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Baert, Annelies, Kris Villez, and Kathy Steppe. "Functional unfold principal component analysis for automatic plant-based stress detection in grapevine." Functional Plant Biology 39, no. 6 (2012): 519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp12007.
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Detection of drought stress is of great importance in grapevines because the plant’s water status strongly affects the quality of the grapes and hence, resulting wine. Measurements of stem diameter variations show promise for detecting drought stress, but they depend strongly on microclimatic changes. Tools for advanced data analysis might be helpful to distinguish drought from microclimate effects. To this end, we explored the possibilities of two data mining techniques: Unfold principal component analysis (UPCA) – an already established tool in several biotechnological domains – and functional unfold principal component analysis (FUPCA) – a newer technique combining functional data analysis with UPCA. With FUPCA, the original, multivariate time series of variables are first approximated by fitting the least-squares optimal linear combination of orthonomal basis functions. The resulting coefficients of these linear combinations are then subjected to UPCA. Both techniques were used to detect when the measured stem diameter variations in grapevine deviated from their normal conditions due to drought stress. Stress was detected with both UPCA and FUPCA days before visible symptoms appeared. However, FUPCA is less complex in the statistical sense and more robust than original UPCA modelling. Moreover, FUPCA can handle days with missing data, which is not possible with UPCA.
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Keller, M., P. Romero, H. Gohil, R. P. Smithyman, W. R. Riley, L. F. Casassa, and J. F. Harbertson. "Deficit Irrigation Alters Grapevine Growth, Physiology, and Fruit Microclimate." American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 67, no. 4 (July 11, 2016): 426–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5344/ajev.2016.16032.
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Fidelibus, Matthew W., Stephen J. Vasquez, and S. Kaan Kurtural. "Late-season Plastic Canopy Covers Affect Canopy Microclimate and Fruit Quality of ‘Autumn King’ and ‘Redglobe’ Table Grapes." HortTechnology 26, no. 2 (April 2016): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.26.2.141.
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California table grape (Vitis vinifera) growers cover the canopies of late-season varieties with plastic (polyethylene) covers to shield the fruit from rain. Green- or white-colored covers are commonly used, but there is lack of information whether either cover might be preferable based on canopy microclimate or fruit quality. In late September, ‘Redglobe’ (in 2011) and ‘Autumn King’ (in 2012) table grapevines were covered with green or white plastic, or left uncovered, and canopy microclimate, fungal and bacterial rot incidence, and fruit yield and quality at harvest, and after postharvest storage, were evaluated. Green covers were more transparent and less reflective than white covers, and daily maximum temperature difference in the top center of the canopies of grapevine with green covers was consistently >5 °C than that of grapevine subjected to other treatments, but covers had little effect on temperatures in the fruit zones, which were not enveloped by covers. Effects on relative humidity (RH) depended on location within the canopy and time of day; RH peaked in early morning and was at a minimum in late afternoon. All cover treatments had relatively similar peak RH in south-facing fruit zones and the top center of the canopy. However, in the north-facing fruit zone, vines with green covers had higher RH at night than vines subjected to other treatments. Both covers consistently reduced evaporative potential in the top center of the canopy, but not in fruit zones. Treatment effects on condensation beneath the covers were inconsistent, possibly due to differences in canopy size, variety, or season, but south-facing cover surfaces generally had less condensation than the top or north-facing surfaces. About 0.5 inch of rain fell on 5 Oct. 2011, but no rain occurred during the 2012 experiment. In 2011, green covers delayed fruit maturation slightly, but not in 2012. Covers did not affect vineyard rot incidence, the number of boxes of fruit harvested, or postharvest fruit quality in 2011, but fruit from covered grapevine had less postharvest rot in 2012 than fruit from noncovered grapevines, even though a measurable rain event occurred in 2011 but not in 2012. In conclusion, our results suggest that white covers may be preferable to green since green covers were associated with higher temperatures in both seasons and higher RH in the ‘Autumn King’ trial of 2012, but otherwise performed similarly.
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Sun, Qun, Gabriel Granco, Leah Groves, Jully Voong, and Sonet Van Zyl. "Viticultural Manipulation and New Technologies to Address Environmental Challenges Caused by Climate Change." Climate 11, no. 4 (April 6, 2023): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli11040083.
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Climate change is a critical challenge for the global grape and wine industry, as it can disrupt grapevine growth, production, and wine quality. Climate change could influence the cost-effectiveness and growth of the wine industry in different wine regions since grapevine development is deeply dependent on weather (short-term) and climate (long-term) conditions. Innovation and new technologies are needed to meet the challenge. This review article addresses the impact of climate change on grapevines, such as vine phenology, pest and disease pressure, crop load, and grape and wine composition. It also reviews recent advances in the areas of viticultural manipulation and relevant technologies to potentially reduce the impact of climate change and help growers improve grape quality. Remote sensing is used for vineyard microclimate monitoring; thermal sensors combined with UAVs, aircraft, or satellites are used for water management; soil electrical conductivity sensors have been developed for soil mapping. Viticultural manipulations, such as regulated deficit irrigation for water use efficiency and berry-ripening delay for growing quality fruit, are also discussed. The review assesses future directions for further technological development, such as soil and vine water monitoring devises, precision viticulture, and artificial intelligence in vineyards.
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Hunter, JJ Kobus, Luigi TARRICONE, Cornelis Volschenk, Christian Giacalone, Maria Susete Melo, and Roberto Zorer. "Grapevine physiological response to row orientation-induced spatial radiation and microclimate changes." OENO One 54, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 411–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2020.54.2.3100.
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Terroir factors and vineyard practices largely determine canopy and root system functioning. In this study, changes in soil conditions, multi-level (vertical, horizontal) light interception (quantitative, photographic, schematic, 3D modelled), leaf water potential and photosynthetic activity were measured during the grape ripening period on NS, EW, NE-SW, and NW-SE orientated (Southern Hemisphere) vertically trellised Shiraz grapevine canopies. It was hypothesised that the spatial radiation interception angle and radiation distribution of differently orientated and vertically trained grapevine rows would affect soil conditions and vine physiological activity. Soil water content showed an increase and soil temperature a decreasing gradient with soil depth. In the afternoon, soil layers of EW orientated rows reached their highest temperature. This, along with measured photosynthetic active radiation received by canopies, complimented the diurnally-captured photographic, constructed and 3D modelled images (also schematically) of canopy and soil exposure patterns. The top, bottom and outside of NS canopies mainly received radiation from directly above, from the E and the W; during midday, high radiation was only received from above. The EW rows received the highest radiation component from above and from the N. The NE-SW rows received high levels of radiation from above, from the SE until 10:00, and from the NW from 13:00. A similar profile can be described for NW-SE rows, but with high radiation received from the NE up to 13:00 and from the SW from 16:00. Overall, lowest leaf water potential occurred for NE-SW canopies, followed by those orientated NW-SE, NS and EW. Photosynthetic activity reflected the positive radiation impact of the sun azimuth during the grape ripening period; best overall performance seemed to occur for E and N exposed canopy sides. This was largely driven by the responsiveness of the secondary leaves to radiation. Photosynthetic output decreased from apical to basal canopy zones with low, erratic values in the light-limited canopy centre. The NS and EW orientated canopies generally showed the highest average photosynthesis, while it was lower for the sides facing S, SE and SW. The results provide a better understanding of the physiological functioning of horizontal and vertical leaf layers in differently orientated grapevine canopies, as affected by climatic conditions. The study contributes to the longstanding challenges of capturing the complexity of parallel microclimatic and physiological output of grapevine canopies under open field conditions. The results can be directly applied to the selection of vineyard practices and seasonal management to ensure the attainment of yield, grape composition and wine quality objectives.
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Garrido, Andreia, Ric C. H. De Vos, Artur Conde, and Ana Cunha. "Light Microclimate-Driven Changes at Transcriptional Level in Photosynthetic Grape Berry Tissues." Plants 10, no. 9 (August 25, 2021): 1769. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10091769.
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Viticulture practices that change the light distribution in the grapevine canopy can interfere with several physiological mechanisms, such as grape berry photosynthesis and other metabolic pathways, and consequently impact the berry biochemical composition, which is key to the final wine quality. We previously showed that the photosynthetic activity of exocarp and seed tissues from a white cultivar (Alvarinho) was in fact responsive to the light microclimate in the canopy (low and high light, LL and HL, respectively), and that these different light microclimates also led to distinct metabolite profiles, suggesting a berry tissue-specific interlink between photosynthesis and metabolism. In the present work, we analyzed the transcript levels of key genes in exocarps and seed integuments of berries from the same cultivar collected from HL and LL microclimates at three developmental stages, using real-time qPCR. In exocarp, the expression levels of genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism (VvSuSy1), phenylpropanoid (VvPAL1), stilbenoid (VvSTS1), and flavan-3-ol synthesis (VvDFR, VvLAR2, and VvANR) were highest at the green stage. In seeds, the expression of several genes associated with both phenylpropanoid (VvCHS1 and VvCHS3) and flavan-3-ol synthesis (VvDFR and VvLAR2) showed a peak at the véraison stage, whereas that of RuBisCO was maintained up to the mature stage. Overall, the HL microclimate, compared to that of LL, resulted in a higher expression of genes encoding elements associated with both photosynthesis (VvChlSyn and VvRuBisCO), carbohydrate metabolism (VvSPS1), and photoprotection (carotenoid pathways genes) in both tissues. HL also induced the expression of the VvFLS1 gene, which was translated into a higher activity of the FLS enzyme producing flavonol-type flavonoids, whereas the expression of several other flavonoid pathway genes (e.g., VvCHS3, VvSTS1, VvDFR, and VvLDOX) was reduced, suggesting a specific role of flavonols in photoprotection of berries growing in the HL microclimate. This work suggests a possible link at the transcriptional level between berry photosynthesis and pathways of primary and secondary metabolism, and provides relevant information for improving the management of the light microenvironment at canopy level of the grapes.
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Li, Zhiyu, Dongyue Yang, Xueqiang Guan, Yuxia Sun, and Junfang Wang. "Changes in Volatile Composition of Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) Grapes under Leaf Removal Treatment." Agronomy 13, no. 7 (July 17, 2023): 1888. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13071888.
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Several studies have revealed that fruit-zone leaf removal could change the microclimate of grapevine growth, thereby causing complex effects on fruit composition. This study analyzed the profiles of volatiles in Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) grapes exposed to leaf removal treatment at different phenological periods in three continuous years. The treatments (leaf removal before flowering, after flowering, and veraison) were applied to Cabernet Sauvignon grapevines grown in Yantai (Shandong, China). Berry samples were harvested at maturation to determine the chemical composition, including total soluble solids, phenols, and volatiles. Leaf removal (particularly before flowering) could increase total soluble solids and phenols (anthocyanins, flavonols, and tartaric esters). Volatiles greatly changed in the different years, and leaf removal before flowering could increase the concentration of amino acid-derived volatiles and isoprene-derived volatiles compared with leaf removal after flowering or at veraison. This research provides a basis for further studies on optimizing Cabernet Sauvignon aroma and breeding in vineyards.
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SAVU, Sergiu, Liliana Lucia TOMOIAGA, and Veronica Sanda CHEDEA. "Ecological Microclimate Influence on Grapevine Phomopsis viticola Attack Frequency in Aiud-Ciumbrud Vineyards." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Horticulture 77, no. 2 (November 18, 2020): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-hort:2020.0026.
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Phomopsis viticola (Sacc.) Sacc. (syn. Cryptosporella viticola Shear, Diaporthe viticola Nitschke, Diplodia viticola Desm, Fusicoccum viticolum Reddick, Phoma flaccida Viala & Ravaz, Phoma viticola Sacc.), is the causal agent of the grapevine disease named ‘Phomopsis cane’ and ‘Leaf spot’ in the U.S.A. or ‘Excoriose’ in Europe. This study aims to evaluate the influence of the microclimate on Phomopsis viticola attack in Aiud-Ciumbrud vineyards. The observations were done on four plots in Aiud-Ciumbrud vineyards in the period March-August 2020. Up to the end of August 2020, ten treatments with contact and systemic products based on metiram and sulphour were done together with the other standard agro-technological operations. In the ecological conditions of spring-summer 2020, with higher temperature than the average in January, February, March and June, more rain than the average in February, March and June and less rain in January, April and May, we found frequency of the excoriosis in the range of 4%-12% at the beginning of the season. After the fungicide treatments, the attack frequency decreased up to 0%-7%. In the present research work, we show that in Aiud-Ciumbrud vineyards Phomopsis viticola attack was present and influenced by the microclimate conditions and also it was reduced by the fungicide treatments.
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Carbonneau, A., E. Lebon, H. Mabrouk, and H. Sinoquet. "INTERACTIONS « CANOPY SHAPE X VIGOUR LEVEL »: CONSEQUENCES ON ARCHITECTURE AND MICROCLIMATE OF THE GRAPEVINE." Acta Horticulturae, no. 526 (March 2000): 91–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2000.526.7.
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Fernandes de Oliveira, Ana, Luca Mercenaro, Mario Azzena, and Giovanni Nieddu. "Effects of pre and post-veraison water deficit on Vermentino cluster microclimate and berry composition." BIO Web of Conferences 13 (2019): 04015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20191304015.
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The influence of light and thermal microclimate on berry quality of a Vermentino vineyard, managed with deficit irrigation strategies in north-western Sardinia, was analyzed. Two water deficit, pre- (ED) and post-veraison (LD), an irrigation (IC) and a non-irrigation (NC) control treatments were compared during berry development. Grapevine performances were evaluated by analyzing leaf gas exchange, source-sink balance, light and thermal microclimate effects on berry composition. Early and/or late deficit irrigation following a mild to moderate water stress threshold enabled high leaf physiological performances. Though with high stomatal conductance sensitivity to water deficit and anisohydric behavior, this variety exhibited high assimilation rate and quick recovery capacity after enduring moderate and severe water stress. All treatments achieved satisfactory sugar and acidic levels. Berry phenols were higher in LD due to lower canopy coverage and better light conditions compared to IC. Up to mid-ripening, cluster exposure to elevated temperatures negatively influenced phenolic accumulation, mostly in NC and to a lower extent in ED. In the last ripening weeks, total phenols was majorly influenced by light interception.
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Mucalo, Ana, Katarina Lukšić, Irena Budić-Leto, and Goran Zdunić. "Cluster Thinning Improves Aroma Complexity of White Maraština (Vitis vinifera L.) Wines Compared to Defoliation under Mediterranean Climate." Applied Sciences 12, no. 14 (July 21, 2022): 7327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12147327.
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Defoliation and cluster thinning are useful canopy management techniques to modulate grapevine carbon distribution and microclimate. Both techniques are directed to achieve the proper balance between fruit and foliage, and to maximize production of well-ripened fruits and quality wines. We performed five canopy treatments on Maraština grapevine grown at a commercial vineyard in the Vrgorac Valley region of Croatia: three different times of basal defoliation, cluster thinning at the veraison, and an untreated control. The effects of the canopy changes on the chemical composition of grapes and wines were studied. The treatments had variable impacts on yield components and basic wine composition. Volatile aroma compounds in produced wines were analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry coupled with a mass-selective detector. The concentrations of 70 of the 96 individual volatile compounds were significantly influenced by the canopy technique used. The concentrations of 58 of these compounds were different according the timing of defoliation. Cluster thinning at an intensity of 35% produced wines with more terpenes, esters, higher alcohols, other alcohols, volatile phenolic compounds, lactones, and other compounds than other treatments. Among terpenes, cluster thinning increased terpinen-4-ol, linalool, trans-β-farnesen, and geraniol. Odor activity value analysis revealed 16 volatile compounds that contributed to the aroma of cluster-thinned wines.
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Garrido, Andreia, Jasper Engel, Roland Mumm, Artur Conde, Ana Cunha, and Ric C. H. De Vos. "Metabolomics of Photosynthetically Active Tissues in White Grapes: Effects of Light Microclimate and Stress Mitigation Strategies." Metabolites 11, no. 4 (March 30, 2021): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo11040205.
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The effects of climate change are becoming a real concern for the viticulture sector, with impacts on both grapevine physiology and the quality of the fresh berries and wine. Short-term mitigation strategies, like foliar kaolin application and smart irrigation regimes, have been implemented to overcome these problems. We previously showed that these strategies also influence the photosynthetic activity of the berries themselves, specifically in the exocarp and seed. In the present work, we assessed the modulating effects of both canopy-light microclimate, kaolin and irrigation treatments on the metabolic profiles of the exocarp and seed, as well as the potential role of berry photosynthesis herein. Berries from the white variety Alvarinho were collected at two contrasting light microclimate positions within the vine canopy (HL—high light and LL—low light) from both irrigated and kaolin-treated plants, and their respective controls, at three fruit developmental stages (green, véraison and mature). Untargeted liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS) profiling of semi-polar extracts followed by multivariate statistical analysis indicate that both the light microclimate and irrigation influenced the level of a series of phenolic compounds, depending on the ripening stage of the berries. Moreover, untargeted gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) profiling of polar extracts show that amino acid and sugar levels were influenced mainly by the interaction of irrigation and kaolin treatments. The results reveal that both photosynthetically active berry tissues had a distinct metabolic profile in response to the local light microclimate, which suggests a specific role of photosynthesis in these tissues. A higher light intensity within the canopy mainly increased the supply of carbon precursors to the phenylpropanoid/flavonoid pathway, resulting in increased levels of phenolic compounds in the exocarp, while in seeds, light mostly influenced compounds related to carbon storage and seed development. In addition, our work provides new insights into the influence of abiotic stress mitigation strategies on the composition of exocarps and seeds, which are both important tissues for the quality of grape-derived products.
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Cataldo, Eleonora, Aleš Eichmeier, and Giovan Battista Mattii. "Effects of Global Warming on Grapevine Berries Phenolic Compounds—A Review." Agronomy 13, no. 9 (August 22, 2023): 2192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092192.
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The steadfast propensity to global warming has had a severe impact on overall viticulture. Given the observed increase in growing season temperatures in Europe (+1.7 °C from 1950 to 2004), between 2000 and 2049, it is assumed that temperatures for major wine regions will increase on average by about +0.42 °C per decade and will generally increase by +2.04 °C. Phenolic compound development is affected by environmental parameters such as ultraviolet (UV) radiation, sunlight, maximum and minimum temperatures, and grapevine water status. Proanthocyanidins, flavan-3-ol monomers, and other pigmented polymers are impacted by soil management and canopy handling strategies, as well as obtaining a microclimate around the developing bunch. This review, after a necessary summary of the synthesis of phenolic compounds in the berry (flavonoids and non-flavonoids) to let the lector delve into the topic, describes the impact of climate change and therefore of environmental factors on their accumulation and storage throughout ripening and harvesting. For example, high berry temperatures can reduce the total concentrations of skin anthocyanin; a 35 °C temperature entirely obstructed anthocyanin synthesis, and instead quercetin 3-glucoside could be enhanced with exposure to solar radiation. In addition, increments via water deficit in the relative abundance of methoxylated anthocyanins were also found. The vineyard management strategies to mitigate the degradation of phenolic compounds and preserve their concentration are also further discussed. Finally, it is believed that it is necessary today to establish an elastic and variable approach towards the single wine year, moving away from the concept of product standardization.
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Young, Philip R., Hans A. Eyeghe-Bickong, Kari du Plessis, Erik Alexandersson, Dan A. Jacobson, Zelmari Coetzee, Alain Deloire, and Melané A. Vivier. "Grapevine Plasticity in Response to an Altered Microclimate: Sauvignon Blanc Modulates Specific Metabolites in Response to Increased Berry Exposure." Plant Physiology 170, no. 3 (December 1, 2015): 1235–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.15.01775.
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Tzortzakis, Nikolaos, Antonios Chrysargyris, and Aziz Aziz. "Adaptive Response of a Native Mediterranean Grapevine Cultivar Upon Short-Term Exposure to Drought and Heat Stress in the Context of Climate Change." Agronomy 10, no. 2 (February 7, 2020): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10020249.
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The impact of climate change on viticulture is of major importance. Several international and indigenous grapevine cultivars have been examined for their adaptive performance to drought and heat stresses. However, the underlying physiological mechanisms are not well known. In the present study we examined the short-term effects of light and moderate drought stress (DS) as well as heat stress (HS) on physiological and biochemical attributes in two grapevine cultivars: Chardonnay (international) and Xynisteri, an indigenous adapted to the specific Cypriot microclimate. Xynisteri plants exhibited decreasing leaf stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate as well as increasing total phenols and antioxidant capacity under DS conditions. These reactions were concomitant to a rapid accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation in leaves, associated to an increase of the antioxidant superoxide dismutase activity. However, Chardonnay plants did not exhibit the same responses as Xynisteri against DS (i.e., stomatal closure, total phenolics and antioxidants) over the first four days. Additionally, Chardonnay showed leaf damage with increased lipid peroxidation levels and activation of catalase and peroxidase. Interestingly, HS increased leaf stomatal conductance and decreased total phenolic content, flavonoids and antioxidant capacity in Chardonnay after 20 d of stress. In both cultivars, HS had milder effects compared to DS, and again Xynisteri showed better performance than Chardonnay in terms of damage index and antioxidative activities. Overall, Xynisteri adaptation to DS and HS was higher than that of Chardonnay, and both cultivars reacted more to the short-term DS than to HS. Although the Xynisteri performances under stress conditions provide an important resource for adaptation to stressful conditions, the impacts on earliness, yield and grape quality remain to be explored.
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Antivilo, Francisco Gonzalez, Rosalía Cristina Paz, Markus Keller, Roberto Borgo, Jorge Tognetti, and Fidel Roig Juñent. "Macro- and microclimate conditions may alter grapevine deacclimation: variation in thermal amplitude in two contrasting wine regions from North and South America." International Journal of Biometeorology 61, no. 12 (July 17, 2017): 2033–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00484-017-1400-7.
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Mucalo, Ana, Irena Budić-Leto, Katarina Lukšić, Edi Maletić, and Goran Zdunić. "Early Defoliation Techniques Enhance Yield Components, Grape and Wine Composition of cv. Trnjak (Vitis vinifera L.) in Dalmatian Hinterland Wine Region." Plants 10, no. 3 (March 15, 2021): 551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10030551.
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Defoliation and cluster thinning are of practical importance in a control of the grapevine source-sink balance, cluster architecture, microclimate and berry composition. Nevertheless, their effectiveness on wine composition is unexplored. In this work, the impacts of preflowering (T1), after berry set (T2), and veraison defoliation (T3) and cluster thinning (T4), on yield components, grape and wine composition of cv. Trnjak are given. Implemented techniques significantly reduced yield and affected grape and wine components in comparison to untreated control (C). Despite lowest number of clusters ensured by cluster thinning, defoliation at veraison had lowest yield. Defoliations improved cluster architecture parameters. Highest berry per se was in preflowering T1 and lowest at veraison T3 defoliation. Berries of T1 had lowest sugar content (19.47 °Brix) while T3 had highest (22.3 °Brix), and the reverse is seen in total acidity highest in T1 (6.12 g/L) and lowest in T3 (5.01 g/L). Wines of early defoliations (T1 and T2) had lowest alcohol and highest anthocyanin concentration. Both techniques applied at veraison produced wines with lower anthocyanins and flavonols than those obtained without any intervention (C). In conclusion, the early defoliations (T1 and T2) improve yield and wine composition of cv. Trnjak in the Mediterranean region of Croatia.
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Santos, João A., Helder Fraga, Aureliano C. Malheiro, José Moutinho-Pereira, Lia-Tânia Dinis, Carlos Correia, Marco Moriondo, et al. "A Review of the Potential Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Options for European Viticulture." Applied Sciences 10, no. 9 (April 29, 2020): 3092. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10093092.
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Viticulture and winemaking are important socioeconomic sectors in many European regions. Climate plays a vital role in the terroir of a given wine region, as it strongly controls canopy microclimate, vine growth, vine physiology, yield, and berry composition, which together determine wine attributes and typicity. New challenges are, however, predicted to arise from climate change, as grapevine cultivation is deeply dependent on weather and climate conditions. Changes in viticultural suitability over the last decades, for viticulture in general or the use of specific varieties, have already been reported for many wine regions. Despite spatially heterogeneous impacts, climate change is anticipated to exacerbate these recent trends on suitability for wine production. These shifts may reshape the geographical distribution of wine regions, while wine typicity may also be threatened in most cases. Changing climates will thereby urge for the implementation of timely, suitable, and cost-effective adaptation strategies, which should also be thoroughly planned and tuned to local conditions for an effective risk reduction. Although the potential of the different adaptation options is not yet fully investigated, deserving further research activities, their adoption will be of utmost relevance to maintain the socioeconomic and environmental sustainability of the highly valued viticulture and winemaking sector in Europe.
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Fort, Thomas, Cécile Robin, Xavier Capdevielle, Laurent Delière, and Corinne Vacher. "Foliar fungal communities strongly differ between habitat patches in a landscape mosaic." PeerJ 4 (November 3, 2016): e2656. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2656.
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BackgroundDispersal events between habitat patches in a landscape mosaic can structure ecological communities and influence the functioning of agrosystems. Here we investigated whether short-distance dispersal events between vineyard and forest patches shape foliar fungal communities. We hypothesized that these communities homogenize between habitats over the course of the growing season, particularly along habitat edges, because of aerial dispersal of spores.MethodsWe monitored the richness and composition of foliar and airborne fungal communities over the season, along transects perpendicular to edges between vineyard and forest patches, using Illumina sequencing of the Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 (ITS2) region.ResultsIn contrast to our expectation, foliar fungal communities in vineyards and forest patches increasingly differentiate over the growing season, even along habitat edges. Moreover, the richness of foliar fungal communities in grapevine drastically decreased over the growing season, in contrast to that of forest trees. The composition of airborne communities did not differ between habitats. The composition of oak foliar fungal communities change between forest edge and centre.DiscussionThese results suggest that dispersal events between habitat patches are not major drivers of foliar fungal communities at the landscape scale. Selective pressures exerted in each habitat by the host plant, the microclimate and the agricultural practices play a greater role, and might account for the differentiation of foliar fugal communities between habitats.
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Sapaev, J. B., J. N. Fayziev, A. Supaeva, I. B. Sapaev, D. Nazaraliev, and G. S. Turaeva. "Exploring some possible impacts of climatic changes on viticulture." E3S Web of Conferences 452 (2023): 01030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202345201030.
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Viticulture is a significant economic value in numerous countries. Environment assumes an imperative part in the terroir of a given wine area, as it emphatically controls overhang microclimate, plant development, plant physiology, yield, and berry structure, which together decide wine ascribes and typicity. New difficulties are, nonetheless, anticipated to emerge from environmental change, as grapevine development is profoundly subject to climate and environmental conditions. Changes in viticultural reasonableness in the course of the last many years, for viticulture overall or the utilization of explicit assortments, have effectively been accounted for in some wine districts. Despite spatially heterogeneous effects, environmental change is expected to intensify these new patterns of reasonableness for wine creation. These movements might reshape the geological appropriation of wine districts, while wine typicity may likewise be compromised much of the time. Changing environments will subsequently encourage the execution of opportune, reasonable, and savvy transformation methodologies, which ought to likewise be arranged and tuned to nearby circumstances for a compelling gamble decrease. Although the capability of the different variation choices isn't yet completely explored, meriting further exploration exercises, their reception will be of most extreme pertinence to keep up with the financial and ecological supportability of the exceptional valuable viticulture and winemaking area in Europe.
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Stefanovic, Dejan, Nina Nikolic, Ljiljana Kostic, Slavica Todic, and Miroslav Nikolic. "Early Leaf Removal Increases Berry and Wine Phenolics in Cabernet Sauvignon Grown in Eastern Serbia." Agronomy 11, no. 2 (January 28, 2021): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020238.
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Cluster zone leaf removal is a well-established viticulture practice for improving cluster microclimate and wine quality in cooler climates, while its efficacy in warmer conditions is less is known. Here we compared the effect of early (ELR, after fruit set; diameter of berries 3–5 mm) and late (LLR, beginning of veraison) leaf removal on berry composition and wine phenolic profile of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) variety Cabernet Sauvignon grown in a temperate, warmer region of Eastern Serbia. Compared to the control (no leaf removal), both leaf removal treatments increased the sugar content in fresh juice and alcohol concentration in wine. Over three consecutive years (2011–2013) markedly different in temperature and rainfall, ELR was clearly most effective in decreasing weights of cluster and of one berry, and in increasing of skin share in a berry. The content of total phenols, tartaric acid esters, anthocyanins, and flavanols in berry skin and wine was the highest in ELR treatment. ELR prominently modified the phenolic profile: Increasing flavanols, myricetin and quercetine in skin and wine, and anthocyanins, peonidin-3-glucoside in skin and delphinidin-3-glucoside in wine. This work demonstrated that early leaf removal positively influenced the chemical composition of berries and wine of Cabernet Sauvignon and might be recommended for practice in the temperate warm conditions.
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Schmidt, Dominik, Katrin Kahlen, Christopher Bahr, and Matthias Friedel. "Towards a Stochastic Model to Simulate Grapevine Architecture: A Case Study on Digitized Riesling Vines Considering Effects of Elevated CO2." Plants 11, no. 6 (March 17, 2022): 801. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11060801.
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Modeling plant growth, in particular with functional-structural plant models, can provide tools to study impacts of changing environments in silico. Simulation studies can be used as pilot studies for reducing the on-field experimental effort when predictive capabilities are given. Robust model calibration leads to less fragile predictions, while introducing uncertainties in predictions allows accounting for natural variability, resulting in stochastic plant growth models. In this study, stochastic model components that can be implemented into the functional-structural plant model Virtual Riesling are developed relying on Bayesian model calibration with the goal to enhance the model towards a fully stochastic model. In this first step, model development targeting phenology, in particular budburst variability, phytomer development rate and internode growth are presented in detail. Multi-objective optimization is applied to estimate a single set of cardinal temperatures, which is used in phenology and growth modeling based on a development days approach. Measurements from two seasons of grapevines grown in a vineyard with free-air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) are used; thus, model building and selection are coupled with an investigation as to whether including effects of elevated CO2 conditions to be expected in 2050 would improve the models. The results show how natural variability complicates the detection of possible treatment effects, but demonstrate that Bayesian calibration in combination with mixed models can realistically recover natural shoot growth variability in predictions. We expect these and further stochastic model extensions to result in more realistic virtual plant simulations to study effects, which are used to conduct in silico studies of canopy microclimate and its effects on grape health and quality.
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Kurtural, S. Kaan, Andrew E. Beebe, Johann Martínez-Lüscher, Shijian Zhuang, Karl T. Lund, Glenn McGourty, and Larry J. Bettiga. "Conversion to Mechanical Pruning in Vineyards Maintains Fruit Composition while Reducing Labor Costs in ‘Merlot’ Grape Production." HortTechnology 29, no. 2 (April 2019): 128–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech04204-18.
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A field study was conducted for three consecutive seasons in the hot climate of central California to assess the performance of ‘Merlot’ grapevine (Vitis vinifera) grafted onto ‘Freedom’ [Fresno 1613-59 × Dog Ridge 5 (27% V. vinifera hybrid)] during training system conversion to facilitate mechanization. The traditional head-trained and cane-pruned (CP) system was either retained or converted either to a bilateral cordon-trained, spur-pruned California sprawl training system (HP), or to a bilateral cordon-trained, mechanically box-pruned single high-wire sprawling system (SHMP). After the conversion, SHMP sustained greater yield with more clusters per vine and smaller berries without affecting the canopy microclimate. This was due to a higher number of nodes retained after dormant pruning. The SHMP canopies, compared with CP and HP; filled allotted canopy space earlier based on photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) transmitted through the canopies, populating the space allotted per vine, favoring higher production efficiency. There were no adverse effects of training systems on berry composition or flavonoid concentration, during or after conversion to mechanical management. However, experimental year effect was obvious on anthocyanin composition of ‘Merlot’ berries, increasing trihydroxylated (i.e., delphinidin-based) anthocyanins in the latter years of the experiment. Our results also provided evidence that earlier canopy growth coupled with sufficient reproductive compensating responses allowed for increased yields while reaching commercial maturity without a decline in anthocyanin content with the SHMP. Converting CP to SHMP reduced labor operations costs by 90%. Furthermore, the SHMP had greater gross revenue and resulted in greater net income per acre even when the conversion year was taken into account. Therefore, SHMP is recommended for growers within the hot climate of the central San Joaquin Valley as a means to maintain productivity of vineyards while not sacrificing berry composition at the farm gate.
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Du, Wensheng, Shangrui Li, Tingting Du, Wenwei Huang, Yifan Zhang, Hui Kang, Yuxin Yao, Zhen Gao, and Yuanpeng Du. "‘Miguang’ Grape Response to Pergola and Single-Curtain Training Systems." Horticulturae 9, no. 1 (January 14, 2023): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9010113.
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Background and Aims: Grapevine shoot growth and light utilization are typically adjusted through the use of canopy management strategies that are adapted to the local climate. In this study, we analyze the effects of a pergola (PER) and single-curtain training system (SCT) on the microclimate, light interception, photosynthetic capacity, and assimilate distribution of ‘Miguang’ grape in a rainy region of China. Methods and Results: We measured light interception, spectral absorptance, leaf area, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, soluble sugar and starch content per cane, assimilate distribution berry weight, soluble solids, and titratable acid content. SCT produced a higher photosynthetic photon flux density in the cluster region, a canopy light absorptance in the 450–800 nm wavelength range, higher chlorophyll content, and larger leaf area of the middle node leaves. It produced lower basal and top leaves leaf areas. At berry expansion (E-L-31) and veraison (E-L-35), the net photosynthetic capacity of the leaves from the base to the middle nodes was higher with SCT than with the PER, and the net photosynthetic capacity of leaves near the top was reduced with SCT. At the harvest period, the net photosynthetic rate of the middle and top node leaves and the shoot photosynthetic rate were higher with SCT than with the PER. The distribution of assimilates to the fruit was higher with SCT. In addition, SCT produced a higher shoot soluble sugar and lower internode length from the fourth to sixth nodes, and it produced a higher shoot starch content and internode diameter in the fourth internode. Conclusions: SCT significantly improved photosynthetic photon flux density in the cluster, promoted assimilate distribution to fruit, decreased vegetative growth, increased chlorophyll content, increased the leaf size of the middle node on the primary shoot, and increased shoot soluble sugar from the fourth to sixth nodes. Significance of this Study: The results of this study can provide a relevant theoretical basis and technical support for grape canopy management.
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Minnaar, Dr Phillip, Marieta Van Der Rijst, and Kobus Hunter. "Grapevine row orientation, vintage and grape ripeness effect on anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols, flavonols and phenolic acids: I. <i>Vitis vinifera</i> L. cv. Syrah grapes." OENO One 56, no. 1 (March 25, 2022): 275–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2022.56.1.4857.
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Phenolic concentrations are affected by environmental factors and grape cultivar, as well as viticultural practices, which should be considered when a specific phenolic profile is intended. The effect of microclimate induced by row orientation on phenolic compounds of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Syrah/101-14 Mgt grapes was investigated. Grapes were harvested from four vintages at 22 °Brix, 24 °Brix and 26 °Brix from N-S, E-W, NE-SW and NW-SE orientated grapevine rows. Phenolics were quantified in freeze-dried grape skins using an HPLC method. A vintage effect was only evident for specific individual phenolics for the four vintages. Grapes from NE-SW rows at 22 °Brix had the highest total flavonols and anthocyanins. Catechin was highest in grapes from N-S rows at 24 °Brix, whereas total phenolic acids, caffeic acid and total flavonols were highest from NW-SE rows at 24 °Brix and 26 °Brix. Isoquercetin was highest from NE-SW rows at 22 °Brix and 26 °Brix, whereas kaempferol and quercitrin were highest from E-W rows at 24 °Brix. The majority of phenolics was highest from NW-SE rows at 24 °Brix and 26 °Brix. The results indicate that row orientation affects phenolic development in Syrah grapes, but that vintage has a limited effect on phenolics. Light induced in the fruit zone positively affected the grape phenolic development of NE-SW rows at 22 °Brix and that of NW-SE rows at 24 °Brix and 26 °Brix. However, it is unlikely that a single index can be applied to all growing conditions and grape cultivars. Rows that allow moderate radiation intensity in the canopy (i.e., NE-SW and NW-SE during the day) seem more favourable for the development of phenolics than N-S and E-W rows. The light and berry temperature conditions in the fruit zone resulting from row orientation have the potential for widening the range of Syrah wine styles. In practice, a desirable row orientation may not be applicable to all environments. Management of the fruit zone remains an option for increasing or decreasing grape light exposure, irrespective of row orientation.
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Biniari, Katerina, Stavroula Nikolaou, Ioannis Daskalakis, Despoina Bouza, and Maritina Stavrakaki. "Assessment of the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the grapes of grapevine cultivar Fokiano (Vitis vinifera L.) in Ikaria Island, under vineyard conditions." BIO Web of Conferences 68 (2023): 01044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20236801044.
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This study aimed at assessing the phenolic potential of indigenous Greek red grapevine cultivar Fokiano under different cultivation systems and altitudes, during the cultivation season 2019-2020, which could explore different approaches yielding better results in the same viticultural area, as is Ikaria Island. The samples of the present study were collected from productive (commercial) vineyards in the island of Ikaria, in the region of the North Aegean Sea. Samples of grapes were collected from 7 different vineyards at the northern part of Ikaria with different characteristics: (i) difference in the altitude of the vineyards and (ii) difference in the cultivation system (conventional or organic). The vineyards in question are located at an altitude of 200 m, 400 m, 600 m and 800 m. The samples were collected during the dates of harvest, which were determined according to the technological maturation of the grapes in combination with the biodynamic calendar. In all samples, the mechanical analyses of the grapes and berries took place and the characters of the must as well as the qualitative characters of the berries (must, skins, seeds) were studied. Total soluble solids of the must were calculated using a refractometer, the active acidity (pH) using a pH meter and the total acidity using a sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH). The mechanical analyses that were performed involved the weight of thirty (30) berries, the weight of the grape and the length and width of the berries and the grapes of each sample. The content of grape's skin in total anthocyanins, total phenolics, condensed tannins, total ortho-diphenols, total flavonoids, total flavanols, total flavonols and flavones and their antioxidant capacity with the use of FRAP and DPPH methods were determined using a spectrophotometer. The most important acids found in grapes were identified using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The measurements in the grape seeds were made on the same compounds as the skins, except for total anthocyanins. The results of the present study showed that the altitude does not seem to have a significant effect on most of the qualitative and quantitative characters of the cultivar in Ikaria, however, in future studies, other factors that affect the qualitative characters of the grapes need to be taken into consideration and further evaluated. The microclimate of the highest altitude (800 m) had a positive effect regarding total phenolics, anthocyanins, tannins, flavonols, o-diphenol content and the antioxidant capacity of the skins according to FRAP method, but with opposite results in the case of the seeds. At the same time, it should be noted that no accurate conclusion can be drawn regarding the cultivation system (conventional or organic), since between the two pairs of conventional and organic vineyards (samples from conventional and organic vineyards at an altitude of 200 m - samples from conventional and organic vineyard at an altitude of 600 m), the measurements exhibit a variation in their results. The antioxidant capacity that was determined in the samples of Fokiano is also remarkable, when also compared with other indigenous red grapevine cultivars. In view of climate change, the exploitation of indigenous varieties under different soil and climatic conditions or even in the same viticultural region, like the one of the current experiment (different cultivation system, different altitude in the island of Ikaria) could unlock and highlight the full potential of such local varieties, depending on the final style of the wine produced.
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Garrido, Andreia, João Serôdio, Ric De Vos, Artur Conde, and Ana Cunha. "Influence of Foliar Kaolin Application and Irrigation on Photosynthetic Activity of Grape Berries." Agronomy 9, no. 11 (October 27, 2019): 685. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9110685.
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Climate changes may cause severe impacts both on grapevine and berry development. Foliar application of kaolin has been suggested as a mitigation strategy to cope with stress caused by excessive heat/radiation absorbed by leaves and grape berry clusters. However, its effect on the light micro-environment inside the canopy and clusters, as well as on the acclimation status and physiological responses of the grape berries, is unclear. The main objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of foliar kaolin application on the photosynthetic activity of the exocarp and seeds, which are the main photosynthetically active berry tissues. For this purpose, berries from high light (HL) and low light (LL) microclimates in the canopy, from kaolin-treated and non-treated, irrigated and non-irrigated plants, were collected at three developmental stages. Photochemical and non-photochemical efficiencies of both tissues were obtained by a pulse amplitude modulated chlorophyll fluorescence imaging analysis. The maximum quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm) data for green HL-grown berries suggest that kaolin application can protect the berry exocarp from light stress. At the mature stage, exocarps of LL grapes from irrigated plants treated with kaolin presented higher Fv/Fm and relative electron transport rates (rETR200) than those without kaolin. However, for the seeds, a negative interaction between kaolin and irrigation were observed especially in HL grapes. These results highlight the impact of foliar kaolin application on the photosynthetic performance of grape berries growing under different light microclimates and irrigation regimes, throughout the season. This provides insights for a more case-oriented application of this mitigation strategy on grapevines.
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Damiano, Nicola, Carmen Arena, Antonello Bonfante, Rosanna Caputo, Arturo Erbaggio, Chiara Cirillo, and Veronica De Micco. "How Leaf Vein and Stomata Traits Are Related with Photosynthetic Efficiency in Falanghina Grapevine in Different Pedoclimatic Conditions." Plants 11, no. 11 (June 4, 2022): 1507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11111507.
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The increase in severe drought events due to climate change in the areas traditionally suitable for viticulture is enhancing the need to understand how grapevines regulate their photosynthetic metabolism in order to forecast specific cultivar adaptive responses to the changing environment. This study aims at evaluating the association between leaf anatomical traits and eco-physiological adjustments of the ‘Falanghina’ grapevine under different microclimatic conditions at four sites in southern Italy. Sites were characterized by different pedoclimatic conditions but, as much as possible, were similar for plant material and cultivation management. Microscopy analyses on leaves were performed to quantify stomata and vein traits, while eco-physiological analyses were conducted on vines to assess plant physiological adaptation capability. At the two sites with relatively low moisture, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, photosystem electron transfer rate, and quantum yield of PSII, linear electron transport was lower compared to the other two sites. Stomata size was higher at the site characterized by the highest precipitation. However, stomatal density and most vein traits tended to be relatively stable among sites. The number of free vein endings per unit leaf area was lower in the two vineyards with low precipitation. We suggest that site-specific stomata and vein traits modulation in Falanghina grapevine are an acclimation strategy that may influence photosynthetic performance. Overall in-depth knowledge of the structure/function relations in Falanghina vines might be useful to evaluate the plasticity of this cultivar towards site-specific management of vineyards in the direction of precision viticulture.
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Schneider, Christophe. "Influence de la suppression des entre-coeurs de souches de vigne sur le microclimat lumineux et la récolte." OENO One 19, no. 1 (March 31, 1985): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.1985.19.1.1313.
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<p style="text-align: justify;">Cet essai concerne les effets de la suppression continue, après la nouaison, des entre-coeurs de souches de vigne sur le microclimat lumineux et la récolte.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">II apparaît que l'amputation de la part importante de surface foliaire représentée par les entre-coeurs (1/4 à 1/2) est compensée par une meilleure exposition du feuillage conservé.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">La production et la richesse en sucres des raisins ne sont pas influencées par le traitement alors que l'acidité totale semble plutôt diminuée.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">En définitive, le facteur déterminant du potentiel de production de la vigne, notamment du taux de sucres des raisins est moins la surface totale du feuillage que la « surface foliaire exposée ».</p><p style="text-align: justify;">+++</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The purpose of this trial was to measure the effects of a continuous lateral shoots removing, after berry set, on grapevine microlimate and crop.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was found that suppression of the lateral shoots which represent an important part of the leaf area (1/4 to 1/2) is balanced by a better exposure of the remaining foliage.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Yield and sugar content of the grapes were not affected by the handling whereas the total acidity seemed to be decreased.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Finally, it is less the total leaf area than the « exposed leaf area » which fixes the potentialities of grapevines especially the sugar content of the grapes.</p>
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English, J. T. "Microclimates of Grapevine Canopies Associated with Leaf Removal and Control of Botrytis Bunch Rot." Phytopathology 79, no. 4 (1989): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-79-395.
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Hunter, J. J., C. G. Volschenk, E. Mania, A. Vicente Castro, M. Booyse, S. Guidoni, A. Pisciotta, R. Di Lorenzo, V. Novello, and R. Zorer. "Grapevine row orientation mediated temporal and cumulative microclimatic effects on grape berry temperature and composition." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 310 (November 2021): 108660. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2021.108660.
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Hunter, J. J., C. G. Volschenk, E. Mania, A. Vicente Castro, M. Booyse, S. Guidoni, A. Pisciotta, R. Di Lorenzo, V. Novello, and R. Zorer. "Grapevine row orientation mediated temporal and cumulative microclimatic effects on grape berry temperature and composition." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 310 (November 2021): 108660. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2021.108660.
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Mendes, Jorge, Emanuel Peres, Filipe Neves dos Santos, Nuno Silva, Renato Silva, Joaquim João Sousa, Isabel Cortez, and Raul Morais. "VineInspector: The Vineyard Assistant." Agriculture 12, no. 5 (May 22, 2022): 730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12050730.
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Proximity sensing approaches with a wide array of sensors available for use in precision viticulture contexts can nowadays be considered both well-know and mature technologies. Still, several in-field practices performed throughout different crops rely on direct visual observation supported on gained experience to assess aspects of plants’ phenological development, as well as indicators relating to the onset of common plagues and diseases. Aiming to mimic in-field direct observation, this paper presents VineInspector: a low-cost, self-contained and easy-to-install system, which is able to measure microclimatic parameters, and also to acquire images using multiple cameras. It is built upon a stake structure, rendering it suitable for deployment across a vineyard. The approach through which distinguishable attributes are detected, classified and tallied in the periodically acquired images, makes use of artificial intelligence approaches. Furthermore, it is made available through an IoT cloud-based support system. VineInspector was field-tested under real operating conditions to assess not only the robustness and the operating functionality of the hardware solution, but also the AI approaches’ accuracy. Two applications were developed to evaluate VineInspector’s consistency while a viticulturist’ assistant in everyday practices. One was intended to determine the size of the very first grapevines’ shoots, one of the required parameters of the well known 3–10 rule to predict primary downy mildew infection. The other was developed to tally grapevine moth males captured in sex traps. Results show that VineInspector is a logical step in smart proximity monitoring by mimicking direct visual observation from experienced viticulturists. While the latter traditionally are responsible for a set of everyday practices in the field, these are time and resource consuming. VineInspector was proven to be effective in two of these practices, performing them automatically. Therefore, it enables both the continuous monitoring and assessment of a vineyard’s phenological development in a more efficient manner, making way to more assertive and timely practices against pests and diseases.
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He, Fei, Meng-Bo Tian, Wei-Peng Duan, Wei-Ming Yang, Xue Mao, Jun Wang, and Chang-Qing Duan. "Effects of Inner-Row Ground Management on the Volatomics of ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ Grapes and Wines in the Region of the Eastern Foothills of the Ningxia Helan Mountains in Northwest China." Foods 12, no. 13 (June 23, 2023): 2472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12132472.
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This two-consecutive-year study aimed to evaluate the effects of ground management methods on the volatomics of ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ grapes and wines in Northwest China, in which inner-row crop covering with purslane (GRASS) and mulching with black plastic film (FILM) treatments were carried out, respectively. Compared with clean tillage (CK), the GRASS and FILM treatments changed the microclimates of grapevine fruit zones and rhizospheres, which delayed the ripening of grape berries and affected the accumulation of aroma substances in the mature grapes effectively. GRASS increased the concentration of terpenes and C13-norisoprenoids in berries and gave more floral, fruity, and caramel fragrances to wines, while FILM had the opposite effect of significantly increasing the synthesis of C6/C9 compounds and brought more green leaf flavors, showing that inner-row purslane covering is a potential and stable viticultural practice to improve the wine quality in this booming wine region.
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dos Santos, Tiago Pedreira, Carlos M. Lopes, M. Lucília Rodrigues, Claudia R. de Souza, Jorge M. Ricardo-da-Silva, João P. Maroco, João S. Pereira, and M. Manuela Chaves. "Effects of deficit irrigation strategies on cluster microclimate for improving fruit composition of Moscatel field-grown grapevines." Scientia Horticulturae 112, no. 3 (April 2007): 321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2007.01.006.
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Hummell, Ann K., and David C. Ferree. "Influence of Crop Load and Cluster Microclimate on Yield and Fruit Quality in `Seyval Blanc'." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 575a—575. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.575a.
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A 2-year field study was initiated in 1994 to examine the interactions between crop load and cluster exposure and their influences on the yield and fruit quality of mature, own-rooted `Seyval blanc' grapevines. Light, moderate, and heavy crop loads were established near bloom by cluster-thinning vines planted at 2.6 × 3.0-m spacing to around 20, 40, and 80 clusters per vine, respectively. At veraison, three clusters per vine were given one of three natural shaded treatments: fully exposed, partially shaded, and densely shaded. Vines with the heavy crop load produced higher yields per vine and lower cluster and berry weights. Heavy vine clusters tended to be more green in 1994 and possessed lower pH and soluble solid concentrations in both years compared to other crop loads. Compared to densely shaded clusters, fully exposed clusters had smaller average cluster and berry weights, lower titratable acidity, higher pH and soluble solid concentrations, and more yellow coloration. In 1994, no significant interactions were found for any fruit quality or yield characteristics. In 1995, significant interactions were found for soluble solids and hue angle, but not for yield, pH, or titratable acidity. These results suggest that the crop load of the vine and microclimate around the cluster, in addition to their individual effects, sometimes interact to affect fruit quality in `Seyval blanc' wine grapes.
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Rustioni, Laura, Alessio Altomare, Gvantsa Shanshiashvili, Fabio Greco, Riccardo Buccolieri, Ileana Blanco, Gabriele Cola, and Daniela Fracassetti. "Microclimate of Grape Bunch and Sunburn of White Grape Berries: Effect on Wine Quality." Foods 12, no. 3 (February 1, 2023): 621. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12030621.
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This research aimed to evaluate the composition of wines made with white grapes which are particularly susceptible to sunburn symptoms due to the absence of anthocyanin. Sunburn is a complex physiological dysfunction leading to browning or necrosis of berry tissues. In vintage 2021, the canopy of ‘Verdeca’ grapevines grown in Salento, South Italy, was differently managed by sun exposing or shading the bunches. Micrometeorological conditions were studied at different levels. Grapes were vinified, comparing the winemaking with and without skin maceration. The vegetative-productive balance of plants was not substantially modified. On the contrary, a significant effect was observed on the quality and quantity of grapes produced: smaller berries with sunburn symptoms were found on unshaded bunches. This influenced the percentage distribution among skin, pulp and seeds, causing a decrease in must yield of up to 30%. The pH was significantly higher in macerated wines made using shaded grapes, due to a lower titratable acidity and to significant impacts on the acid profile. Obviously, maceration produced a higher extraction of phenolics in wines, which reached their maximum in wines made with sunburned grapes. The absorbance at 420 nm, index of yellow color, was also significantly higher in sunburned grapes, indicating greater oxidation. Even though excessive grape sun-exposure could negatively affect the perception of white wines made without maceration (resulting in more oxidative character), the sensory quality of orange/amber wines was not significantly impacted by the presence of sunburned grapes. Thus, this winemaking technique could be particularly interesting to set up a production strategy adapted to viticultural regions strongly affected by climate change.
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Piombino, Paola, Elisabetta Pittari, Alessandro Genovese, Andrea Bellincontro, Osvaldo Failla, and Luigi Moio. "Effects of Leaf Removal on Free and Glycoconjugate Aromas of Skins and Pulps of Two Italian Red Grapevine Varieties." Foods 12, no. 19 (October 4, 2023): 3661. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12193661.
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Leaf removal is a cultural practice mainly aimed at improving cluster zone microclimates and impacting primary and secondary metabolites, such as volatiles. This research aimed to assess the impact of defoliation on free and glycosylated aromas of a neutral (‘Nebbiolo’) and a semi-aromatic (‘Aleatico’) red variety. Defoliation was performed at fruit set (BBCH 71) and, for ‘Nebbiolo’, also at berries touch (BBCH 81) phenological stages. Skins and pulps were separately analyzed by Solid Phase Extraction–Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Results showed that the response to defoliation was variety-dependent. For ‘Nebbiolo’, especially when performed at the berries’ touch stage, defoliation had a significant effect on the accumulation of free volatiles and glycosidic precursors. Differently, free and bound ‘Aleatico’ volatiles were less impacted by defoliation. Interestingly, in both grapevine varieties, defoliation significantly enhanced the accumulation of aroma precursors in grapes’ skins, which is of particular relevance for red wine production and their aging potential. Moreover, results could be helpful for the management of grape quality, as defoliation is currently considered as a strategy to address climate change issues.
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Fernandes de Oliveira, A., and G. Nieddu. "LIGHT AND THERMAL MICROCLIMATE OF 'CANNONAU' AND 'BOVALE' GRAPEVINES UNDER DIFFERENT LIGHT REGIMES - EFFECTS ON PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTIVENESS OF ANTHOCYANIN SYNTHESIS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 931 (March 2012): 349–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2012.931.40.
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Xyrafis, Efstratios Guillaume, Gregory A. Gambetta, and Katerina Biniari. "A comparative study on training systems and vine density in Santorini Island: Physiological, microclimate, yield and quality attributes." OENO One 57, no. 3 (August 17, 2023): 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2023.57.3.7470.
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The Mediterranean basin is regarded as one of the most affected global regions by climate change. Traditionally, viticulture in this region copes with high temperatures, heat waves and drought. Such extreme conditions are expected to intensify due to climate change in the future. Our study focuses on the viticulture of Santorini Island, located in South Aegean (Greece). Local varieties trained with the traditional ‘Kouloura’ training system have been cultivated for thousands of years on the island, producing recognised high-quality PDO wines worldwide. The literature on these traditional training systems is scarce, and their investigation could aid in the adaptation of viticulture to hotter and drier future climatic conditions. The objective of this study was to compare the physiological and agronomic response of Assyrtiko grapevines to the traditional training systems ‘Kouloura’ and VSP training system over two growing seasons and to establish the factors influencing the performance of each system in the semi-arid conditions of Santorini Island. In brief, the ‘Kouloura’ training system maintained a less-stressed water status compared to VSP, while for both studied years during ‘Kouloura’ exhibited significantly higher photosynthetic rates and stomatal conductance. Regarding microclimate observations, we found that, especially during heatwaves, VSP’s grapes were more exposed to higher temperatures during midday than ‘Kouloura’ and that the ‘Kouloura’ system protected against damage from heatwaves and strong winds when compared to VSP. Investigating the mechanisms by which these traditional training systems are adapted to hot, dry climatic conditions creates applicable knowledge for developing and using alternative training systems in similar environments to adapt to climate change.
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El-kenawy, Mosaad. "Effect of Shoots and Clusters Density on Microclimatic Changes, Yield, and Fruit Quality of King Ruby Grapevines." Egyptian Journal of Horticulture 49, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ejoh.2022.137167.1198.
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Hegyi-Kaló, Júlia, Ádám István Hegyi, József Geml, Zsolt Zsófi, Xénia Pálfi, and Kálmán Zoltán Váczy. "Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Culturable Microbial Communities of Grape Berries Change Strongly during Noble Rot Development." Plants 9, no. 12 (December 21, 2020): 1809. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9121809.
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Botrytis cinerea is a well-known pathogen of grapevine. However, under certain microclimatic conditions, Botrytis infection results in noble rot, an essential process in the production of the world-known Tokaji aszú wines in Hungary. We investigated the physico-chemical characteristics and culturable microorganisms associated with grape berries through several noble rot phases in the two main cultivars grown in Tokaj: Vitisvinifera cv. “Furmint” and “Hárslevelű”. We measured physical and analytical parameters routinely tested in viticulture and analyzed the ITS rDNA sequence data of fungi isolated from the sampled berries. We observed significant differences in the physico-chemical parameters among the noble rot phases as well as sampling dates. The greatest variation in berry texture and microbial structure was observed in the initial phases, with variables converging as the noble rot progressed. By finding a bijection between the examined chemical properties and the factorial parameters (e.g., noble rot phase, collection time, cultivar), an appropriate sweet winemaking material can be designed. Fungal community differed significantly among cultivars, with higher number of species observed in Hárslevelű. Our results reveal that there is more to noble rot than only Botrytiscinerea and other microorganisms may play important roles in the aszú process.
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MABROUK, H., and H. SINOQUET. "Indices of light microclimate and canopy structure of grapevines determined by 3D digitising and image analysis, and their relationship to grape quality." Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 4, no. 1 (April 1998): 2–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0238.1998.tb00129.x.
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Fernandes de Oliveira, Ana, Salvatorica Serra, Virna Ligios, Daniela Satta, and Giovanni Nieddu. "Assessing the Effects of Vineyard Soil Management on Downy and Powdery Mildew Development." Horticulturae 7, no. 8 (July 22, 2021): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7080209.
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Advantages of vineyard cover crops include soil conservation, nutrient and water cycling, and a better growth–yield balance. They naturally promote agro-system biological multifunctionality, soil biocenosis, and biological pest control. However, for the role of cover crops on disease control, there is still a lack of information. We performed a systematic evaluation of the soil management effects on the development of two main pathogens: Plasmopara viticola and Erysiphe necator. Conventional soil tillage was compared to grass and legume cover crops during a three-season trial in the Nurra wine region (Sardinia, Italy). Disease and grapevine development were assessed in relation to the weather, leaf area growth, leaf nitrogen, canopy density, and favorable microclimatic conditions for each disease, to weight their importance on disease susceptibility in each treatment. Higher infection percentages were observed in plots subjected to soil tillage. Disease development was better understood in relation to leaf area, leaf nitrogen, and canopy density. The main role of weather conditions on downy mildew infections was ascertained, yet high canopy sunlight levels reduced disease spread under grass cover. For powdery mildew, leaf nitrogen had a crucial role in disease development under soil tillage, and canopy light and hygrothermal conditions had the most relevant function on disease development in cover-cropped vineyards.
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VanderWeide, Joshua, Sergio Tombesi, Simone D. Castellarin, and Paolo Sabbatini. "Canopy architecture and fruit microclimate, not ripening-related phytohormones, control phenylpropanoid accumulation in response to early leaf removal in ‘Merlot’ (Vitis vinifera L.) grapevines." Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 157 (December 2020): 291–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.10.027.
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Belal, B. E. A., M. A. Elkenawy, and M. Kh Uwakiem. "Effect of relationship between planting distance and load of buds on bud behavior, vegetative growth, yield, canopy microclimate and fruit quality of Flame seedless grapevines." SVU-International Journal of Agricultural Sciences 3, no. 4 (December 26, 2021): 233–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/svuijas.2021.107191.1157.
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Percival, D. C., K. H. Fisher, and J. A. Sullivan. "Use of Fruit Zone Leaf Removal WithVitis viniferaL. cv. Riesling Grapevines. I. Effects on Canopy Structure, Microclimate, Bud Survival, Shoot Density, and Vine Vigor." American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 45, no. 2 (1994): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5344/ajev.1994.45.2.123.
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Pereyra Alpuín, Cesar Gustavo. "Evaluation of site-specific management practices to reduce the heterogeneity in grapevine vigor, yield, and grape composition: Doctoral thesis abstract." Agrociencia Uruguay 27, Suppl theses (September 5, 2023): e1462. http://dx.doi.org/10.31285/agro.27.1462.
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During eight consecutive seasons (2014-2021) the intra-plot heterogeneity of vigor in a cv. Tannat vineyard in Uruguay was studied. Such variability was assessed during three years (2015, 2016 and 2017) using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), calculated from aerial images. High-resolution (0.2 m) multispectral images were obtained over the ground to define contrasting vigor zones: high (HV) and low (LV). In winter 2020, trunk diameter was assessed to corroborate the interannual stability of vigor, and positive correlations were established between NDVI and vegetative growth parameters. A complete description of soil physical and chemical parameters was carried out. Climate data (rainfall, temperature, relative humidity and light), vegetative growth (leaf area; leaf nitrogen and potassium; pruning weight), yield (number of bunches per plant, bunch weight, berry weight) and grape composition (total soluble solids, acidity, pH, anthocyanins and total phenols) were used. In addition, site-specific management techniques were employed according to vigor zone to influence yield and grape quality and reduce heterogeneity. For HV, treatments were aimed at reducing water and nitrogen inputs and improving microclimatic conditions in the cluster zone. In LV, on the other hand, treatments were aimed at increasing vegetative growth and yield with water and nitrogen supplementation. Although a 1 ha plot can be considered homogeneous from a topographic, edaphological and climatic point of view, this study demonstrated the existence of great variability in soil variables, production parameters and grape composition. The HV zone was associated with higher levels of leaf area, pruning weight, yield (higher berry and bunch weight) and bunch disease incidence than the LV zone. These HV zone characteristics were the result of a deeper and more structured soil, with higher organic matter content, nitrogen reserves and clay content, and abundance of montmorillonite-type clay. These soil properties in the HV zone proved to be more conducive to root growth, particularly fine roots, with better vertical and horizontal distribution. The LV zone, was distinguished by a shallower and more compact soil which negatively conditioned root growth. New information was provided on the interaction of the soil-plant-atmosphere system. In particular, the dominant role of water availability in the first place and soil nitrogen availability in the second place in establishing plant vigor. The effect of nitrogen on plant response was highly dependent on soil water availability. The gradient of vine vigor and yield between the two zones remained stable over the years, regardless of climatic conditions. This indicates that soil characteristics can mitigate or enhance the effects caused by climatic conditions. The determination (possible by remote sensing) of the vigor zones of a plot is a prerequisite for proposing soil and crop management practices that optimize the use of resources and ensure the economic and environmental sustainability of wine production.
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SCHALLER, Klaus. "Terroir - Myth and/or Reality - Outstanding Marketing Idea? A Review." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 45, no. 2 (September 15, 2017): 332–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha45210898.
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In former times the term terroir was connatated negatively. “Le goût du terroir” concerned wines, which could not be sold outside a region, because of quality defects. Later, “terroir products” included agricultural goods produced in specific areas. French scientists developed during the last 3 decennials a scientific base for the system “terroir”. All agricultural production systems adhere to a “unité terroir de base (UTB)”. An interaction with viticulture, changes it to a “unité terroir viticole (UTV)”. An UTV together with a farm or an AOC creates an identifiable typicity of wines. Other groups of scientists in esp. in Germany tried to find out the influences of meso- and microclima on quality parameters of grapevines as well as soil, nutrients, water and soil heat budget. Mesoclimatic, geomorphological, and soil parameters can explain approximately 60-70% of the yield formation as well as the sugar accumulation in berries. The unexplained variability adheres to human skills, soil management, harvesting techniques etc.. Following the production chain from bunches to wine increasing interventions occur: juice extraction systems, spontaneous or controlled fermentation with defined yeast strains. Temperature control, filtration systems will exert an influence on the final wine quality. In contrast to the limited intervention during production of grapes, wine making exceed by far the first mentioned and terroir turns to a “quantité negligeable” in the final wine. Nonetheless, on the consumers’ side terroir is still in discussion. Producers have to respect these movements and have to develop strategies how to incorporate those ideas in their production schemes and their marketing activities.
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Hummell, Ann K., and David C. Ferree. "Interaction of Crop Level and Fruit Cluster Exposure on `Seyval Blanc' Fruit Composition." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 123, no. 5 (September 1998): 755–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.123.5.755.
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`Seyval blanc' grapevines (Vitis spp.) were cluster thinned 7 days after full bloom to 20, 40, and 80 clusters per vine to create light, moderate, and heavy crop levels. Vines were also shoot positioned at veraison to create exposed, partially shaded, and densely shaded cluster microclimates to examine the interactions between crop level and light exposure on fruit composition during stage III of berry development. Clusters were harvested using one of two criteria: on the same date or at similar soluble solids concentrations. Cluster mass and berries per cluster decreased with increasing crop level regardless of harvesting criterion. When harvested on the same date, soluble solids concentration, pH and malic acid concentration of juice decreased with increasing crop level. When harvested at similar soluble solids concentrations, increasing crop level delayed harvest and reduced titratable acidity (TA), tartaric acid, and malic acid. As cluster light exposure increased, soluble solids and pH increased and TA and malic acid decreased when clusters were harvested on the same date. When harvested at similar soluble solids concentration, increasing light exposure advanced harvest date and pH, TA, tartaric acid, and malic acid decreased. If clusters were harvested on the same date, significant interactions were found between crop level and light exposure for soluble solids concentration and the hue angle of berries. Significant interactions were found for berry mass, pH, TA, and tartaric acid when clusters were harvested at similar soluble solids. When harvested on the same date in 1995, soluble solids concentration of densely shaded clusters declined as crop level increased, whereas the soluble solids of exposed and partially shaded clusters declined as cluster number increased from 20 to 40 clusters per vine but remained constant from 40 to 80 clusters. In 1995, the hue angles of exposed clusters decreased with increasing crop level, while those of partially shaded and densely shaded clusters increased. When harvested at similar soluble solids concentration, berry mass of exposed and partially shaded clusters was similar across crop levels, whereas berry mass of densely shaded clusters declined as crop levels increased. Based on contribution to treatment error, crop level influenced pH more, and TA less, than did light exposure if harvested at the same date. Conversely, crop level influenced TA more, and pH less, than did light exposure if harvest was done at similar soluble solids concentrations. Regardless of harvest criterion, crop level influenced yield components, and soluble solids concentration to a greater extent and hue angle to a lesser extent than did light exposure.