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Journal articles on the topic 'Grapes Genetics'
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1
Qu, Xianping, Jiang Lu, and Olusola Lamikanra. "Genetic Diversity in Muscadine and American Bunch Grapes Based on Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) Analysis." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 121, no. 6 (November 1996): 1020–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.121.6.1020.
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Two morphologically distinct types of grapes belonging to the subgenera Euvitis and Muscadinia in the genus Vitis are cultivated in the United States. The former is commonly called bunch grapes while the latter is usually called muscadine. Genetic diversity among these grapes was investigated using RAPD markers. Sixteen grape cultivars, with parentage including V. rotundifolia Michx., V. vinifera L., and several American Vitis species, were used for the RAPD analysis. A total of 156 RAPD markers was produced from 19 random primers, over 90% of which was polymorphic among the muscadine and the bunch grapes. Polymorphisms were lower within each subgenus. Relationships between these two subgenera were estimated based on band-sharing and cluster analysis. The average genetic distance between the bunch and the muscadine grape cultivars was 0.45. The results based on DNA analysis agree with isozyme data obtained from a separate study, which demonstrated that muscadine grapes share very few common alleles with American bunch grapes and European grapes.
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Rahman, M. Atikur, Subramani P. Balasubramani, and Sheikh M. Basha. "Molecular Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of MADS-Box Gene VroAGL11 Associated with Stenospermocarpic Seedlessness in Muscadine Grapes." Genes 12, no. 2 (February 5, 2021): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12020232.
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Reduced expression of MADS-box gene AGAMOUS-LIKE11 (VviAGL11) is responsible for stenospermocarpic seedlessness in bunch grapes. This study is aimed to characterize the VviAGL11 orthologous gene (VroAGL11) in native muscadine grapes (Vitis rotundifolia) at the molecular level and analyze its divergence from other plants. The VroAGL11 transcripts were found in all muscadine cultivars tested and highly expressed in berries while barely detectable in leaves. RT-PCR and sequencing of predicted ORFs from diverse grape species showed that AGL11 transcripts were conservatively spliced. The encoded VroAGL11 protein contains highly conserved MADS-MEF2-like domain, MADS domain, K box, putative phosphorylation site and two sumoylation motifs. The muscadine VroAGL11 proteins are almost identical (99%) to that of seeded bunch cultivar, Chardonnay, except in one amino acid (A79G), but differs from mutant protein of seedless bunch grape, Sultanina, in two amino acids, R197L and T210A. Phylogenetic analysis showed that AGL11 gene of muscadine and other Vitis species formed a separate clade than that of other eudicots and monocots. Muscadine grape cultivar “Jane Bell” containing the highest percentage of seed content in berry (7.2% of berry weight) had the highest VroAGL11 expression, but almost none to nominal expression in seedless cultivars Fry Seedless (muscadine) and Reliance Seedless (bunch). These findings suggest that VroAGL11 gene controls the seed morphogenesis in muscadine grapes like in bunch grape and can be manipulated to induce stenospermocarpic seedlessness using gene editing technology.
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Zhang, Zhan, Luming Zou, Chong Ren, Fengrui Ren, Yi Wang, Peige Fan, Shaohua Li, and Zhenchang Liang. "VvSWEET10 Mediates Sugar Accumulation in Grapes." Genes 10, no. 4 (March 28, 2019): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10040255.
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Sugar accumulation is a critical event during grape berry ripening that determines the grape market values. Berry cells are highly dependent on sugar transporters to mediate cross-membrane transport. However, the role of sugar transporters in improving sugar accumulation in berries is not well established in grapes. Herein we report that a Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporter (SWEET), that is, VvSWEET10, was strongly expressed at the onset of ripening (véraison) and can improve grape sugar content. VvSWEET10 encodes a plasma membrane-localized transporter, and the heterologous expression of VvSWEET10 indicates that VvSWEET10 is a hexose-affinity transporter and has a broad spectrum of sugar transport functions. VvSWEET10 overexpression in grapevine calli and tomatoes increased the glucose, fructose, and total sugar levels significantly. The RNA sequencing results of grapevine transgenic calli showed that many sugar transporter genes and invertase genes were upregulated and suggest that VvSWEET10 may mediate sugar accumulation. These findings elucidated the role of VvSWEET10 in sugar accumulation and will be beneficial for the improvement of grape berry quality in the future.
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Morris, J. R., W. A. Sistrunk, J. Junek, and C. A. Sims. "Effects of Fruit Maturity, Juice Storage, and Juice Extraction Temperature on Quality of ‘Concord’ Grape Juice." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 111, no. 5 (September 1986): 742–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.111.5.742.
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Abstract A factorial study was designed to examine the effects of fruit maturities, juice extraction temperatures, storage time, and storage temperature on the quality of ‘Concord’ grape (Vitis labrusca L.) juice. Mature grapes produced juice with superior sensory quality and better objective color initially than less-mature grapes, but juice from grapes at both maturities had similar sensory quality after 18 months. The high extraction temperature (99°C) resulted in juice with better color initially than extraction at 60°, but juice extracted at 85° or 99° resulted in greater browning and loss of total anthocyanins during storage than extraction at 60°. High storage temperature (35°) greatly accelerated quality loss. Sensory color ratings correlated better with a ratio of absorbances at 520/430 nm (r = 0.95) and a/b (r = 0.92) than other objective color measurements.
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Bowers, J. E., G. S. Dangl, R. Vignani, and C. P. Meredith. "Isolation and characterization of new polymorphic simple sequence repeat loci in grape (Vitis vinifera L.)." Genome 39, no. 4 (August 1, 1996): 628–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g96-080.
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Four new simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci (designated VVMD5, VVMD6, VVMD7, and VVMD8) were characterized in grape and analyzed by silver staining in 77 cultivars of Vitis vinifera. Amplification products ranged in size from 141 to 263 base pairs (bp). The number of alleles observed per locus ranged from 5 to 11 and the number of diploid genotypes per locus ranged from 13 to 27. At each locus at least 75% of the cultivars were heterozygous. Alleles differing in length by only 1 bp could be distinguished by silver staining, and size estimates were within 1 or 2 bp, depending on the locus, of those obtained by fluorescence detection at previously reported loci. Allele frequencies were generally similar in wine grapes and table grapes, with some exceptions. Some alleles were found only in one of the two groups of cultivars. All 77 cultivars were distinguished by the four loci with the exception of four wine grapes considered to be somatic variants of the same cultivar, 'Pinot noir', 'Pinot gris', 'Pinot blanc', and 'Meunier'; two table grapes that are known to be synonymous, 'Keshmesh' and 'Thompson Seedless'; and three table grapes, 'Dattier', 'Rhazaki Arhanon', and 'Markandi', the first two of which have been suggested to be synonymous. Although the high polymorphism at grape SSR loci suggests that very few loci would theoretically be needed to separate all cultivars, the economic and legal significance of grape variety identification requires the increased resolution that can be provided by a larger number of loci. The ease with which SSR markers and data can be shared internationally should encourage their broad use, which will in turn increase the power of these markers for both identification and genetic analysis of grape. Key words : grape, Vitis, microsatellite, simple sequence repeat, DNA typing, identification.
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Gao, Huanhuan, Xiangtian Yin, Xilong Jiang, Hongmei Shi, Yang Yang, Chaoping Wang, Xiaoyan Dai, Yingchun Chen, and Xinying Wu. "Diversity and spoilage potential of microbial communities associated with grape sour rot in eastern coastal areas of China." PeerJ 8 (June 16, 2020): e9376. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9376.
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As a polymicrobial disease, sour rot decreases grape berry yield and wine quality. The diversity of microbial communities in sour rot-affected grapes depends on the cultivation site, but the microbes responsible for this disease in eastern coastal China, has not been reported. To identify the microbes that cause sour grape rot in this important grape-producing region, the diversity and abundance of bacteria and fungi were assessed by metagenomic analysis and cultivation-dependent techniques. A total of 15 bacteria and 10 fungi were isolated from sour rot-affected grapes. High-throughput sequencing of PCR-amplicons generated from diseased grapes revealed 1343 OTUs of bacteria and 1038 OTUs of fungi. Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were dominant phyla among the 19 bacterial phyla identified. Ascomycota was the dominant fungal phylum and the fungi Issatchenkia terricola, Colletotrichum viniferum, Hanseniaspora vineae, Saprochaete gigas, and Candida diversa represented the vast majority ofmicrobial species associated with sour rot-affected grapes. An in vitro spoilage assay confirmed that four of the isolated bacteria strains (two Cronobacter species, Serratia marcescens and Lysinibacillus fusiformis) and five of the isolated fungi strains (three Aspergillus species, Alternaria tenuissima, and Fusarium proliferatum) spoiled grapes. These microorganisms, which appear responsible for spoiling grapes in eastern China, appear closely related to microbes that cause this plant disease around the world.
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Jabco, Jeffrey P., William B. Nesbitt, and Dennis J. Werner. "Resistance of Various Classes of Grapes to the Bunch and Muscadine Grape Forms of Black Rot." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 110, no. 6 (November 1985): 762–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.110.6.762.
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Abstract Eight or 9 commercial cultivars from each of 4 grape classes were inoculated with the black rot fungus (Guignardia bidwellii f. sp. euvitis and f. sp. muscadinii) of bunch and muscadine grapes, respectively. The 4 classes consisted of 3 bunch grape classes (Vitis vinifera L., American hybrids, and French hybrids) and 1 muscadine class (V. rotundifolia Michx). Resistance was determined by leaf and petiole infection ratings (0−4) and average leaf and petiole lesion size (mm). Inoculation with Guignardia bidwellii f. sp. euvitis resulted in significantly larger average leaf lesion size on Vitis vinifera than on American and French hybrids (4.3 vs. 3.5). American hybrids had significantly higher (3.3 vs 2.3) leaf disease rating than French hybrids. Vitis rotundifolia received significantly lower disease rating then the 3 bunch grapes classes (0.4 vs. 2.9). A hypersensitive reaction was observed on leaves of most V. rotundifolia cultivars. Inoculation with Guignardia bidwellii f. sp. muscadinii resulted in significant differences in leaf infection ratings between French and American hybrids (0.8 vs. 1.6) and between V. rotundifolia and the 3 bunch grape classes (3.1 vs. 1.2). There were significant pathogen form × grape class and pathogen form × cultivar within grape class interactions.
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Sims, Charles A., Richard P. Johnson, Robert P. Bates, and Linda F. Moore. "Harvest Method and Sulfur Dioxide Influence the Postharvest Quality of ‘Noble’ and ‘Stover’ Wine Grapes." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 114, no. 1 (January 1989): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.114.1.77.
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Abstract Hand- and machine-harvested ‘Stover’ (a white Euvitis hybrid) and ‘Noble’ (a red Vitis rotundofolia cultivar) grapes were either treated with 100 mg SO2/kg (applied as potassium metabisulfite, K2S2O5) or not treated and held at ambient temperature (≈25°C) for 0, 24, and 48 hr after harvest. Raw fruit and wine quality from each treatment were evaluated. ‘Noble’ grapes of all treatments held for 24 hr had developed signs of microbial spoilage, and the machine-harvested grapes held without SO2 had the most. However, only the machine-harvested ‘Stover’ grapes held without SO2 had began to deteriorate during 24 hr. Grapes of both cultivars had deteriorated after 48 hr, but SO2 limited the deterioration of both machine- and hand-harvested grapes. In general, machine-harvested grapes deteriorated to a greater extent than hand-harvested grapes. Wines made from ‘Noble’ grapes that had been held for 0 or 24 hr had similar quality, but machine-harvested ‘Stover’ grapes held for 0 to 24 hr without SO2 produced a poorer wine than the other treatments. Wines from machine-harvested grapes held for 48 hr had poorer quality than wines from hand-harvested grapes. Postharvest additions of SO2 improved the quality of wine from machine-harvested but not hand-harvested fruit held for 48 hr.
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Kupe, Muhammed, Sezai Ercisli, Tatjana Jovanovic-Cvetkovic, Sadiye Eyduran, and Rayda Ayed. "Molecular characterization of wild grapes from northeastern part of Turkey." Genetika 53, no. 1 (2021): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr2101093k.
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Progress in grape breeding requires the exploitation of genetic variation among market classes, races and gene pools. Wild grapevines (Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris) are being endangered in their natural habitats and high priorities should be given to the wild germplasm. Turkey is one of the richest sources of wild grapevine and they mostly grown on forest trees on river basin. The present study was carried out to determine the amount of genetic variation and the degree of relatedness among 23 wild grape genotypes using 17 simple-sequence-repeat markers (SSR). Two international grape cultivars, Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot are also included study. Number of alleles per locus of the 17 Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) markers ranged from 3.0 to 14.0 and a total of 162 alleles with an average of 9.53 alleles per locus. The average expected and observed heterozygosity values were 0.773 and 0.781, respectively, which exhibited high level of genetic diversity in the wild grape germplasm. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean analysis revealed three main genetic clusters that partially separated wild grape genotypes each other and. The international cultivars formed a out group. The high genetic diversity among native wild grapes from Coruh valley is suggesting that this area could be one of the centre of diversity of the specie. The results indicate a substantial genetic diversity in V. vinifera ssp. sylvestris and the need of exploring a wider area to increase the chance of finding a particular genotype.
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Karn, Avinash, Luis Diaz-Garcia, Noam Reshef, Cheng Zou, David C. Manns, Lance Cadle-Davidson, Anna Katharine Mansfield, Bruce I. Reisch, and Gavin L. Sacks. "The Genetic Basis of Anthocyanin Acylation in North American Grapes (Vitis spp.)." Genes 12, no. 12 (December 9, 2021): 1962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12121962.
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Hydroxycinnamylated anthocyanins (or simply ‘acylated anthocyanins’) increase color stability in grape products, such as wine. Several genes that are relevant for anthocyanin acylation in grapes have been previously described; however, control of the degree of acylation in grapes is complicated by the lack of genetic markers quantitatively associated with this trait. To characterize the genetic basis of anthocyanin acylation in grapevine, we analyzed the acylation ratio in two closely related biparental families, Vitis rupestris B38 × ‘Horizon’ and ‘Horizon’ × Illinois 547-1, for 2 and 3 years, respectively. The acylation ratio followed a bimodal and skewed distribution in both families, with repeatability estimates larger than 0.84. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping with amplicon-based markers (rhAmpSeq) identified a strong QTL from ‘Horizon’ on chromosome 3, near 15.85 Mb in both families and across years, explaining up to 85.2% of the phenotypic variance. Multiple candidate genes were identified in the 14.85–17.95 Mb interval, in particular, three copies of a gene encoding an acetyl-CoA-benzylalcohol acetyltransferase-like protein within the two most strongly associated markers. Additional population-specific QTLs were found in chromosomes 9, 10, 15, and 16; however, no candidate genes were described. The rhAmpSeq markers reported here, which were previously shown to be highly transferable among the Vitis genus, could be immediately implemented in current grapevine breeding efforts to control the degree of anthocyanin acylation and improve the quality of grapes and their products.
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Wijekoon, Champa, and Zoe Quill. "Fungal endophyte diversity in table grapes." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 67, no. 1 (January 2021): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2020-0293.
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Plant fungal endophytes are diverse microbial sources that reside inside plants. Grapes (Vitis vinifera) are rich in polyphenols that have beneficial health effects, and recent research has shown that fungal endophytes in grapes may contribute to the production of these polyphenols and may serve as biocontrol agents. In this study, we determined the fungal microbial endophyte diversity in North American table grapes found at a Winnipeg, Manitoba, market. The amplicon internal transcribed spacer (ITS) metagenomics approach was used to profile the fungal communities of the fruit endophyte microbiome of three table grape types. The data supported endophyte diversity in different table grapes, including possible bioactive, saprophytic, and pathogenic fungi. Culturable endophytes were isolated and identified by morphology and ITS amplicon sequencing. The majority of the isolated culturable strains included Alternaria spp. and Cladosporium spp. The results provided evidence of the existence of diverse fungal endophytes isolated and identified from the fruit of the table grapes. These fungal endophytes may have potential in agricultural, industrial, and pharmaceutical applications.
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Nikoghosyan, Maria, Maria Schmidt, Kristina Margaryan, Henry Loeffler-Wirth, Arsen Arakelyan, and Hans Binder. "SOMmelier—Intuitive Visualization of the Topology of Grapevine Genome Landscapes Using Artificial Neural Networks." Genes 11, no. 7 (July 17, 2020): 817. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11070817.
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Background: Whole-genome studies of vine cultivars have brought novel knowledge about the diversity, geographical relatedness, historical origin and dissemination, phenotype associations and genetic markers. Method: We applied SOM (self-organizing maps) portrayal, a neural network-based machine learning method, to re-analyze the genome-wide Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) data of nearly eight hundred grapevine cultivars. The method generates genome-specific data landscapes. Their topology reflects the geographical distribution of cultivars, indicates paths of cultivar dissemination in history and genome-phenotype associations about grape utilization. Results: The landscape of vine genomes resembles the geographic map of the Mediterranean world, reflecting two major dissemination paths from South Caucasus along a northern route via Balkan towards Western Europe and along a southern route via Palestine and Maghreb towards Iberian Peninsula. The Mediterranean and Black Sea, as well as the Pyrenees, constitute barriers for genetic exchange. On the coarsest level of stratification, cultivars divide into three major groups: Western Europe and Italian grapes, Iberian grapes and vine cultivars from Near East and Maghreb regions. Genetic landmarks were associated with agronomic traits, referring to their utilization as table and wine grapes. Pseudotime analysis describes the dissemination of grapevines in an East to West direction in different waves of cultivation. Conclusion: In analogy to the tasks of the wine waiter in gastronomy, the sommelier, our ‘SOMmelier’-approach supports understanding the diversity of grapevine genomes in the context of their geographic and historical background, using SOM portrayal. It offers an option to supplement vine cultivar passports by genome fingerprint portraits.
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Medina-Plaza, Cristina, Haley Meade, Nick Dokoozlian, Ravi Ponangi, Tom Blair, David E. Block, and Anita Oberholster. "Investigating the Relation between Skin Cell Wall Composition and Phenolic Extractability in Cabernet Sauvignon Wines." Fermentation 8, no. 8 (August 18, 2022): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8080401.
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In this study, phenolic extractability of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes from two California regions (Sonoma County and Central Coast) and its relation with skin cell wall composition was investigated. Phenolic grape composition, wine phenolic content as well as berry and pomace cell wall composition of three sites per region were determined. Grape cell wall material (CWM) composition, and thus pomace CWM composition, was impacted by the growing region. The process of fermentation modified CWM composition, solubilizing some of the compounds such as pectin and polysaccharides making pomace CWM composition from different sites more similar in the case of Sonoma County and more different for the samples grown in the Central Coast. Growing region had a significant impact on grape phenolics, particularly on flavan−3-ols and polymeric phenols, whereas polymeric pigments and anthocyanin contents were more similar among samples. Wines made from Sonoma County grapes showed higher anthocyanin and polymeric phenol content when compared to wines made from Central Coast grapes. Comparing wine to grape phenolic composition suggests a large difference in extractability based on region. Of all the CWM components analyzed, only lignin and the amount of cell wall isolated were found to have a significant impact on phenolic extractability.
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Flores Breceda, Héctor, Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado, María del Carmen Ojeda-Zacarías, Humberto Rodríguez-Fuentes, Juan Antonio Vidales-Contreras, Juan Arredondo Valdez, Beatriz Adriana Rodríguez-Romero, and Marina Burgaya-Ribell. "Hyperspectral signatures and reflectance models related to the ripening index in four grape varieties." Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences 10, no. 4 (August 30, 2022): 781–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18006/2022.10(4).781.788.
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The preference for the consumption of red wine in Mexico is increasing because its components derived from the grape are attributed to health benefits. The quality of wine depends mostly on the vineyard conditions. The objective of this study was able to differentiate the physicochemical composition in the harvest stage of four varieties of red grapes that are used in the production of wine to relate their maturation with those of their hyperspectral signatures. Various parameters including pH, total soluble solids, color, weight, and morphology were determined from the bunches of grapes. Concerning the maturity index, it was observed that the grapes with the highest degree of maturity were Shiraz and Merlot at harvest time. The pH of grape juice is a measure of active acidity; the texture is considered a quick and inexpensive technique. The hyperspectral signatures reflectances versus color, total soluble solids, morphology, weight, texture, and pH for each grape variety was best fitted with Gaussian curves of order 8 to Cabernet sauvignon and Merlot, 7 to Malbec, and 5 to Shiraz with R2 above 0.99.
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Lopes, M. S., D. Mendonça, M. Rodrigues dos Santos, J. E. Eiras-Dias, and A. da Câmara Machado. "New insights on the genetic basis of Portuguese grapevine and on grapevine domestication." Genome 52, no. 9 (September 2009): 790–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g09-048.
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As the ancestor of cultivated grape, Vitis vinifera subsp. sylvestris represents a unique, invaluable genetic resource for the improvement of cultivated grapevines. Recently, five populations of wild grapevines were identified in Portugal. Sixty vines were characterized with 11 nuclear SSR markers and further compared with 70 genotypes of Portuguese Vitis vinifera subsp. sativa. The obtained data demonstrate moderate genetic differentiation between wild grapevine populations and moderate to high genetic differentiation between wild and cultivated grapevines. However, the identification of high degrees of similarity between wild and cultivated grapes (up to 87%) and a putative parent–progeny relationship between wild and cultivated grapes with 17 additional SSR markers is indicative of gene flow between local wild grapevine populations and Portuguese domesticated vines. Also, the ancestry of some Azorean cultivars was ascertained. The obtained data further support the hypothesis of several domestication centres, with Portugal, Spain, and Italy playing a particular role after the last glaciation, giving rise to many of the Western European cultivars.
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Zdunić, Goran, Katarina Lukšić, Zora Annamaria Nagy, Ana Mucalo, Katarina Hančević, Tomislav Radić, Lukrecija Butorac, et al. "Genetic Structure and Relationships among Wild and Cultivated Grapevines from Central Europe and Part of the Western Balkan Peninsula." Genes 11, no. 9 (August 20, 2020): 962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11090962.
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The genetic diversity and relationship between wild (Vitis vinifera L. subsp. sylvestris (Gmel.) Hegi and cultivated (V. vinifera L. subsp. vinifera) grapevine in the western Balkan region and Central Europe have not been studied together previously, although this area has a rich viticultural past. Here, we studied wild grapevine populations sampled from their natural habitats in several countries of the western Balkan region and Central Europe. Their genetic diversity and structure were compared to cultivars that are traditionally in use in this region. A sample set of 243 accessions was genotyped at 20 nuclear microsatellite loci, including 167 sylvestris and 76 diverse vinifera cultivars. The genetic diversity of the wild grapevines was lower than that of cultivars by all genetic parameters. Both hierarchical and nonhierarchical clustering methods differentiated two main groups, indicating clear separation between wild and cultivated vines but also revealed clear gene flow between the cultivated and wild gene pools through overlaps and admixed ancestry values in the graphs. There was greater affinity to the wild grapes in Central European cultivars than in Balkan cultivars. Fine arrangement of the structure among cultivated grapevines showed differentiation among Central European and Balkan cultivars. These results confirm the divergence of wild grapes from vinifera and highlight the “crossroad” role of the western Balkan peninsula in the broader context of European viticulture.
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Foster, William. "Sour Grapes." PLoS Biology 4, no. 4 (April 11, 2006): e102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0040102.
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Brinker, A. M., and L. L. Creasy. "Inhibitors as a Possible Basis for Grape Replant Problem." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 113, no. 3 (May 1988): 304–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.113.3.304.
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Abstract To determine whether grape (Vitis sp.) replant problem might be an example of autotoxicity, soil samples from fields that had or had not been replanted with grape cuttings were extracted with a neutral solution of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and by leaching with half-strength Hoagland's solution. Rooted grape cuttings growing in sand also were leached. Fractions of the leachates and extracts were assayed for toxicity using lettuce seedlings. Grape roots and replant soil yielded a toxic substance not present, or possibly present only at low levels, in non-replant soil. The replant soil extract inhibited phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity in grape roots more than did the non-replant soil extract. The toxic substance in the replant soil extract was partially purified and a 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum taken, but the substance has not been identified. Thus, grape roots appear to be the source of at least one compound that is toxic to plants and accumulates in the soil in which grapes are grown.
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Checchia, Ilaria, Renato L. Binati, Eleonora Troiano, Maurizio Ugliano, Giovanna E. Felis, and Sandra Torriani. "Unravelling the Impact of Grape Washing, SO2, and Multi-Starter Inoculation in Lab-Scale Vinification Trials of Withered Black Grapes." Fermentation 7, no. 1 (March 23, 2021): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation7010043.
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Wine quality is strongly affected by chemical composition and microbial population of grape must, which, in turn, are influenced by several post-harvest treatments, including grape withering. Different strategies have been suggested to manage the fermenting must microbiota, as it plays a central role in the outcomes of both spontaneous and guided fermentations. This study aimed at evaluating the impact of grape washing, SO2 addition, and selected starter culture inoculation on population dynamics, fermentation kinetics, and main oenological parameters in lab-scale trials, focusing on withered grapes usually used for Amarone production. Although grape washing treatment was effective in removing heavy metals and undesirable microorganisms from grape berry surface, inoculation of multi-starter cultures impacted more fermentation rates. Further, both grape washing and starter inoculation procedures had a remarkable impact on wine chemical characteristics, while 30 mg/L SO2 addition did not significantly affect the fermentation process. In summary, the best strategy in terms of limiting off-flavors and potentially reducing the need for SO2 addition in wine from withered grapes was the use of yeast starters, particularly mixed cultures composed by selected strains of Metschnikowia spp. and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Application of a washing step before winemaking showed a potential to improve organoleptic characteristics of wine.
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Kozina, T. D., E. T. Ilnitskaya, and M. V. Makarkina. "PROSPECTS OF USING DNA-MARKERS IN GRAPEVINE BREEDING." Russian Vine 16 (June 2021): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.32904/2712-8245-2021-16-18-26.
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DNA-markers are actively used for the fin-gerprinting of genotypes, identification of va-rieties, in phylogenetic studies, for assessing genetic diversity, for mapping genes, etc. The article presents an analytical review of the achievements in the use of molecular markers in grape genetics as a basis for breeding works. Information is given about mapped genes and quantitative traits loci of grapes (QTL), about identified DNA-markers. It is shown that, using DNA-markers, was imple-mented the identification of genetic determi-nants determining such traits as resistance to pathogens (Agrobacterium sp. Plasmopara viticola, Erysiphe necator, Guignardia bidwellii, etc.), as well as grape quality indica-tors (berry pulp structure, berry size, seedless-ness, etc).Also, sets of DNA-markers have been developed for many of the identified genes. DNA-markers are used to identify genes of valuable traits in hybrid populations and to select the parental forms - gene donors. The DNA-marking method is used in the breeding to accelerate the transfer of econom-ically valuable genes and create new varieties with the required traits. The progress of mo-lecular genetic research in recent decades opens up new opportunities for grape breed-ing. The expediency of using DNA-markers and their selection for research should be as-sessed precisely for a specific breeding pro-gram.
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Pervaiz, Tariq, Cheng Zhang, Muhammad Faheem, Qian Mu, and Jinggui Fang. "Chloroplast based genetic diversity among Chinese grapes genotypes." Mitochondrial DNA Part A 28, no. 4 (March 29, 2016): 565–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/24701394.2016.1155119.
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Fournier-Level, Alexandre, Loïc Le Cunff, Camila Gomez, Agnès Doligez, Agnès Ageorges, Catherine Roux, Yves Bertrand, Jean-Marc Souquet, Véronique Cheynier, and Patrice This. "Quantitative Genetic Bases of Anthocyanin Variation in Grape (Vitis vinifera L. ssp. sativa) Berry: A Quantitative Trait Locus to Quantitative Trait Nucleotide Integrated Study." Genetics 183, no. 3 (August 31, 2009): 1127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.109.103929.
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The combination of QTL mapping studies of synthetic lines and association mapping studies of natural diversity represents an opportunity to throw light on the genetically based variation of quantitative traits. With the positional information provided through quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping, which often leads to wide intervals encompassing numerous genes, it is now feasible to directly target candidate genes that are likely to be responsible for the observed variation in completely sequenced genomes and to test their effects through association genetics. This approach was performed in grape, a newly sequenced genome, to decipher the genetic architecture of anthocyanin content. Grapes may be either white or colored, ranging from the lightest pink to the darkest purple tones according to the amount of anthocyanin accumulated in the berry skin, which is a crucial trait for both wine quality and human nutrition. Although the determinism of the white phenotype has been fully identified, the genetic bases of the quantitative variation of anthocyanin content in berry skin remain unclear. A single QTL responsible for up to 62% of the variation in the anthocyanin content was mapped on a Syrah × Grenache F1 pseudo-testcross. Among the 68 unigenes identified in the grape genome within the QTL interval, a cluster of four Myb-type genes was selected on the basis of physiological evidence (VvMybA1, VvMybA2, VvMybA3, and VvMybA4). From a core collection of natural resources (141 individuals), 32 polymorphisms revealed significant association, and extended linkage disequilibrium was observed. Using a multivariate regression method, we demonstrated that five polymorphisms in VvMybA genes except VvMybA4 (one retrotransposon, three single nucleotide polymorphisms and one 2-bp insertion/deletion) accounted for 84% of the observed variation. All these polymorphisms led to either structural changes in the MYB proteins or differences in the VvMybAs promoters. We concluded that the continuous variation in anthocyanin content in grape was explained mainly by a single gene cluster of three VvMybA genes. The use of natural diversity helped to reduce one QTL to a set of five quantitative trait nucleotides and gave a clear picture of how isogenes combined their effects to shape grape color. Such analysis also illustrates how isogenes combine their effect to shape a complex quantitative trait and enables the definition of markers directly targeted for upcoming breeding programs.
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Lutskiy, Evgeny O., Alisa E. Mishko, and Maria A. Sundyreva. "Impact of Microorganism Priming on Oxidative Processes and the Antioxidant Defense System of Grapes Infected with Downy Mildew." Journal of Siberian Federal University. Biology 14, no. 3 (September 2001): 381–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17516/1997-1389-0357.
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Priming plants with natural agents, including microorganisms, is a promising alternative to chemical methods of protection in growing plants and, particularly, in viticulture. However, the molecular mechanisms of the priming phenomenon are still not fully elucidated. The antioxidant system and reactive oxygen species are known to effectively modulate plant responses to various external influences. This study aimed to identify the relationship between the priming of grapes by microorganisms and the functioning of the antioxidant system in a protective response to downy mildew infection. The experiment was carried out on leaf discs of Muscat blanc susceptible to downy mildew infected with Plasmopara viticola and treated with microorganisms incompatible with the pathogen, as well as with the corresponding symbiotic microorganisms. During the compatible interaction between P. viticola and grapes, oxidative processes were suppressed with viniferin formation. Leaf treatments with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Bacillus subtilis effectively curbed the development of downy mildew on grape leaves. Priming with these microorganisms did not lead to a significant change in the biochemical parameters of grapes. Nevertheless, subsequent downy mildew infection initiated the formation of viniferin and maintained H2O2 content at a high level. Thus, priming with microorganisms eliminates the physiological effects of compatible interactions between downy mildew and grapes associated with blocking oxidative processes. To suppress pathogen development, host defenses and antagonistic effects of microbial priming agents are required
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Spiegel-Roy, P., N. Sahar, J. Baron, and U. Lavi. "In Vitro Culture and Plant Formation from Grape Cultivars with Abortive Ovules and Seeds." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 110, no. 1 (January 1985): 109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.110.1.109.
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Abstract Normal embryos and seedling plants were obtained from abortive ovules and seeds of seedless grape cultivars ‘Perlette’, ‘Flame Seedless’ and ‘Sultanina’. Plant development was accompanied by callus formation only in ‘Perlette’. The best medium was Nitsch’s with the addition of 10-5m IAA and 10-6m GA3. Excision and culturing of ‘Flame Seedless’ ovules 49 days after anthesis gave higher germination percentages and more viable plants than excision and culturing at anthesis plus 28. Selfed ‘Perlette’ and ‘Perlette’ × ‘Flame Seedless’ ovules cultured at 52 days gave 11%, and the reciprocal cross over 16% well developed seedlings. The significance of the findings for breeding stenospermocarpic grapes is discussed.
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Wang, Yan, Zhenhua Liu, Jiang Wu, Liang Hong, Jinjun Liang, Yangmei Ren, Pingyin Guan, and Jianfang Hu. "MADS-Box Protein Complex VvAG2, VvSEP3 and VvAGL11 Regulates the Formation of Ovules in Vitis vinifera L. cv. ‘Xiangfei’." Genes 12, no. 5 (April 26, 2021): 647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12050647.
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The phenomenon of multi-carpel and multi-ovule exists in the grapevine cultivar ‘Xiangfei’, but the mechanism of ovule formation is seldom reported. In this study, we observed the ovule formation process by using ‘Xiangfei’ grapes. The role of the VvAG2 (VvAGAMOUS) gene in ovule formation was identified, and we explored the relationship between VvAG2, VvSEP3(VvMADS4) and VvAGL11(VvMADS5) proteins. The results showed that the ovule primordium appeared when the inflorescence length of ‘Xiangfei’ grapes were 4–5 cm long; the relative expression levels of VvAG2, VvAGL11 and VvSEP3 genes were higher during ovule formation, and the expression levels of VvAG2 gene was the highest. Transgenic tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants expressing VvAG2 produced higher numbers of ovules and carpels than the wild type. Moreover, yeast two-hybrid and yeast three-hybrid experiments demonstrated that VvSEP3 acts as a bridge and interacts with VvAG2 and VvAGL11 proteins, respectively. Meanwhile, a homodimer can be formed between VvSEP3 and VvSEP3, but there was no interaction between VvAG2 and VvAGL11. These findings suggest that the VvAG2 gene is involved in the formation of ovules, and VvAG2/VvSEP3 together with VvAGL11/VvSEP3 can form a tetrameric complex. In summary, our data showed that VvAG2 along with VvSEP3 and VvAGL11 jointly regulate the ovule formation of ‘Xiangfei’ grapes.
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Morcia, Caterina, Giorgio Tumino, Stefano Raimondi, Anna Schneider, and Valeria Terzi. "Muscat Flavor in Grapevine: A Digital PCR Assay to Track Allelic Variation in VvDXS Gene." Genes 12, no. 5 (May 16, 2021): 747. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12050747.
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The aroma of grapes and derived wines has long been one of the major traits considered in the selection of grapevine varieties through the centuries. In particular, Muscat aromatic grapes have been highly appreciated and widespread since ancient times. Monoterpenes are the key compounds responsible for the Muscat flavor. A major QTL affecting monoterpene level has been found to co-localize with the 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (VvDXS) gene, encoding for the 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase enzyme involved in the plastidial pathway of terpene biosynthesis. In more detail, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP 1822) in the coding region of the gene causes a “gain of function” mutation, which is involved in Muscat flavor. In this work, we have developed a digital PCR-based assay to target allelic variations in the VvDXS gene, SNP1822, with the aim to propose a fast and sensitive analytical tool for targeting Muscat-flavored grapevine genotypes. The assay accurately predicts the genetic structure at 1822 SNP, critical for the development of the aroma in the great majority of Muscats. In the case of grapes in which the aromatic component is due to mutations other than SNP 1822 (e.g., Chasselas Musqué and Chardonnay Muscat), further specific assays can be developed.
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ARADHYA, MALLIKARJUNA K., GERALD S. DANGL, BERNARD H. PRINS, JEAN-MICHEL BOURSIQUOT, M. ANDREW WALKER, CAROLE P. MEREDITH, and CHARLES J. SIMON. "Genetic structure and differentiation in cultivated grape, Vitis vinifera L." Genetical Research 81, no. 3 (June 2003): 179–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672303006177.
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222 cultivated (Vitis vinifera) and 22 wild (V. vinifera ssp. sylvestris) grape accessions were analysed for genetic diversity and differentiation at eight microsatellite loci. A total of 94 alleles were detected, with extensive polymorphism among the accessions. Multivariate relationships among accessions revealed 16 genetic groups structured into three clusters, supporting the classical eco-geographic grouping of grape cultivars: occidentalis, pontica and orientalis. French cultivars appeared to be distinct and showed close affinity to the wild progenitor, ssp. sylvestris from south-western France (Pyrenees) and Tunisia, probably reflecting the origin and domestication history of many of the old wine cultivars from France. There was appreciable level of differentiation between table and wine grape cultivars, and the Muscat types were somewhat distinct within the wine grapes. Contingency χ2 analysis indicated significant heterogeneity in allele frequencies among groups at all loci. The observed heterozygosities for different groups ranged from 0·625 to 0·9 with an overall average of 0·771. Genetic relationships among groups suggested hierarchical differentiation within cultivated grape. The gene diversity analysis indicated narrow divergence among groups and that most variation was found within groups (∼85%). Partitioning of diversity suggested that the remaining variation is somewhat structured hierarchically at different levels of differentiation. The overall organization of genetic diversity suggests that the germplasm of cultivated grape represents a single complex gene pool and that its structure is determined by strong artificial selection and a vegetative mode of reproduction.
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Huerta-Acosta, Karla G., Summaira Riaz, Omar Franco-Mora, Juan G. Cruz-Castillo, and M. Andrew Walker. "The genetic diversity of wild grapes in Mexico." Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 69, no. 3 (December 14, 2021): 1329–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10722-021-01307-0.
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AbstractThis is the first report evaluating the genetic diversity of Mexican grape species utilizing DNA-based markers to understand the distribution of grape species, and patterns of hybridization. The study utilized accessions maintained in three collections in Mexico, one in the USA and recently collected germplasm. Fifteen SSR markers were used to develop a fingerprint database to identify unique germplasm. Two different clustering analyses without prior population assignment, were used to identify groups that were verified by a Discriminant Analysis of Principal Components and a Principal Coordinate Analysis. Genetic diversity estimates were made across and within groups to validate the results obtained from the clustering analyses. Multiple clustering analyses and diversity parameters supported six genetic groups representing different geographic regions. The Northeastern group was the most diverse with a geographic range extending to Eastern and Central Mexico, while the Coahuila group was the least diverse. Vitis arizonica Engelm. and Vitis cinerea Engelm. ex Millardet were the most abundant species with many hybrid forms. We provide evidence that wild grape species in Mexico follow the physical barriers of mountain ranges like the Sierra Madre Oriental with an east–west divide and the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt as a corridor for gene flow among different grape species. Additional collections are required to fully understand the extent of hybridization and to clarify hybrid zones.
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Lekli, Istvan, Diptarka Ray, and Dipak K. Das. "Longevity nutrients resveratrol, wines and grapes." Genes & Nutrition 5, no. 1 (September 4, 2009): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12263-009-0145-2.
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Brown, Maurus V., James N. Moore, Ronald W. McNew, and Patrick Fenn. "Inheritance of Downy Mildew Resistance in Table Grapes." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 124, no. 3 (May 1999): 262–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.124.3.262.
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A study was conducted to determine how resistance to downy mildew [Plasmopara viticola (Bert. & Curt.) Berl. & de Toni] is inherited in germplasm (Vitis vinifera L., V. labrusca L., V. rupestris Scheele, and V. riparia Michx.) used for breeding table grapes. Crosses, including reciprocals, among parents possessing different levels of downy mildew resistance were evaluated in 1994 and 1995. The proportion of foliar tissue with sporulation, chlorosis, or necrosis was used to measure resistance. All genotypes were rated for these characters on two separate dates in 1994 and 1995. Hypersensitive flecking was also evaluated in the 1995 seedlings to determine its relationship with downy mildew resistance. Crosses with at least one resistant parent had a larger number of resistant offspring than crosses between two susceptible parents. General combining ability (GCA) effects were highly significant for 1994 and 1995. Specific combining ability effects were significant, but were relatively small compared to GCA, suggesting additive gene action was a primary influence on downy mildew resistance. Heritability estimates for sporulation, chlorosis, and necrosis were the highest at the second rating in 1994 (0.88, 0.74, and 0.57, respectively) and 1995 (0.50, 0.60, and 0.60, respectively). Reciprocal crosses indicated that maternal inheritance did not influence downy mildew resistance. A small percentage of progeny with hypersensitive flecking were identified from the germplasm. Seedlings with the flecking characteristic tended to have lower sporulation, chlorosis, and necrosis ratings earlier in the growing season.
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Zhang, Zhijun, Huaifeng Liu, Junli Sun, Songlin Yu, Wang He, Tianyuan Li, and Zhao Baolong. "Nontarget Metabolomics of Grape Seed Metabolites Produced by Various Scion–Rootstock Combinations." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 145, no. 4 (July 2020): 247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs04844-19.
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The use of resistant rootstocks is an inevitable trend in the development and production of grapes (Vitis sp.). The present study analyzed differences in the metabolites in grape seeds of different rootstock combinations (1103P, 5C, SO4, 3309C, 140R, and control) grafted onto ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ (CS) wine grape (Vitis vinifera) scions (control, CS/CS, self-rooted grafting vines) using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and nontargeted metabolomic techniques. Principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and orthogonal-partial least squares discriminant analysis identified 30 significant metabolites and 22 metabolic pathways in the seeds of CS that differed significantly from the control seeds. This study revealed that rootstocks influence metabolite concentrations and metabolic pathways (alanine–aspartate–glutamate pathway, arginine-proline pathway, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle) in the scion onto which they are grafted. The rootstocks increased the concentration of delphinidin-3-(6-acetylglucoside), peonidin 3-(6-p-coumarylglucoside), L-threonine, and D-tartaric in CS seeds. Appropriate rootstock combinations can be used to improve the quality of grape seeds by changing the concentrations of amino acids, organic acids, polyphenols, and vitamin B. This study provides a theoretical basis for selecting grape rootstocks and provides important insights for improving the quality of commercial products derived from grape seeds.
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Sistrunk, W. A., and J. R. Morris. "Quality Acceptance of Juices of Two Cultivars of Muscadine Grapes Mixed with Other Juices." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 110, no. 3 (May 1985): 328–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.110.3.328.
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Abstract Juices from 2 cultivars of muscadine grapes (Vitis rotundifolio Michx.), ‘Noble’ (dark-skinned) and ‘Carlos’ (bronze-skinned), were mixed with juices of ‘Concord’ and ‘Niagara’ grapes, cranberry or apple. ‘Noble’ juice, combined with ‘Concord’ juice, resulted in the highest quality among the dark mixtures prepared. Also, the mixtures retained most color and flavor during a 12 month storage period. ‘Carlos’ juice rated higher in quality when blended with the light-colored juices of apple and ‘Niagara’ than with the dark colored juice. The light amber color was stable during a 12 month storage period, and the flavor and overall acceptance of the mixture were rated higher than for the others.
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Li, Beibei, Xiucai Fan, Ying Zhang, Chonghuai Liu, and Jianfu Jiang. "Genetic Diversity and Population Structure Analysis of Chinese Wild Grape Using Simple Sequence Repeat Markers." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 146, no. 3 (May 2021): 158–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs05016-20.
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Chinese wild Vitis is a useful gene source for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, although there is little research on its genetic diversity and structure. In this study, nine simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to assess the genetic diversity and genetic structure among 100 Vitis materials. These materials included 77 indigenous accessions representing 23 of 38 wild Vitis species/cultivars in China, 18 V. vinifera cultivars, and the five North American species V. aestivalis, V. girdiana, V. monticola, V. acerifolia, and V. riparia. The SSR loci used in this study for establishing an international database (Vitis International Variety Catalogue) revealed a total of 186 alleles in 100 Vitis accessions. The mean values for the gene diversity (GD) and polymorphism information content (PIC) per locus were 0.91 and 0.90, respectively, which indicates that the discriminatory power of the markers is high. Based on the genetic distance data, the 100 Vitis accessions were divided into five primary clusters by cluster analysis, and five populations by structure analysis; these results indicate these Chinese wild grapes were more genetically close to European grapes than to North American species. In addition, the clustering patterns of most accessions correlated with the geographic distribution. An analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that 3.28%, 3.27%, and 93.46% of the variance occurred between populations, between individuals within populations, and between individuals within the entire population, respectively. In addition, we identified three previously undescribed accessions (Wuzhi-1, MZL-5, and MZL-6) by cluster analysis. Our results reveal a high level of genetic diversity and variability in Vitis from China, which will be helpful in the use of genetic resources in future breeding programs. In addition, our study demonstrates that SSR markers are highly suitable for further genetic diversity analyses of Chinese wild grapes.
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Nisiotou, Aspasia A., Dimitra Dourou, Maria-Evangelia Filippousi, Ellie Diamantea, Petros Fragkoulis, Chryssoula Tassou, and Georgios Banilas. "Genetic and Technological Characterisation of Vineyard- and Winery-Associated Lactic Acid Bacteria." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/508254.
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Vineyard- and winery-associated lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from two major PDO regions in Greece, Peza and Nemea, were surveyed. LAB were isolated from grapes, fermenting musts, and winery tanks performing spontaneous malolactic fermentations (MLF). Higher population density and species richness were detected in Nemea than in Peza vineyards and on grapes than in fermenting musts.Pediococcus pentosaceusandLactobacillus graminiswere the most abundant LAB on grapes, whileLactobacillus plantarumdominated in fermenting musts from both regions. No particular structure ofLactobacillus plantarumpopulations according to the region of origin was observed, and strain distribution seems random. LAB species diversity in winery tanks differed significantly from that in vineyard samples, consisting principally ofOenococcus oeni. Different strains were analysed as per their enological characteristics and the ability to produce biogenic amines (BAs). Winery-associated species showed higher resistance to low pH, ethanol, SO2, and CuSO4than vineyard-associated isolates. The frequency of BA-producing strains was relatively low but not negligible, considering that certain winery-associatedLactobacillus hilgardiistrains were able to produce BAs. Present results show the necessity of controlling the MLF by selected starters in order to avoid BA accumulation in wine.
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Kim, Myung-Shin, Youn Young Hur, Ji Hong Kim, and Soon-Chun Jeong. "Genome Resequencing, Improvement of Variant Calling, and Population Genomic Analyses Provide Insights into the Seedlessness in the Genus Vitis." G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics 10, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 3365–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/g3.120.401521.
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Abstract The seedlessness of grape derived from stenospermocarpy is one of the most prized traits of table or raisin grapes. It is controlled by a complex genetic system containing one dominant gene and multiple recessive genes. Here, we collected dense variation data from high-depth resequencing data of seeded, seedless, and wild relative grape genomes sequenced to > 37x mean depth. Variant calls were made using a modified variant calling pipeline that was suitable for highly diverse interspecific grape accessions. The modified pipeline enabled us to call several million more variants than the commonly recommended pipeline. The quality was validated by Sanger sequencing data and subsequently supported by the genetic population structure and the phylogenetic tree constructed using the obtained variation data, results of which were generally consistent with known pedigree and taxonomic classifications. Variation data enabled us to confirm a dominant gene and identify recessive loci for seedlessness. Incidentally, we found that grape cultivar Rizamat contains an ancestral chromosomal region of the dominant gene in Sultanina, a predominant seedlessness donor cultivar. Furthermore, we predicted new candidate causal genes including Vitvi01g00455, Vitvi08g01528, and Vitvi18g01237 associated with the recessive seedless-regulating loci, which showed high homology with genes that regulate seed development in Arabidopsis. This study provides fundamental insights relevant to variant calling from genome resequencing data of diverse interspecific hybrid germplasms such as grape and will accelerate future efforts aimed at crop improvement.
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Tanapichatsakul, Chutima, Sarunpron Khruengsai, and Patcharee Pripdeevech. "In vitro and in vivo antifungal activity of Cuminum cyminum essential oil against Aspergillus aculeatus causing bunch rot of postharvest grapes." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 24, 2020): e0242862. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242862.
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Bunch rot in grapes is an aggressive disease and needs to be controlled during the postharvest period. We investigate the antifungal potential of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim., Zanthoxylum rhetsa, Cuminum cyminum, Coriandrum sativum, and Zingiber montanum (J. Koenig) Link ex A. Dietr. essential oils against Aspergillus aculeatus that cause bunch rot disease on postharvest grapes. C. cyminum essential oil exhibited stronger significantly inhibition percentage of 95.08% than other treatments in in vitro assay. Cumin aldehyde (33.94%) and α-terpinen-7-al (32.20%) were identified as major volatile compounds in C. cyminum oil. Antifungal potential of C. cyminum oil was then tested in conidia germination and in vitro tests compared to cumin aldehyde and α-terpinen-7-al. Their EC50 values against the conidial germination were also estimated. Significant reduction of conidia germination was also detected in C. cyminum essential oil and cumin aldehyde at a concentration of 1,000 and 100 μg/mL, respectively. EC50 values of the C. cyminum essential oil, cumin aldehyde, and α-terpinen-7-al were 67.28 μg/mL, 9.31 μg/mL, and 13.23 μg/mL, respectively. In vivo assay, the decrease of the disease severity (0.69%) and incidence (1.48%) percentage of A. aculeatus on grape berries treated at 1,000 μg/mL of C. cyminum essential oil was significantly greater than that obtained from other treatments after 10 days incubation. In addition, grape berries treated with C. cyminum essential oil decreased weight loss and retained fruit firmness. The changing of total soluble solids, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity are also delayed in treated fruits. Therefore, essential oil of C. cyminum may be applied as a biological antifungal agent to control A. aculeatus in postharvest grapes without any negative effects on its quality.
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Skinner, P. W., M. A. Matthews, and R. M. Carlson. "Phosphorus Requirements of Wine Grapes: Extractable Phosphate of Leaves Indicates Phosphorus Status." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 112, no. 3 (May 1987): 449–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.112.3.449.
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Abstract Although premium wine grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) are planted in soils of low P availability, there is little knowledge of P requirements and of the appropriate methods of P analysis in grapevines. Therefore, acetic acid extractable P was investigated as a method for determining grapevine P status. Analysis of absorption spectra established that absorbance peaks at 710 or 882 nm of the phosphomolybdate complex formed in acetic acid extracts of grapevine tissues can be used for analysis of P status. Acetic acid-extractable P was independent of sample size and extraction time and was linearly related (r2 = 0.96) to total P in four premium wine grape varieties. Lamina indicated whole plant P status better than petioles, since extractable P accumulated more in lamina than in petioles. Total and extractable P of basal lamina decreased significantly after anthesis, which diminished the differences between P-sufficient and P-deficient vines. Therefore, the best time to assess vine P status using leaves is at anthesis. When P fertilizer was applied, lamina-extractable P was positively correlated with berry weight, yield, and pruning weight in Chenin blanc vines growing under P-deficient conditions. The results indicate that acetic acid extractable P in lamina sampled at anthesis is a sensitive measure of grapevine P status.
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Snoussi, H., M. Harbi Ben Slimane, L. Ruiz-García, J. M. Martínez-Zapater, and R. Arroyo-García. "Genetic relationship among cultivated and wild grapevine accessions from Tunisia." Genome 47, no. 6 (December 1, 2004): 1211–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g04-072.
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We have used nuclear and chloroplast molecular markers to genotype cultivated and wild accessions of Vitis vinifera L. from Tunisia and assess their genetic relationships. Fifty-five distinct genotypes were identified among 80 cultivated accessions, including 18 genotypic groups containing between 2 and 5 accessions per group. They could represent a total of 60 distinct cultivars owing to berry colour variation found within identical genotype groups. Most of the 55 genotypes represent unique table grape genotypes except for one of them that was found identical to the genotype of table grape cultivar Rosseti. Hybridization among cultivars as well as self pollinations seems to have played an important role in their origin since several groups of closely related cultivars were observed. Furthermore, a parentage analysis showed a high probability for a parent hybrid relationship within two groups of three cultivars. No strong genetic similarities were found between cultivated and wild samples indicating that the cultivated accessions do not derive from local Vitis vinifera L. populations but could have been introduced from other regions in historic times.Key words: Vitis vinifera, Tunisian grapevine varieties, wild accessions, table grapes.
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Riaz, Summaira, Alan C. Tenscher, Brady P. Smith, Daniel A. Ng, and M. Andrew Walker. "Use of SSR Markers to Assess Identity, Pedigree, and Diversity of Cultivated Muscadine Grapes." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 133, no. 4 (July 2008): 559–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.133.4.559.
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The North American muscadine grape (Muscadinia rotundifolia Small) is a valuable source of resistance to powdery mildew [Uncinula necator (Schw.) Burr], root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne Goeldi), dagger nematode (Xiphinema index Thorne and Allen), grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch), and Pierce's disease (Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al.). Efforts to breed muscadine grapes commenced in the early 1900s and have generated a large number of cultivars and a limited number of hybrids with Vitis vinifera L. and other Vitis L. species. Collections of this germplasm are currently maintained with accession identity based on declared identity when collected, breeding records, and comparisons of morphological traits. This study reports on the first use of DNA-based simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker profiles to authenticate M. rotundifolia cultivars and hybrids. A total of 57 accessions [39 M. rotundifolia cultivars, 3 V. vinifera cultivars, 3 Vitis spp. hybrids, and 12 V. vinifera × M. rotundifolia (VR) hybrids] from collections at the U.S. Department of Agriculture National Clonal Germplasm Repository and the University of California (Davis) Department of Viticulture and Enology were analyzed with 14 SSR markers. The fingerprint profiles were used to verify published breeding records of 31 M. rotundifolia cultivars and hybrids by comparing the shared alleles of parents and progeny. Marker data indicated that four cultivars were incorrectly identified; their alleles did not match respective parent/progeny relationships at more than five loci. Two M. rotundifolia accessions had the same fingerprint profile as a third accession at all 14 markers, implicating a likely planting error. The M. rotundifolia cultivars exhibited 88 unique alleles that were not present in a database of more than 600 V. vinifera cultivars.
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Dalbó, M. A., G. N. Ye, N. F. Weeden, W. F. Wilcox, and B. I. Reisch. "Marker-assisted Selection for Powdery Mildew Resistance in Grapes." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 126, no. 1 (January 2001): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.126.1.83.
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The efficiency of marker-assisted selection for powdery mildew (Uncinula necator (Schw.) Burr) resistance in grapes (Vitis L. sp.) was studied using molecular markers associated with a major QTL (quantitative trait loci) for this trait. Initially, genetic maps were constructed from a segregating population of the cross `Horizon' × Illinois 547-1 (a hybrid between V. rupestris Scheele and V. cinerea Engelm.). A major QTL from Ill. 547-1, the resistant parent, explained 41% of the variation. One RAPD (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA) marker and one AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) marker, obtained by bulked segregant analysis, showed the highest association with powdery mildew resistance in the mapping population. Segregation of the QTL was followed in different crosses by CAPS (cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence) markers developed from these two markers. An allele-specific amplified polymorphism that segregates as present/absent was also developed from the CS25b locus. Powdery mildew resistance was evaluated visually on a 1 to 5 scale in four different seedling populations. Two populations originated from crosses using Ill. 547-1 as the resistant parent. Two other populations were from crosses with NY88.0514.03, a resistant seedling from the original `Horizon' × Ill. 547-1 mapping population. Segregation ratio distortions were observed in some crosses. In these cases, the allele associated with the QTL for powdery mildew resistance was less frequent than the alternate allele. In all crosses, the markers were closely associated with resistance. If selection were based on markers, the percentage of susceptible individuals (classes 4 and 5) would decrease from 24% to 52% to 2% to 18%. Selection efficiency was greatest in crosses where segregation distortion was most intense.
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Akkak, A., P. Boccacci, and R. Botta. "‘Cardinal’ grape parentage: a case of a breeding mistake." Genome 50, no. 3 (February 2007): 325–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g06-145.
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The grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is one of the most widely grown fruit plants, with table grapes accounting for at least 20% of the total world production. A few traditional table grape cultivars have achieved great international prominence. Among the most important cultivars is ‘Cardinal’, a historical Californian grapevine obtained by E. Snyder and F. Harmon in 1939 by crossing ‘Flame Tokay’ (syn. ‘Ahmer Bou Amer’) with ‘Ribier’ (syn. ‘Alphonse Lavallée’) at the Horticultural Field Station of Fresno, Calif.. In the course of DNA typing grapevine varieties collected in Algeria and other Mediterranean countries, we found, surprisingly, that ‘Cardinal’ could not result from this cross. Here, we present molecular genetic evidence that ‘Cardinal’ has no parentage relationship with ‘Flame Tokay’. We also show, for the first time, that ‘Flame Tokay’ is a mutant version, at the VVS5 microsatellite locus, of the table grape ‘Ahmer Bou Amer’, which is considered its synonym.
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Elmer, P. A. G., and T. Reglinski. "Biosuppression of Botrytis cinerea in grapes." Plant Pathology 55, no. 2 (April 2006): 155–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2006.01348.x.
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Wang, Bo, Weimin Wu, Xicheng Wang, Zhuangwei Wang, and Yaming Qian. "Proteomic Analysis of Pollen–Stigma Interaction between Vitis rotundifolia and Vitis vinifera." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 147, no. 3 (May 2022): 152–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs05153-21.
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Muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia) is highly resistant to many diseases and insects that attack european grape (Vitis vinifera). However, distant hybridization incompatibility between V. rotundifolia (female) and V. vinifera (male) impedes the utilization of V. rotundifolia in grape breeding. This study used fourth-dimension label-free protein quantitation to detect the key genes and pathways in the V. rotundifolia stigma after self-pollination (V. rotundifolia × V. rotundifolia) and cross-pollination (V. rotundifolia × V. vinifera). A histological analysis showed that pollen tube growth in the stigma of V. rotundifolia was arrested 8 hours after cross-pollination, but not after self-pollination. A proteomic analysis identified 32 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the stigma of V. rotundifolia between self-pollination and cross-pollination. A heatmap analysis grouped these DEPs into four clusters. The top gene ontology terms were ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activity, extracellular region, DNA replication, and cellular carbohydrate biosynthetic process. A Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis revealed that these DEPs participated in DNA replication and starch and sucrose metabolism pathways. The downregulated A5AY88, D7TJ35, D7SU26, F6HJI1, and F6GUE7 may have a role in cross incompatibility. This study revealed the cross incompatibility of grapes at histological and proteomic levels.
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Sommer, Jonas, Andreas Kunzmann, Lara E. Stuthmann, and Karin Springer. "The antioxidative potential of sea grapes (Caulerpa lentillifera, Chlorophyta) can be triggered by light to reach comparable values of pomegranate and other highly nutritious fruits." Plant Physiology Reports 27, no. 1 (January 7, 2022): 186–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40502-021-00637-6.
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AbstractThe interest in edible sea grapes (Caulerpa lentillifera) is increasing due to their potentially beneficial effect on human health. This macroalga, already used for direct and indirect human consumption, is grown in aquacultures in Vietnam and The Philippines. Here, the edible fronds of sea grapes were examined for their antioxidant activity (AOA) at light intensities from 140 to 300 µmol photons m−2 s−1 and compared to commercially dehydrated C. lentillifera and the renowned highly antioxidative fruits Pomegranates (Punica granatum), Goji (Lycium barbarum and L. chinense) and Aronia (Aronia melanocarpa) berries, using an ABTS+-assay for all samples. AOA of fronds exposed to 300 µmol photons m−2 s−1 for 14 days increased by about 320% from the initial value of 72.2 ± 5.6 to 232.2 ± 34.2 Trolox Equivalents (TE) mmol 100 g−1 dry weight (DW) onto the level of Pomegranates (272.8 ± 23.0 TE mmol 100 g−1 DW). This application could be used as a post-cultivation treatment in sea grape cultures to increase the quality and nutritional value of the product.
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Dalbó, M. A., G. N. Ye, N. F. Weeden, H. Steinkellner, K. M. Sefc, and B. I. Reisch. "A gene controlling sex in grapevines placed on a molecular marker-based genetic map." Genome 43, no. 2 (March 15, 2000): 333–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g99-136.
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Genetic maps of Vitis (2n = 38) have been constructed from an interspecific hybrid population of 58 seedlings of the cross 'Horizon' ('Seyval' × 'Schuyler') × Illinois 547-1 (V. cinerea B9 × V. rupestris B38). The maps were initially constructed based on 277 RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) markers using a double-pseudotestcross strategy. Subsequently, 25 microsatellites, 4 CAPS (cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence), and 12 AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) markers were added to the maps. Another 120 markers, mostly those segregating 3:1, were also assigned but not positioned on the linkage groups in the two maps. The 'Horizon' map consisted of 153 markers covering 1199 cM, with an average map distance of 7.6 cM between markers. The Illinois 547-1 map had 179 markers covering 1470 cM, with an average map distance of 8.1 cM. There were 20 linkage groups in each map, one more than the basic number of chromosomes in grapes. Ten linkage groups in each map were identified as homologous using 16 microsatellite and 2 CAPS markers polymorphic in both parents. A single locus controlling sex in grapes mapped close to a microsatellite marker. These maps provide enough coverage of the genome for QTL (quantitative trait loci) analysis and as a starting point for positional gene cloning in grapes. Key words: Vitis, RAPD, microsatellite, SSR, CAPS.
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Giugno, Rosalba, Vincenzo Bonnici, Nicola Bombieri, Alfredo Pulvirenti, Alfredo Ferro, and Dennis Shasha. "GRAPES: A Software for Parallel Searching on Biological Graphs Targeting Multi-Core Architectures." PLoS ONE 8, no. 10 (October 22, 2013): e76911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0076911.
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Kadir, Sorkel, Michael Von Weihe, and Kassim Al-Khatib. "Photochemical Efficiency and Recovery of Photosystem II in Grapes After Exposure to Sudden and Gradual Heat Stress." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 132, no. 6 (November 2007): 764–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.132.6.764.
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Damage and capacity to recover of photosystem II (PSII) from long exposures to heat stress were investigated in grapes using chlorophyll fluorescence. Two wine grapes, Vitis aestivalis Michx. cv. ‘Cynthiana’ and French-American hybrid ‘Vignoles’ (Vitis L. hybrid), were exposed to a sudden heat shock (SHS) and a gradual heat shock (GHS) at 40/35 °C. After heat stress, plants were moved to a greenhouse to allow PSII to recover from heat treatments. Changes in maximum quantum efficiency of PSII, indicated by the ratio of variable fluorescence and maximum fluorescence (Fv/Fm), were observed after 3, 6, and 12 days of heat stress and after 3, 7, 14, and 21 days recovery periods of damage to PSII. Total leaf area (LA) and leaf, shoot, and root biomass were determined at the end of the experiment. Regardless of the heat treatment, increasing duration of exposure to high temperature caused a decline in Fv/Fm in both cultivars. Heat stress treatments also caused a progressive decline in LA as well as leaf and shoot biomass. Maximum quantum efficiency of PSII was observed after 3 days of exposure in both cultivars, regardless of the heat stress treatment. ‘Vignoles’, however, showed higher PSII photochemical efficiency 12 days after heat exposure. GHS was less detrimental to PSII compared with SHS heat treatment. The damaged PSII of ‘Vignoles’ recovered faster than that of ‘Cynthiana’. A positive relationship was observed between Fv/Fm and LA of plants exposed to heat treatments. Based on Fv/Fm values, this study indicates that PSII of ‘Vignoles’ is more thermostable and can recover faster than that of ‘Cynthiana’ leaves, regardless of the heat treatment. These results suggest that ‘Vignoles’ is generally more heat-tolerant than ‘Cynthiana’ and changes in Fv/Fm ratio under heat stress conditions could be a good indicator for screening heat-resistant grape cultivars.
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Xie, Zhenqiang, Ziwen Su, Wenran Wang, Le Guan, Yunhe Bai, Xudong Zhu, Xicheng Wang, Haifeng Jia, Jinggui Fang, and Chen Wang. "Characterization of VvSPL18 and Its Expression in Response to Exogenous Hormones during Grape Berry Development and Ripening." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 159, no. 2 (2019): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000503912.
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The sequence and structure of grape SBP-box-like18 (VvSPL18) were identified and characterized to explore its regulatory roles during grape berry development and ripening. Homologous conservation across diverse plant species was observed, and its potential function and modulated roles in grapes were investigated. The results showed that VvSPL18 has an ORF sequence of 1,137 bp, encodes 378 amino acids, and is located on chromosome 14 of grapevine. VvSPL18 has the closest relationship with its homolog in soybeans. The promoter of VvSPL18 contains cis-elements responsive to gibberellins (GA) and salicylic acid (SA), indicating that this gene might respond to these hormones involved in the modulation of grape berry. VvSPL18 is mainly distributed in the nucleus. Expression profiles showed that VvSPL18 is highly expressed only at the veraison stage of the grape berry and is slightly expressed in other phases. RNA-seq data also revealed that VvSPL18 might participate in the modulation of grape berry development and ripening. Treatment with diverse hormones demonstrated that abscisic acid (ABA) had almost no effect on its expression, whereas naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) significantly upregulated its expression at the veraison stage. We also found that VvSPL18 has a GA-responsive cis-element but no NAA-responsive cis-element. GA could promote the expression of VvSPL18 with a peak at an earlier stage than NAA, suggesting that VvSPL18 responds faster to GA than to NAA. This result indicates that VvSPL18 might modulate berry development at this phase through an ABA-independent pathway, and it might directly respond to GA, but indirectly to NAA. Our findings provide insights into the functions of VvSPL18 in mediating grape berry development and ripening.
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Miao, Yuanyuan, Huan Wang, Xiaoyu Xu, Piping Ye, Huimin Wu, Ruirui Zhao, Xuewei Shi, and Fei Cai. "Chemical and Sensory Characteristics of Different Red Grapes Grown in Xinjiang, China: Insights into Wines Composition." Fermentation 8, no. 12 (November 29, 2022): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8120689.
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Globally, the red wine market experienced a rapid growth in the last decade, due to the superior colour, taste, and nutritional quality. The red grapes used for vinification have individual characteristics varying within the regional environment. In this study, the quality of seven grape cultivars, including Marselan, Yan 73, Muscat Hamburg, Kadarka, Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Crimpose, and their corresponding wines, were investigated based on high-performance liquid chromatography and headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. These techniques were performed to analyze the chemical compositions and volatile compounds of the tested samples, respectively. The results showed that tartaric acid (29.96% to 73.45%) and rutin (12.53% to 56.54%) were the dominant organic acid and phenolic compounds in grapes, respectively. Higher concentrations of organic acids and phenolic compounds, and the types of volatile compounds, were observed to be highest in the Cabernet Sauvignon grape. The antioxidant activity of wines ranged from 6.74 to 102.68 mmol TE/L, and Yan 73 wine had the highest antioxidant activity. A total of 69 volatile compounds consisting of 17 alcohols, 26 esters, 5 aldehydes, 9 acids, 7 ketones, and 5 other volatile compounds were identified in all tested wines, and 11 important aroma active substances (odor activity value > 1) were selected, consisting of β-ionone, phenethyl acetate, geranyl acetate, ethyl 9-decenoate, ethyl caprate, ethyl pelargonate, decanal, ethyl caprylate, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, methyl 2-hexenoate, and ethyl hexanoate, which endow wines with a unique aroma. This work clearly describes the chemical and sensory characteristics of seven red grape cultivars in Xinjiang of China and provides diversity options for cultivars for winemaking.
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Rodríguez-Declet, Arleen, Antonio Castro-Marín, Alessandra Lombini, Onur Sevindik, Serkan Selli, Fabio Chinnici, and Adamo Domenico Rombolà. "Characterization of Berry Aromatic Profile of cv. Trebbiano Romagnolo Grapes and Effects of Intercropping with Salvia officinalis L." Agronomy 12, no. 2 (January 29, 2022): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12020344.
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Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are secondary metabolites responsible for the aroma of grapes and the quality of wine. Apart from genetics, agronomic practices may impact the aroma composition and the concentration of volatiles in grape berries. The possible influence of intercropping with medicinal aromatic plants (MAPs) on the VOCs in grape berries’ profile has been poorly explored. Trebbiano Romagnolo is a white Vitis vinifera cultivar cultivated within the Italia region Emilia-Romagna. The study investigated, for the first time, the volatile organic profile of Trebbiano Romagnolo berries as well as the possible influences of intercropping with sage (Salvia officinalis L.) on the volatile composition of grape berries. A total of 48 free and bound aroma compounds were identified using solid phase extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPE-GC-MS). In the free aroma fraction, the main classes were C6 derivatives, alcohols, and benzenes, while in the bound aroma fraction, the major classes were benzenes, C13 norisoprenoids, and terpenes. The results obtained in this experiment indicate that intercropping with Salvia officinalis may influence volatile compounds in grape berries, an interesting result in cultivars considered neutral such as Trebbiano Romagnolo, providing new insights for exploring the complexity of the terroir and the role of agroecological strategies.