of such oxides. We showed that the oxidation methods affected the physicochemical properties of the final products. The aim of the research was the statistical analysis of the selected properties in order to use this information to design graphene oxide materials with properties relevant for specific applications (i.e., in gas sensors).
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5

Liu, Hong Bo, Wu Ying Zhang, Feng Lin, and Hong Da Cao. "Comparison and Characterization of Two Preparation Methods of Graphene Oxide." Advanced Materials Research 989-994 (July 2014): 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.989-994.125.

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The graphene oxides were prepared form graphite by thermal expansion and ultrasonic dispersion. The structure of graphene oxides was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectra. The difference of structure of graphene oxides by two preparation methods was compared. The measurement of FTIR and XRD showed the graphite was completely oxidized. The graphene oxide prepared by thermal expansion would lose large number of active functional groups, such as hydroxyl, carboxyl group, et al. However, the graphene oxide prepared by ultrasonic dispersion can retain these active functional groups. These active functional groups will be benefit to chemically modify the graphene oxides and prepare the polymer/graphene nanocomposites.
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6

Yıldız, Kübra, and Muhammet Uzun. "Obtaining of Reduced Graphene Oxide from Graphite by using Hummer’s and Chemical Reduction Method." Academic Perspective Procedia 2, no. 3 (November 22, 2019): 601–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.33793/acperpro.02.03.59.

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In this study, graphene oxide (GO) was synthesized from graphite using modified Hummers method. According to other methods known in the literature, modified Hummers method; it is simpler and less costly in terms of process steps. In addition, it is safer and environmentally friendly than the Hummers method. Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGO) was obtained by reduction of graphene oxides (GO) synthesized by modified Hummers method. It is understood from the obtained results that GO is synthesized successfully from graphite powder by modified Hummers method and RGO is obtained successfully by reduction of graphene oxides (GO).
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7

Said, Muhammad, Maria Ulfa, Addy Rachmat, Desnelli, and Poedji Loekitowati Hariani. "Synthesis of Reduced Graphene Oxide from Cellulose and its Applications for Methylene Blue Adsorption." Solid State Phenomena 345 (July 28, 2023): 153–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-n4sufo.

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This paper reports the synthesis and its application to the adsorption of methylene blue dye using graphene-oxide (GO) and reduced graphene-oxide (RGO). Among carbon-based nanomaterials, graphene and its derivatives have received remarkable attention due to their unique thermal, mechanical, and electronic properties and two-dimensional structure. The GO was synthesized by the modified Hummers method (chemical exfoliation) of graphite flake. This reaction produced graphite oxide (GrO) as an intermediate material. The synthesized materials, namely graphite, graphene oxide, and reduced graphene oxide, were characterized by XRD, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy. These materials were tested to evaluate their adsorption capacity, concentration, contact time, and adsorbent weight on methylene blue, which was analyzed using a UV-vis spectrophotometer. The XRD pattern showed the formation of 2θ peaks at 24° to 26o for graphite, graphene oxide, and reduced graphene oxide, respectively. Furthermore, characterization by FTIR showed the appearance of O-H groups with peaks of 3358 cm-1 and 3342 cm-1 for graphene and reduced graphene oxides. Raman characterization indicated that reduced graphene oxide has a wavelength at the D-band peak of about 1375 cm-1 and the G-band peak reaching 1597 cm-1 with an ID/IG intensity ratio of 0.8. The adsorption test of methylene blue showed that reduced graphene oxide had the best adsorption capacity with an adsorbent, concentration, optimum time, and highest adsorption capacity value of 25 mg, 30 ppm, 45 minutes, and 15.642 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the Langmuir isotherm rule, as evidenced by the R2 value of 0.9881.
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8

Minitha, Cherukutty Ramakrishnan, and Ramasamy Thangavelu Rajendrakumar. "Synthesis and Characterization of Reduced Graphene Oxide." Advanced Materials Research 678 (March 2013): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.678.56.

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Reduced graphene oxide is an excellent candidate for various electronic devices such as high performance gas sensors. In this work Graphene oxide was prepared by oxidizing graphite to form graphite oxide. From XRD analysis the peak around 11.5o confirmed that the oxygen was intercalated into graphite. By using hydrazine hydrate, the epoxy group in graphite oxide was reduced then the solution of reduced graphite oxide (rGO) is exfoliated. Raman spectrum of rGO contains both G band (1580 cm-1), D band (1350 cm-1). The remarkable structural changes reveals that reduction of graphene oxide from the values of ID/IG ratio that increase from 0.727 (GO) to 1.414 (rGO). The exfoliated reduced graphite oxide solution is spin coated on to the SiO2/Si substrates.
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9

Corso, Marla, Ana Carolina de Dias Albuquerque, Lídia Pereira Amaro, Lilian Keylla Berto, Silvia Luciana Favaro, Hugo Eiji Imai, Adriano Pereira Cardoso, Natália Ueda Yamaguchi, and Luciana Cristina Soto Herek Rezende. "Graphene oxide synthesis for composite material preparation." Revista Ibero-Americana de Ciências Ambientais 10, no. 1 (June 20, 2019): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.6008/cbpc2179-6858.2019.001.0013.

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Graphene, a material formed by carbon atoms with sp2 hybridization in a hexagonal arrangement, has differentiated characteristics in comparison to commercial materials such as high flexibility, high electrical and thermal conductivity, and strong resistance due to the organized structure of the material and can be applied in several branches of research. The best-known method for the production of graphene is the exfoliation of graphite using the methodology proposed by Hummers, in which the commercial graphite is oxidized obtaining as final product the graphene oxide that can be converted into graphene. In this study, the Hummers methodology was used in the oxidation of synthetic graphite and graphene nanoplates of 5 μm and 15 μm. The obtained materials were characterized by FTIR, RAMAN and XRD, allowing to observe the best synthesis to be used in the production of graphene oxide. Then, composites were prepared using the graphene oxides obtained as filler. In order to obtain them, different mass quantities of graphene oxides (1%, 3% and 5% in relation to the polypropylene polymer matrix) were used, demonstrating by the strain tensile stress tests that the composite materials have results more satisfactory than pure polypropylene.
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10

Yu, Hui Jiang, Zheng Guang Zou, Fei Long, Chun Yan Xie, and Hao Ma. "Preparation of Graphene with Ultrasound-Assisted in the Process of Oxidation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 34-35 (October 2010): 1784–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.34-35.1784.

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To get single-layer of graphene, exfoliating fully intercalated graphite oxide into single- layer graphene oxide is one of the important factors. In this paper, graphite oxide prepared by the Improved Hummers Method, and ultrasound was added to the Low-temperature Reaction of this oxidation process to improve the efficiency of intercalation. Then the obtained graphene oxide was dispersed with surfactant and reduced with Hydrazine Hydrate. XRD patterns indicated that the layer distance of graphite oxide did increased at the aid of the ultrasound, and the obtained reduced products were single- and few-layer. FT-IR analysis further confirmed the preparation of graphite oxide and graphene.
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11

Loryuenyong, Vorrada, Krit Totepvimarn, Passakorn Eimburanapravat, Wanchai Boonchompoo, and Achanai Buasri. "Preparation and Characterization of Reduced Graphene Oxide Sheets via Water-Based Exfoliation and Reduction Methods." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/923403.

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This research studied the synthesis of graphene oxide and graphene via a low-cost manufacturing method. The process started with the chemical oxidation of commercial graphite powder into graphite oxide by modified Hummer’s method, followed by the exfoliation of graphite oxide in distilled water using the ultrasound frequency from a laboratory ultrasonic bath. Finally, the oxygen functional groups on exfoliated graphite oxide or graphene oxide were eliminated by stirring in hot distilled water at 95°C, as a replacement for highly toxic and dangerously unstable hydrazine. The results assured that stirring in hot distilled water could give the product of graphene or reduced graphene oxide. The samples were characterized by FTIR, XRD, TGA, Raman spectroscopy, SEM, and TEM methods.
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12

Lv, Ya Nan, Jian Fang Wang, Yin Long, Cheng An Tao, Lin Xia, and Hui Zhu. "How Graphene Layers Depend on Drying Methods of Graphene Oxide." Advanced Materials Research 554-556 (July 2012): 597–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.554-556.597.

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Abstract: Graphite oxide is of great importance in preparing graphene, the average layer of graphene depends on that of graphene oxide in some extent. In this paper, we prepared graphite oxide via H3PO4/H2SO4mixed acid, then which were dried by vacuum drying in a freezer dryer and drying oven respectively, the graphite oxide powder and thin film were obtained correspondingly. After dispersing the above two forms of graphite oxide in water by shaking, stirring or supersonic wave, they were reduced in the same condition. According to the XRD, AFM results, vacuum freeze-drying was inclined to gain few-lay graphene.
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13

Lei, Yun, Jun Xu, Rong Li, and Fei Fei Chen. "Acidification Assisted Preparation of Graphite Oxide and Graphene." Advanced Materials Research 988 (July 2014): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.988.36.

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Graphite oxide was prepared by acidification assisted Hummers method, which contains acidification, medium temperature and high-temperature three stages. Traditional Hummers low-temperature process was replaced by acidification process. The dosages of acid, graphite and potassium permanganate were investigated, and the produced graphite oxide was treated by ultrasonic oscillation and reduced to graphene by refluxing the reaction mixture at 100°C under open-air conditions. The structure of natural graphite, graphite oxide and graphene were characterized by X-ray diffractometry and infrared spectrum, the morphology of graphene was observed on a scanning electron microscope and the electrochemical properties of graphene were analyzed by the three-electrode cyclic voltammetry test system.
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14

Drewniak, Sabina Elżbieta, and Łukasz Drewniak. "The influence of the type of graphite on the size of reduced graphene oxide." Photonics Letters of Poland 14, no. 2 (July 1, 2022): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v14i2.1153.

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Reduced graphene oxide is a very attractive material for sensor applications. It exhibits high conductivity at room temperature and high specific surface area. Since it can be produced in many ways, its properties can be influenced by the fabrication method. In this paper, we investigated the influence of graphite precursors (flake, scalar and synthetic) on the size of reduced graphene oxide. We have shown that the size of the precursor determines the size of the obtained rGO. We have noted that the larger graphite size, the larger rGO size. Full Text: PDF ReferencesR. Peng, Y. Li, T. Liu et al., "Reduced graphene oxide/SnO2@Au heterostructure for enhanced ammonia gas sensing", Chem. Phys. Lett., 737, 136829 (2019). CrossRef S. Pei and H. M. Cheng, "The reduction of graphene oxide", Carbon N. Y., 50, 9 (2012). CrossRef N. Sharma, V. Sharma, R. Vyas et al., "A new sustainable green protocol for production of reduced graphene oxide and its gas sensing properties", J. Sci. Adv. Mater. Devices, 4, 3 (2019) CrossRef R. Tarcan, O. Todor-Boer, I. Petrovai, C. Leordean, S. Astilean, I. Botiz, "Reduced graphene oxide today", J. Mater. Chem. C, 8, 4 (2020). CrossRef X. Jiao, Y. Qiu, L. Zhang, and X. Zhang, "Comparison of the characteristic properties of reduced graphene oxides synthesized from natural graphites with different graphitization degrees", RSC Adv., 7, 82 (2017). CrossRef J.A. Quezada-Renteria, C.O. Ania, L.F. Chazaro-Ruiz, J.R. Rangel-Mendez, "Influence of protons on reduction degree and defect formation in electrochemically reduced graphene oxide", Carbon N. Y., 149 (2019). CrossRef H. Gao, Y. Ma, P. Song, J. Leng, Q. Wang, "Characterization and cytocompatibility of 3D porous biomimetic scaffold derived from rabbit nucleus pulposus tissue in vitro", J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron., 32, 8 (2021). CrossRef A.T. Lawal, "Graphene-based nano composites and their applications. A review", Biosens. Bioelectron., 141, 111384, (2019). CrossRef E. Aliyev, V. Filiz, M.M. Khan, Y.J. Lee, C. Abetz, V. Abetz, "Structural Characterization of Graphene Oxide: Surface Functional Groups and Fractionated Oxidative Debris", Nanomaterials, 9, 8 (2019). CrossRef S. Sali, H.R. Mackey, A.A. Abdala, "Effect of Graphene Oxide Synthesis Method on Properties and Performance of Polysulfone-Graphene Oxide Mixed Matrix Membranes", Nanomaterials, 9, 5 (2019). CrossRef G. Lu, L.E. Ocola, J. Chen, "Reduced graphene oxide for room-temperature gas sensors", Nanotechnology, 20, 44 (2009). CrossRef C. Botas, P. Alvarez, C. Blanco et al., "Critical temperatures in the synthesis of graphene-like materials by thermal exfoliation–reduction of graphite oxide", Carbon N. Y., 52, 2013. CrossRef
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15

Mai, Tam Thanh, Nhan Thuc Chi Ha, and Huy Thuc Ha. "A new method to exfoliate Graphite oxide and application for synthesis Graphene by chemical method." Science and Technology Development Journal 17, no. 2 (June 30, 2014): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v17i2.1312.

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A new method to separate graphite oxide (GO) modified by polyethylene oxide (PEO) by the aid of ultrasonic radiation was developed. Modified GO (graphene oxide or single layer of graphite oxide) did not show not appear crystalline peak (d002) on the X-Ray and took the form of a single layer graphene oxide on the image AFM and TEM. The exfoliated graphene oxide was reduced (RGO) to graphene by the reducing agent system HI – Acetic acid (HI-AcOH). The sheet resistance of RGOHI-AcOH is about 120 Ω/sq in the form graphene paper. In addition, FTIR, UV-Vis and Raman spectra showed more clearly about characteristics of graphite oxide, graphene oxide and RGOHI-AcOH.
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16

Lakshani, S. D. M., D. B. H. I. Bandara, R. C. L. De Silva, A. M. K. L. Abeykoon, M. H. T. Dulaj, and I. R. M. Kottegoda. "Mass scale production and purification of graphite oxide from Sri Lankan vein graphite and spectroscopic characterization." Sri Lankan Journal of Physics 24, no. 2 (December 31, 2023): 98–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sljp.v24i2.8134.

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Discovery of graphene has enhanced attention on industrial scale production of graphene using natural graphite which involves oxidation followed by reduction processes. Aiming for the first time, mass scale production of graphite oxide from Sri Lankan vein graphite of natural purity 99.5% carbon, following an improved Hummer’s method was experimented at optimized conditions minimizing chemical, energy and time wastage. The present study further aimed at determination of pH and manganese ions on successive purification processes of graphite oxide. The X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) characterizations were followed for verification of products. The wastewater produced from graphite oxide preparation process was systematically tested for Mn2+ ion using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). XRD peaks verified the formation of graphite oxide successfully through a complete oxidation of graphite. FTIR spectrum exhibited characteristic peaks related to typical graphite oxide while SEM shows the typical morphological features. XPS analysis verified complete removal of Mn from graphite oxide after purification. AAS analysis reveals entire removal of Mn after several washing cycles using only water. The investigation concludes that even mass scale production of quality graphite oxide is possible from Sri Lankan pure vein graphite which can subsequently be used to produce precious graphene and derivatives for various high-end applications.
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17

Strankowski, Michał, Damian Włodarczyk, Łukasz Piszczyk, and Justyna Strankowska. "Polyurethane Nanocomposites Containing Reduced Graphene Oxide, FTIR, Raman, and XRD Studies." Journal of Spectroscopy 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7520741.

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Recently, graphene and other graphene-based materials have become an essential part of composite science and technology. Their unique properties are not only restricted to graphene but also shared with derivative compounds like graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, functionalized graphene, and so forth. One of the most structurally important materials, graphene oxide (GO), is prepared by the oxidation of graphite. Though removal of the oxide groups can create vacancies and structural defects, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is used in composites as effective filler similar to GO. Authors developed a new polyurethane nanocomposite using a derivative of grapheme, thermally reduced graphene oxide (rGO), to modify the matrix of polyurethane elastomers, by rGO.
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18

Chen, Dong Zhi, and Xue Mei Lin. "Preparation of Graphene by Green Reduction Method and Characterization." Advanced Materials Research 807-809 (September 2013): 515–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.807-809.515.

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Graphite oxide was prepared by Hummers method and got graphene oxide by ultrasonic dispersion in water, and using a cheap and environment-friendly fructose as reductant, graphene oxide could be reduced into graphene under mild condition. Meanwhile, the structure and morphology of obtained product was characterized and analyzed by testing methods such as Fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Laser Raman spectroscopy, Transmission electron microscope and so on. In addition, the electrical conductivity of obtained graphene was determinated.The experimental results show that graphite oxide can be reduced by fructose under mild conditions and can get graphene with good structure and dispersibility. And the electrical conductivity of graphene prepared by the reduction of graphite oxide with fructose is 35.7 Scm-1, which has great improvement on conducting performance compared with graphite oxide. Moreover, It is non-toxic, non-polluting and friendly to the environment in preparation process of graphene, which lays the groundwork for mass production of graphene materials.
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19

Hou, Zhao Xia, Yin Zhou, Shao Hong Wang, Mei Han Wang, Xiao Dan Hu, and Guang Bin Li. "Preparation and Characterization of Graphite Oxide." Advanced Materials Research 771 (September 2013): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.771.3.

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The preparation of graphite oxide is one of essential steps for graphene by oxidation reduction method. Graphite oxide was acquired from the oxidation of graphite by improved Hummers method and characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared absorbance spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. It was showed that the graphite interlayer distance of graphite oxide increased for a large amount of oxygen containing functional groups. Shift and broaden of diffraction peaks were observed after oxidation and the original graphite peaks disappeared.
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20

Guo, Qiaoqin, Zhong Yang, Ding Guo, Dong Tao, Yongchun Guo, Jianping Li, and Yaping Bai. "Research on the Oxidation Mechanism of Vermicular Graphite Cast Iron." Materials 12, no. 19 (September 25, 2019): 3130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12193130.

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The oxidation mechanism of vermicular graphite cast iron was studied. The oxidation reaction starts from graphites and diffused slowly. Graphites in vermicular graphite are interconnected, coral-like clusters, providing the main oxidation core and channel. The worm-like graphites on the surface are mostly oxidized and form oxide affected zones. The oxide films are composed of a loose oxide layer with the phases of Fe3O4, Fe2O3, and FeO, and a dense passivation layer with FeO and Fe2SiO4. After oxidation, pearlites in the vermicular graphite cast iron are decomposed into ferrite and cementite at high temperatures.
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21

Li, Pei Pei, and Bao Xiang Deng. "Research on Carbon Materials with Synthesis and Characterization of Graphene-Based." Advanced Materials Research 1003 (July 2014): 100–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1003.100.

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Carbon materials has been a popular application materials, especially in graphene. Graphene, the mother of all graphitic materials, has emerged to become an exciting two-dimensional material with wondrous properties. Atomic and electronic structures of graphene have been investigated by employing a variety of micro-scopic, spectroscopic, and other techniques. The results show it has better thermal stability, and larger surface area than graphite, graphite oxide. Keywords: graphite; oxidation-reduction method; graphite oxide; graphene
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22

Liu, Li Lai, Mao Zhong An, Shan Chao Xing, Xiao Jun Shen, Chen Yang, and Xin Long Xu. "Preparation of Graphene Oxide Based on Expanded Graphite." Advanced Materials Research 881-883 (January 2014): 1083–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.881-883.1083.

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Graphene oxide with high degree of oxidation and peelable has been prepared by two-step oxidation method used large flake graphite. The expanded graphite was prepared firstly and then prepared graphene oxide via further oxidation. The influence of oxidation time, oxidant dosage and high temperature reaction on the structure and degree of oxidation were studied. The morphology and structure of graphene oxide were characterized by X-ray diffraction, fourier transform infrared spectra, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. It was found that high degree of oxidation and large specific surface area graphene oxide was prepared at the ratio of sulfuric acid and expanded graphite was 75 mL : 1 g, the ratio of potassium permanganate and expanded graphite was 4 g : 1 g and the oxidation time at 35 °C was 24 h. This technology is simple without high-temperature reaction process, and solved the problem of low oxidation efficiency when used the large flake graphite as raw materials.
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23

Inagaki, Michio, and Kazuyuki Takai. "Terminology for graphene to graphite and for graphene oxide to graphite oxide." Carbon 197 (September 2022): 582. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2022.06.080.

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24

Inagaki, Michio, and Kazuyuki Takai. "Terminology for graphene to graphite and for graphene oxide to graphite oxide." Carbon Reports 1, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.7209/carbon.010203.

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25

Kamisan, Ainnur Izzati, Lili Widarti Zainuddin, Ainnur Sherene Kamisan, T. I. T. Kudin, Oskar Hasdinor Hassan, Norhana Abdul Halim, and Muhd Zu Azhan Yahya. "Ultrasonic Assisted Synthesis of Reduced Graphene Oxide in Glucose Solution." Key Engineering Materials 708 (September 2016): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.708.25.

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A new carbon material viz. graphene has been attracted an increasing research interest owing to its unique electrical and mechanical properties that is useful for the various device applications. The synthesis of graphene from graphene oxide usually involves harmful chemical reducing agents that are toxic and undesirable to human and the environment. By avoiding the use of toxic and environmentally harmful reductants, we report a green approach to effectively reduce graphene oxide to graphene in glucose solution at room temperature. Graphite oxide was synthesized from graphite powder using modified Hummers’ method. Graphite oxide then further exfoliated to graphene oxide by using ultrasonic irradiation. The mild reduction of graphene oxide is carried out by mixing graphene oxide solution with glucose. The reduction time is varied with 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes. TEM images provide clear evidence for the formation of few layer graphene. Characterization of theresulting glucose reduced graphene oxide by FTIR indicates the partial removal of oxygen-containing functional groups from the surface of graphene oxide and formation of graphene with defects.
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26

Bastiurea, Marian, Dumitru Dima, and Gabriel Andrei. "Effect of Graphene Oxide and Graphite on Dry Sliding Wear Behavior of Polyester Composites." Materiale Plastice 55, no. 1 (March 30, 2018): 102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.18.1.4973.

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Graphene oxide and graphite filled polyester composites were prepared by using conventional melt-mixing methods in order to improve tribological performance of polyester. It was investigated friction stability, microhardness, friction coefficient, and specific wear rate of the composites in details. It was found that the presence of graphite and graphene oxide influenced friction coefficient and wear rate of the composites. Graphene oxide decreased wear rate with increasing of test speed and graphite decreased wear rate for composite for all speeds. Tribological performance of the polyester/graphene composites is mainly attributed to bigger thermal conductivity for graphene, which can easily dissipate the heat which appears during the friction process at bigger forces. The positive influence of graphite on coefficient of friction (COF) of the composites is the result of the clivage of graphite layers during the loadings due to van der Waals weak bonds between the graphite layers.
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Huang, Qiao, Hong Juan Sun, and Tong Jiang Peng. "The Influence of Temperature and Oxidation Time on the Preparation of Graphite Oxide." Advanced Materials Research 366 (October 2011): 291–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.366.291.

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Graphite oxide samples with different oxidation levels were prepared by the oxidation of natural flake graphite based on a modified Hummers method, using different reaction temperatures and oxidation times followed by ultrasonication then centrifugation to obtain the corresponding graphene oxide nanosheet suspensions. The samples were characterized by XRD and AFM. The results show that the oxidation level of graphite oxide samples can be increased by increasing either the reaction temperature or the oxidation time. Well-dispersed suspensions of the graphite oxide samples can be formed in alkaline solution after ultrasonication, especially for samples with higher oxidation levels. A number of coarse particles are observed in the suspensions, particularly those derived from graphite oxide samples with lower oxidation levels, due to the lower degree of exfoliation in these samples, which is influenced by the oxidation level. Rapid sedimentation of these coarse particles can be achieved by high-speed centrifugation, yielding homogenous suspensions of graphite oxide comprising a mass of monolayer graphene oxide nanosheets with lateral dimensions of several hundred nanometers to several micrometers and thickness of ~1.0–1.4 nm.
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Drewniak, Sabina Elżbieta, Roksana Muzyka, and Łukasz Drewniak. "The structure of thermally reduced graphene oxide." Photonics Letters of Poland 12, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v12i2.1021.

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The paper focused on the description of the reduced graphene oxide (rGO) structure. This material is obtained from a multistage production process. Each of these stages has a large impact on its structure (the number and type of functional groups, number of defect or the size of the flakes), and this in turn affects its properties. We would like to visualize the reduced graphene oxide, both using a diagram showing the atomic structure, as well as by imaging using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). In the paper, the elementary composition of selected elements and data obtained from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy technique (XPS) will be also presented. Full Text: PDF ReferencesX. Peng, Y. Wu, N. Chen, Z. Zhu, J. Liu, and H. Wang, "Facile and highly efficient preparation of semi-transparent, patterned and large-sized reduced graphene oxide films by electrochemical reduction on indium tin oxide glass surface", Thin Solid Films 692, 137626 (2019). CrossRef L. Guo, Y.-W. Hao, P.-L. Li, J.-F. Song, R.-Z. Yang, X.-Y. Fu, S.-Y. Xie, J. Zhao and Y.-L. Zhang, "Improved NO2 Gas Sensing Properties of Graphene Oxide Reduced by Two-beam-laser Interference", Sci. Rep. 8, 1 (2018). CrossRef Y. S. Milovanov, V.A. Skryshevsky, , O.M. Slobodian, , D.O. Pustovyi, X.Tang, J.-P. Raskin, and A.N. Nazarov, "Influence of Gas Adsorption on the Impedance of Graphene Oxide", 2019 IEEE 39th Int. Conf. Electron. Nanotechnology, ELNANO 2019 - Proc. 8783946, CrossRef M. Reddeppa, B.-G. Park, , M.-D. Kim, K.R. Peta, N.D. Chinh, D. Kim, S.-G. Kim, and G. Murali, "H2, H2S gas sensing properties of rGO/GaN nanorods at room temperature: Effect of UV illumination", Sensors Actuators B. Chem. 264, (2018). CrossRef W. L. Xu, C. Ding, , M.-S. Niu, X.-Y. Yang, F. Zheng, J. Xiao, M. Zheng and X.-T. Hao, "Reduced graphene oxide assisted charge separation and serving as transport pathways in planar perovskite photodetector", Org. Electron. 81, 105663 (2020). CrossRef K. Sarkar, M. Hossain, P. Devi, K. D. M. Rao, and P. Kumar, "Self‐Powered and Broadband Photodetectors with GaN: Layered rGO Hybrid Heterojunction", Adv. Mater. Interfaces, 6, 20 (2019). CrossRef S. Pei and H. M. Cheng, "The reduction of graphene oxide", Carbon, 50, 9 (2012). CrossRef R. Muzyka, S. Drewniak, T. Pustelny, M. Chrubasik, and G. Gryglewicz, "Characterization of Graphite Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide Obtained from Different Graphite Precursors and Oxidized by Different Methods Using Raman Spectroscopy", Materials 11, 7 (2018). CrossRef M.-H. Tran and H. K. Jeong, "Influence of the Grain Size of Precursor Graphite on the Synthesis of Graphite Oxide", New Phys. Sae Mulli, 63, 2 (2013). CrossRef M.-H. Tran, C.-S. Yang, S. Yang, I.-J. Kim, and H. K. Jeong, "Influence of graphite size on the synthesis and reduction of graphite oxides", Curr. Appl. Phys., 14, SUPPL. 1 (2014). CrossRef N. Sharma, Y. Jain, , M. Kumari, R. Gupta, S.K. Sharma, K. Sachdev, "Synthesis and Characterization of Graphene Oxide (GO) and Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) for Gas Sensing Application", Macromol. Symp. 376, 1 (2017). CrossRef M. Wei, L. Qiao, , H. Zhang, S. Karakalos, K. Ma, Z. Fu, M.T. Swihart, G. Wu, "Engineering reduced graphene oxides with enhanced electrochemical properties through multiple-step reductions", Electrochim. Acta, 258 (2017). CrossRef S. Drewniak, M. Procek, R. Muzyka, T. Pustelny, "Comparison of Gas Sensing Properties of Reduced Graphene Oxide Obtained by Two Different Methods", Sensors, 20, 11 (2020). CrossRef L. Li, R.-D. Lv, S. -C. Liu, Z. D. Chen, J. Wang, Y.-G. Wang, W. Ren, "Using Reduced Graphene Oxide to Generate Q-Switched Pulses in Er-Doped Fiber Laser", Chinese Physics Letters, 35, 11 (2018) CrossRef
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Jiříčková, Adéla, Ondřej Jankovský, Zdeněk Sofer, and David Sedmidubský. "Synthesis and Applications of Graphene Oxide." Materials 15, no. 3 (January 25, 2022): 920. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15030920.

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Thanks to the unique properties of graphite oxides and graphene oxide (GO), this material has become one of the most promising materials that are widely studied. Graphene oxide is not only a precursor for the synthesis of thermally or chemically reduced graphene: researchers revealed a huge amount of unique optical, electronic, and chemical properties of graphene oxide for many different applications. In this review, we focus on the structure and characterization of GO, graphene derivatives prepared from GO and GO applications. We describe GO utilization in environmental applications, medical and biological applications, freestanding membranes, and various composite systems.
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Kamisan, Ainnur Izzati, Ainnur Sherene Kamisan, Ruslinda Md Ali, Tunku Ishak Tunku Kudin, Oskar Hasdinor Hassan, Norhana Abdul Halim, and Mohamad Faizul Yahya. "Synthesis of Graphene via Green Reduction of Graphene Oxide with Simple Sugars." Advanced Materials Research 1107 (June 2015): 542–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1107.542.

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A new carbon material called graphene has been attracting an increasing research interest owing to its unique electrical and mechanical properties that is useful for the various device applications. The synthesis of graphene from graphene oxide usually involves harmful chemical reducing agents that are toxic and undesirable to human and the environment. By avoiding the use of toxic and environmentally harmful reductants, we report a green approach for the reduction of graphene oxide by using reducing sugars to synthesis graphene. Graphite oxide was synthesized from graphite powder using modified Hummers method. Graphite oxide then further exfoliated to graphene oxide by using ultrasonic irradiation. Graphene then was obtained by the mild reduction of graphene oxide with reducing sugars (glucose, lactose and maltose). The structural study of the as-prepared graphene is characterized by Raman spectroscopy and fourier infra red spectroscopy. Raman and FTIR spectra indicates the partial removal of oxygen functional groups from the surface of GO. Characterizations indicate that graphene oxide is successfully reduced to graphene by sugar.
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Wang, Ziming, Yiyang Cao, Decai Pan, and Sen Hu. "Vertically Aligned and Interconnected Graphite and Graphene Oxide Networks Leading to Enhanced Thermal Conductivity of Polymer Composites." Polymers 12, no. 5 (May 14, 2020): 1121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12051121.

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Natural graphite flakes possess high theoretical thermal conductivity and can notably enhance the thermal conductive property of polymeric composites. Currently, because of weak interaction between graphite flakes, it is hard to construct a three-dimensional graphite network to achieve efficient heat transfer channels. In this study, vertically aligned and interconnected graphite skeletons were prepared with graphene oxide serving as bridge and support via freeze-casting method. Three freezing temperatures were utilized, and the resulting graphite and graphene oxide network was filled in a polymeric matrix. Benefiting from the ultralow freezing temperature of −196 °C, the network and its composite occupied a more uniform and denser structure, which lead to enhanced thermal conductivity (2.15 W m−1 K−1) with high enhancement efficiency and prominent mechanical properties. It can be significantly attributed to the well oriented graphite and graphene oxide bridges between graphite flakes. This simple and effective strategy may bring opportunities to develop high-performance thermal interface materials with great potential.
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P, Kavya, Soorya V. S, and Binitha N. Narayanan. "Ball-Mill Assisted Green One-Pot Synthesis of ZnO/Graphene Nanocomposite for Selective Electrochemical Sensing of aquatic pollutant 4-nitrophenol." Teknomekanik 4, no. 2 (October 20, 2021): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/teknomekanik.v4i2.10872.

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ZnO, having good transparency, high electron mobility and lower electrical noise, is an excellent material for electrochemical studies. Due to its high surface area and electrical conductivity, graphene is well suitable for the good dispersion of metal oxides for electronic/electrochemical applications. Graphene prevents particle agglomeration, whereas the addition of metal oxide prevents layer restacking in graphene. The bulk preparation of graphene via cost-effective and green methods are preferred. The aromatic conjugated π-network along the whole surface is not attained in large scale graphite oxide assisted production due to the defects and functional groups introduced during the hazardous synthetic procedure. Here, less defective graphene is synthesised via ball milling of graphite using metal oxalate as an exfoliating agent for the first time. Calcination of metal oxalate inserted graphite leads to the enormous evolution of gases thereby sliding the graphitic layers, leading to the formation of graphene sheets decorated with ZnO spherical nanoparticles’ bunches. The layer exfoliation and metal oxide incorporation are achieved here via a one-pot synthesis strategy. The use of ZnO/graphene in the selective sensing of 4-nitrophenol is investigated using cyclic voltammetric measurements in the presence of interfering compounds such as glucose, uric acid, ascorbic acid and H2O2.
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33

Menchaca-Campos, Carmina, César García-Pérez, Iván Castañeda, Miguel A. García-Sánchez, René Guardián, and Jorge Uruchurtu. "Nylon/Graphene Oxide Electrospun Composite Coating." International Journal of Polymer Science 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/621618.

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Graphite oxide is obtained by treating graphite with strong oxidizers. The bulk material disperses in basic solutions yielding graphene oxide. Starting from exfoliated graphite, different treatments were tested to obtain the best graphite oxide conditions, including calcination for two hours at 700°C and ultrasonic agitation in acidic, basic, or peroxide solutions. Bulk particles floating in the solution were filtered, rinsed, and dried. The graphene oxide obtained was characterized under SEM and FTIR techniques. On the other hand, nylon 6-6 has excellent mechanical resistance due to the mutual attraction of its long chains. To take advantage of the properties of both materials, they were combined as a hybrid material. Electrochemical cells were prepared using porous silica as supporting electrode of the electrospun nylon/graphene oxide films for electrochemical testing. Polarization curves were performed to determine the oxidation/reduction potentials under different acidic, alkaline, and peroxide solutions. The oxidation condition was obtained in KOH and the reduction in H2SO4solutions. Potentiostatic oxidation and reduction curves were applied to further oxidize carbon species and then reduced them, forming the nylon 6-6/functionalized graphene oxide composite coating. Electrochemical impedance measurements were performed to evaluate the coating electrochemical resistance and compared to the silica or nylon samples.
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Xu, Lianqiang, and Li Cheng. "Graphite Oxide under High Pressure: A Raman Spectroscopic Study." Journal of Nanomaterials 2013 (2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/731875.

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We present a Raman-based study on the graphite oxide under high pressure. The graphite oxide is stable under hydrostatic high pressure ambient. By carefully fitting the D, G, and D′ bands which are merged at some extent, we successfully retrieve the information of peak position evolution of G band of graphite oxide under pressure, and it is found that the G band pressure coefficient is very close to that of graphene, and the pressure-induced peak position shift is reversible upon releasing the pressure. The Raman-based high pressure investigation indicates that the graphite oxide possesses good mechanical ductility despite the fact that it is oxygenated by functional groups. This study provides useful fundamental understanding of graphite oxide.
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Avila-Vega, Yazmin I., Cesar C. Leyva-Porras, Marcela Mireles, Manuel Quevedo-López, Javier Macossay, and José Bonilla-Cruz. "Nitroxide-functionalized graphene oxide from graphite oxide." Carbon 63 (November 2013): 376–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2013.06.093.

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Liu, Shaobin, Tingying Helen Zeng, Mario Hofmann, Ehdi Burcombe, Jun Wei, Rongrong Jiang, Jing Kong, and Yuan Chen. "Antibacterial Activity of Graphite, Graphite Oxide, Graphene Oxide, and Reduced Graphene Oxide: Membrane and Oxidative Stress." ACS Nano 5, no. 9 (August 24, 2011): 6971–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn202451x.

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37

Ramirez-Barria, Carolina S., Diana M. Fernandes, Cristina Freire, Elvira Villaro-Abalos, Antonio Guerrero-Ruiz, and Inmaculada Rodríguez-Ramos. "Upgrading the Properties of Reduced Graphene Oxide and Nitrogen-Doped Reduced Graphene Oxide Produced by Thermal Reduction toward Efficient ORR Electrocatalysts." Nanomaterials 9, no. 12 (December 11, 2019): 1761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9121761.

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N-doped (NrGO) and non-doped (rGO) graphenic materials are prepared by oxidation and further thermal treatment under ammonia and inert atmospheres, respectively, of natural graphites of different particle sizes. An extensive characterization of graphene materials points out that the physical properties of synthesized materials, as well as the nitrogen species introduced, depend on the particle size of the starting graphite, the reduction atmospheres, and the temperature conditions used during the exfoliation treatment. These findings indicate that it is possible to tailor properties of non-doped and N-doped reduced graphene oxide, such as the number of layers, surface area, and nitrogen content, by using a simple strategy based on selecting adequate graphite sizes and convenient experimental conditions during thermal exfoliation. Additionally, the graphenic materials are successfully applied as electrocatalysts for the demanding oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Nitrogen doping together with the starting graphite of smaller particle size (NrGO325-4) resulted in a more efficient ORR electrocatalyst with more positive onset potentials (Eonset = 0.82 V versus RHE), superior diffusion-limiting current density (jL, 0.26V, 1600rpm = −4.05 mA cm−2), and selectivity to the direct four-electron pathway. Moreover, all NrGOm-4 show high tolerance to methanol poisoning in comparison with the state-of-the-art ORR electrocatalyst Pt/C and good stability.
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Liu, Hong Bo, Wu Ying Zhang, and Feng Lin. "Synthesis and Property of Polyurethane Acrylates Modified Graphene Oxide." Key Engineering Materials 703 (August 2016): 273–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.703.273.

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The graphene oxides were synthesized form graphite by ultrasonic dispersion in water, N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), N,N-dimethyl-formamide (DMF), acetone and dimethylbenzene, and the polyurethane acrylates containing the reactive NCO (PACN) were prepared. Then the polyurethane acrylates modified graphene oxide synthesized by ultrasonic dispersion in N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), N,N-dimethyl-formamide (DMF), acetone were prepared by NCO of PACN reacting with the hydroxyl groups of the graphene oxides. The polyurethane acrylates modified graphene oxide was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Raman spectra. The FTIR spectra showed that the NCO of PACN reacted with the hydroxyl groups of graphene oxide synthesized by ultrasonic dispersion. The measurement of SEM and Raman spectra showed that the polyurethane acrylates modification didn't change the structure and surface morphology of graphene oxide.
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39

Chong, S. W., Chin Wei Lai, Sharifah Bee Abd Hamid, F. W. Low, and Wei Wen Liu. "Simple Preparation of Exfoliated Graphene Oxide Sheets via Simplified Hummer’s Method." Advanced Materials Research 1109 (June 2015): 390–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1109.390.

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Today, research on graphene and other two-dimensional sp2-hybridized carbon nanomaterials has tremendously impacted the areas of modern chemistry, physics, and materials science and engineering. The significant attraction of these materials can be attributed to the outstanding electrical, optical, electrochemical, and mechanical properties of graphene-like materials, especially in comparison to other carbon materials. In this manner, graphene oxide as a substrate for graphene-like materials reduction process is getting more and more interesting. Although early routes to these materials were challenging, significant advances in synthetic and processing methods have enabled access to high-quality exfoliated graphene oxide sheets in appreciable quantities. Herein, we introduced a simple and efficient method for the high-conversion preparation of graphene oxide using a simplified hummer’s method from large graphite flakes (an average flake size of 100 μm). One-pot chemical oxidation of graphite was carried out at room temperature for the preparation purpose. It was found that different degree of oxidation of graphite flakes could be realized by stirring graphite in a mixture of sulphuric acid and potassium permanganate under different oxidation durations, resulting in exfoliated graphene oxide sheets with large lateral dimension and area. The simplified Hummer’s method provides a facile approach for the preparation of large-area exfoliated graphene oxide sheets.
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Lei, Lin, Jian Hui Qiu, Xue Li Wu, Yang Zhao, and Eiichi Sakai. "Graphene-Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) Composites Prepared by Two Methods." Advanced Materials Research 335-336 (September 2011): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.335-336.49.

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Graphene-poly(methyl methacrylate) (GNS-PMMA) composites were prepared by two methods. Graphite oxide nanosheet-poly(methyl methacrylate) (GO-PMMA) composites were prepared of methyl methacrylate monomer and the presence of graphite oxide (GO). Then the GO-PMMA composites were reduced to graphene nanosheet-poly(methyl methacrylate) by using hydrazine hydrate. The obtained composites were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The composite exhibited conductivities in the 1.58×10-9-4.21 S/cm range, depending on the amounts of graphite oxide and PMMA.
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41

Long, Yin, Jian Fang Wang, Ya Nan Lv, Cheng An Tao, Lin Xia, and Hui Zhu. "Preparation and Characterization of Graphene by the Oxidation Reduction Method." Advanced Materials Research 554-556 (July 2012): 624–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.554-556.624.

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We prepared graphite oxide (GO) from natural graphite by the modified Hummers method. Then graphene was prepared by ultrasonically dispersing GO in the presence of hydrazine hydrate. The samples were characterized by FTIR, Raman, Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results suggest that the graphite is oxidized to covalent bond-type graphite intercalation compounds with various oxygen functional groups (C=O, C-OH, -COOH and C-O-C). Results show that the functional groups on graphite oxide surface are mostly removed by hydrazine hydrate and graphene presents translucent slide with curly edge.
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42

Abaszade, R. G., A. G. Mamedov, I. Y. Bayramov, E. A. Khanmamadova, V. O. Kotsyubynsky, O. A. Kapush, V. M. Boychuk, and E. Y. Gur. "Structural and electrical properties of sulfur-doped graphene oxide/graphite oxide composite." Physics and Chemistry of Solid State 23, no. 2 (May 15, 2022): 256–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/pcss.23.2.256-260.

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The sulfur-doped graphene oxide/graphite oxide composite material was synthesized in an original way, and a detailed study of its structural arrangement was carried out using XRD and Raman spectroscopy. Negative differential resistive properties of the obtained material were observed on the current-voltage curve at room temperature as a result of limited proton hopping through water molecules adsorbed on the hydrophilic surface of graphene oxide layers in the presence of a sulfur-enriched graphite oxide component with high electron conductivity, which promotes spatial charge separation and increases the efficiency of H+ transport. The obtained result offers a new way for the one-pot synthesis of new graphene-based composite materials with a wide range of possible applications.
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43

Thema, F. T., M. J. Moloto, E. D. Dikio, N. N. Nyangiwe, L. Kotsedi, M. Maaza, and M. Khenfouch. "Synthesis and Characterization of Graphene Thin Films by Chemical Reduction of Exfoliated and Intercalated Graphite Oxide." Journal of Chemistry 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/150536.

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Commercial flakes of graphite were prepared into functionalized graphene oxide (GO) by chemical treatment. After the exfoliation and intercalation of graphene into functionalized graphene oxide that formed stable colloidal dispersion in polar aprotic solvent, the reduction process was undertaken by continuous stirring with hydrazine hydrate. The reduced material was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), attenuated total reflectance (ATR) FT-IR, ultraviolet visible (UV-vis), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Raman spectroscopy which confirm the oxidation of graphite and reduction of graphene oxide into graphene sheet.
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44

Iakunkov, Artem, and Alexandr V. Talyzin. "Swelling properties of graphite oxides and graphene oxide multilayered materials." Nanoscale 12, no. 41 (2020): 21060–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nr04931j.

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Swelling defines graphite oxides and multilayered graphene oxides. It is a key property of GO in applications which involve sorption from vapors, immersion into liquid water or polar solvents and solution based chemical reactions.
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45

Habte, Adere Tarekegne, and Delele Worku Ayele. "Synthesis and Characterization of Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) Started from Graphene Oxide (GO) Using the Tour Method with Different Parameters." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2019 (August 15, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5058163.

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A new approach to synthesize graphene is oxidizing graphite powder with a mixture of H2SO4/H3PO4 acids and potassium permanganate. Parameters such as reaction time, reaction temperature, and amount of concentration were varied to study the degree of oxidation of graphite to graphene oxide. Currently, an improved method for the preparation of graphene oxide was the most common one. A mixture of H2SO4/H3PO4 (9 : 1 volume ratio) instead of only H2SO4 resulted in increased hydrophilic and oxidized GO without the emission of toxic gas, which differs from the traditional Hummers’ method. The graphene oxide (GO) was converted to reduced graphene oxide (rGO) by chemical reduction using ascorbic acid as the reducing agent. The GO and rGO were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction patterns. The result showed that treating graphite powder with potassium permanganate (1 : 9) and a mixture of concentrated H2SO4/H3PO4 acids at 50°C for 12 hours resulted in a better oxidation degree. The designed synthesis strategy could be easily controlled and is an alternative green approach for the production of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide.
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46

Miao, Zheng, Rong Xia Zhu, and Li Xia Zhang. "Research on Preparation and Morphology of GO and GO/Fe3O4 Composite." Materials Science Forum 1026 (April 2021): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1026.117.

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Graphite oxide was prepared from 325 mesh graphite (G) in this paper with methods of Hummers method,sulphuric/phosphoric acid method and reaction kettle method, the Graphene Oxides (GO) were obtained with ultrasonic treatment. Then Fe3O4 particles of two different proportions and hydrazine hydrate were introduced into one of the GO to obtain GO/Fe3O4 composites. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to characterize the G,the obtained graphite oxide and GO/Fe3O4 respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize the obtained GO and GO/ Fe3O4 composites.The results show that the GO obtained by the way of sulphuric/phosphoric acid has the best pattern and the nanoparticle scale decreased as the proportion of GO in GO/Fe3O4 increased.
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47

Ma, Mei, Xiao Ping Fan, Zhao Dai, Xin Liu, Shi Chao Xu, Jun Wei, Se Shi, and Guang Ping Chen. "Graphene Oxide Modified DNA Electrochemical Biosensors." Applied Mechanics and Materials 155-156 (February 2012): 82–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.155-156.82.

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One approach had been developed for the covalent modification of graphene sheets: amidation and esterification of graphene oxide (GO). Graphene oxide was synthesized by oxidizing graphite in strong acid and lots of oxygen-containing groups, such as hydroxyl and carboxyl processed in the carbon layers, made GO strongly hydrophilic activity as well as certain of chemical activity. This work researched a novel DNA biosensor which fabricated by immobilizing GO on Au electrode modified with mercaptoethylamine(MEA), was investigated by cyclic voltammetry. The results showed that graphite oxide was an excellent material and had a promising prospect in biosensor construction.
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48

Dideykin, A., A. E. Aleksenskiy, D. Kirilenko, P. Brunkov, V. Goncharov, M. Baidakova, D. Sakseev, and A. Ya.Vul'. "Monolayer graphene from graphite oxide." Diamond and Related Materials 20, no. 2 (February 2011): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2010.10.007.

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Genorio, Bostjan, and Miha Nosan. "Highly Exfoliated N-Doped Reduced Graphene Oxide Derivatives Synthesis and Application." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 7 (July 7, 2022): 656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-017656mtgabs.

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Carbon-based nanomaterials such as graphene, graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes, graphene nanoribbons, etc. are considered as promising materials for energy storage and conversion, electrode sensing, optical and electronic applications. High specific surface area, porosity, and chemical modifications are some of the most important factors for tailoring the (electro)chemical, physical, and mechanical properties of graphene derivatives.1 Nitrogen-doped graphene derivatives have been identified as promising materials for energy storage and conversion2 and sensing applications. One of the most common syntheses of N-doped graphene derivatives is the N-doping of graphene oxide prepared by the Hummers method. The methods for simultaneous N-doping and reduction of graphene oxide are diverse: thermal annealing, pyrolysis, solvothermal, laser ablation, microwave-assisted, and hydrazine treatment.1 However, the above methods yield N-doped graphene derivatives, which are usually poorly exfoliated and have a low specific surface area. Therefore, an efficient strategy to improve the specific surface area of N-doped graphene oxide derivatives needs to be developed.3 Herein we present a new "induction heating method" for the preparation of N-doped reduced graphene oxide derivatives (N-rGOD) with a high specific surface area. N-rGOD was prepared in a two-step process from commercially available graphites (Gs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). In the first step, graphite oxide precursors were synthesized from Gs or MWCNTs by the improved Hummers method. In the second step, the graphite oxide precursors were subjected to rapid heat treatment by induction heating in a reductive ammonia atmosphere. Due to the rapid thermal expansion of graphite oxide, massive exfoliation occurred to obtain N-rGOD with higher specific surface area.4 These materials were tested for energy storage and conversion applications and showed excellent properties. References (1) Xu, H.; Ma, L.; Jin, Z. Nitrogen-Doped Graphene: Synthesis, Characterizations and Energy Applications. J. Energy Chem. 2018, 27 (1), 146–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2017.12.006. (2) Nosan, M.; Löffler, M.; Jerman, I.; Kolar, M.; Katsounaros, I.; Genorio, B. Understanding the Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity of Quasi-1D and 2D N-Doped Heat-Treated Graphene Oxide Catalysts with Inherent Metal Impurities. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.1c00026. (3) Alazmi, A.; El Tall, O.; Rasul, S.; Hedhili, M. N.; Patole, S. P.; Costa, P. M. F. J. A Process to Enhance the Specific Surface Area and Capacitance of Hydrothermally Reduced Graphene Oxide. Nanoscale 2016, 8 (41), 17782–17787. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6nr04426c. (4) Qiu, Y.; Guo, F.; Hurt, R.; Külaots, I. Explosive Thermal Reduction of Graphene Oxide-Based Materials: Mechanism and Safety Implications. Carbon N. Y. 2014, 72, 215–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2014.02.005.
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N, Thangaraj. "Investigation on Structural, Optical, and Thermal Properties of Graphene Oxide (GO) Nanoparticles." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 08, no. 04 (April 6, 2024): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem30191.

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Abstract:
The aim of the study , A nanoparticles of graphene oxide (GO) was synthesized by modified Hummer’s method. A new approach to synthesis graphene is oxidizing graphite powder with mixture with concentrated Sulphuric acid (H2SO4), Sodium Nitrate (Na NO3) and Potassium permanganate (KMnO4), Currently,an improved method for the preparation of graphene Oxide was most common one. The Graphene Oxide (GO) was characterized by X-Ray diffractration, FT-IR Spectroscopy, UV Visible Spectroscopy , Raman Spectroscopy and TGA analysis. The X-ray diffractration (XRD) results of Graphene oxide nanoparticles was found to be 12.9 nm with a hexagonal crystal structure. Key Words: Graphene oxide, Hummer’s method,Graphite, X-ray diffratcration, FI-IR analysis,UV-Visible spectroscopy ,Raman spectroscopy and TGA-DTA analysis
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