Academic literature on the topic 'Grapevine adaption'
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Journal articles on the topic "Grapevine adaption"
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Xu, Meilong, Qian Tong, Yi Wang, Zemin Wang, Guangzhao Xu, Gathunga Kirabi Elias, Shaohua Li, and Zhenchang Liang. "Transcriptomic Analysis of the Grapevine LEA Gene Family in Response to Osmotic and Cold Stress Reveals a Key Role for VamDHN3." Plant and Cell Physiology 61, no. 4 (January 22, 2020): 775–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcaa004.
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Abstract Late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins comprise a large family that plays important roles in the regulation of abiotic stress, however, no in-depth analysis of LEA genes has been performed in grapevine to date. In this study, we analyzed a total of 52 putative LEA genes in grapevine at the genomic and transcriptomic level, compiled expression profiles of four selected (V. amurensis) VamLEA genes under cold and osmotic stresses, and studied the potential function of the V. amurensis DEHYDRIN3 (VamDHN3) gene in grapevine callus. The 52 LEA proteins were classified into seven phylogenetic groups. RNA-seq and quantitative real-time PCR results demonstrated that a total of 16 and 23 VamLEA genes were upregulated under cold and osmotic stresses, respectively. In addition, overexpression of VamDHN3 enhanced the stability of the cell membrane in grapevine callus, suggesting that VamDHN3 is involved in osmotic regulation. These results provide fundamental knowledge for the further analysis of the biological roles of grapevine LEA genes in adaption to abiotic stress.
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Daldoul, Samia, Anis Ben Amar, Sabine Guillaumie, and Ahmed Mliki. "Integration of omics and system biology approaches to study grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) response to salt stress: a perspective for functional genomics - A review." OENO One 48, no. 3 (September 30, 2014): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2014.48.3.1573.
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<p style="text-align: justify;">The ability of plants to modify their behavior appropriately in response to salt stress is a major factor in their adaptation to this specific constraint. To date, environmental constraints, including salinity, become more and more unfavorable especially for glycophytes such as grapevines. Salt tolerance is a complex physiological and multigenic trait. Studying the functional networks of transcriptome, proteome and metabolome of grapevine plants subjected to salinity may help to identify candidate genes associated with salt tolerance mechanisms. Thus, the integration of omics tools (i.e., genomics, proteomics and metabolomics) with physiological approaches allows better understanding of the grapevine plant response and developing efficient markerassisted selection strategies in order to generate salt stress resistant grapevine varieties. In this review, research progress in grapevine responses to salt stress is discussed, highlighting the importance of the system biology approach for identifying molecular regulatory networks leading to a better adaptation ability of grapevine to salt stress.</p>
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MacMillan, Phoebe, Generosa Teixeira, Carlos M. Lopes, and Ana Monteiro. "The role of grapevine leaf morphoanatomical traits in determining capacity for coping with abiotic stresses: a review." Ciência e Técnica Vitivinícola 36, no. 1 (2021): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ctv/ctv2021360175.
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Worldwide, there are thousands of Vitis vinifera grape cultivars used for wine production, creating a large morphological, anatomical, physiological and molecular diversity that needs to be further characterised and explored, with a focus on their capacity to withstand biotic and abiotic stresses. This knowledge can then be used to select better adapted genotypes in order to help face the challenges of the expected climate changes in the near future. It will also assist grape growers in choosing the most suitable cultivar(s) for each terroir; with adaptation to drought and heat stresses being a fundamental characteristic. The leaf blade of grapevines is the most exposed organ to abiotic stresses, therefore its study regarding the tolerance to water and heat stress is becoming particularly important, mainly in Mediterranean viticulture. This review focuses on grapevine leaf morphoanatomy - leaf blade form, leaf epidermis characteristics (cuticle, indumentum, pavement cells and stomata) and anatomy of mesophyll - and their adaptation to abiotic stresses. V. vinifera xylem architecture and its adaptation capacity when the grapevine is subjected to water stress is also highlighted since grapevines have been observed to exhibit a large variability in responses to water availability. The hydraulic properties of the petiole, shoot and trunk are also reviewed. Summarising, this paper reviews recent advances related to the adaptation of grapevine leaf morphoanatomical features and hydraulic architecture to abiotic stresses, mainly water and heat stress, induced primarily by an ever-changing global climate.
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Nogales, Amaia, Hugo Ribeiro, Julio Nogales-Bueno, Lee D. Hansen, Elsa F. Gonçalves, João Lucas Coito, Ana Elisa Rato, Augusto Peixe, Wanda Viegas, and Hélia Cardoso. "Response of Mycorrhizal ’Touriga Nacional‘ Variety Grapevines to High Temperatures Measured by Calorespirometry and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy." Plants 9, no. 11 (November 5, 2020): 1499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9111499.
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Heat stress negatively affects several physiological and biochemical processes in grapevine plants. In this work, two new methods, calorespirometry, which has been used to determine temperature adaptation in plants, and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, which has been used to determine several grapevine-related traits and to discriminate among varieties, were tested to evaluate grapevine response to high temperatures. ‘Touriga Nacional’ variety grapevines, inoculated or not with Rhizoglomus irregulare or Funneliformis mosseae, were used in this study. Calorespirometric parameters and NIR spectra, as well as other parameters commonly used to assess heat injury in plants, were measured before and after high temperature exposure. Growth rate and substrate carbon conversion efficiency, calculated from calorespirometric measurements, and stomatal conductance, were the most sensitive parameters for discriminating among high temperature responses of control and inoculated grapevines. The results revealed that, although this vine variety can adapt its physiology to temperatures up to 40 °C, inoculation with R. irregulare could additionally help to sustain its growth, especially after heat shocks. Therefore, the combination of calorespirometry together with gas exchange measurements is a promising strategy for screening grapevine heat tolerance under controlled conditions and has high potential to be implemented in initial phases of plant breeding programs.
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De Micco, Veronica, Enrica Zalloni, Giovanna Battipaglia, Arturo Erbaggio, Pasquale Scognamiglio, Rosanna Caputo, and Chiara Cirillo. "Rootstock effect on tree-ring traits in grapevine under a climate change scenario." IAWA Journal 39, no. 2 (June 13, 2018): 145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-20170199.
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ABSTRACTProjected changes in drought occurrence in the Mediterranean region are raising concerns about the adaptive capability of rainfed crops, such as grapevine, to increasing aridity. Cultivation management, especially the techniques influencing the hydraulic pathway, can play a role in plant adaptation to drought for the consequent changes in wood anatomical functional traits. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of grafting on wood anatomy in tree-ring series ofVitis vini-feraL. ‘Piedirosso’ grapevine cultivated in a volcanic area in Southern Italy. Tree-ring anatomy was analysed in vines grown on their own roots or grafted onto 420A rootstock. Results showed that grafted vines had a higher occurrence of wood traits linked with safety of water transport if compared with non-grafted vines. Grafting induced the formation of tree rings with higher incidence of latewood also characterised by narrower and more frequent vessels if compared with non-grafted vines. This study suggested a different regulation of water flow in the grafted and non-grafted vines. Such findings support the analysis of wood anatomy as a tool to drive decisions linked with plant cultivation management. In this specific case, our results encourage to further explore the change from a traditional cultivation with own-rooted grapevines towards grafted models inducing better xylem adaptation to increasing drought.
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Gutiérrez-Gamboa, Gastón, Roberto Mateluna-Cuadra, Irina Díaz-Gálvez, Nilo Mejía, and Nicolás Verdugo-Vásquez. "Methyl Jasmonate Applications in Viticulture: A Tool to Increase the Content of Flavonoids and Stilbenes in Grapes and Wines." Horticulturae 7, no. 6 (June 5, 2021): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7060133.
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Recently, the interest in methyl jasmonate (MeJ) has increased in viticulture due to its effects on the synthesis of phenolic secondary metabolites in grapes, especially of anthocyanins, flavonols, and stilbenes derivatives, naturally occurring or synthesized, in berries in response to MeJ application to grapevines. These metabolites help to define sensory characteristics of wines by contributing to their color, flavor and mouthfeel properties, and to derive potential beneficial health effects due to their consumption. This review offers an overview of the importance of these phenolic compounds in grape and wine quality, in association with the MeJ supplementation to grapevines, and also considers their natural biosynthesis in grapes. On the other hand, this review describes the adaptation mechanisms induced after the grapevine elicitation. In addition, this report addresses the effects of MeJ over other aspects of Vitis immunity and its association with phenolic compounds and summarizes the recently published reports about the effects of exogenous MeJ applications to grapevines on grape and wine quality.
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Damiano, Nicola, Carmen Arena, Antonello Bonfante, Rosanna Caputo, Arturo Erbaggio, Chiara Cirillo, and Veronica De Micco. "How Leaf Vein and Stomata Traits Are Related with Photosynthetic Efficiency in Falanghina Grapevine in Different Pedoclimatic Conditions." Plants 11, no. 11 (June 4, 2022): 1507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11111507.
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The increase in severe drought events due to climate change in the areas traditionally suitable for viticulture is enhancing the need to understand how grapevines regulate their photosynthetic metabolism in order to forecast specific cultivar adaptive responses to the changing environment. This study aims at evaluating the association between leaf anatomical traits and eco-physiological adjustments of the ‘Falanghina’ grapevine under different microclimatic conditions at four sites in southern Italy. Sites were characterized by different pedoclimatic conditions but, as much as possible, were similar for plant material and cultivation management. Microscopy analyses on leaves were performed to quantify stomata and vein traits, while eco-physiological analyses were conducted on vines to assess plant physiological adaptation capability. At the two sites with relatively low moisture, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, photosystem electron transfer rate, and quantum yield of PSII, linear electron transport was lower compared to the other two sites. Stomata size was higher at the site characterized by the highest precipitation. However, stomatal density and most vein traits tended to be relatively stable among sites. The number of free vein endings per unit leaf area was lower in the two vineyards with low precipitation. We suggest that site-specific stomata and vein traits modulation in Falanghina grapevine are an acclimation strategy that may influence photosynthetic performance. Overall in-depth knowledge of the structure/function relations in Falanghina vines might be useful to evaluate the plasticity of this cultivar towards site-specific management of vineyards in the direction of precision viticulture.
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Fraga, Helder. "Viticulture and Winemaking under Climate Change." Agronomy 9, no. 12 (November 21, 2019): 783. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9120783.
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The importance of viticulture and the winemaking socio-economic sector is acknowledged worldwide. The most renowned winemaking regions show very specific environmental characteristics, where climate usually plays a central role. Considering the strong influence of weather and climatic factors on grapevine yields and berry quality attributes, climate change may indeed significantly impact this crop. Recent-past trends already point to a pronounced increase in the growing season mean temperatures, as well as changes in the precipitation regimes, which has been influencing wine typicity across some of the most renowned winemaking regions worldwide. Moreover, several climate scenarios give evidence of enhanced stress conditions for grapevine growth until the end of the century. Although grapevines have a high resilience, the clear evidence for significant climate change in the upcoming decades urges adaptation and mitigation measures to be taken by the sector stakeholders. To provide hints on the abovementioned issues, we have edited a special issue entitled: “Viticulture and Winemaking under Climate Change”. Contributions from different fields were considered, including crop and climate modeling, and potential adaptation measures against these threats. The current special issue allows the expansion of the scientific knowledge of these particular fields of research, also providing a path for future research.
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Verdugo-Vásquez, Nicolás, Gastón Gutiérrez-Gamboa, Emilio Villalobos-Soublett, and Andrés Zurita-Silva. "Effects of Rootstocks on Blade Nutritional Content of Two Minority Grapevine Varieties Cultivated under Hyper-Arid Conditions in Northern Chile." Agronomy 11, no. 2 (February 12, 2021): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020327.
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In the 90s, as in other countries, transformation of Chilean viticulture brought about the introduction and spread of European grapevine varieties which has resulted in a massive loss of minor local and autochthonous grapevine varieties traditionally grown in several wine growing regions. Fortunately, in recent years, autochthonous and minority varieties have been revalued due to their high tolerance to pests and diseases and because of their adaptation to thermal and water stress triggered by global warming. In this study, we assessed the nutritional status of two autochthonous grapevines grafted onto four different rootstocks under the hyper-arid climatic conditions of Northern Chile over three consecutive seasons. The results showed that R32 rootstock induced high N, P, Ca, Mg and Mn levels in blades compared to Harmony rootstock. R32 rootstock and to a lesser extent, 1103 Paulsen and 140 Ruggeri rootstocks kept balanced levels of nutrients in blades collected from Moscatel Amarilla and Moscatel Negra grapevine varieties. Additionally, Harmony presented slight nutritional imbalance compared to the rest of studied rootstocks due to its low absorption of Mg, Mn, Ca and P, and its high K absorption, which was exacerbated under warm weather and salinity soil conditions. These results may provide a basis for specific cultivar/rootstock/site combinations, a nutritional guide for the viticulturists of Northern Chile, and options to diversify their production favoring the use of minority and autochthonous varieties that adapt well to hyper-arid conditions of Northern Chile.
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Merot, Anne, Aurélie Metay, Nathalie Smits, and Marie Thiollet-Scholtus. "Adaptation of the regional agronomic diagnosis for grapevine yield analysis." OENO One 56, no. 1 (January 26, 2022): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2022.56.1.4568.
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Yield issues are crucial for winegrowers. In France, yield is often lower than winegrowers’ objectives, and there is a need to understand the causes and magnitude of yield variability in vineyard systems. The yield formation process for grapevine (Vitis vinifera) takes place over two consecutive years. Grapevine is also characterised by a limited control of phenology, a winter dormancy period and the existence of storage organs. We adapted the regional agronomic diagnosis approach as defined by Doré et al. (1997) to quantify grapevine yield variability in two complementary case studies. The regional agronomic diagnosis proved useful in acquiring knowledge on grapevine functioning, reflecting on the data collection strategy, and leveraging interventions to better control yield by integrating multiple factors, particularly in the context of transitioning viticulture systems. Furthermore, the successful application of a regional agronomic diagnosis to grapevine crops can be considered as a major contribution to increasing the understanding of yield formation. It helps winegrowers manage yield variability when addressing planned or unplanned changing conditions, such as an agroecological transition or climate change.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Grapevine adaption"
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Peccoux, Anthony. "Molecular and physiological characterization of grapevine rootstock adaptation to drought." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR21864/document.
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Dans le contexte du changement climatique, les prédictions réalisées mettent en évidence une altération de la disponibilité en eau dans de nombreuses régions viticoles ; ce qui, conjointement à l’augmentation de la population mondiale et la diminution des terres agricoles, va accroître la compétition pour l’utilisation des ressources hydriques. Par conséquent, améliorer l'adaptation à la sécheresse de la vigne est un des enjeux majeurs des prochaines années. Pour cela, une adaptation des pratiques culturales peut être proposée, en particulier le choix pertinent du matériel végétal et notamment du porte-greffe.Dans ce travail, le rôle du porte-greffe vis-à-vis de la réponse de la vigne greffée à la contrainte hydrique a été étudié, en utilisant des approches écophysiologiques, moléculaires et de modélisation. Des expériences ont été réalisées en conditions contrôlées afin d’étudier l’effet du déficit hydrique à court et long terme sur les réponses de différents porte-greffes greffés avec le même scion.Le modèle écophysiologique a démontré que les porte-greffes affectent l'ouverture stomatique du greffon par des processus coordonnés incluant les caractéristiques racinaires, les signaux hydrauliques et les signaux chimiques lors d’un déficit hydrique à court terme. La conductance stomatique, le taux de transpiration et la conductance hydraulique des feuilles ont été plus élevés en conditions irriguées et de stress hydriques modérés chez le génotype résistant à la sécheresse (110 Richter) par rapport au génotype sensible à la sécheresse (Vitis riparia cv. Gloire de Montpellier). Nous avons identifié plusieurs paramètres génétiques impliqués dans le contrôle de la régulation stomatique. Des différences d’architecture racinaire et de conductivité hydraulique des racines ont été identifiées entre les porte-greffes.Le déficit hydrique à long terme a entrainé des réponses adaptatives différentes entre les porte-greffes. Le génotype tolérant la sécheresse a induit une modification du diamètre des vaisseaux du xylème de la partie apicale de la racine en réponse au déficit hydrique modéré tandis que le génotype sensible n'a pas présenté de différence par rapport au contrôle. L’analyse transcriptomique des racines a identifié des gènes spécifiques aux différents génotypes, qui sont régulés en fonction du niveau de déficit hydrique. La comparaison entre les niveaux de stress et les génotypes a identifié 24 gènes intervenant dans l’interaction « traitement × génotype ». Ces gènes sont majoritairement impliqués dans le métabolisme des lipides et de la paroi cellulaire. Des courbes de réponse au déficit hydrique spécifiques aux différents génotypes ont été observées. La protection contre les dommages liés aux stress oxydatifs induits par le stress hydrique semble être un mécanisme important chez le porte-greffe résistant à la sécheresse. Le génotype sensible semble répondre au déficit hydrique par une modification des propriétés de la paroi cellulaire de la racineClimate change raises concerns about temporal and spatial water availability in many grape growing countries. The rapidly increasing world population and the scarcity of suitable land for agricultural food production, together with a changing climate, will increase competition with grape-producing areas for the use of land and resources. Consequently, other practices that can potentially improve water management of vineyards and water acquisition by grapevines need to be considered. Aside from canopy systems and their management, the choice of plant material is a key issue. Therefore, in the present work, the role of different rootstocks, regarding their tolerance to drought, was investigated for their potential effects on i) water uptake, ii) water transport and iii) shoot water use, using a combination of ecophysiological, modelling and transcriptomic approaches. Experiments were conducted under controlled conditions to decipher short and long term responses to drought of different rootstocks grafted with the same scion. An ecophysiological model was used to investigate the roles of rootstock genotypes in the control of stomatal aperture. Long-term steady state water-deficit conditions were used to examine the responses of i) whole plant growth, root anatomy and hydraulic properties and ii) transcriptome remodelling in the roots.Our model showed that rootstock affect stomatal aperture of the grafted scion via coordinated processes between root traits, hydraulic signals and chemical signals. Stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and leaf-specific hydraulic conductance were higher and better maintained under well-watered and moderate water-deficit conditions in the drought-tolerant genotype (110 Richter) compared to the drought-sensitive one (Vitis riparia cv. Gloire de Montpellier). We identified several genotype-specific parameters which play important roles, like root-related parameters, in the control of stomatal regulation. Additionally, root system architecture and root hydraulic properties are important constitutive traits identified between rootstocks.Long-term water-deficit induced genotype adaptive responses in the roots were evaluated. The drought-tolerant genotype exhibited a substantial shift in root tips xylem conduit diameter under moderate water-deficit while the drought-sensitive genotype did not respond. Transcriptomic analysis identified genotype-specific transcripts that are regulated by water-deficit levels. The comparison between stress levels and genotypes identified 24 significant genes in “treatment×genotype” interactions, most of them were involved in lipid metabolism and cell wall processes. These genes displayed genotype-specific water-deficit response curves. Protection against drought-induced oxidative damage was found to be an important mechanisms induced by the drought-tolerant rootstock, while the drought-sensitive one responds to water-deficit by modification of cell wall properties
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Badulescu, Valle Radu Virgil. "Mechanisms of frost adaptation and freeze damage in grapevine buds." [S.l. : s.n.], 2003. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB10361139.
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Valle, Radu Virgil Badulescu. "Mechanisms of frost adaptation and freeze damage in grapevine buds." Hohenheim : Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Obst-, Gemüse- und Weinbau, Gachgebiet Weinbau, 2002. http://opus-ho.uni-stuttgart.de/hop/volltexte/2003/25/pdf/Seiten_aus_Badulescu_Valle_1.pdf.
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Alem, Hubert. "Impact of the carbon source/sink balance on glycosylated aroma precursor accumulation in grapevine fruit (Vitis vinifera L.)." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NSAM0062.
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Les composés aromatiques sont des métabolites secondaires qui jouent un rôle clé dans la qualité du raisin. Les terpènes, les C-13 norisoprénoïdes, les phénols et les alcools non terpéniques sont les composés aromatiques les plus importants dans les raisins et peuvent être accumulés sous forme de molécules libres volatiles ou glyco-conjugués. Le groupe des précurseurs aromatiques glycosylés (GAP) est le plus important et il est présent dans toutes les variétés de Vitis vinifera (L.), l'espèce la plus largement utilisée pour la production de vin. Les GAP représentent 80 à 90% du potentiel aromatique du raisin selon le cultivar. Les pratiques agronomiques telles que l'irrigation, les systèmes de formation, l'effeuillage et l'éclaircissage des régimes peuvent avoir un impact sur le développement de la plante et des fruits. La modification de la relation source/puits (S/P) dans le but d'augmenter la qualité des raisins et une pratique très courante en viticulture. Ces pratiques comprennent l'éclaircissage, l'écimage et le contrôle du nombre de bourgeons par plante. L'éclaircissage, est une pratique très rependue en viticulture et ayant un impact direct sur le rapport S/P, alors qu'il n’y a pas beaucoup de travaux sur l’effet réel de l’éclaircissage sur l'accumulation des GAP. Dans de nombreux cas, les cahiers des charges des AOP et d'IGP prévoient une limite du rendement en fruits par hectare. Ensuite, les viticulteurs régulent les rendements en gérant le nombre de bourgeons/hectare et/ou en éclaircissant les fruits.L'objectif principal de nos travaux etait d'analyser l'impact des modifications du rapport S/P sur la biosynthèse des GAP. Les GAP ont été choisis car : i) ils sont présents dans tous les cultivars de Vitis vinifera, ii) ils représentent la plus grande source de molécules aromatiques potentielles et iii) car ces molécules incorporant des groupes glycosylés, leur accumulation dépend de la fourniture en hydrates de carbone donc potentiellement de la balance carbonée de la plante.L'objectif principal de nos travaux a concerné l'étude de l'impact du rapport source/puits sur la biosynthèse des GAP, et sa modulation éventuelle en fonction du génotype. Cinq questions ont été abordées : 1) L'influence du génotype sur la biosynthèse des GAP et son accumulation à un stade de maturité donné. 2) L'influence de l’année sur la croissance du raisin et l'accumulation des GAP. 3) L'impact de l'équilibre S/P sur la biosynthèse des GAP exprimé en concentration (µg/L) et en quantité (µg/baie) en fonction du développement du raisin. 4) La relation entre les métabolismes primaire et secondaire (GAP et anthocyanes) et leur modulation en fonction de l'équilibre S/P. 5) Influence de la date d'éclaircissage sur la dynamique de biosynthèse des GAP.Les résultats ont montré que les teneurs en composés aromatiques glycosylés variaient en fonction du génotype. Les variétés dont les raisins contiennent des composés terpéniques (Muscat à petits grains blancs et l'hybride V. vinifera x Muscadinia rotundifolia G5) ont présenté les plus grandes teneurs en GAP aussi bien en concentration qu'en quantité par fruit. Ces mêmes génotypes ont montré les valeurs les plus élevées du rapport GAP/sucre. En général, les génotypes produisant des baies non colorées ont présenté des ratios GAP/sucre plus élevés que les variétés à baies coloréesAroma compounds are secondary metabolites that play a key role in grape quality. Terpenes, C13-norisoprenoids, phenols and non-terpenic alcohols are the most important aroma compounds in grapes and can be accumulated as free volatile or glycoconjugated molecules. The non-volatile glycosylated aroma precursors (GAP) group is the largest one, and it is present in all varieties of Vitis vinifera (L.), the most widely-used species for wine production. Agronomic practices such as irrigation, training systems, leaf removal and bunch thinning can impact the plant and fruit development. The modification of the source/sink relationship (S/S) with the scope of increasing the grape quality, is very common between viticulturists. These practices include bunch thinning, pruning, and the election of the number of buds/plant. Bunch thinning, a very extended practice in viticulture and which directly impacts on S/S, is one of the less researched practice regarding GAP. In many cases, DOC and IGT production protocols include a limit in the fruit yield per hectare. Then, viticulturists regulate yield by managing number of buds/hectare and/or by fruit thinning.The main objective of our work was to analyze the impact of the modifications of S/S balance on the biosynthesis of GAP. GAP are chosen in this research because: 1) they are present in every cultivar of Vitis vinifera, 2) they represent the biggest source of potential aromatic molecules, and 3) because these molecules incorporate glycosyl groups, their accumulation depends on the supply of carbohydrates and potentially on the carbon balance of the plant. The main objective of our work concerned the study of the impact of the S/S ratio on the biosynthesis of GAP, and its possible modulation depending on the genotype. Five questions were addressed: 1) Influence of the genotype on in the biosynthesis of GAP and its accumulation. The objective is to analyze the variability of GPA concentration at a given maturity stage among genotypes, including a set of varieties of V. vinifera (Marselan, Grenache, Muscat, Cabernet Sauvignon, Syrah and Chardonnay) and hybrids. V. vinifera x Muscadinia rotundifolia (G5). 2) Influence of the year on S/S balance and GAP concentration. 3) The impact of the S/S balance on the biosynthesis of GAP expressed in concentration (µg/L) and in quantity (µg/berry) as a function of grape development. 4) The relationship between primary and secondary metabolism (GAP and anthocyanins) and their modulation as a function of S/S balance. 5) Influence of the thinning date on the dynamics of GAP biosynthesis.The results showed that levels of glycosylated aromatic compounds varied according to genotype. Varieties whose grapes contain terpenic compounds (Muscat à petits grains blancs and the V. vinifera x Muscadinia rotundifolia G5 hybrid) showed the highest levels of GAP in both concentration and amount per fruit. These genotypes showed the highest values of GAP/sugar ratio. In general, genotypes producing non-colored berries had higher GAP/sugar ratios than colored berries. Despite strong inter-annual variation, the impact of the S/S ratio on GAP biosynthesis was found to be genotype-dependent.Thus, the GAP concentration was not affected during the modification of S/S in Cabernet-Sauvignon, while Muscat and Syrah showed large variations in GAP/berry contents as a function of the S/S ratio. The thinning date was also an important modulating factor in the increase of GAP, but varies according to genotype. In general, a significant decrease in the amount of primary metabolites accumulated in grapes is required to significantly increase the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. This gain is very notable for anthocyanins, which are the most abundant carbon compounds after the primary metabolites (sugars and organic acids) in grapes. With regard to aromatic precursors, the impact is more moderate regardless of the family of glycosylated compounds
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Walker, Anne-sophie. "Diversité et adaptation aux fongicides des populations de Botrytis cinerea, agent de la pourriture grise." Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA112067/document.
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La sélection naturelle constitue un processus clé de l’adaptation des populations à leur environnement, favorisant les variants présentant les meilleures valeurs sélectives. Les champignons présentent généralement des traits biologiques (diversité des modes de reproduction, grandes tailles de populations, fortes capacités de dispersion, entre autres) qui favorisent leur adaptation à des environnements variés. La compréhension des mécanismes qui sous-tendent l’évolution de leurs populations sous les contraintes, naturelles et anthropiques, qu’elles subissent constituent donc un enjeu majeur pour la protection des plantes, en particulier dans le contexte actuel de durabilité des méthodes de lutte. Dans cette thèse, nous avons décrit la structure et la diversité des populations Botrytis cinerea à l’aide de marqueurs neutres et sélectionnés et d’un échantillonnage emboîté, et avons proposé des mécanismes pouvant expliquer les résultats observés. Puis nous avons analysé la réponse adaptative des populations de B. cinerea en Champagne, aux applications de fongicides. Premièrement, nous avons montré que la pourriture grise était causée par un complexe de deux espèces cryptiques, vivant en sympatrie sur des hôtes communs. De plus, les populations françaises de B. cinerea sont structurées en cinq dèmes, caractérisés par le système de culture (sélection directionnelle), la plante-hôte (adaptation écologique), et dans une moindre mesure, par la géographie. Sur vigne, nous avons mis en évidence une entité dont l’isolement génétique semble lié à un isolement temporel. Par ailleurs, nous avons montré que l’application de fongicides conduit à la sélection de phénotypes résistants spécifiquement à quasiment tous les modes d’action homologués, selon des proportions variant suivant les vignobles et les usages. Plus particulièrement, la résistance aux fongicides inhibiteurs de la succinate déshydrogénase (SDHI) est causée par au moins sept mutations affectant les gènes encodant la protéine cible de ces fongicides, déterminant ainsi une grande variété de phénotypes. Enfin, nous avons montré que les fongicides ne modifiaient pas la structure neutre des populations mais qu’ils pouvaient conduire à une perte de richesse allélique dans les populations traitées ainsi qu’à un équilibre sélection-migration détectable dans certaines situations sous forme de clines au loci sous pression de sélection contemporaine tels que ceux déterminant la résistance multidrogues. La modélisation de l’évolution des fréquences de résistance hivernale a permis d’estimer le coût de la résistance pour quatre loci déterminant la résistance aux fongicides. Cette thèse a permis d’appréhender le fonctionnement des populations de B. cinerea et de comprendre et quantifier partiellement les mécanismes sélectifs opérant in natura. Ces informations seront utilisées pour raisonner des stratégies anti-résistance adaptées localement et durablesNatural selection is the most powerful force driving population adaptation to their environment, favoring the variants with the best fitness. Fungi generally exhibit biological traits (diversity of reproduction modes, large population sizes, and intense dispersion) that favor their adaptation to changing environments. Therefore, disentangling the mechanisms that explain their evolution under natural and anthropic constraints constitute a major challenge for plant protection, especially in the actual context of agriculture sustainability. In this thesis, we described Botrytis cinerea population structure and diversity, using neutral and selected markers and a hierarchical sampling, and proposed mechanisms that may explain these observations. We then analyzed the adaptive answer of this species towards fungicide applications. First, we showed that grey mold populations were caused by a complex of two cryptic species, living sympatrically on the same hosts. Second, B. cinerea populations are divided into five demes, according to the cropping system (directional selection), the host-plant (ecological adaptation), and to a lesser extent, by geography. On grapevine, we identified a specific populations exhibiting temporal isolation, as an evidence of extreme exploration of the viticultural conditions. Moreover, fungicide applications select resistance towards all unisite modes of action, with few exceptions, but at varying proportions according to vineyards and fungicide use. More specifically, resistance to succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs) is caused by at least seven mutations altering the target genes of these fungicides, and determines a large variety of phenotypes in the field. At last, we showed that fungicides did not shape population structure but that they could decrease allele richness in treated areas and lead to migration-selection equilibrium, detectable in some situation and for loci under contemporary selective pressures as clines. Modeling the evolution of resistance during winter allowed estimating fitness cost of four loci involved in contemporary fungicide resistance, such as multidrug resistance. As a conclusion, this thesis helped to understand how B. cinerea populations evolve and to detect and quantify selective mechanisms at work in natura. This information will be useful to deign sustainable and locally-adapted anti-resistance strategies
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Vogelweith, Fanny. "Effet de la plante hôte sur l'immunité des insectes phytophages : influence du cépage de vigne sur la capacité des vers de la grappe à se défendre contre des bio-agresseurs." Thesis, Dijon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013DIJOS095/document.
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Lors des interactions tri-trophiques impliquant une plante hôte, ses insectes phytophages et leurs ennemis naturels (parasitoïdes, prédateurs...), chaque niveau trophique est fortement dépendant des autres. La plante hôte peut influencer directement les traits d’histoire de vie des insectes phytophages et indirectement les ennemis naturels se développant aux dépens de ces insectes phytophages. Lorsque qu’un ennemi naturel comme un parasitoïde attaque l’insecte phytophage, son système immunitaire constitue sa dernière chance de survie. Une grande variation dans l’immunité des insectes est généralement observée dans les populations naturelles, suggérant que différentes pressions de sélection peuvent moduler et conduire à une adaptation des paramètres immunitaires. Ma thèse vise à déterminer les influences conjointes de la plante hôte et des parasitoïdes, sur les paramètres immunitaires des chenilles de deux ravageurs de la vigne, Cochylis (Eupoecilia ambiguella) et Eudémis (Lobesia botrana).Durant ces 3 années, nous avons mis en évidence une forte influence du cépage de vigne sur les effecteurs immunitaires des chenilles de vers de la grappe. De plus, le cépage de vigne semble être à l'origine d'un compromis entre les voies immunitaires constitutives et induites. La présence variable de bactéries à la surface des baies ne semble pas être à l'origine de ce compromis. Outre le cépage de vigne, nous avons démontré une forte action des parasitoïdes sur l'immunité des vers de la grappe. A l'échelle nationale, les populations d’Eudémis les plus immunocompétentes sont également les populations les plus parasitées. Cette corrélation positive entre le succès de parasitisme et les paramètres immunitaires des chenilles ne semble pas expliquée par une réponse plastique du système immunitaire des chenilles à la présence des parasitoïdes, mais plutôt par une sélection locale du système immunitaire, en réponse à la pression de parasitisme subie par ces chenilles sur plusieurs années. Les différentes études réalisées dans le cadre de ma thèse confirment la complexité des relations tri-trophiques entre la plante hôte, l’insecte phytophage et ses ennemis naturels. L’intégration du système immunitaire de l’insecte phytophage semble primordiale dans la compréhension des interactions unissant ces trois protagonistesIn tritrophic interactions involving phytophagous insects, host plants and natural enemies, trophic levels are highly dependent on each other. Host plant may strongly affect directly phytophagous insect and indirectly natural enemies growing on these phytophagous insects. When a natural enemy attacks a phytophagous insect, the host immune system constitutes the last chance for the host to survive to an infection. A great variation of insect immune system is generally found in populations for susceptibility to pathogens, suggesting that variable selection pressures may have shaped and driven adaptation of immune traits. This project aims to determine the influence of both host plant and natural enemies on the larval immune system of grapevine moth pests, Lobesia botrana and Eupoecilia ambiguella.During these three years, we have demonstrated a strong influence of grape variety on immune effectors of grapevine moth larvae. In addition, the grape variety modulates a trade-off between the constitutive and induced immune pathways. The variable presence of microbes on the surface of grape berries does not explain the trade-off in immune function. Beyond the grape variety effect, we also demonstrated a strong influence of parasitoids on the immune parameters of the grapevine moth larvae. In France, the most immunocompetent populations of grapevine moth are also the most parasitized. This positive correlation between successful parasitism and larval immune parameters seems not explained by a plastic response of the larval immune system to parasitoids presence, but rather by a local selection of larval immune system in response to parasitism pressure suffered by larvae for several years.The different experiments realized in my thesis confirm the complexity of the tri-trophic interactions between host plant, phytophagous insects and natural enemies. The integration of phytophagous insect immune system seems essential in understanding the interactions linking these three protagonists
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Duchêne, Eric. "Une exploration des possibilités génétiques pour l'adaptation de la vigne au changement climatique." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAJ059/document.
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Les effets du changement climatique ont d’ores et déjà été observés sur la vigne : avancement des stades de développement, augmentation des teneurs en alcool des vins, baisse excessive de leur acidité. Une des voies d’adaptation possible de la viticulture est la création de nouvelles variétés. J’ai caractérisé la variabilité phénotypique de 120 descendants de croisements entre Riesling (RI) et Gewurztraminer (GW) pour (1) les stades de développement, décrits à l’aide de sommes de températures (2) la capacité à accumuler des sucres dans les raisins (3) les paramètres de l’acidité des raisins. L’utilisation de marqueurs moléculaires sur l’ADN a permis de mettre en évidence des relations entre données génétiques et phénotypiques pour tous les caractères étudiés (QTLs ou Quantitative trait loci). La principale conclusion est que la variabilité génétique pour les paramètres de l’acidité des raisins est la voie à valoriser en priorité pour l’adaptation de la vigne au changement climatiqueThe effects of climate change have already been observed on the grapevine : advance of phenological stages, increase in the alcohol content of the wines, excessive decrease of their acidity. Breeding new varieties is one of the possible means of adaptation. I have characterized the phenotypic variability of 120 genotypes, offspring from crossings between Riesling (RI) and Gewurztraminer (GW)for (1) the developmental stages, described with heat sums (2) the ability to accumulate sugars in the berries (3) the parameters for acidity. The use of DNA molecular markers allowed the detection of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for all the traits studied. The main conclusion is that the genetic variability for the parameters determining the acidity of the berries is the most promising for the adaptation of grapevine cultivation to climate change
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Sai, Na. "Transcriptome comparison of Shiraz (Vitis vinifera) grapevines in distinct sub-regions of the Barossa Valley." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/112720.
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Title page, abstract and table of contents only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University of Adelaide Library.Studying the interaction between grapevines and the environment may provide insights of how terroir drives unique characters in wine. Analysing changes in gene expression between different environmental conditions provides a first step in understanding genes that may play a role in grapevine adaption. We, therefore, carried out RNA-seq analysis on Shiraz grapevine leaf tissue harvested from two sub-regions of the Barossa Valley to investigate whether gene expression changes occurred in response to two important environmental factors for plant growth, temperature and elevation. Young leaves from three vineyards in the Barossa central ground and three in the Eden Valley were sampled at budburst. The transcriptome profiling of all samples was clustered by vineyard and separated by region. In total, 429 genes showed significant changes in gene expression between two regions (FDR < 0.001). Among the differentially expressed genes, we found a subset of genes enriched in Gene Ontology (GO) terms that are related to environmental response, including abiotic stress and external biotic stress (Q-value < 0.05). Our study provides preliminary analysis of transcriptome changes in different sub-regions of Barossa Valley and identified potential candidate genes involved in adaptive responses under different environmental condition.
Thesis (M.Bio.(PB)) -- University of Adelaide, Masters of Biotechnology (Plant Biotechnology), School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2016
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Badulescu, Valle Radu Virgil [Verfasser]. "Mechanisms of frost adaptation and freeze damage in grapevine buds / von Radu Virgil Badulescu Valle." 2003. http://d-nb.info/967061903/34.
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Neves, Andreia Filipa Teixeira. "A prospective analysis of the kaolin application effects on grapevine light adaptation and leaf metabolism." Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/42933.
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Dissertação de mestrado em Biologia Molecular, Biotecnologia e Bioempreendedorismo em PlantasWater scarcity is frequently associated to extreme temperatures and high irradiance, which significantly affect grapevine yield and quality, and is increasingly becoming a main concern among viticulturists. In this context, the foliar application of kaolin, a chemically inert mineral with excellent reflective properties, is being developed and experimented as a strategy to reduce the impact of heat and drought in Douro vineyards (Northern Portugal), already revealing promising results. In the present study, the influence of kaolin application on the light adaptation status of grapevine leaves and on the leaf metabolome, as well as on carbohydrate metabolism, were evaluated. In particular, the molecular mechanisms behind photoassimilate synthesis, metabolism and transport capacity were studied. The work was performed in a close collaboration with the research group headed by Prof. José Moutinho Pereira at Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro. Here, we observed that Touriga Nacional leaves subjected to kaolin treatment were naturally better adapted to the excess of radiation typical of Douro summer, through the increase of chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b ratio, chlorophylls to carotenoids ratio, and of the transcripts of genes coding for enzymes of xanthophyll cycles involved in photoprotection, VvVDE1 and VvZEP1. Also, foliar kaolin application triggered an increase of sucrose concentration, as measured by HPLC, probably due to an increase in biosynthesis, and of sucrose transport/phloem loading capacity, as suggested by the higher steady-state transcript abundance of the sucrose transporters VvSUC12 and VvSUC27. While the concentration of sucrose increased in leaves of kaolin-treated vines, the concentration of the transitory starch before the dark period remained unaltered, despite the observed higher total amylolytic activity and much lower transcripts of a starch synthase-coding gene (VvSS1). Metabolomic analysis by GC-TOF-MS was performed to characterize the changes in primary metabolites in mature leaves in response to kaolin application. Results showed that indeed the application of kaolin enhanced the amount of main sugars, including fructose, maltose, xylulose, xylose, sophorose, ribose and erythrose, sugars-phosphate, like mannose-6-Pi, hexose-6-Pi, glucose-6-Pi, glucose-1-Pi, glycerol-α-Pi and fructose-6-Pi, polyols, like xylitol, maltitol, lactitol, glycerol, galactinol and erythritol, organic acids and amino acids. Overall, the results obtained suggest that the observed changes in the metabolism/metabolome of grapevine leaves treated with kaolin, including light adaptation mechanisms, photoassimilate synthesis and partitioning and the synthesis of protective solutes, are important factors behind the kaolin protection against the stress induced by heat, drought and high radiation.
A escassez de água está frequentemente associada a temperaturas extremas e a níveis de radiação elevados, que afetam significativamente a produtividade da videira e qualidade do fruto, tornando-se um foco de crescente preocupação entre os viticultores. Neste contexto, a aplicação foliar de caulino, um mineral quimicamente inerte com excelentes propriedades de reflexão, está a ser desenvolvida e experimentada como estratégia para reduzir o impacto do calor e da secura nas vinhas do Douro (Norte de Portugal), tendo já revelado alguns resultados promissores. No presente estudo foi avaliada a influência da aplicação de caulino no estado de adaptação das folhas de videira à luz e no metaboloma da folha, bem como no metabolismo do carbono. Em particular, foram estudados os mecanismos moleculares envolvidos na síntese, metabolismo e capacidade de transporte de fotoassimilados. O trabalho foi realizado em estreita colaboração com o grupo de investigação liderado pelo Prof. José Moutinho Pereira da Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro. Neste estudo, observámos que folhas da cultivar Touriga Nacional submetidas ao tratamento com caulino evidenciaram uma maior capacidade de adaptação ao excesso de radiação que caracteriza o verão na região duriense, pelo aumento da razão clorofila a/clorofila b e da razão clorofilas totais/carotenóides, bem como do número de transcritos dos genes de enzimas dos ciclos das xantofilas envolvidas na fotoproteção, a VvVDE1 e a VvZEP1. Além disso, a aplicação foliar de caulino provocou um aumento na concentração de sacarose nas folhas, medida por HPLC, provavelmente devido a uma estimulação da biossíntese, e no transporte de sacarose/carregamento do floema, tal como sugerido pela maior abundância de transcritos dos transportadores de sacarose VvSUC12 e VvSUC27. Apesar do aumento observado da concentração de sacarose nas folhas de videira tratadas com caulino, a concentração de amido transitório no final do dia permaneceu inalterada, não obstante ter sido observada uma atividade amilolítica total mais elevada, bem como menores números de transcritos do gene da amido sintetase (VvSS1). Uma análise metabolómica por GC-TOF-MS foi efetuada com o intuito de estudar possíveis alterações nos metabolitos primários da folha, em resposta à aplicação de caulino. Os resultados mostraram que a aplicação de caulino aumentou a quantidade de alguns dos principais açúcares, incluindo a frutose, a maltose, xilulose, xilose, soforose, ribose e eritrose, açúcares-Pi, como manose-6-Pi, hexose-6-Pi, glucose-6-Pi, glucose-1-Pi, glicerol-α-Pi e frutose-6-Pi, polióis, como o xilitol, maltitol, lactitol, glicerol, galactinol e eritritol, ácidos orgânicos e aminoácidos. No seu conjunto, os resultados obtidos sugerem que as mudanças observadas no metabolismo/metaboloma das folhas de videira tratadas com caulino, incluindo mecanismos de adaptação à luz, síntese e distribuição de fotoassimilados e de solutos de proteção, são fatores importantes envolvidos na proteção contra o stresse induzido pelo calor, secura e níveis de radiação elevados.
Norte-07-0124-FEDER-000032 - “Enoexcel - from vineyard to wine: targeting grape and wine excellency”
PTDC/AGR-ALI/110877/2009 - “ClimVineSafe - Short-term climate change mitigation strategies for Mediterranean vineyards”
Books on the topic "Grapevine adaption"
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Pastore, Chiara, Chris Winefield, Maria Paz Diago, and Tommaso Frioni, eds. Resilience of Grapevine to Climate Change: From Plant Physiology to Adaptation Strategies. Frontiers Media SA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-83250-009-5.
Full textBook chapters on the topic "Grapevine adaption"
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Ollat, N., A. Peccoux, D. Papura, D. Esmenjaud, E. Marguerit, J. P. Tandonnet, L. Bordenave, et al. "Rootstocks as a component of adaptation to environment." In Grapevine in a Changing Environment, 68–108. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118735985.ch4.
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Delrot, Serge, Jérôme Grimplet, Pablo Carbonell-Bejerano, Anna Schwandner, Pierre-François Bert, Luigi Bavaresco, Lorenza Dalla Costa, et al. "Genetic and Genomic Approaches for Adaptation of Grapevine to Climate Change." In Genomic Designing of Climate-Smart Fruit Crops, 157–270. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97946-5_7.
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Nicòtina, Mariano, and Ernesto Cioffi. "Dispersion of Amblyseius andersoni (Chant) (Parasitiformes, Phytoseiidae) on grapevines and hazelnut near apples and peaches in the province of Caserta (Southern Italy)." In Acarid Phylogeny and Evolution: Adaptation in Mites and Ticks, 325–29. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0611-7_33.
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Tissot, Cyril, Etienne Neethling, Mathias Rouan, Gérard Barbeau, Hervé Quénol, and Céline Le Coq. "Modeling Environmental Impacts on Viticultural Ecosystems." In Environmental Information Systems, 1403–22. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7033-2.ch063.
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This paper focuses on simulating environmental impacts on grapevine behavioral dynamics and vineyard management strategies. The methodology presented uses technology from geomatics object oriented databases and spatio-temporal data models. Our approach has two principle objectives, first, to simulate grapevine phenology and grape ripening under spatial and temporal environmental conditions and constraints and secondly, to simulate viticultural practices and adaptation strategies under various constraints (environmental, economical, socio-technical). The approach is based on a responsive agent-based structure where environmental conditions and constraints are considered as a set of forcing data (biophysical, socio-economic and regulatory data) that influences the modelled activities. The experiment was conducted in the regulated wine producing appellation Grand Cru “Quarts de Chaume”, situated in the middle Loire Valley, France. All of the methodology, from the implementation of the knowledge database to the analysis of the first simulation, is presented in this paper.
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Muganu, Massimo, and Marco Paolocci. "Adaptation of Local Grapevine Germplasm: Exploitation of Natural Defence Mechanisms to Biotic Stresses." In The Mediterranean Genetic Code - Grapevine and Olive. InTech, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/51976.
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Levchenko, Svetlana, Irina Vasylyk, Vladimir Volynkin, Vladimir Likhovskoy, and Alla Polulyakh. "Biological Characteristics of Native Grape Cultivars of Crimean Region and Availability of their Use in Breeding." In Grapes and Wine [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98975.
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In the context of the global climate change, manifested in a rapid increase in environment temperature and a constant increase in freshwater deficiency, the problem of breeding new grapevine cultivars that would correspond to the present-day biosphere conditions emerged. The endurance of native cultivars to adverse soil and climatic conditions and their drought tolerance are of particular value in development of generative breeding. It is known that most of the Crimean native cultivars have a functionally female type of flower, low resistance to biotic environmental factors that affects the stability of fertilization, yield and directly depends on the climatic conditions of cultivation. The adaptive ability of Crimean native grape cultivars is possible to increase by method of hybridization. So, the specific objectives of the study include, definition of agrobiological parameters of native grape cultivars of Crimean region; assessment of vegetative and generative potential; calculation of the profitability of cultivation of Crimean native grape cultivars in comparison with the classic cultivars. The result of the research was the selection of genotypes from the group of native cultivars - traits donors and obtaining hybrids of the first generation, which are improved analogs of the Crimean native cultivars.
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Zhang, Changhe, Jose Gomes-Laranjo, Carlos M., Jose M., Berta M. Carvalho Goncalves, Eunice L. V. A. Bacelar, Francisco P., and Victor Galhano. "Response, Tolerance and Adaptation to Abiotic Stress of Olive, Grapevine and Chestnut in the Mediterranean Region: Role of Abscisic Acid, Nitric Oxide and MicroRNAs." In Plants and Environment. InTech, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/24719.
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