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1
Al-Taey, Duraid K. A., and Ali abd Al-Ameer. "Effect of Salinity on the Growth and Yield of Grapes: A review." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1262, no. 4 (December 1, 2023): 042038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1262/4/042038.
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Abstract The presence of salt in the soil is a major environmental factor that might reduce grapevine productivity. Excessive salt in the soil causes soil salinity, which in turn causes osmotic stress and toxicity to the grapevine’s root system. This can lead to stunted grapevine development, decreased harvests, and inferior fruit quality. Salinity can alter the physical characteristics of soil, making it less porous and less able to absorb water. This can amplify the negative impacts of salinity on grapevine development and harvest success. Numerous factors influence the severity of salinity’s impact on grapevines. The age and rootstock of the vine, as well as the grape variety, are other important factors. The effects of salinity on grapevine development and production vary with the grapevine’s developmental stage. The salinity of the environment can have a greater effect on the vegetative growth stage than the reproductive growth stage. The reproductive phase is brief and relatively immune to salt stress. Grapevines are especially vulnerable to the negative effects of salt stress during the vegetative growth stage, when the plant’s tissues are still developing. These factors can have a negative impact on grapevine health, leading to poorer yields. Grapevine production is less sensitive to salinity when the plants are in the reproductive phase. Salinity, which decreases sugar concentration, increases acidity, and alters flavor, can still have an impact on fruit quality. Growers can take many measures to reduce the negative effects of salt on grapevines. Choose salt-tolerant grape types and rootstocks, enhance drainage to cut down on salt buildup, and use irrigation methods that minimize salt leaching. In conclusion, salinity can significantly affect grapevine development and harvest success.
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Diaz-Lara, Alfredo, Vivian Hayde Aguilar-Molina, José Irving Monjarás-Barrera, Darko Vončina, Teresa M. Erickson, and Maher Al Rwahnih. "Potential Implications and Management of Grapevine Viruses in Mexico: A Review." International Journal of Plant Biology 14, no. 1 (January 28, 2023): 177–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijpb14010015.
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Worldwide, virus infections in grapevines are of concern due to the potential for economic loss. Although the grape industry in Mexico is relatively small and focused mainly on the local market, production dates back to the time of the Spanish colonization. This manuscript discusses the findings on grapevine viruses in Mexico. Nine viruses have been identified in the last fifty years, including grapevine red blotch virus (GRBV), grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3), grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), and grapevine virus A (GVA). Important information is provided about these viruses and viral pathogens that have not yet been reported in Mexico, but represent an ongoing threat to plant health and grapevine production in other viticultural regions of the world. Strategies for virus control in vineyards are described. The information discussed here should be shared with growers and stakeholders to prevent future negative impacts on the Mexican grapevine industry and to save ancient grapevine accessions.
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Castanera, Raúl, Víctor M. González-Miguel, Glòria Escolà, Marta Olivé, Neus Teixidó, Robert Savé, Josep María Casacuberta, and Blanca San Segundo. "Cultivar-Dependent Variations in the Microbiome of Grapevine Leaves." Horticulturae 10, no. 12 (December 13, 2024): 1333. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10121333.
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The grapevine (Vitis vinifera) is a major fruit crop of economic importance worldwide. Commercial grapevine cultivars are susceptible to infection by pathogenic microorganisms that cause diseases both in leaves and fruits, and it is known that the leaf microbiome plays an important role in plant health and fitness. In this study, shotgun metagenomic sequencing was used to characterize the microbial communities associated with grapevine leaves in three commercial varieties, Cabernet Sauvignon, Garnacha, and Marselan, grown in the same biogeographical unit. Metagenomic data revealed a differential enrichment of the microbial communities living inside grapevine leaves or on the leaf surface in the three varieties. The most abundant fungal taxa associated with grapevine leaves belong to the phylum Ascomycota, which included relevant pathogenic fungi for grapevines, such as Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotinia sclerotium, and Alternaria alternata, as well as several fungal species potentially pathogenic for grapevines (e.g., members of the Colletotrichum, Aspergillus, and Penicillium genera). Basidiomycota constituted a minor fraction of the fungal microbial communities. Grapevine leaves also harbored a diversity of bacterial taxa. At the phylum level, bacterial communities in all three varieties were primarily composed of Pseudomonadata, Bacillota, Bacteroidota, and a lower proportion of Actinomycetota. Differences in the fungal and bacterial community structures were observed between varieties, although they were more important in fungi. In particular, S. sclerotiorum and B. cinerea were found to preferentially colonize leaves in the Marselan and Garnacha varieties, respectively. These findings further support that the host genotype can shape its own microbiome in grapevines. A better understanding of the leaf microbiome in grapevines will provide the basis for the development of tailored strategies to prevent diseases in vineyards while helping to increase sustainability in grapevine production.
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Pádua, Luís, Telmo Adão, António Sousa, Emanuel Peres, and Joaquim J. Sousa. "Individual Grapevine Analysis in a Multi-Temporal Context Using UAV-Based Multi-Sensor Imagery." Remote Sensing 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12010139.
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The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for remote sensing applications in precision viticulture significantly increased in the last years. UAVs’ capability to acquire high spatiotemporal resolution and georeferenced imagery from different sensors make them a powerful tool for a better understanding of vineyard spatial and multitemporal heterogeneity, allowing the estimation of parameters directly impacting plants’ health status. In this way, the decision support process in precision viticulture can be greatly improved. However, despite the proliferation of these innovative technologies in viticulture, most of the published studies rely only on data from a single sensor in order to achieve a specific goal and/or in a single/small period of the vineyard development. In order to address these limitations and fully exploit the advantages offered by the use of UAVs, this study explores the multi-temporal analysis of vineyard plots at a grapevine scale using different imagery sensors. Individual grapevine detection enables the estimation of biophysical and geometrical parameters, as well as missing grapevine plants. A validation procedure was carried out in six vineyard plots focusing on the detected number of grapevines and missing grapevines. A high overall agreement was obtained concerning the number of grapevines present in each row (99.8%), as well as in the individual grapevine identification (mean overall accuracy of 97.5%). Aerial surveys were conducted in two vineyard plots at different growth stages, being acquired for RGB, multispectral and thermal imagery. Moreover, the extracted individual grapevine parameters enabled us to assess the vineyard variability in a given epoch and to monitor its multi-temporal evolution. This type of analysis is critical for precision viticulture, constituting as a tool to significantly support the decision-making process.
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Úrbez-Torres, J. R., G. M. Leavitt, T. M. Voegel, and W. D. Gubler. "Identification and Distribution of Botryosphaeria spp. Associated with Grapevine Cankers in California." Plant Disease 90, no. 12 (December 2006): 1490–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-90-1490.
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Botryosphaeria spp. recently have been identified as important grapevine pathogens worldwide. To date, Botryosphaeria rhodina has been the only species associated with cankers on Vitis vinifera in California. A field survey of 166 vineyards in 21 counties was conducted in order to determine the occurrence of other Botryosphaeria spp. in California. In all, 1,735 samples of cankered trunks, cordons, and spurs were collected. Botryosphaeria spp. were the most common fungi isolated from grapevine cankers in California. Morphological identification along with phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and a partial sequence of the β-tubulin gene showed that at least seven Botryosphaeria spp. occur on grapevines in California: B. australis, B. dothidea, B. lutea, B. obtusa, B. parva, B. rhodina, and B. stevensii. Botryosphaeria spp. were found in grapevine cankers in all grape-growing regions surveyed in California, whereas incidence and distribution varied with location. Grapevine cankers in California have been associated mainly with Eutypa dieback. However, the frequent recovery of Botryosphaeria spp. from cankers in this study indicates that the role of these fungi in grapevine health needs to be more carefully considered.
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ÚRBEZ-TORRES, José Ramón, Julie BOULÉ, Jared HRYCAN, and Daniel T. O'GORMAN. "Potential role of Fusarium spp. in grapevine decline." Phytopathologia Mediterranea 60, no. 2 (September 15, 2023): 269–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/phyto-14679.
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Despite studies associating Fusarium spp. with grapevine decline since late 1970s, no consensus has been reached regarding the roles these fungi play in grapevine health. Recent studies in British Columbia, Canada, assessed prevalence of grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) in young and mature vineyards, and the presence of GTD fungi in ready-to-plant nursery material sold in Canada. This study characterized the Fusarium spp. isolated from grapevines in BC by sequencing part of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1) gene, and carried out pathogenicity studies to determine whether Fusarium plays a role in grapevine decline. Fusarium spp. were isolated from 9.8% of samples collected from young vines (≤ 8-year-old), and 7.3% from mature vines (> 8-year-old), showing decline symptoms in commercial vineyards. Fusarium was also isolated from 43.9% of ready-to-plant dormant grapevines analyzed from four nurseries. Fusarium incidence varied between plants within the same nursery and between plants from the different nurseries. DNA sequences of TEF1 allowed identification of Fusarium oxysporum, F. proliferatum, F. ramigenum, and a Fusarium sp. Pathogenicity studies were conducted in 1-year-old dormant rooted ‘Chardonnay’ plants grafted onto ‘3309C’ rootstock, and treatments included: i) whole plant, ii) trimming of roots, iii) cut at rootstock basal ends, and iv) trimming of roots plus cut at rootstock basal ends. Plants were inoculated using standardized methods, and were then planted in a greenhouse. Fusarium was compared with Dactylonectria macrodidyma, D. pauciseptata and Ilyonectria liriodendri used as positive controls. The Fusarium spp. caused necroses in rootstock roots and basal ends that were similar to those caused by black-foot fungi. Fusarium spp. and black-foot fungi reduced root and shoot dry weights when compared with non-inoculated controls, but no statistically significant differences were recorded for most treatments. This study is the first in Canada to identify Fusarium spp. from grapevines. Though Fusarium was common in these grapevines, pathogenicity tests suggest that the identified Fusarium spp. were weakly pathogenic to ‘3309C’ rootstock grapevines.
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Welsh, Brady L., Raphael Eisenhofer, Susan E. P. Bastian, and Stephen P. Kidd. "Monitoring the viable grapevine microbiome to enhance the quality of wild wines." Microbiology Australia 44, no. 1 (March 9, 2023): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma23004.
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Grapevines that are used for winemaking host a diverse range of microorganisms that make up their microbiome. The microbes that inhabit the grapevine have been used by winemakers to produce wine for centuries, although modern wine producers often rely on inoculated microorganisms such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In the Australian wine industry, there is a movement towards returning to the utilisation of the microbiome for wine fermentation. With the recent increase in the understanding of the role of the grapevine microbiome in grapevine health, fermentation and subsequent wine sensory traits, the microbial world offers a new level of complexity that can be harnessed for winemaking. In order to develop and maintain a desired vineyard micro-biodiversity, extensive microbial monitoring is required. Here we discuss the utilisation of a viability selection dye in order to distinguish between microorganisms that are live and associated with the host, and relic signals generated from non-living sources.
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Demian, Emese, Aliz Holczbauer, Zsuzsanna Nagyne Galbacs, Nikoletta Jaksa-Czotter, Mihaly Turcsan, Robert Olah, and Eva Varallyay. "Variable Populations of Grapevine Virus T Are Present in Vineyards of Hungary." Viruses 13, no. 6 (June 10, 2021): 1119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13061119.
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Grapevine virus T (GVT) is a recently described foveavirus, which was identified from a transcriptome of a Teroldego grapevine cultivar in 2017. Recently, we surveyed vineyards and rootstock plantations in Hungary using small RNA (sRNA) high-throughput sequencing (HTS), at a time when GVT had not yet been described. A re-analysis of our sRNA HTS datasets and a survey of grapevines by RT-PCR revealed the presence of GVT in most of the vineyards tested, while at rootstock fields its presence was very rare. The presence and high variability of the virus in the country was confirmed by sequence analysis of strains originating from different vineyards. In this study, we demonstrate the presence of GVT in Hungary and show its high diversity, suggesting that GVT presence may not seriously affect grapevine health and that it could have been present in European vineyards for a long time as a latent infection.
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Perazzolli, Michele, Livio Antonielli, Michelangelo Storari, Gerardo Puopolo, Michael Pancher, Oscar Giovannini, Massimo Pindo, and Ilaria Pertot. "Resilience of the Natural Phyllosphere Microbiota of the Grapevine to Chemical and Biological Pesticides." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80, no. 12 (March 28, 2014): 3585–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00415-14.
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ABSTRACTThe phyllosphere is colonized by complex microbial communities, which are adapted to the harsh habitat. Although the role and ecology of nonpathogenic microorganisms of the phyllosphere are only partially understood, leaf microbiota could have a beneficial role in plant growth and health. Pesticides and biocontrol agents are frequently applied to grapevines, but the impact on nontarget microorganisms of the phyllosphere has been marginally considered. In this study, we investigated the effect of a chemical fungicide (penconazole) and a biological control agent (Lysobacter capsiciAZ78) on the leaf microbiota of the grapevine at three locations. Amplicons of the 16S rRNA gene and of the internal transcribed spacer were sequenced for bacterial and fungal identification, respectively. Pyrosequencing analysis revealed that the richness and diversity of bacterial and fungal populations were only minimally affected by the chemical and biological treatments tested, and they mainly differed according to grapevine locations. Indigenous microbial communities of the phyllosphere are adapted to environmental and biotic factors in the areas where the grapevines are grown, and they are resilient to the treatments tested. The biocontrol properties of phyllosphere communities against downy mildew differed among grapevine locations and were not affected by treatments, suggesting that biocontrol communities could be improved with agronomic practices to enrich beneficial populations in vineyards.
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Strack, Timo, and Manfred Stoll. "Implication of Row Orientation Changes on Fruit Parameters of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Riesling in Steep Slope Vineyards." Foods 10, no. 11 (November 3, 2021): 2682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10112682.
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Row orientation, among others, is a crucial factor in determining grapevine performance and health status, thus affecting berry components that form the basis of the later wine profile. However, the literature about the impact of changes in row orientation at steep slope sites on grapevine fruit composition as well as the differentiation between canopy sides hardly exists. Thus, the aim of this work was to gain knowledge about the impact of row orientation in steep slope vineyards on selected primary and secondary metabolites in berries of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Riesling. Samples were taken from both canopy sides of different row orientations of terraced and downslope vineyards in steep slopes. Free amino acids in the juice and flavonols in the berry skin had a positive correlation to sunlight exposure. Furthermore, grapevines showed adaptations to constantly higher light conditions, e.g., physiologically in reduction in chlorophyll content or protective mechanisms resulting in a lower susceptibility to sunburn damage. Thus, grapevine fruit parameters are affected by row orientation change in steep slopes.
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Berdeja, Mariam P., Qiuhong Ye, Taryn L. Bauerle, and Justine E. Vanden Heuvel. "Commercial Bioinoculants Increase Root Length Colonization and Improve Petiole Nutrient Concentration of Field-grown Grapevines." HortTechnology 33, no. 1 (February 2023): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech05110-22.
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Agricultural bioinoculants containing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi represent a potential opportunity to reduce the dependence of grapevines (Vitis) on agrochemicals. This field study assessed the ability of four commercial bioinoculants to colonize grapevine roots and their effects on petiole nutrient concentration, berry composition, and root morphology of ‘Pinot noir’ (Vitis vinifera) grafted onto rootstock ‘Couderc 3309’ (Vitis riparia × Vitis rupestris) and ‘Riesling’ (V. vinifera) grafted onto ‘Couderc 3309’ and Selection Oppenheim four (Vitis berlandieri × V. riparia). Three bioinoculants increased root mycorrhizal colonization; however, regardless of the treatment, mycorrhizal fungal structures were enhanced. Grapevine petiole nutrient concentration was improved by bioinoculants. Root diameter, root length density, and specific root length increased with greater mycorrhizal root colonization. Using bioinoculants to reduce chemical fertilizers may be a good strategy to improve grapevine productivity and health in cool climates; however, the impact of mycorrhizal bioinoculants in the vineyard may differ among scion–rootstocks, edaphoclimatic conditions, and vineyard soil microbiomes.
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Pádua, Luís, Pedro Marques, Lia-Tânia Dinis, José Moutinho-Pereira, Joaquim J. Sousa, Raul Morais, and Emanuel Peres. "Detection of Leak Areas in Vineyard Irrigation Systems Using UAV-Based Data." Drones 8, no. 5 (May 8, 2024): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones8050187.
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Water is essential for maintaining plant health and optimal growth in agriculture. While some crops depend on irrigation, others can rely on rainfed water, depending on regional climatic conditions. This is exemplified by grapevines, which have specific water level requirements, and irrigation systems are needed. However, these systems can be susceptible to damage or leaks, which are not always easy to detect, requiring meticulous and time-consuming inspection. This study presents a methodology for identifying potential damage or leaks in vineyard irrigation systems using RGB and thermal infrared (TIR) imagery acquired by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The RGB imagery was used to distinguish between grapevine and non-grapevine pixels, enabling the division of TIR data into three raster products: temperature from grapevines, from non-grapevine areas, and from the entire evaluated vineyard plot. By analyzing the mean temperature values from equally spaced row sections, different threshold values were calculated to estimate and map potential leaks. These thresholds included the lower quintile value, the mean temperature minus the standard deviation (Tmean−σ), and the mean temperature minus two times the standard deviation (Tmean−2σ). The lower quintile threshold showed the best performance in identifying known leak areas and highlighting the closest rows that need inspection in the field. This approach presents a promising solution for inspecting vineyard irrigation systems. By using UAVs, larger areas can be covered on-demand, improving the efficiency and scope of the inspection process. This not only reduces water wastage in viticulture and eases grapevine water stress but also optimizes viticulture practices.
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Habili, Nuredin, Qi Wu, Amy Rinaldo, and Fiona Constable. "A Chronological Study on Grapevine Leafroll-Associated Virus 2 in Australia." Viruses 15, no. 5 (April 30, 2023): 1105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15051105.
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Grapevine leafroll disease affects the health status of grapevines worldwide. Most studies in Australia have focused on grapevine leafroll-associated viruses 1 and 3, while little attention has been given to other leafroll virus types, in particular, grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2 (GLRaV-2). A chronological record of the temporal occurrence of GLRaV-2 in Australia since 2001 is reported. From a total of 11,257 samples, 313 tested positive, with an overall incidence of 2.7%. This virus has been detected in 18 grapevine varieties and Vitis rootstocks in different regions of Australia. Most varieties were symptomless on their own roots, while Chardonnay showed a decline in virus-sensitive rootstocks. An isolate of GLRaV-2, on own-rooted Vitis vinifera cv. Grenache, clone SA137, was associated with severe leafroll symptoms after veraison with abnormal leaf necrosis. The metagenomic sequencing results of the virus in two plants of this variety confirmed the presence of GLRaV-2, as well as two inert viruses, grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus (GRSPaV) and grapevine rupestris vein feathering virus (GRVFV). No other leafroll-associated viruses were detected. Among the viroids, hop stunt viroid and grapevine yellow speckle viroid 1 were detected. Of the six phylogenetic groups identified in GLRaV-2, we report the presence of four groups in Australia. Three of these groups were detected in two plants of cv. Grenache, without finding any recombination event. The hypersensitive reaction of certain American hybrid rootstocks to GLRaV-2 is discussed. Due to the association of GLRaV-2 with graft incompatibility and vine decline, the risk from this virus in regions where hybrid Vitis rootstocks are used cannot be overlooked.
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Del Frari, Giovanni, Marie Rønne Aggerbeck, Alex Gobbi, Chiara Ingrà, Lorenzo Volpi, Teresa Nascimento, Alessandra Ferrandino, Lars Hestbjerg Hansen, and Ricardo Boavida Ferreira. "Pruning Wound Protection Products Induce Alterations in the Wood Mycobiome Profile of Grapevines." Journal of Fungi 9, no. 4 (April 19, 2023): 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof9040488.
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Fungal pathogens involved in grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) may infect grapevines throughout their lifetime, from nursery to vineyard, via open wounds in stems, canes or roots. In vineyards, pruning wound protection products (PWPPs) offer the best means to reduce the chance of infection by GTD fungi. However, PWPPs may affect non-target microorganisms that comprise the natural endophytic mycobiome residing in treated canes, disrupting microbial homeostasis and indirectly influencing grapevine health. Using DNA metabarcoding, we characterized the endophytic mycobiome of one-year-old canes of cultivars Cabernet Sauvignon and Syrah in two vineyards in Portugal and Italy and assessed the impact of established and novel PWPPs on the fungal communities of treated canes. Our results reveal a large fungal diversity (176 taxa), and we report multiple genera never detected before in grapevine wood (e.g., Symmetrospora and Akenomyces). We found differences in mycobiome beta diversity when comparing vineyards (p = 0.01) but not cultivars (p > 0.05). When examining PWPP-treated canes, we detected cultivar- and vineyard-dependent alterations in both alpha and beta diversity. In addition, numerous fungal taxa were over- or under-represented when compared to control canes. Among them, Epicoccum sp., a beneficial genus with biological control potential, was negatively affected by selected PWPPs. This study demonstrates that PWPPs induce alterations in the fungal communities of grapevines, requiring an urgent evaluation of their direct and indirect effects on plants health with consideration of factors such as climatic conditions and yearly variations, in order to better advise viticulturists and policy makers.
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Wang, Yeniu Mickey, Bertram Ostendorf, and Vinay Pagay. "Detecting Grapevine Virus Infections in Red and White Winegrape Canopies Using Proximal Hyperspectral Sensing." Sensors 23, no. 5 (March 6, 2023): 2851. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23052851.
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Grapevine virus-associated disease such as grapevine leafroll disease (GLD) affects grapevine health worldwide. Current diagnostic methods are either highly costly (laboratory-based diagnostics) or can be unreliable (visual assessments). Hyperspectral sensing technology is capable of measuring leaf reflectance spectra that can be used for the non-destructive and rapid detection of plant diseases. The present study used proximal hyperspectral sensing to detect virus infection in Pinot Noir (red-berried winegrape cultivar) and Chardonnay (white-berried winegrape cultivar) grapevines. Spectral data were collected throughout the grape growing season at six timepoints per cultivar. Partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was used to build a predictive model of the presence or absence of GLD. The temporal change of canopy spectral reflectance showed that the harvest timepoint had the best prediction result. Prediction accuracies of 96% and 76% were achieved for Pinot Noir and Chardonnay, respectively. Our results provide valuable information on the optimal time for GLD detection. This hyperspectral method can also be deployed on mobile platforms including ground-based vehicles and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) for large-scale disease surveillance in vineyards.
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AKGÜL, Davut Soner, Nurdan GÜNGÖR SAVAŞ, Murat YILDIZ, İzzet BÜLBÜL, and Mümine ÖZARSLANDAN. "Current status of grapevine trunk disease pathogens on asymptomatic nursery-produced grapevines in Türkiye." Phytopathologia Mediterranea 60, no. 2 (May 12, 2023): 151–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/phyto-14148.
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Good health of grapevine plants is important for productivity and sustainability of newly established vineyards, and accurate detection of bacterial and fungal pathogens is a prerequisite for managing the diseases they cause in nurseries. This study screened marketable, bare-rooted grapevine plants, obtained from different geographical regions of Türkiye, for fungal pathogens associated with grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs). In 2021, 43 grapevine nurseries located in eight provinces were surveyed to reveal the status of GTD pathogens on asymptomatic marketable plants. Fungal pathogens isolated from the roots and basal parts of asymptomatic dormant grapevines were identified using with morphological characteristics and molecular markers, and were subjected to pathogenicity tests. Six species; Cytospora viticola, Diaporthe ampelina, Diplodia seriata, Lasiodiplodia brasiliensis, Neofusicoccum parvum, and Truncatella angustata (associated with dieback), and six species; Cadophora ferruginea, Cadophora luteo-olivacea, Cadophora malorum, Phaeoacremonium minimum, Phaeoacremonium tuscanicum and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (associated with Petri disease) were identified based on DNA sequencing of ITS and TEF1-α genes. GTD pathogens were detected in 12 and 14 of the 43 nurseries, respectively. Pathogenicity tests on 1103P vines revealed that all species were pathogenic (N. parvum and C. luteo-olivacea being the most virulent), and caused significant wood necroses when compared to non-inoculated experimental controls. This is the first report of C. ferruginea, C. malorum, L. brasiliensis, and P. tuscanicum associated with GTDs in Türkiye.
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Kraus, C., U. Damm, S. Bien, R. T. Voegele, and M. Fischer. "New species of Phaeomoniellales from a German vineyard and their potential threat to grapevine (Vitis vinifera) health." Fungal Systematics and Evolution 6, no. 1 (December 15, 2020): 139–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3114/fuse.2020.06.08.
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Recently, the order Phaeomoniellales was established that includes fungi closely related to Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, a phytopathogen assumed to be the main causal agent of the two most destructive grapevine trunk diseases, Petri disease and esca. Other species of this order are reported as pathogens of other economically important crops, like olive, peach, apricot, cherry, plum, rambutan, lichee or langsat. However, they are rarely isolated and hence, little is known about their ecological traits and pathogenicity. During a 1-yr period of spore trapping in a German vineyard divided in minimally and intensively pruned grapevines, 23 fungal strains of the Phaeomoniellales were collected. Based on morphological and molecular (ITS, LSU and tub2) analyses the isolated strains were assigned to eight different species. Two species were identified as P. chlamydospora and Neophaeomoniella zymoides, respectively. The remaining six species displayed morphological and molecular differences to known species of the Phaeomoniellales and are newly described, namely Aequabiliella palatina, Minutiella simplex, Moristroma germanicum, Mo. palatinum, Neophaeomoniella constricta and N. ossiformis. A pathogenicity test conducted in the greenhouse revealed that except for P. chlamydospora, none of the species of the Phaeomoniellales isolated from spore traps is able to induce lesions in grapevine wood.
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Căpruciu, Ramona. "Resveratrol in Grapevine Components, Products and By-Products—A Review." Horticulturae 11, no. 2 (January 21, 2025): 111. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11020111.
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Resveratrol, a valuable compound found in grapevines, is found in significant amounts in grapes and wine, but also in other parts of the plant (leaves, roots, shoots) and derived products (juice, raisins, powders, grape pomace). Synthesis factors considerably influence the resveratrol content, and research aims to optimise these factors to maximise yield, with applications in agriculture, food, cosmetics, and medicine. This literature survey aims to review and synthesise existing knowledge on aspects of resveratrol’s chemical structure and isomers, biological properties, and the factors influencing resveratrol synthesis and content in grapevine and sources of resveratrol in grapevine components, products, and by-products. Current research is focusing on methods to stabilise resveratrol to increase the functionality of food products and the bioavailability of the compound in the colon, thereby contributing to human health, which reflects the interdisciplinary interest in the use of resveratrol as an ingredient with nutraceutical properties.
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Sivcev, Branislava, Zorica Rankovic-Vasic, and Dragica Radovanovic. "Clone selection of autochtones and introduced varieties in the old grapevine planted areas of south eastern and eastern Serbia and preliminary check of their health status." Genetika 43, no. 3 (2011): 465–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1103465s.
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Clone and sanitary selection of the grapevine has a fundamental importance in improving the quality and the quantity of the grape production in Serbia. In order to preserve the varieties of the old vineyards, the clone and sanitary selection has begun in 2006 in the South Eastern Serbia vineyard areas, 1048 grapevine plants have been examined in three distant vineyards and 60 grapevine plants have been separated that deserved attention based on their production characteristics. The selected plants have been tested serologically, with the ELISA method, to the presence of 4 grapevine viruses: Grapevine leaf roll-associated virus 1, Grapevine leaf roll-associated virus 2 and Grapevine leaf roll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV- 1, GLRaV-2 and GLRaV-3), and grapevine fun leaf virus- GFLV. The infection level of the selected plants was between 10.5% (vineyard III) and 22.2% (vineyard II). We eliminated the infected plants among the selected ones and analyzed only the healthy ones in the 2008. Various potential variety clones have been selected for Prokupac, Pamid, Dimyat, Sauvignon blanc, Rosaki, Chasselas, Semillon, Detier de Bayreuth and Riesling. In 2008 we have repeated the same procedure we did in 2006 but in a different region - the Eastern Serbia area on the autochthonous variety of Muscat des roses noir on 400 grapevine plants 40 potential clones have been selected. The goal of this paper was check out the health status to preserve the autochthonous and introduced varieties of the eastern and south eastern region and to renew the vineyards it?s grown in. It was necessary to go on following the selected candidate - clones for other viruses based on EPPO PM 4/1-26 certification scheme in order to identify the virus-free clones to multiply, conserve and maintain in the collection growing areas.
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Soares, Bruno, Catarina Barbosa, and Manuel João Oliveira. "Chitosan application towards the improvement of grapevine performance and wine quality." Ciência e Técnica Vitivinícola 38, no. 1 (2023): 43–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ctv/ctv20233801043.
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Intensification of agrochemicals application in vineyards has raised several concerns in Viticulture and Oenology value chain. Efforts have been developed to optimize grapevine health and productivity, assuring that viticulture is sustainable and competitive in today’s wine market. Viticulture practices have constantly been improved for a more sustainable and environment-friendly production, reducing the application of agrochemicals, replacing them by natural compounds that can have a double effect: protect grapevine against pathogens and improve compounds related to grape organoleptic quality. In this context, the development and optimization of alternative strategies to improve and enhance plant defences and grape/wine quality is becoming a necessity. Since the 1980s, chitosan has become a compound of special interest due to its double effect as elicitor and grapevine biostimulant, representing a complement to soil fertilisation, and reducing the negative effects nutrients leaching into the groundwater. The present review aims to present the wide possibilities of chitosan applications on grapevines to prevent and combat the main diseases and to improve wine quality. In this way, relevant studies about chitosan application will be presented as well as some concerns and limitations in order to cover the knowledge gaps inherent to its application in vineyard and wine as well.
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Buja, Ilaria, Erika Sabella, Anna Grazia Monteduro, Silvia Rizzato, Luigi De Bellis, Vito Elicio, Lilia Formica, Andrea Luvisi, and Giuseppe Maruccio. "Detection of Ampelovirus and Nepovirus by Lab-on-a-Chip: A Promising Alternative to ELISA Test for Large Scale Health Screening of Grapevine." Biosensors 12, no. 3 (February 27, 2022): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12030147.
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The Ampelovirus Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3) and the Nepovirus Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) are pathogens reported in many grapevine-growing areas all over the world, main causal agents of grapevine leafroll disease and grapevine fanleaf disease, respectively. Prevention of virus spread thanks to rapid diagnosis of infected plants is a key factor for control of both diseases. Although serological (e.g., enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-ELISA test) and molecular methods are available to reveal the presence of the viruses, they turn out to be quite expensive, time-consuming and laborious, especially for large-scale health screening. Here we report the optimization of a lab-on-a-chip (LOC) for GLRaV-3 and GFLV detection, based on an electrochemical transduction and a microfluidic multichamber design for measurements in quadruplicate and simultaneous detection of both targets. The LOC detect GLRaV-3 and GFLV at dilution factors more than 15 times higher than ELISA, providing a higher sensitivity in the detection of both viruses. Furthermore, the platform offers several advantages as easy-to-use, rapid-test, portability and low costs, favoring its potential application for large-scale monitoring programs. Compared to other grapevine virus biosensors, our sensing platform is the first one to provide a dose-dependent calibration curve combined with a microfluidic module for sample analysis and a portable electronics providing an operator-independent read-out scheme.
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Hnatiuc, Mihaela, Simona Ghita, Domnica Alpetri, Aurora Ranca, Victoria Artem, Ionica Dina, Mădălina Cosma, and Mazin Abed Mohammed. "Intelligent Grapevine Disease Detection Using IoT Sensor Network." Bioengineering 10, no. 9 (August 29, 2023): 1021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10091021.
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The Internet of Things (IoT) has gained significance in agriculture, using remote sensing and machine learning to help farmers make high-precision management decisions. This technology can be applied in viticulture, making it possible to monitor disease occurrence and prevent them automatically. The study aims to achieve an intelligent grapevine disease detection method, using an IoT sensor network that collects environmental and plant-related data. The focus of this study is the identification of the main parameters which provide early information regarding the grapevine’s health. An overview of the sensor network, architecture, and components is provided in this paper. The IoT sensors system is deployed in the experimental plots located within the plantations of the Research Station for Viticulture and Enology (SDV) in Murfatlar, Romania. Classical methods for disease identification are applied in the field as well, in order to compare them with the sensor data, thus improving the algorithm for grapevine disease identification. The data from the sensors are analyzed using Machine Learning (ML) algorithms and correlated with the results obtained using classical methods in order to identify and predict grapevine diseases. The results of the disease occurrence are presented along with the corresponding environmental parameters. The error of the classification system, which uses a feedforward neural network, is 0.05. This study will be continued with the results obtained from the IoT sensors tested in vineyards located in other regions.
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Olivier, Viret, Jean-Laurent Spring, and Katia Gindro. "Stilbenes: biomarkers of grapevine resistance to fungal diseases." OENO One 52, no. 3 (September 25, 2018): 235–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2018.52.3.2033.
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Abstract: Since the introduction of powdery and downy mildews in Europe in the late 19th century, breeding resistant cultivars by hybridizing V. vinifera (susceptible) with other Vitis species (resistant) has been largely used and led, in 1947, to the cultivation of > 350,000 ha (23%) of grapevine area in France. Because of the poor wine quality of this first generation of hybrids, legislation prohibited their cultivation for the production of quality wines. Recent investigations allowed sequencing the entire grapevine genome, but no precise resistance genes are yet known for further introduction in susceptible V. vinifera cultivars. At the molecular level, the use of QTL (Quantitative Trait Loci) as resistance markers is ongoing and could be correlated to resistant gene expression and further define metabolite production in resistance mechanisms. Stilbenic phytoalexins are key defence molecules implicated in the resistance of grapevine cultivars to three major fungal pathogens, Botrytis cinerea (grey mould), Plasmopara viticola (downy mildew) and Erysiphe necator (powdery mildew). HPLC analysis of stilbenes is an efficient method to evaluate the ability of the vine plants to inhibit the development of fungal pathogens. Resistant grapevine varieties react very rapidly to infections by producing high concentrations of the most toxic stilbenes, d-viniferin and pterostilbene, at the sites of infection. Monitoring of such stress biomarkers is also of great interest for evaluating the efficiency of priming molecules at inducing the grapevines’ natural defence responses. In addition, these compounds have various beneficial effects on human health, acting as anti-oxidants and also as potential chemopreventive agents. The diversity of stilbenes is intriguing, and new holistic analytical approaches, such as metabolomics, that are widely used for wine classification also have great potential for the comprehensive study of responses of Vitaceae to biotic and abiotic stress.
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Krošelj, Saša, Maja Mikulic-Petkovsek, Domen Kjuder, Anja Pavlin, Matevž Likar, Andreja Škvarč, Katerina Biniari, and Denis Rusjan. "Health Status and Disinfection Prior to Grafting Affect the Phenolic Profile of Grapevine Hetero-Grafts and Grafting Yield." Plants 14, no. 3 (February 3, 2025): 444. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14030444.
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Grapevine trunk disease (GTD) is a major threat to grapevine propagation, severely affecting the growth and development of young vines. As one of the most destructive plant diseases in the world, GTD spreads easily through propagation material and threatens the sustainability of vineyards. While effective, biologically friendly treatments remain unavailable. This study investigated the graft yield, the growth potential of grapevine hetero-grafts, and phenolic responses focusing on (i) GTD scion health status (healthy—HLT; asymptomatic—ASYM; symptomatic—SYM) and (ii) disinfection methods. Grafting with HLT scions achieved the highest yield rates, particularly with Serenade® ASO (75%) and BioAction ES (79%), while infected scions showed lower yields. The growth potential of the scions was not affected by the disinfection method or the health status of the scions. Phenolic composition varied between scions, graft callus, rootstock canes, and roots, with scion health status strongly influencing most metabolites. Higher levels of flavanols were observed in HLT scions treated with BioAction ES and Serenade® ASO, with these treatments resulting in 1.6 and 1.5 times higher procyanidin dimer levels, respectively, compared to Beltanol. Flavanols and stilbenes were lower in the callus tissue of grafts with healthy scions compared to infected scions. Rootstock also showed higher levels of catechin and procyanidin dimers in grafts with HLT scions. These results indicate that the health status of scion GTD and the disinfection methods significantly influence the graft yield and phenolic composition, providing valuable insights for GTD management.
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Gutiérrez-Gamboa, Gastón, Roberto Mateluna-Cuadra, Irina Díaz-Gálvez, Nilo Mejía, and Nicolás Verdugo-Vásquez. "Methyl Jasmonate Applications in Viticulture: A Tool to Increase the Content of Flavonoids and Stilbenes in Grapes and Wines." Horticulturae 7, no. 6 (June 5, 2021): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7060133.
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Recently, the interest in methyl jasmonate (MeJ) has increased in viticulture due to its effects on the synthesis of phenolic secondary metabolites in grapes, especially of anthocyanins, flavonols, and stilbenes derivatives, naturally occurring or synthesized, in berries in response to MeJ application to grapevines. These metabolites help to define sensory characteristics of wines by contributing to their color, flavor and mouthfeel properties, and to derive potential beneficial health effects due to their consumption. This review offers an overview of the importance of these phenolic compounds in grape and wine quality, in association with the MeJ supplementation to grapevines, and also considers their natural biosynthesis in grapes. On the other hand, this review describes the adaptation mechanisms induced after the grapevine elicitation. In addition, this report addresses the effects of MeJ over other aspects of Vitis immunity and its association with phenolic compounds and summarizes the recently published reports about the effects of exogenous MeJ applications to grapevines on grape and wine quality.
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Mahlungulu, Amanda, Learnmore Kambizi, Enoch Akinbiyi Akinpelu, and Felix Nchu. "Levels of Heavy Metals in Grapevine Soil and Leaf Samples in Response to Seasonal Change and Farming Practice in the Cape Winelands." Toxics 11, no. 2 (February 19, 2023): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics11020193.
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Heavy metal toxicity is a major threat to the health of both humans and ecosystems. Toxic levels of heavy metals in food crops, such as grapes, can have devastating effects on plant health and the market value of the produce. Two important factors that may influence the prevalence of heavy metals in grapevines are seasonal change and farming practices. The objectives of this study were (i) to conduct a detailed pioneer screening of heavy metal levels in soils and grapevine leaf tissues in selected wine farms and (ii) to study the influence of season and farming on heavy metal levels in soils and grapevine leaf tissues. Soil and grapevine leaf samples were collected from demarcated areas in selected vineyards in the Cape Winelands region of South Africa. The sampling was conducted in winter and summer from the same sites. The soil and leaf samples were analysed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) techniques. The pooled data from the farms practising conventional or organic farming showed that seasonal variation had no significant effect (DF = 1, 22; p > 0.05) on the heavy metal contents in the soil. When the soil data from the winter and summer months were compared separately or pooled, the influence of agricultural practice was well-pronounced in As (DF = 1, 22, or 46; p < 0.05) and Cu (DF = 1, 22, or 46; p <0.05). The agricultural practice greatly influenced (DF = 1, 22; p< 0.05) Cu, As, Cr, and Hg uptake, with little effect on Ni, Co, Cd, and Hg leaf contents. Generally, the heavy metals studied (Cr, Co, Ni, Zn, As, Cd, Hg, and Pb) were substantially below the maximum permitted levels in plant and soil samples, per the recommendations of the WHO and Er indices, respectively. However, moderate contamination of the soils was recorded for Cr, Ni, Zn, and Pb. Remarkably, the Cu levels in the organic vineyard soils were significantly higher than in the conventional vineyards. Furthermore, based on the Igeo index, Cu occurred at moderate to heavy contamination levels.
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Sayed, S. M., A. M. El-Shehawi, S. A. Elarnaouty, S. A. Al-Otaibi, S. A. El-Shazly, S. S. Alotaibi, R. Ibrahim, M. M. Ahmed, and M. M. Elseehy. "Molecular characterization of endophytic fungal communities associated with Vitis vinifera L. at Taif region of Saudi Arabia." Journal of Environmental Biology 42, no. 2 (March 1, 2021): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22438/jeb/42/2/mrn-1577.
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Aim: The current study aimed to characterize the composition of endophytic fungal communities related to Taify grapevine leaves. Methodology: Taify grapevine leaves were collected from three different locations at Taif region. Total DNA was extracted and the endophytic fungal communities were investigated using next generation sequencing in a metagenomics approach. Results: The obtained data detected 26 fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in all locations with variation in most taxa among three locations. The phylum Ascomycota dominated relative sequence abundance (90.83%), followed by Basidiomycota at 1.82%. Other unidentified fungi at phylum level dominated 7.35% abundance level. At genus level, Alternaria and Cladosporium genera were present at all locations, while Filobasidium and Didymella were detected in two locations. Most genera, Penicillium, Hanseniaspora, Fusarium, Chrysocorona and Quambalaria were detected in one location only. Interpretation: The present study confirmed the diversity of endophytic fungi in Taify grapevine, including pathogenic and non-pathogenic species. The detected species have potential to be used as biocontrol species against economically important pathogens such as Alternaria and Hanseniaspora. This will contribute to our understanding of grapevine-endophytic fungi interaction and their utilization to enhance grapevine production and quality. Key words: Endophytes, Fungi, Grapevine, Metagenomic, Next generation sequencing
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Klejdysz, Tomasz, Agnieszka Zwolińska, Marcin Walczak, and Michał Kobiałka. "The first record of a potential pest Orientus ishidae (Matsumura, 1902) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in Poland." Journal of Plant Protection Research 57, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jppr-2017-0014.
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Abstract This study provides the first data on the occurrence of the mosaic leafhopper Orientus ishidae (Matsumura, 1902) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in Poland. This species is native to Southeast Asia, adventive in Europe and feeds on cultivated plants. Orientus ishidae is a well-known carrier of Grapevine flavescence doree phytoplasma which causes the grapevine yellows disease. Symptoms of phytoplasma diseases of grapevine include deformations, leaf chlorosis and withering of plants. The appearance of this species in Poland might be caused by observed climate variations and insufficient plant health controls in the international trade of plants.
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Yesim, ER, and Sivri Nur. "The role of stilbene phytoalexins in the resistance mechanism of grapevine against plasmopara viticola." i-manager's Journal on Life Sciences 1, no. 1 (2019): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jls.1.1.15301.
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Phytoalexins are low molecular weight antimicrobial compounds synthesized as a result of biotic or abiotic stress factors and are considered to be involved in the mechanism of resistance. Phytoalexins are produced by a wide range of plant species. In particular, the presence of stilbene phytoalexins in grapevine is of great importance in terms of positive contribution to human health, as well as resistance-inducing compounds. The stilbene phytoalexins are synthesized and accumulated only in grapevine tissues. Resveratrol, δ- viniferin, ε-viniferin, and pterostilbene as stilbenic compounds are effective against the vast majority of plant diseases. Stilbenes are produced in response to biotic elicitors caused by Plasmopara viticola and other pathogens in grapevine. Recent studies have suggested that the stilbene group compounds inhibit the mobility and germination of zoospores of Plasmopara viticola, one of the most common and destructive agent of grapevine diseases. In this review, we aim to discuss the inhibiting effect of stilbene phytoalexins and their quantities accumulated in grapevine against Plasmopara viticola.
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Carra, Angela, Akila Wijerathna-Yapa, Ranjith Pathirana, and Francesco Carimi. "Development and Applications of Somatic Embryogenesis in Grapevine (Vitis spp.)." Plants 13, no. 22 (November 7, 2024): 3131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants13223131.
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Somatic embryogenesis (SE) provides alternative methodologies for the propagation of grapevine (Vitis spp.) cultivars, conservation of their germplasm resources, and crop improvement. In this review, the current state of knowledge regarding grapevine SE as applied to these technologies is presented, with a focus on the benefits, challenges, and limitations of this method. The paper provides a comprehensive overview of the different steps involved in the grapevine SE process, including callus induction, maintenance of embryogenic cultures, and the production of plantlets. Additionally, the review explores the development of high-health plant material through SE; the molecular and biochemical mechanisms underlying SE, including the regulation of gene expression, hormone signaling pathways, and metabolic pathways; as well as its use in crop improvement programs. The review concludes by highlighting the future directions for grapevine SE research, including the development of new and improved protocols, the integration of SE with other plant tissue culture techniques, and the application of SE for the production of elite grapevine cultivars, for the conservation of endangered grapevine species as well as for cultivars with unique traits that are valuable for breeding programs.
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Kang, Chae-Min, and Rae-Dong Jeong. "Inhibitory Effects of Garlic Extract on Hop Stunt Viroid in Micropropagated Grapevine Plantlets." Plant Pathology Journal 41, no. 1 (February 1, 2025): 51–63. https://doi.org/10.5423/ppj.oa.10.2024.0169.
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Hop stunt viroid (HSVd) is a major pathogen that affects grapevine health and causes substantial economic losses in grape cultivation. Many studies have been conducted to control grapevine diseases, but effective control methods after plant infections remain lacking. This study aimed to assess the antiviral potential of garlic extract, a natural substance that inhibits HSVds in grapevine plants after micropropagation. Garlic extract was diluted 1,000-fold and applied to grapevine plants, and its effect on HSVd accumulation was evaluated using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and digital PCR. The results showed that HSVd accumulation was significantly reduced, with an inhibition rate of 74.45%; meanwhile, higher garlic extract concentrations resulted in contamination and plant damage. Nanopore sequencing confirmed that the integrity of the HSVd genome was compromised after treatment. Furthermore, garlic extract inhibited the HSVd and promoted plant growth by enhancing shoot and root development. Additionally, inhibition of the HSVd was sustained in regenerated grapevine plants. Moreover, the garlic extract showed inhibitory effects against HSVds in natural host cucumber plants. These results suggest that garlic extract could be a cost-effective and sustainable alternative for viroid control in grapevine cultivation, providing long-term protection and broader antiviral activity across plant species.
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Milicevic, Tijana, Dubravka Relic, Jelena Tomkovic, Marko Malicanin, Sandra Skrivanj, Mira Anicic-Urosevic, and Aleksandar Popovic. "Potentially toxic elements in grapevine varieties and soil in Serbia." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 145 (2023): 71–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn2345071m.
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The accumulation of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in agricultural soils and their subsequent uptake by plants, posing risks to agricultural products and con?sumers is of particular concern for investigation. Vineyard soils are especially vulnerable to pollution from various sources, including agrochemicals, fertilizers and surrounding polluting activities. This research is based on the BCR sequential extraction method to assess PTE speciation in vineyard soil samples. Additionally, it investigates the bioaccumulation of PTEs in grapevines (Cabernet sauvignon and Sauvignon blanc) and evaluates potential health risks for consumers of grapevine products based on each investigated PTE. The find?ings reveal that certain PTEs, Cd, Mn, Ba, Co, Pb and Cu exhibit significant mobility and bioavailability in vineyard soils, emphasizing the importance of continuous monitoring for food safety. The bioaccumulation potential, based on calculated biological accumulation concentration (BAC), exists for some elements, especially for Cu and Zn from easily avail?able soil phase. The human health risk assessment indicates that the consumption of grape?vine products poses minimal risk (HQ < 1) to consumers. Anyhow, among the investigated PTEs, Ba and Cu have the highest HQs. This research contributes to a better understanding of PTE dynamics in vineyard environments, emphasizing the need for ongoing monitoring and control measures to ensure agricultural product safety and protect consumers? health.
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Myrtsi, Eleni D., Sofia D. Koulocheri, Vassilios Iliopoulos, and Serkos A. Haroutounian. "High-Throughput Quantification of 32 Bioactive Antioxidant Phenolic Compounds in Grapes, Wines and Vinification Byproducts by LC–MS/MS." Antioxidants 10, no. 8 (July 23, 2021): 1174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10081174.
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The well-established, health-benefitting effects of grapevines and derivatives (wines and vinification byproducts) are attributed to their antioxidant phenolic content. The dearth of an efficient method for the simultaneous quantitation of antioxidant phenolics prompted us to develop a novel method utilizing triple quadrupole LC–MS/MS for the accurate, fast, simultaneous quantitation of the 32 most abundant grapevine phenolics. The fully validated, novel method is capable to simultaneously record the quantitative presence of 12 phenolic acids, 19 polyphenols and coniferyl aldehyde (a phenolic compound extracted from cork stoppers into wines) and is applicable for the determination of antioxidant phenolics content of grape berries, pomace, stems and wines. Its utility was demonstrated for three native Greek grapevine varieties, two red (Mandilaria and Aidani mavro) and one white (Monemvassia). Results herein highlighted the stems of the Monemvassia white variety as particularly rich in antioxidant phenolics such as the flavonol monomer (+)-catechin (387 mg/kg) and the dimer procyanidin B1 (400 mg/kg) along with stilbene phytoalexin trans-resveratrol (24 mg/kg). These results are in line with the TPC, TFC and TTC content of stems and the determined antioxidant capacities, highlighting the stems of this Vitis vinifera variety as potentially exploitable source of antioxidant phenolics.
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Ayogu, Peter, António Teixeira, Hernâni Gerós, and Viviana Martins. "Identification of grape berry indigenous epiphytic yeasts with <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> antagonistic activity towards pathogenic fungi." OENO One 57, no. 1 (March 6, 2023): 253–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2023.57.1.7273.
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During their lifespan, grapes are exposed to conditions that can endanger plant health, including fluctuating climate and infection by pests and insects. In particular, attacks by filamentous fungi represent huge annual losses for grape farmers. Present concerns about rising antimicrobial resistance, fungicide prohibitions and shifting consumer tastes are driving the search for less harmful ways of preventing damage to grapevine by pathogenic fungi. In this study, the antagonist activity of yeasts isolated from grape berry surface microbiota was assessed by in vitro and in vivo assays on an assortment of grapevine fungal pathogens, including Botrytis cinerea and Aspergillus niger. The results show that W. anomalus, A. pullulans, C. intermedia, R. glutinis, Z. meyerae and H. takashimae were able to inhibit by 75 to 100 % mycelia growth and sporulation of the filamentous fungi in vitro. Strains of M. pulcherrima and S. bacillaris also showed 50 to 75 % efficacy in reducing mould growth. The strains were further assessed on incised leaves of 2-month-old grapevines for their ability to reduce disease incidence by the filamentous fungi. W. anomalus, A. pullulans, M. pulcherrima, C. intermedia and R. glutinis significantly reduced infection symptoms in the leaves, indicating their potential as effective biocontrol yeasts in the vineyard.
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Kotlyar, V. K., and O. L. Seget. "Health improvement of grape plants Krasnostop AZOS from the grapevine leafroll-associated viruses -1, -2 and -3 by the method of thermotherapy." Fruit growing and viticulture of South Russia 4, no. 88 (July 30, 2024): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.30679/2219-5335-2024-4-88-51-61.
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Abstract. The grapevine leafroll-associated virus is one of the most harmful and economically significant. It is known from scientific literature sources that in the vineyards of the Krasnodar region this virus is spread over an area of 50 %. The problem of increasing the phytosanitary stability of grape plantations necessitates the constant improvement of protection systems, in which methods of improving planting material are of great importance. To date, there are several methods for inactivating viral particles and freeing individual plant organs from viral infection – in vitro, thermo- and chemotherapy. Thermotherapy is one of the widely used methods that involves growing and disinfecting vines at temperatures that can delete or inactivate viruses. This method focuses on inactivating viruses rather than completely removing them. Thermotherapy has been tested in the process of obtaining initial healthy grape plants from the grapevine leafroll-associated virus GLRaV-1, GLRaV-2 и GLRaV-3. The objectives of the research are the selection of thermotherapy regimens for the release of grape cuttings from the grapevine leafroll-associated virus (GLRaV-1, GLRaV2 и GLRaV-3). As a result of the research, it was found that the use of thermotherapy of 35 ℃ and 40 ℃ for 20, 30, 40, 50 minutes did not affect the elimination of the grapevine leafroll-associated virus, the yield of diseased plants after treatment was 100 %. A positive result in the healing of plants from the grapevine leafroll-associated virus is achieved at a temperature of 45 ℃ and 50 ℃ (exposure time is 20, 30, 40, 50 minutes). The number of virus-free plants ranges from 45.4 % to 59.8 %. The inclusion of thermotherapy in the process of phytosanitary breeding, as well as in the cultivation of seedlings for mother grape plantations, will significantly increase the guarantee of laying industrial grape plantations with planting material free from phytoplasmic, viral, bacterial and fungal infections. Keywords: grapes, cuttings, grapevine leafroll-associated virus GLRaV-1, GLRaV-2 and GLRaV-3, thermotherapy, thermal stability, elimination, healthy planting material Financing source: The research was carried out within the framework of the Federal project "Development of large-scale scientific and scientific-technological projects in priority research areas" of the national project "Science and Universities"
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Fussler, L., N. Kobes, F. Bertrand, M. Maumy, J. Grosman, and S. Savary. "A Characterization of Grapevine Trunk Diseases in France from Data Generated by the National Grapevine Wood Diseases Survey." Phytopathology® 98, no. 5 (May 2008): 571–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-98-5-0571.
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Farmers' field survey data sets represent extremely valuable information, often having a heterogeneous data format. A large number of methods are available to process this kind of information, which may be combined to address successive, connected hypotheses, with definite objectives. The National Grapevine Trunk Diseases Survey was established in France in order to monitor and analyze the importance and progress of several grapevine diseases, in particular Eutypa dieback and Esca decline. Here we report a first series of analyses pertaining to the years 2003 to 2005 to characterize the incidences of the two diseases, as well as grapevine mortality, in relation to grapevine age, crop management, cultivars, and growing regions. Information representing 256 individual vineyards indicated mean incidences of 2.23 and 3.25% for Eutypa dieback and Esca decline, respectively. A combination of approaches (hierarchical cluster analysis, multiple correspondence analyses, and binomial logistic regressions) indicated distinct patterns of variation in the incidences of the two diseases according to crop management practices; limited linkage of specific crop management practices with diseases, especially Esca decline; a shared contribution of both diseases to mortality; and a weak linkage of the (now banned) arsenite-based pesticides with reduced Esca decline symptoms, but no such association with grapevine mortality. Differences and complementarities of the analytical approaches are discussed, as well as the implications of these analyses on grapevine health.
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Sosa-Zuniga, Viviana, Álvaro Vidal Valenzuela, Paola Barba, Carmen Espinoza Cancino, Jesus L. Romero-Romero, and Patricio Arce-Johnson. "Powdery Mildew Resistance Genes in Vines: An Opportunity to Achieve a More Sustainable Viticulture." Pathogens 11, no. 6 (June 18, 2022): 703. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11060703.
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Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) is one of the main fruit crops worldwide. In 2020, the total surface area planted with vines was estimated at 7.3 million hectares. Diverse pathogens affect grapevine yield, fruit, and wine quality of which powdery mildew is the most important disease prior to harvest. Its causal agent is the biotrophic fungus Erysiphe necator, which generates a decrease in cluster weight, delays fruit ripening, and reduces photosynthetic and transpiration rates. In addition, powdery mildew induces metabolic reprogramming in its host, affecting primary metabolism. Most commercial grapevine cultivars are highly susceptible to powdery mildew; consequently, large quantities of fungicide are applied during the productive season. However, pesticides are associated with health problems, negative environmental impacts, and high costs for farmers. In paralleled, consumers are demanding more sustainable practices during food production. Therefore, new grapevine cultivars with genetic resistance to powdery mildew are needed for sustainable viticulture, while maintaining yield, fruit, and wine quality. Two main gene families confer resistance to powdery mildew in the Vitaceae, Run (Resistance to Uncinula necator) and Ren (Resistance to Erysiphe necator). This article reviews the powdery mildew resistance genes and loci and their use in grapevine breeding programs.
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Monteiro, Eliana, Berta Gonçalves, Isabel Cortez, and Isaura Castro. "The Role of Biostimulants as Alleviators of Biotic and Abiotic Stresses in Grapevine: A Review." Plants 11, no. 3 (January 31, 2022): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11030396.
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The viticulture and wine industry contribute to the economy and reputation of many countries all over the world. With the predicted climate change, a negative impact on grapevine physiology, growth, production, and quality of berries is expected. On the other hand, the impact of these changes in phytopathogenic fungi development, survival rates, and host susceptibility is unpredictable. Grapevine fungal diseases control has been a great challenge to winegrowers worldwide. The use of chemicals in viticulture is high, which can result in the development of pathogen resistance, increasingly raising concerns regarding residues in wine and effects on human and environmental health. Promoting sustainable patterns of production is one of the overarching objectives and essential requirements for sustainable development. Alternative holistic approaches, such as those making use of biostimulants, are emerging in order to reduce the consequences of biotic and abiotic stresses in the grapevine, namely preventing grape fungal diseases, improving grapevine resistance to water stress, and increasing yield and berry quality.
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Kaliterna, Joško, Tihomir Miličević, and Bogdan Cvjetković. "Grapevine Trunk Diseases Associated with Fungi from the Diaporthaceae Family in Croatian Vineyards / Identifikacija Vrsta Roda Fusarium Izoliranih S Plodova Jabuke Nakon Skladištenja." Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 63, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 471–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/10004-1254-63-2012-2226.
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AbstractGrapevine trunk diseases (GTD) have a variety of symptoms and causes. The latter include fungal species from the family Diaporthaceae. The aim of our study was to determine Diaporthaceae species present in the woody parts of grapevines sampled from 12 vine-growing coastal and continental areas of Croatia. The fungi were isolated from diseased wood, and cultures analysed for phenotype (morphology and pathogenicity) and DNA sequence (ITS1, 5.8S, ITS2). Most isolates were identified as Phomopsis viticola, followed by Diaporthe neotheicola and Diaporthe eres. This is the first report of Diaporthe eres as a pathogen on grapevine in the world, while for Diaporthe neotheicola this is the first report in Croatia. Pathogenicity trials confirmed Phomopsis viticola as a strong and Diaporthe neotheicola as a weak pathogen. Diaporthe eres turned out to be a moderate pathogen, which implies that the species could have a more important role in the aetiology of GTD.
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Vink, Stefanie Nicoline, Francisco Dini-Andreote, Rebecca Höfle, Anna Kicherer, and Joana Falcão Salles. "Interactive Effects of Scion and Rootstock Genotypes on the Root Microbiome of Grapevines (Vitis spp. L.)." Applied Sciences 11, no. 4 (February 10, 2021): 1615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041615.
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Diversity and community structure of soil microorganisms are increasingly recognized as important contributors to sustainable agriculture and plant health. In viticulture, grapevine scion cultivars are grafted onto rootstocks to reduce the incidence of the grapevine pest phylloxera. However, it is unknown to what extent this practice influences root-associated microbial communities. A field survey of bacteria in soil surrounding the roots (rhizosphere) of 4 cultivars × 4 rootstock combinations was conducted to determine whether rootstock and cultivar genotypes are important drivers of rhizosphere community diversity and composition. Differences in α-diversity was highly dependent on rootstock–cultivar combinations, while bacterial community structure primarily clustered according to cultivar differences, followed by differences in rootstocks. Twenty-four bacterial indicator genera were significantly more abundant in one or more cultivars, while only thirteen were found to be specifically associated with one or more rootstock genotypes, but there was little overlap between cultivar and rootstock indicator genera. Bacterial diversity in grafted grapevines was affected by both cultivar and rootstock identity, but this effect was dependent on which diversity measure was being examined (i.e., α- or β-diversity) and specific rootstock–cultivar combinations. These findings could have functional implications, for instance, if specific combinations varied in their ability to attract beneficial microbial taxa which can control pathogens and/or assist plant performance.
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Kiene, Mats, Malte Zaremba, Edwin Januschewski, Andreas Juadjur, Gerold Jerz, and Peter Winterhalter. "Sustainable In Silico-Supported Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Oligomeric Stilbenoids from Grapevine Roots Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) and Stability Study of Potential Ready-to-Use Extracts." Foods 13, no. 2 (January 19, 2024): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods13020324.
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Grapevine roots, as a side-stream of a vineyard, are a sustainable resource for the recovery of oligomeric stilbenoids, such as the bioactive r-viniferin. The aim of this study is to evaluate an in silico-supported method, based on the Conductor-like Screening Model for Real Solvents (COSMO-RS), for selection of environmentally friendly natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) with regard to the extraction of grapevine roots. The most suitable NADES system for ultrasonic-assisted extraction of r-viniferin was choline chloride/1,2-propanediol. The optimal extraction parameters for r-viniferin were determined using single-factor experiments as follows: choline chloride/1,2-propanediol 1/2 mol/mol, 10 wt% H2O, biomass/NADES ratio 1/10 g/g, and 10 min extraction time. Under optimized conditions, the extraction yield of r-viniferin from grapevine roots reached 76% of the total r-viniferin content. Regarding stability, stilbenoids in choline chloride/1,2-propanediol remained stable during 128 days of storage at ambient temperature. However, fructose/lactic acid-based NADES were observed to degrade stilbenoids; therefore, the removal of the NADES will be of interest, with a suitable method implemented using Amberlite® XAD-16N resin. As green solvents, the NADES have been used as effective and environmentally friendly extractants of stilbenoid-containing extracts from grapevine roots for potential applications in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry or as nutraceuticals in the food industry.
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Křižan, B., E. Ondrušiková, V. Holleinová, K. Moravcová, and L. Bláhová. "Elimination of Grapevine fanleaf virus in grapevine by in vivo and in vitro thermotherapy." Horticultural Science 36, No. 3 (August 18, 2009): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/37/2008-hortsci.
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In this paper, results of the in vitro treatment are compared with those of in vivo therapy (i.e. treatment of plants in a peat substrate) when eliminating GFLV (<I>Grapevine fanleaf virus</I>) from three grapevine rootstocks. Therapy took 45 days under the temperature of 37°C in both cases. As far as the health condition of treated plants was concerned, no differences were found between the two methods. The differences were manifested in numbers of plants dying during the therapy and in the course of cultivation of apical segments treated with thermotherapy. Based on these results, it can be recommended to apply the thermotherapy <I>in vivo</I>, which – as compared with the <I>in vitro</I> method – enables us to obtain a greater number of apical segments from treated plants and to establish a smaller number of <I>in vitro</I> cultures in the course of the treatment. A shorter period of in vitro cultivation of plants is another advantage of this method because it helps to reduce the risk of somaclonal variability.
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Elsherbiny, Osama, Ahmed Elaraby, Mohammad Alahmadi, Mosab Hamdan, and Jianmin Gao. "Rapid Grapevine Health Diagnosis Based on Digital Imaging and Deep Learning." Plants 13, no. 1 (January 3, 2024): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants13010135.
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Deep learning plays a vital role in precise grapevine disease detection, yet practical applications for farmer assistance are scarce despite promising results. The objective of this research is to develop an intelligent approach, supported by user-friendly, open-source software named AI GrapeCare (Version 1, created by Osama Elsherbiny). This approach utilizes RGB imagery and hybrid deep networks for the detection and prevention of grapevine diseases. Exploring the optimal deep learning architecture involved combining convolutional neural networks (CNNs), long short-term memory (LSTM), deep neural networks (DNNs), and transfer learning networks (including VGG16, VGG19, ResNet50, and ResNet101V2). A gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) was employed to measure the textural characteristics. The plant disease detection platform (PDD) created a dataset of real-life grape leaf images from vineyards to improve plant disease identification. A data augmentation technique was applied to address the issue of limited images. Subsequently, the augmented dataset was used to train the models and enhance their capability to accurately identify and classify plant diseases in real-world scenarios. The analyzed outcomes indicated that the combined CNNRGB-LSTMGLCM deep network, based on the VGG16 pretrained network and data augmentation, outperformed the separate deep network and nonaugmented version features. Its validation accuracy, classification precision, recall, and F-measure are all 96.6%, with a 93.4% intersection over union and a loss of 0.123. Furthermore, the software developed through the proposed approach holds great promise as a rapid tool for diagnosing grapevine diseases in less than one minute. The framework of the study shows potential for future expansion to include various types of trees. This capability can assist farmers in early detection of tree diseases, enabling them to implement preventive measures.
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Lameront, Patrick, Mehdi Shabanian, Laura M. J. Currie, Catherine Fust, Caihong Li, Alyssa Clews, and Baozhong Meng. "Elucidating the Subcellular Localization of GLRaV-3 Proteins Encoded by the Unique Gene Block in N. benthamiana Suggests Implications on Plant Host Suppression." Biomolecules 14, no. 8 (August 9, 2024): 977. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom14080977.
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Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3) is a formidable threat to the stability of the global grape and wine industries. It is the primary etiological agent of grapevine leafroll disease (GLD) and significantly impairs vine health, fruit quality, and yield. GLRaV-3 is a member of the genus Ampelovirus, Closteroviridae family. Viral genes within the 3′ proximal unique gene blocks (UGB) remain highly variable and poorly understood. The UGBs of Closteroviridae viruses include diverse open reading frames (ORFs) that have been shown to contribute to viral functions such as the suppression of the host RNA silencing defense response and systemic viral spread. This study investigates the role of GLRaV-3 ORF8, ORF9, and ORF10, which encode the proteins p21, p20A, and p20B, respectively. These genes represent largely unexplored facets of the GLRaV-3 genome. Here, we visualize the subcellular localization of wildtype and mutagenized GLRaV-3 ORFs 8, 9, and 10, transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana. Our results indicate that p21 localizes to the cytosol, p20A associates with microtubules, and p20B is trafficked into the nucleus to carry out the suppression of host RNA silencing. The findings presented herein provide a foundation for future research aimed at the characterization of the functions of these ORFs. In the long run, it would also facilitate the development of innovative strategies to understand GLRaV-3, mitigate its spread, and impacts on grapevines and the global wine industry.
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An, Ran, Qingchuan Ma, Sijie Sun, Hengcheng Zhang, Chenang Lyu, Dapeng Wang, and Shiren Song. "Bacterial and Fungal Communities of Table Grape Skins in Shanghai." Horticulturae 10, no. 6 (May 27, 2024): 560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10060560.
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Grape skin serves as a reservoir for many bacteria and fungi, which can affect grape health, quality, and safety. However, grape skin microbiota and mycobiota of table grapes remain largely understudied. This study investigated bacterial and fungal communities residing on different table grapevine cultivars (‘Summer Black’ and ‘Kyoho’) as well as the impact of potential contributors thereby, via culture-dependent and culture-independent (analysis of 16S rRNA gene and internal transcribed spacer sequences) methods with different purposes. Microbiota of both grapevine cultivars were dominated by Cladosporium, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Thauera, and Pantoea. In addition, yeast strains belonging to Hanseniaspora opuntiae, Pichia terricola, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Candida stellimalicola, and Kodamaea ohmeri were enriched from the studied grapes, while some strains were considered as health-threatening pathogens. Differences in grapevine cultivars did not significantly affect their mycobiota and microbiota profiles. Nevertheless, their mycobiota exhibited significant variations across different grape-sampling sites in Shanghai, indicating the contribution of the grape-growing environment to grape skin mycobiota. Altogether, the current study demonstrated the contribution of the grape-growing environment to table grape skin mycobiota, and highlighted the importance of microbiota management in the production and consumption of table grapes.
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Kiene, Mats, Malte Zaremba, Hendrik Fellensiek, Edwin Januschewski, Andreas Juadjur, Gerold Jerz, and Peter Winterhalter. "In Silico-Assisted Isolation of trans-Resveratrol and trans-ε-Viniferin from Grapevine Canes and Their Sustainable Extraction Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES)." Foods 12, no. 22 (November 20, 2023): 4184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12224184.
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Grapevine canes are an important source of bioactive compounds, such as stilbenoids. This study aimed to evaluate an in silico method, based on the Conductor-like Screening Model for Real Solvents (COSMO-RS) to isolate stilbenoids from a grapevine cane extract by offline heart-cut high-performance countercurrent chromatography (HPCCC). For the following extraction of resveratrol and ε-viniferin from grapevine canes, natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) were used as an environmentally friendly alternative to the traditionally used organic solvents. In order to evaluate a variety of combinations of hydrogen bond acceptors (HBAs) and hydrogen bond donors (HBDs) for the targeted extraction of stilbenoids, COSMO-RS was applied. In particular, ultrasonic-assisted extraction using a solvent mixture of choline chloride/1,2-propanediol leads to higher extraction yields of resveratrol and ε-viniferin. COSMO-RS calculations for NADES extraction combined with HPCCC biphasic solvent system calculations are a powerful combination for the sustainable extraction, recovery, and isolation of natural products. This in silico-supported workflow enables the reduction of preliminary experimental tests required for the extraction and isolation of natural compounds.
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Morellos, Antonios, Konstantinos Dolaptsis, Georgios Tziotzios, Xanthoula Eirini Pantazi, Dimitrios Kateris, Remigio Berruto, and Dionysis Bochtis. "An IoT Transfer Learning-Based Service for the Health Status Monitoring of Grapevines." Applied Sciences 14, no. 3 (January 26, 2024): 1049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14031049.
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Grapevine is a valuable and profitable crop that is susceptible to various diseases, making effective disease detection crucial for crop monitoring. This work explores the use of deep learning-based plant disease detection as an alternative to traditional methods, employing an Internet of Things approach. An edge device, a Raspberry Pi 4 equipped with an RGB camera, is utilized to detect diseases in grapevine plants. Two lightweight deep learning models, MobileNet V2 and EfficientNet B0, were trained using a transfer learning technique on commercially available online dataset, then deployed and validated on field-site in an organic winery. The models’ performance was further enhanced using semantic segmentation with the Mobile-UNet algorithm. Results were reported through a web service using FastAPI. Both models achieved high training accuracies exceeding 95%, with MobileNet V2 slightly outperforming EfficientNet B0. During validation, MobileNet V2 achieved an accuracy of 94%, compared to 92% for EfficientNet B0. In terms of IoT deployment, MobileNet V2 exhibits faster inference time (330 ms) compared to EfficientNet B0 (390 ms), making it the preferred model for online deployment.
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Staninska-Pięta, Justyna, Paweł Cyplik, Agnieszka Drożdżyńska, and Agnieszka Piotrowska-Cyplik. "Grapevine and Horseradish Leaves as Natural, Sustainable Additives for Improvement of the Microbial, Sensory, and Antioxidant Properties of Traditionally Fermented Low-Salt Cucumbers." Sustainability 16, no. 6 (March 14, 2024): 2431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16062431.
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The agro-food industry produces large amounts of secondary by-products, which can act as a source of bio-active ingredients. These ingredients can be used as valuable additives to support the sustainable circular economy concept. This study aimed to analyze the potential application of horseradish and grapevine leaves in the fermentation process of low-salt pickled cucumbers to improve their sensory and functional properties. The pour plate technique, RT-qPCR, HPLC, and a nine-point hedonic scale test with penalty analysis were used to analyze the traditionally fermented product. The research showed that the addition of both horseradish and grapevine leaves did not negatively affect the kinetics of fermentation and had a positive effect on the overall desirability. Moreover, they contributed to an increase in the concentration of antioxidant compounds, namely gallic acid (grape leaves) and ellagic acid (grapevine and horseradish leaves). Bacterial metabiome analysis showed the positive effect of all analyzed additives on an increase in the relative expression of genes responsible for the synthesis of selected bacteriocins (plantaricin and acidocin). Research results indicated a high potential for sustainable use of by-products (horseradish and grapevine leaves) in the production of traditional low-salt fermented cucumbers with high health-promoting potential.
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Mirzaei, Verrelst, Marofi, Abbasi, and Azadi. "Eco-Friendly Estimation of Heavy Metal Contents in Grapevine Foliage Using In-Field Hyperspectral Data and Multivariate Analysis." Remote Sensing 11, no. 23 (November 20, 2019): 2731. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11232731.
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Heavy metal monitoring in food-producing ecosystems can play an important role in human health safety. Since they are able to interfere with plants’ physiochemical characteristics, which influence the optical properties of leaves, they can be measured by in-field spectroscopy. In this study, the predictive power of spectroscopic data is examined. Five treatments of heavy metal stress (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, and Cd) were applied to grapevine seedlings and hyperspectral data (350–2500 nm), and heavy metal contents were collected based on in-field and laboratory experiments. The partial least squares (PLS) method was used as a feature selection technique, and multiple linear regressions (MLR) and support vector machine (SVM) regression methods were applied for modelling purposes. Based on the PLS results, the wavelengths in the vicinity of 2431, 809, 489, and 616 nm; 2032, 883, 665, 564, 688, and 437 nm; 1865, 728, 692, 683, and 356 nm; 863, 2044, 415, 652, 713, and 1036 nm; and 1373, 631, 744, and 438 nm were found most sensitive for the estimation of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, and Cd contents in the grapevine leaves, respectively. Therefore, visible and red-edge regions were found most suitable for estimating heavy metal contents in the present study. Heavy metals played a significant role in reforming the spectral pattern of stressed grapevine compared to healthy samples, meaning that in the best structures of the SVM regression models, the concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, and Cd were estimated with R2 rates of 0.56, 0.85, 0.71, 0.80, and 0.86 in the testing set, respectively. The results confirm the efficiency of in-field spectroscopy in estimating heavy metals content in grapevine foliage.
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Minerdi, Daniela, and Paolo Sabbatini. "Exploring the Grapevine Microbiome: Insights into the Microbial Ecosystem of Grape Berries." Microorganisms 13, no. 2 (February 17, 2025): 438. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13020438.
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Plant growth, health, and resilience to stress are intricately linked to their associated microbiomes. Grapevine, functioning as a holobiont, forms essential relationships with fungi and bacteria across both its belowground (roots) and aboveground (leaves and berries) compartments. The root microbiome exhibits a stable, site-specific structure, whereas the microbiomes of ephemeral tissues such as leaves and berries, which regenerate annually, display more stochastic assembly patterns across growing seasons. Among these, grape berries represent a critical component in viticulture due to their direct influence on wine quality and flavor complexity. Berries provide a unique ecological niche, hosting diverse microbial communities composed of yeasts, bacteria, and fungi that interact with the grapevine and its surrounding environment. These microorganisms are not only pivotal to berry development but also contribute significantly to the synthesis of secondary metabolites and fermentation processes, ultimately shaping the sensory and organoleptic properties of wine. This review consolidates current knowledge on the grapevine microbiome, with a particular emphasis on the microbial dynamics of grape berries.