Academic literature on the topic 'Grapes Composition'
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Journal articles on the topic "Grapes Composition"
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Pérez-Álvarez, Eva P., Diego S. Intrigliolo, María Pilar Almajano, Pilar Rubio-Bretón, and Teresa Garde-Cerdán. "Effects of Water Deficit Irrigation on Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Monastrell Grapes under Semiarid Conditions." Antioxidants 10, no. 8 (August 18, 2021): 1301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10081301.
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The high phenolic compound content of grapes makes them an important source of natural antioxidants, among other beneficial health properties. Vineyard irrigation might affect berry composition and quality. Regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) is a widely used strategy to reduce the possible negative impact of irrigation on grapes, improving grape composition and resulting in water savings. Monastrell grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) grown in eastern Spain were subjected to two water regime strategies: rainfed (non-irrigation) and RDI. The content of anthocyanins, flavonols, flavanols, hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids, and stilbenes was determined by HPLC and was related with total phenolic content and three antioxidant activity methods (ABTS, DPPH, and ORAC). The study aimed to evaluate and compare the phenolic composition and antioxidant potential of Monastrell grapes. The rainfed regime concentrated grapes in terms of phenolic compounds. Thus, total content of anthocyanins, flavonols, flavanols, hydroxybenzoic acids, and total phenols were higher in the rainfed grapes than in the RDI ones. Besides, the rainfed grapes doubled their antioxidant potential with respect to the RDI grapes with the ORAC method. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity by ORAC assay positively correlated with most of the total phenolic compounds analyzed. This study demonstrates how field practices can modulate final grape composition in relation to their antioxidant activity.
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Medina-Plaza, Cristina, Haley Meade, Nick Dokoozlian, Ravi Ponangi, Tom Blair, David E. Block, and Anita Oberholster. "Investigating the Relation between Skin Cell Wall Composition and Phenolic Extractability in Cabernet Sauvignon Wines." Fermentation 8, no. 8 (August 18, 2022): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8080401.
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In this study, phenolic extractability of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes from two California regions (Sonoma County and Central Coast) and its relation with skin cell wall composition was investigated. Phenolic grape composition, wine phenolic content as well as berry and pomace cell wall composition of three sites per region were determined. Grape cell wall material (CWM) composition, and thus pomace CWM composition, was impacted by the growing region. The process of fermentation modified CWM composition, solubilizing some of the compounds such as pectin and polysaccharides making pomace CWM composition from different sites more similar in the case of Sonoma County and more different for the samples grown in the Central Coast. Growing region had a significant impact on grape phenolics, particularly on flavan−3-ols and polymeric phenols, whereas polymeric pigments and anthocyanin contents were more similar among samples. Wines made from Sonoma County grapes showed higher anthocyanin and polymeric phenol content when compared to wines made from Central Coast grapes. Comparing wine to grape phenolic composition suggests a large difference in extractability based on region. Of all the CWM components analyzed, only lignin and the amount of cell wall isolated were found to have a significant impact on phenolic extractability.
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Kellner, N., E. Antal, A. Szabó, and R. Matolcsi. "The effect of black rot on grape berry composition." Acta Alimentaria 51, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 126–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/066.2021.00195.
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Abstract Guignardia bidwellii, indigenous to North America, is a significant pathogen of grapes long known in Hungary, infecting only the growing green parts of the vine (leaves, petioles, shoots, and bunches). In the absence of adequate plant protection and extreme weather conditions such as a predominantly humid, warm year, black rot of grapes can be expected. The pathogen can cause high yield losses due to grape rot and reduce wine quality if the infection is severe. The evolution of certain biogenic amine compounds were investigated under the influence of grape black rot. The results obtained showed that they were present in low concentrations from an oenological point of view. Polyphenol composition was consistent with the literature, blackening affected mainly the concentration of catechin. Black rot fungus does not produce β-glucosidase enzyme. In terms of resveratrol content, black rot has no particular effect. However, like Botrytis cinerea, it produces glycerol and, proportionally, gluconic acid in lower concentrations. It can be concluded that black rot of grapes does not cause health problems when introduced into wine processing.
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Wang, Ying, Tingting Xue, Xing Han, Lingxiao Guan, Liang Zhang, Hua Wang, and Hua Li. "Kaolin Particle Film Affects Grapevine Berry Quality in cv. Meili in Humid Climate Conditions." HortScience 55, no. 12 (December 2020): 1987–2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci15364-20.
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Kaolin particle film (KPF) is an aqueous formulation of chemically inert mineral particles that can be sprayed on the surface of crops to form a protective film, resulting in increased fruit yield and quality. In this work, the effects of kaolin-based, foliar reflectant particle film on grape composition and volatile compounds in ‘Meili’ (Vitis vinifera L.) grapes were investigated under different growth stages over two growing seasons. The 100-berry weight and titratable acid content were decreased, and the sugar and soluble solid contents were increased in grapes of plants treated with kaolin over 2 years. Compared with grapes from plants not sprayed with kaolin, the levels of total phenol, flavonoid, flavanol, tannin, and anthocyanins of grapes from plants treated with kaolin for 2 years were mostly increased. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis also revealed an increased content of monomeric anthocyanin and changed anthocyanin composition. However, there was little effect on the volatile compounds in the grapes. These results demonstrate that KPF can facilitate the accumulation of sugar and phenolics, thereby improving grape quality even in a humid climate.
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Pons, Alexandre, Lucile Allamy, Armin Schüttler, Doris Rauhut, Cécile Thibon, and Philippe Darriet. "What is the expected impact of climate change on wine aroma compounds and their precursors in grape?" OENO One 51, no. 2 (May 15, 2017): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2017.51.2.1868.
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The intrinsic quality of a wine is strongly linked with its volatile compound composition involved in the complexity of wine’s subtle flavor nuances. Those reminiscent of green pepper, herbaceous, blackcurrant, blackberry, figs or prunes are strongly linked with the maturity of the grapes. Nowadays it is well accepted that macroscopic effects of climate change modify the environmental conditions of grape growing at local scale in all the vineyards across the world. The expected effects on grape and wine production can be positive when they increase the maturity of the grapes, but when the conditions are too warm and too dry they induce opposite effects producing grapes and wines with a lower intrinsic quality. These effects were perceived in young wines but also in older wines kept several years in bottle.In this article, we provide some examples of effects of climate change and growing conditions on grapevine and wine quality expressed as flavors and antioxidant composition. We also report some results associated with the incidence of grape growing conditions on white and red wine aging potential and on the composition of old wines.Finally, we discuss the opportunities for vine growers and winemakers to manage the quality of their grapes and wines in this climate change context.
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Odinayev, Mirzamad, Khasan Buriev, Komolitdin Sultonov, and Shamshoda Eralieva. "Analysis of mechanical properties, biochemical composition and technological parameters of grape (Vitis) raisin varieties in conditions of Uzbekistan." E3S Web of Conferences 284 (2021): 03023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128403023.
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This article describes the agrobiological characteristics of grapes (Vitis) raisins (Hermione) grown in Uzbekistan, the mechanical and biochemical composition of the grape and the technological - raisin (Hermione) indicators of large grape varieties. The highest sugar content in Hermione was found in the Sultani variety at 70.9%, while in the Kara Djandjal variety it was also insignificant compared to control (64.6%). The highest organoleptic value of hermione product made from raisin varieties of grapes was recorded in Sultani and Hussaine nutmeg varieties. It was observed that the tasting value of hermione products made from grapes of this variety is the highest - 8.0 and 7.9 points, respectively, for varieties.
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Pons, Alexandre, Lucile Allamy, Armin Schüttler, Doris Rauhut, Cécile Thibon, and Philippe Darriet. "What is the expected impact of climate change on wine aroma compounds and their precursors in grape?" OENO One 51, no. 2 (May 15, 2017): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2016.0.0.1868.
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<p>The intrinsic quality of a wine is strongly linked with its volatile compound composition involved in the complexity of wine’s subtle flavor nuances. Those reminiscent of green pepper, herbaceous, blackcurrant, blackberry, figs or prunes are strongly linked with the maturity of the grapes. Nowadays it is well accepted that macroscopic effects of climate change modify the environmental conditions of grape growing at local scale in all the vineyards across the world. The expected effects on grape and wine production can be positive when they increase the maturity of the grapes, but when the conditions are too warm and too dry they induce opposite effects producing grapes and wines with a lower intrinsic quality. These effects were perceived in young wines but also in older wines kept several years in bottle.</p><p>In this article, we provide some examples of effects of climate change and growing conditions on grapevine and wine quality expressed as flavors and antioxidant composition. We also report some results associated with the incidence of grape growing conditions on white and red wine aging potential and on the composition of old wines.</p><p>Finally, we discuss the opportunities for vine growers and winemakers to manage the quality of their grapes and wines in this climate change context.<strong></strong></p>
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Chursina, Olga, Viktor Zagorouiko, Ludmila Legasheva, Alina Martynovskaya, and Marina Prostak. "Evaluation of technological characteristics of Crimean native grape variety ‘Shabash’ for brandy production." E3S Web of Conferences 175 (2020): 08007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017508007.
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The article presents the results of study of physicochemical and biochemical parameters of the Crimean native grape variety ‘Shabash’ and their influence on the composition of aroma-forming complex of wine materials and young brandy distillates. The phenolic complex of grapes was characterized by higher parameters of technological stock of phenolic substances of grapes, the ability of grapes to give off phenolic substances in grape-crushing, the weight concentration of phenolic substances of the must after maceration. The resulting wine materials also differed by a high content of phenolic substances and the degree of their oxidation. Main features of the composition of the base aroma-forming components of brandy wine materials and distillates, characterized by an increased content of higher alcohols and a reduced content of medium-chain esters, were revealed. A close connection of a number of parameters of grapes with the composition of the volatile components of wine materials and distillates was established. It is shown that the native variety possesses high potential for the fine brandy production using the technology of single variety. The studies conducted are the stage of the scientifically grounded formation of the base of row materials for brandy production in the Russian Federation.
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Ju, Yan-lun, Xiao-feng Yue, Xue-ying Cao, and Yu-lin Fang. "Targeted Metabolomic and Transcript Level Analysis Reveals Quality Characteristic of Chinese Wild Grapes (Vitis davidii Foex)." Foods 9, no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 1387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9101387.
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Native to China, spine grapes (Vitis davidii Foex) are an important wild grape species. Here, the quality characteristics of one white and three red spine grape clones were evaluated via targeted metabolomic and transcription level analysis. Xiangzhenzhu (XZZ) had the highest soluble sugar and organic acid content. Malvidin-3-acetyl-glucoside and cyanidin-3-glucoside were the characteristic anthocyanins in spine grapes, and significant differences in anthocyanin composition between different clones were detected. Anthocyanins were not detected in Baiyu (BY) grapes. The transcript levels of VdGST, VdF3′H, VdOMT, VdLDOX, and VdUFGT were significantly related to the anthocyanin biosynthesis and proportions. A total of 27 kinds of glycosidically bound volatiles (including alcohols, monoterpenes, esters, aldehydes, ketones, and phenolic acid) were identified in spine grapes, with Gaoshan #4 (G4) and BY grapes having the highest concentrations. The VdGT expression levels were closely related to glycosidically bound volatile concentrations. These results increase our understanding of the quality of wild spine grapes and further promote the development and use of wild grape resources.
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Jiang, WenWen, Mango Parker, Yoji Hayasaka, Con Simos, and Markus Herderich. "Compositional Changes in Grapes and Leaves as a Consequence of Smoke Exposure of Vineyards from Multiple Bushfires across a Ripening Season." Molecules 26, no. 11 (May 26, 2021): 3187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113187.
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The negative effects of smoke exposure of grapes in vineyards that are close to harvest are well documented. Volatile phenols in smoke from forest and grass fires can contaminate berries and, upon uptake, are readily converted into a range of glycosylated grape metabolites. These phenolic glycosides and corresponding volatile phenols are extracted into the must and carried through the winemaking process, leading to wines with overtly smoky aromas and flavours. As a result, smoke exposure of grapes can cause significant quality defects in wine, and may render grapes and wine unfit for sale, with substantial negative economic impacts. Until now, however, very little has been known about the impact on grape composition of smoke exposure very early in the season, when grapes are small, hard and green, as occurred with many fires in the 2019–20 Australian grapegrowing season. This research summarises the compositional consequences of cumulative bushfire smoke exposure of grapes and leaves, it establishes detailed profiles of volatile phenols and phenolic glycosides in samples from six commercial Chardonnay and Shiraz blocks throughout berry ripening and examines the observed effects in the context of vineyard location and timing of smoke exposure. In addition, we demonstrate the potential of some phenolic glycosides in leaves to serve as additional biomarkers for smoke exposure of vineyards.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Grapes Composition"
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McCarthy, Michael G. "Effect of timing of water deficit on fruit development and composition of Vitis vinifera cv. Shiraz /." Title page, contents and summary only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phm1233.pdf.
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Gray, John D. "The basis of variation in the size and composition of grape berries." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2002. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phg7794.pdf.
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"Department of Horticulture, Viticulture and Oenology, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resource Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond S.A." Bibliography: leaves 136-149 This investigated focussed on selected aspects of berry development and ripening that were subject to variation. Shiraz and Chardonnay were chosen as experimental varieties because these cultivars presented a large range of variability in the field. The extent of the variation within each of the recorded berry parameters was assessed using the coefficient of variation (CV), a unitless measure of sample variability relative to the sample mean, ideally suited to comparative studies.
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Phelan, Patrick G. "INFLUENCE OF CROP LOAD ON FRUIT COMPOSITION USING PINOT NOIR GRAPES." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2009. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/206.
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ABSTRACT
Influence of Crop Load on Fruit Composition Using Pinot Noir Grapes
Patrick G. Phelan
November 2009
The two seasons for this trial were conducted in 2002 and 2003 at Bien Nacido Vineyard in Santa Maria, California. The trial consisted of pinot noir wine grapes clone 2a, grown on 101-14 rootstock. There were eight treatments with a control consisting of 25 vines per treatment, and 50 vines for the control.
The primary objective of this research experiment was to conduct different vine balance procedures and compare them to the amount of wine phenolics. The vines were altered with two procedures. First was crop yield; fruit thinning altered the treatments by providing four different crop loads and a control. The treatment levels were signified as one ton, two ton, three ton, four ton, and control. The second procedure was timing of fruit thinning. Four different crop loads were split in half giving rise to eight treatments and a control. With four of the treatments the fruit was dropped post-bloom, and the other four treatments were dropped at seventy five percent veraison. Equal amounts of early and late thinning were combined and made into wine which gave four different crop load wines and a control wine. This process was done in 2002 and repeated in 2003. Additionally, other vine growth parameters were analyzed to determine the role that crop load and timing of thinning had in their development.
Seven variables were analyzed from prunings, clusters, juice, and wine samples. They consisted of berry size, cluster weight, titratable acidity, pH, total soluble solids, phenolic profile
(consisting of eleven components), and shoot weight. The results indicated that the following were statistically significant: (1) titratable acidity was significantly different between the 2002 and 2003 growing seasons, (2) total soluble solids showed a significant difference between the early fruit thinning versus the late thinning, (3) berry size in 2002 showed a statistically significant effect of drop date on the mean caliper size, (4) in 2002 the berry size also showed a statistically significant interaction between drop level and drop date, (5) berry size in 2003 showed a statistically significant effect of drop level on the mean caliper size, (6) in 2003 there is also a statistically significant effect of drop date on the mean caliper size, (7) again in 2003 there is a statistically significant interaction between drop level and drop date, (8) cluster weights in 2002 showed a statistically significant relationship between drop level and average cluster weight, (9) in 2002 cluster weights also showed an effect of the time of fruit drop on the average cluster weight, (10) cluster weights in 2003 showed a statistically significant relationship between drop level and the average cluster weight, (11) pruning weights in 2002 showed a statistically significant relationship between drop level and average shoot weight, (12) pruning weights in 2003 showed a statistically significant relationship between drop level and average shoot weight and finally, (13) of the eleven phenolic components measured, five differed significantly by year but not across the five treatments.
Information derived from this experiment suggests that the site is a high vigour location according to Robinson and Smart’s yield to pruning weight ratio. With this in mind we find that TA and pH were not a significant factor, but soluble solids (brix) ascertained a higher degree of brix with the late drop treatment. We conclude this to be an effect of both the high vigour site and more uniform fruit drop. In 2002 and 2003, we find a significant interaction between drop date and berry size with a late drop producing the smallest berries on average. Cluster weights varied between 2002 and 2003 and the results were inconclusive. Shoot weights along with harvest totals concluded a high vigour site. The one ton level in 2002 had a significantly higher average shoot weight than the three ton level (p<.001), four ton level (p=.006), and no fruit drop control (p<.001). There is also a significant relationship between drop time and average shoot weight in 2002 (p<.001), and 2003 (p=.049) with the late fruit drop being followed by a lower shoot weight. This significant relationship expressed that an early drop increased the shoot weight which contributed only more vigour to an already high vigour site. The ratio of yield to pruning weight for 2002 gave us a range of .39 to 1.78, and in 2003 the range was .32 to 1.36 concluding a high vigour site. The phenolic profile expressed a statistical difference by year, but was most likely caused by a varying fermentation temperature or different climatic conditions in 2002 and 2003.
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Cloete, Hanle. "The effect of shoot heterogeneity on the physiology and grape composition of Shiraz/Richter 99 grapevines." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50145.
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Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The effect of shoot heterogeneity on vegetative and reproductive growth parameters, vine physiology and grape composition was investigated in a ShirazlRichter 99 vineyard. Comparisons between underdeveloped (typically shorter and less ripened at véraison) and normally developed shoots in both shaded (non-manipulated) and well-exposed (manipulated) canopies were made. Compared to underdeveloped shoots, normal shoots had a larger total leaf area, due to the higher occurrence of secondary shoots as well as larger leaves on primary and secondary shoots. Since the photosynthetic activity of the leaves from normal shoots was higher than those from underdeveloped shoots, higher levels of carbohydrates were produced and stored in the former. Starch was more evenly distributed over the length of the whole shoot in normally developed shoots compared to underdeveloped shoots. Normally developed shoots were longer and thicker in diameter than underdeveloped shoots. The larger clusters of the normally developed shoots are evidence of their more favourable total leaf area per gram berry mass. Berries from the normally developed shoots were smaller at five weeks after véraison than those from underdeveloped shoots, displaying a higher skin to pulp ratio and therefore higher anthocyanin and total phenolic extraction potential for winemaking. The smaller clusters and fewer berries per cluster found for the underdeveloped shoots indicate an imbalance between vegetative and reproductive growth initiated during the vegetative growth phase and continued during the ripening period. The peculiar absence of statistically significant differences in grape composition between normally and underdeveloped shoots indicates that assimilates needed for berry ripening of the latter originated in organs other than the leaves [e.g. from adjacent normal shoots and the rest of the permanent structure of the vine (cordon, trunk, roots)]. The larger differences in berry size that occurred between shoot types in the shaded compared to the well-exposed canopies may be evidence for this. The photosynthetic activity of shoots was lower in shaded than in exposed canopies. The total carbohydrate production of the normal shoots in shaded canopies seemed insufficient to supply in the ripening needs of the shoot itself, their own clusters as well as the ripening of stem tissue and clusters of the underdeveloped shoots in the canopy. This is illustrated by the lower levels of starch that accumulated in the normal shoots from shaded compared to that of exposed canopies. Vine shoot heterogeneity clearly leads to visible and physiological imbalances that would impact negatively on grape and wine quality as well as production costs and should therefore be avoided on any terroir.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie studie is die effek van heterogene lootontwikkeling in die lower van 'n ShirazlRichter 99 wingerd ondersoek. Vergelykings is getref tussen normale en onderontwikkelde lote in beskadude en blootgestelde lowers ten opsigte van hul vegetatiewe en reproduktiewe groeieienskappe, fisiologiese aktiwiteit en druifsamestelling en -gehalte. 'n Groter totale blaaroppervlak het by die normaalontwikkelde lote voorgekom as gevolg van die groter aantal sekondêre lote en groter primêre en sekondêre blare. Aangesien die blare van die normaal ontwikkelde lote fotosinteties meer aktief was as dié van onderontwikkelde lote, het die eersgenoemde lote groter hoeveelhede koolhidrate geproduseer en gestoor. Styselopberging het meer eweredig oor die lengte van die normale lote plaasgevind. Laasgenoemde lote was ook heelwat langer en dikker in deursnee as die onderontwikkelde lote. Die gunstiger totale blaaroppervlak per korrelmassa verhouding van die normale lote is duidelik weerspieêl in die groter trosse, terwyl die kleiner korrels (en dus die groter dop:pulp verhouding) op 'n groter potensiaal vir kleur- en fenolekstraksie tydens die wynbereidingsproses dui. Die kleiner trosse en kleiner aantal korrels per tros wat by die onderontwikkelde lote gevind is, dui op 'n wanbalans tussen die vegetatiewe en reproduktiewe groei van die loot wat tydens die vegetatiewe groeifase van die wingerdstok geïnisieer is en tydens die rypwordingsperiode voortgesit is. Die vreemde afwesigheid van enige statisties betekenisvolle verskille in druifsamestelling tussen die normale en onderontwikkelde lote dui daarop dat die verbindings wat vir die rypmaking van trosse op onderontwikkelde lote aangewend is, waarskynlik van ander wingerdorgane (bv. naasliggende lote, kordonarms, stam, wortels) as die spesifieke loot se blare afkomstig was. Die waarneming dat die korrelgroottes van normale en onderontwikkelde lote meer van mekaar verskil het in die beskadude as blootgestelde lowers, kan moontlik as bewys hiervoor dien. Die fotosintetiese aktiwiteit van beide loottipes was laer in die skaduryke lowers. Die koolhidrate wat deur normaalontwikkelde lote in skadu-Iowers geproduseer is, was oênskynlik onvoldoende vir die rypmaking van die loot self, die spesifieke loot se trosse, asook die trosse en lootweefsel van naasliggende onderontwikkelde lote. Hierdie bewerings word gerugsteun deur die laer vlakke van styselakkumulasie wat by die normale lote in beskadude lowers gevind is. Aangesien heterogene lootontwikkeling en -groei duidelike sigbare en fisiologiese wanbalanse in die wingerdstok tot gevolg het wat negatief op druifsamestelling, wyngehalte en produksiekoste inwerk, behoort dit in kommersiêle wingerde vermy te word.
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Van, Noordwyk Marelize. "Interaction of water deficit, canopy modification and ripening : effect on the phenolic and colour composition of Shiraz grapes & subsequent wine." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71763.
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Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Phenolic compounds are important quality indicators of a red wine, as they can contribute to the colour of a young red wine, colour stability during ageing as well as astringency, bitterness, body and overall mouthfeel properties. Wine composition is commonly influenced by winemaking and viticultural practices. In South Africa it often happens that vines are excessively vigorous, resulting in canopies that are too dense, which in turn could have a negative effect on the quantity and quality of the grapes produced. Viticultural practices such as judicious canopy management and irrigation are designed to control vine vigour and yield, thus improving fruit ripening and colour development. Artificial shading and water deficit have been reported to have an influence on the sensory properties of red wine as well as on the flavonoid composition. These effects are dependent on a number of factors, however, including the season, cultivar, light intensity, and the extent and timing of water deficit. There is limited research on the possible interactive effects of grapevine water deficits and canopy manipulation on grape and wine flavonoid composition in Shiraz, as well as the relationships between berry and wine composition. We thus investigated the effect of canopy reduction in combination with water deficit on the phenolic and colour composition of Shiraz grapes at different levels of ripeness, and in their corresponding wines after alcoholic and malolactic fermentation as well as after six months’ ageing. This study found that it is possible to improve the phenolic composition of grapes and wine by shoot removal, and some of the tendencies in the wines were also observed after the ageing period. If the shoot removal is not performed at a very early stage, sunburn damage can occur and this will result in berries with a lower mass and volume at harvest due to excessive exposure without the berry having adapted to the imposed conditions. Harvesting at different ripeness levels also affected the chemical and phenolic composition of the grapes and resulting wines. The water deficit effect on most phenolic parameters measured in the grapes and wine was not as prominent as that of the canopy manipulation treatment. This study improved our understanding of how an improvement in the canopy microclimate of Shiraz could be reflected in the phenolic composition of wines, along with a potentially important effect of harvesting date. On this basis it may be possible to attain a specific wine style. Harvesting at a ripe stage, for example, could result in the production of wines with higher colour density and astringency, while unripe grapes could result in wines with higher levels of perceivable fresh berry attributes. In particular, canopy reduction could increase the astringency and body of wines made from grapes subjected to water deficit.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Fenoliese verbindings is belangrike kwaliteitsparameters van rooiwyn, aangesien dit kan bydra tot die kleur van ‘n rooiwyn, kleurstabiliteit tydens veroudering sowel as frankheid, bitterigheid en mondgevoel. ‘n Wyn se fenoliese samestelling word algemeen bepaal deur wynmaak- en wingerdkundige praktyke. In Suid-Afrika gebeur dit gereeld dat wingerde uitermatig groeikragtig is, wat lei tot te digte lower wat sodoende ‘n negatiewe effek op kwantiteit en kwaliteit van die druiwe wat geproduseer word, het. Wingerdkundige praktyke soos oordeelkundige lowerbestuur en besproeiing is ontwerp om wingerdstokke se groeikrag en opbrengs te beheer, en sodoende vrugrypwording en kleurontwikkeling te verbeter. Kunsmatige beskaduwing en waterstres is gerapporteer om ‘n invloed te hê op die sensoriese eienskappe van rooiwyn sowel as op die flavonoïedsamestelling. Hierdie effekte is egter afhanklik van ‘n verskeidenheid faktore, insluitende die seisoen, kultivar, ligintensiteit en die mate en tyd van waterstres toegepas. Daar is beperkte navorsing op die moontlike interaktiewe effekte van waterstres en lowermanipulasie op die druif en wyn flavonoïedsamestelling in Shiraz, sowel as die verhoudings tussen druif en wyn samestelling. Ons het dus die effekte van lowerbestuur in kombinasie met waterstres op die fenoliese en kleursamestelling van Shiraz druiwe by verskillende rypheidsvlakke ondersoek, asook in hul ooreenstemmende wyne na alkoholieseen appelmelksuurfermentasie sowel as na ses maande veroudering. Hierdie studie het gevind dat dit moontlik is om die fenoliese samestelling van druiwe en wyn deur lootverwydering te verbeter, en sommige van die tendense is ook waargeneem in die wyn na die verouderingsperiode. Indien lootverwydering nie toegepas word by ‘n baie vroeë stadium nie, kan sonbrand voorkom en dit kan lei tot korrels met ‘n laer massa en volume by oes as gevolg van oormatige blootstelling sonder dat die korrel aangepas het by die spesifieke kondisies. Oes by verskillende rypheidsvlakke affekteer ook die chemiese en fenoliese samestelling van die druiwe en ooreenstemmende wyne. Die waterstreseffek op meeste van die fenoliese parameters gemeet in druiwe en wyn was nie so prominent soos dié van die lowermanipulasie behandeling nie. Hierdie studie het ons begrip verbeter van hoe ‘n verbetering van die lower mikroklimaat van Shiraz gereflekteer kan word op die fenoliese samestelling van die wyn, saam met ‘n potensiële belangrike effek van oesdatum. Op grond van hierdie basis is dit dus moontlik om ‘n spesifieke wynstyl te verkry. Oes by ‘n ryp stadium, byvoorbeeld, kan die produksie van wyn met ‘n hoër kleurdigtheid en frankheid tot gevolg hê, terwyl onryp druiwe wyne met hoër vlakke van waarneembare vars bessiekenmerke tot gevolg kan hê. Verlaging van lowerdigtheid kan veral die frankheid en mondgevoel van wyne gemaak van druiwe blootgestel aan waterstres, verbeter.
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McCarthy, Michael G. "Influence of irrigation, crop thinning and canopy manipulation on composition and aroma of riesling grapes /." Title page, contents and summary only, 1986. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09A/09am123.pdf.
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Human, Michael Adriaan. "Effect of shading and ethephon on the anthocyanin composition of ‘Crimson seedless’ (Vitis vinifera L.)." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5337.
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Thesis (MScAgric (Viticulture and Oenology)--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: ‘Crimson Seedless’ is currently one of the most important and popular table grape cultivars produced in South Africa, and as such it is of great economic value for table grape producers. Major concerns with ‘Crimson Seedless’ is that it is prone to inadequate colouring, and with increased yields the berry size decreases. An additional difficulty is that methods used to increase berry size, further impede berry colouring. A plant growth regulator (PGR) commonly used in table grape production, to enhance colour formation, is ethephon (2-chloro-ethyl-phosphonic acid, 2-CEPA). In recent years significant research has been done on the effect of sunlight on anthocyanin production in grapes, although this has primarily been on wine grape cultivars. Currently, there is limited knowledge on the effect of sunlight on table grapes, and how this might influence their anthocyanin composition and content. The effect of ethephon on colour of grapes and other fruit have been extensively researched and well documented. However, the effect of ethephon on the anthocyanin composition of ‘Crimson Seedless’ is not well known. The current study aimed to explore the effect of sunlight (by matter of exclusion) and management practices, namely defoliation and ethephon application, on the anthocyanin profile and content of ‘Crimson Seedless’. Four different treatments were applied to two ‘Crimson Seedless’ vineyards, the first site located in Paarl, and the second in De Doorns. The treatments were: 1. Naturally exposed bunches, 2. Exposed bunches treated with ethephon, 3. Bunches kept in shade boxes, 4. Shaded bunches treated with ethephon. At the De Doorns site an additional defoliation treatment was superimposed over the above treatments. An HPLC technique was modified for the separation and detailed profiling of ‘Crimson Seedless’ anthocyanins and was used to analyse the effect of the reported treatments on the anthocyanin profile of berry skins. The predominant anthocyanin in ‘Crimson Seedless’ is peonidin-3-glucoside (Pn-gluc), and this was found to be significantly increased only by ethephon application, and was not altered by sunlight or leaf removal. The responses of the other anthocyanin types varied according to the respective treatments applied. However, a general observation was that ethephon application more consistently increased the concentration of anthocyanins in berry skins than did sunlight. Leaf removal had the least significant effect on anthocyanin concentration.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMIMG: ‘Crimson Seedless’ is tans een van die belangrikste en gewildste tafeldruif cultivars wat in Suid-Afrika verbou word en daarom is dit van groot ekonomiese waarde vir tafeldruifprodusente. ‘Crimson Seedless’ is egter daarvoor bekend dat dit te swak kleur (volgens uitvoer spesifikasies) en tweedens is die cultivar geneig om kleiner korrels te ontwikkel wanneer die oeslading vermeerder word. ‘n Addisionele probleem is dat die praktyke wat in die industrie gebruik word om korrels te vergroot ‘n verdere negatiewe impak op ‘Crimson Seedless’ se kleur ontwikkeling kan veroorsaak. Die plant-groei-reguleerder wat algemeen in tafeldruif verbouing gebruik word, ten einde beter gekleurde druiwe te produseer, is ethephon (2-chloro-ethyl-phosphonic acid, 2-CEPA). In die laaste paar jaar was daar baie navorsing gedoen oor die effek wat sonlig het op die antosianien produksie van druiwe, maar navorsing was gefokus op wyndruif cultivars. Huidiglik is daar beperkte tegniese kennis oor die effek wat sonlig op tafeldruiwe het, en hoe dit moontlik die antosianien samestelling en inhoud kan beïnvloed. Daar is ook reeds verskeie studies gedoen en data gepubliseer oor die invloed wat ethephon op die kleur het van druiwe en ander vrugte, maar die invloed wat ethephon op die antosianien samestelling van ‘Crimson Seedless’ het, is nie wel bekend nie. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die effek van sonlig (deur uitsluiting) en bestuurspraktyke (blaarverwydering en ethephon toediening) te bestudeer en hoe dit die antosianien samestelling van ‘Crimson Seedless’ beïnvloed. Vier verskillende behandelings is toegedien in twee ‘Crimson Seedless’ wingerde, die eerste proefperseel in die Paarl en die tweede proefperseel in De Doorns. Die behandelings was: 1. Natuurlik blootgestelde trosse, 2. blootgestelde trosse met ethephon, 3. Trosse met skadubokse omhul, 4. Skaduboks trosse met ethephon. By De Doorns is ‘n addisionele blaarverwydering proef bygebring. ‘n HPLC tegniek was aangepas om die antosianien samestelling en inhoud van ‘Crimson Seedless’ te bepaal, en om die effek van die behandelings te ondersoek. Die HPLC data het getoon dat peonodien-3-glukosied (Pn-gluc) die primêre antosianien in ‘Crimson Seedless’ is met die hoogste inhoud van al die antosianiene. Pn-gluc was betekenisvol beïnvloed deur ethephon toediening, terwyl die ander behandelings geen betekenisvolle effekte daarop gehad het nie. Die effekte wat die ander antosianiene gehad het, het gevarieer volgens die behandelings wat toegedien was. ‘n Algemene observasie was dat ethephon toediening die antosianien konsentrasie in ‘Crimson Seedless’ druiwe skille meer konsekwent vermeerder het as die sonlig blootstelling. Die blaarverwydering het die minste betekenisvolle effek op die antosianien inhoud van ‘Crimson Seedless’ gehad.
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Iland, Patrick. "A study of Glycosides in grapes and wines of Vitis vinifera cv. Shiraz." Title page, contents and summary only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phI27.pdf.
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Includes a list of publications co-authored by the author during the preparation of this thesis. Bibliography: leaves 103-111. Studies the links between grape composition, wine composition and wine sensory properties. Developed a new method of measuring glycoside concentration in grapes (glycosyl-glucose assay) and a modified measurement of wine colour density in red wine. These were used to analyse samples of Shiraz grapes and wines from a comprehensive vineyard irrigation trial. Glycosyl-glucose concentrations shows promise for the prediction of wine composition and flavor intensity.
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Morsi, Taher Hussein. "Effects of vine architecture on water use, microclimate, fruit composition, and yield of Vitis vinifera L. 'Petite Sirah' grapevines." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185700.
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Effects of trellising on water use, absorption of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR, 400 to 700 nm wavelength) by foliage and potentially by fruit, fruit composition, and yield were studied in 1988 under semi-arid conditions on field-grown Vitis vinifera L. 'Petite Sirah' grapevines in a mature vineyard. The positioning of shoots on trellises resulted in canopies that were (1) positioned vertically (vertical canopy), (2) positioned in a "V" pattern with sides inclined 60° from horizontal (inclined canopy), and (3) inclined toward the vineyard floor (standard canopy). Seasonal water use values determined from neutron scattering data were 393 ± 61, 554 ± 73, and 455 ± 57 mm for the standard, vertical and inclined canopies, respectively. On average, about 50% of seasonal water consumption occurred between fruit set and filling stages for each type of canopy. Average crop factors (ratio of actual to reference crop evapotranspiration) of 0.383, 0.540 and 0.444 were for the period bud burst to harvest for standard, vertical and inclined canopy systems, respectively. The diurnal water use patterns of the three trellising canopies were very similar when measured by either the heat pulse technique or by porometer. The average daily heat pulse velocity (HPV) for selected vertical, inclined and standard canopies for 6 days were 8.77, 7.58 and 6.85 cm h⁻¹, respectively. The HPV technique indicated that the average daily water use of the whole plant was 0.227, 0.192 and 0.137 kg/m² leaf area/d for standard, vertical and inclined canopies, respectively. The daily average transpiration rates as measured by the HPV technique were 32, 31, and 25% higher than the average transpiration rates estimated from porometer data for standard, vertical and inclined canopies, respectively. Stomatal conductances of the vertical and inclined canopies were 20 and 40%, respectively, below that of standard canopy. PAR absorption by foliage during mid-day was highest in the standard trellis, and lowest in the inclined trellis. PAR potentially available for absorption by fruits was lowest in the standard trellis, and highest in the inclined trellis. In both inclined and vertical canopies, the average sunfleck values were 26%, but was only 2% in the standard canopy. Analysis of fruit composition at harvest revealed that total dissolved solids (°Brix) was significantly higher in the inclined trellis than for the vertical trellis or the standard trellis. The inclined trellis resulted in the highest alcohol content of wine. Per vine yields did not differ significantly among the three trellis systems. Overall, the standard trellis was optimum because grapevines consumed less water and produced a shading which protected the fruit from direct solar radiation.
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Strever, Albert (Albert Erasmus). "Non-destructive assessment of leaf composition as related to growth of the grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Shiraz)." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/19963.
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Thesis (PhD(Agric))--Stellenbosch University, 2012ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Field spectroscopy was used to study leaf composition and selected factors (including canopy growth manipulation and water status changes) that may impact on it in a Vitis vinifera cv. Shiraz vineyard, showing considerable variability in vigour. Temporal and spatial variability in leaf composition were incorporated into measurements by analysing leaves in different shoot positions and at different developmental stages during three different growing seasons. Irrigation and canopy manipulation treatments were also imposed in order to provide new insights into assessing the grapevine leaf and possibly also the canopy growth and ageing dynamics as well as pigment content, as a basis of executing a generally non-destructive measurement approach. Despite large climatic differences between the seasons, canopy size seemed of crucial importance in determining grapevine water relations in the grapevines from the different canopy manipulation treatments. Drastic compensation effects in terms of secondary shoot growth also followed the canopy reduction treatment. Despite this, canopy microclimate was apparently improved, considering the results from light measurements as well as the ripening dynamics in the reduced canopies. Reduced canopies also seemed to display a different canopy composition, in favour of secondary growth. This could have impacted positively on water use efficiency as well as ripening, due to higher photosynthetic efficiency of these leaves during the ripening stages. The reduced canopy treatments offered the possibility of attaining technological ripeness at an earlier stage and at comparatively lower potential alcohol levels. This study illustrated the relevance of considering the vegetative development of the grapevine, along with leaf ageing in the canopy, when conducting calibrated non-destructive measurements of leaf pigments, structure and water content. The relevance of using multivariate techniques in leaf spectroscopy was shown. This can be applied and simplified to aid in non-destructive leaf pigment, structure and water content estimation in future studies. Even with the general variation encountered in this vineyard, predictions of the major pigments in grapevine leaves were within acceptable error margins. Further work is required to improve the modelling of xanthophylls, which may require non-linear multivariate techniques. Logistical shoot growth modelling was used in leaf age estimation and classification, which made it possible to simplify statistical analysis of the leaf parameters mentioned. Practical application of the modelled and predicted parameters was shown for a specific period in season two by comparing the reaction of different treatments to developing water deficits. The results indicated that several parameters, with special mention of the carotenoid:chlorophyll ratio and chlorophyll a:b ratio, can be monitored on young and old leaves in the canopy in order to monitor developing water deficit stress. The modelled parameters, however, did not seem to be sensitive enough to allow specific prediction of predawn leaf water potential values. Specific leaf mass, equivalent water thickness, total specific leaf mass as well as leaf chronological age were successfully predicted from leaf spectral absorbance data, and this may be useful in future work on quantifying leaf adaptation to the micro-environment within the canopy.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Veldspektroskopie is gebruik om blaarsamestelling en spesifieke faktore (insluitend lowergroei manipulasie en waterstatus veranderinge) wat ‘n impak kan hê in ‘n Vitis vinifera cv. Shiraz wingerd, met beduidende variasie in groeikrag, te ondersoek. Ruimtelike, asook tydsgebonde, variasie in blaarsamestelling is geïnkorporeer in die metings deur blare van verskillende lootposisies en vir verskillende ontwikkelingstadia gedurende drie verskillende groeiseisoene te meet. Besproeiings- en lowermanipulasie behandelings is ook uitgevoer om die dinamiek van blaar- en lowergroei, veroudering, asook pigmentinhoud te bestudeer binne die konteks van die uitvoering van ‘n nie-destruktiewe meetstrategie. Ondanks groot klimaatsverskille tussen die seisoene, blyk lowergrootteverskille belangrik te wees in die bepaling van wingerdstok-waterverhoudings in die verskillende lowermanipulasie behandelings. Drastiese kompensasiereaksies ten opsigte van sylootgroei is waargeneem in reaksie op die gereduseerde lowerbehandeling. Indien die resultate van ligmetings en druifrypwording in die gereduseerde lowerbehandeling in ag geneem word, is lowermikroklimaat egter steeds verbeter. Hierdie behandeling het oënskynlik ook veranderde lowersamestelling gehad, tot voordeel van sylootgroei. Dit kon moontlik ‘n positiewe invloed gehad het op waterverbruikseffektiwiteit asook druifrypwording, as gevolg van moontlike hoër fotosintetiese effektiwiteit van die blare gedurende die rypwordingstadia. Die gereduseerde lowerbehandeling het die moontlikheid gebied om tegnologiese rypheid by ‘n vroeër datum te bereik, met moontlike laer alkoholvlakke in die wyn. Hierdie studie het die belangrikheid beklemtoon om die vegetatiewe ontwikkeling van die wingerdstok in ag te neem wanneer gekalibreerde nie-destruktiewe metings van blaarpigmente, blaarstruktuur asook waterinhoud onderneem word. Die belang van multi-variant meettegnieke in blaarspektroskopie is aangetoon. Dit kan verder vereenvoudig word ter ondersteuning van niedestruktiewe meting van blaarpigment, -struktuur en -waterinhoudsbepaling in toekomstige studies. Selfs met die variasie wat in die wingerd voorgekom het, was die voorspellings van die vlakke van die belangrikste pigmente wat in wingerdblare aangetref word binne aanvaanbare foutgrense. Opvolgwerk is nodig om die modellering van xanthofil te verbeter, aangesien dit moontlik nielineêre multi-variant analise mag benodig. Logistiese groeimodellering is gebruik om blaarouderdom te bepaal en te klassifiseer, wat dit moontlik gemaak het om statistiese analise te vereenvoudig vir die genoemde blaarparameters. Die praktiese toepassing van die gemodelleerde en voorspelde parameters is aangetoon vir ‘n spesifieke gedeelte in seisoen twee, deur die reaksie van verskillende behandelings op toenemende watertekorte te bestudeer. Resultate het aangetoon dat verskeie parameters, met spesifieke klem op die karotenoïed:chlorofil verhouding, asook die chlorofil a:b verhouding, gemoniteer kan word op jong en ouer blare in die lower ten einde ontwikkelende waterstrestoestande te identifiseer. Die gemodelleerde parameters was egter klaarblyklik nie sensitief genoeg vir akkurate voorspelling van voorsonsopkoms-waterpotensiaalvlakke nie. Spesifieke blaarmassa, ekwivalente waterdikte, totale spesifieke blaarmassa, sowel as blaarouderdom kon suksesvol voorspel word deur gebruik te maak van absorpsieblaarspektroskopie, wat nuttig kan wees in toekomstige studies wat handel oor die kwantifisering van blaaraanpassing by die mikro-omgewing binne ‘n wingerdlower.
Books on the topic "Grapes Composition"
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PUBLISHER, PRENTICE HALL. Prentice Hall writer's companion: Middle grades. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice-Hall, 1995.
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Close writing: Developing purposeful writers in grades 2-6. Portland, Maine: Stenhouse Publishers, 2016.
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Nancy, Farnan, ed. Get writing!!: Grades 2-3. San Antonio, Tex: ECS Learning Systems, 1999.
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Overmeyer, Mark. When writing workshop isn't working: Answers to ten tough questions, grades 2-5. Portland, Me: Stenhouse Publishers, 2005.
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Richards, Janet C. Writing Strategies for All Primary Students: Scaffolding Independent Writing with Differentiated Mini-Lessons, Grades K-3. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 2011.
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Beech, Linda. Reluctant writers: Grades 2-6. Kent, CT: Sniffen Court Books, 1997.
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Introducing nonfiction writing in the early grades. New York: Scholastic Professional Books, 2002.
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Media, London College of Music and. Composition grades and diplomas, conducting diplomas, thesis diplomas: Examination syllabus. London: LCM, 2001.
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Reading photographs to write with meaning and purpose, grades 4-12. Newark, Del: International Reading Association, 2008.
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Bright, Robin M. Write through the grades: Teaching writing in secondary schools. Winnipeg: Portage & Main Press, 2007.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Grapes Composition"
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Cozzolino, Daniel. "Elemental composition in grapes and wine." In Handbook of Mineral Elements in Food, 473–87. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118654316.ch20.
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Hussain, Syed Zameer, Bazila Naseer, Tahiya Qadri, Tabasum Fatima, and Tashooq Ahmad Bhat. "Grapes (Vitis vinifera)—Morphology, Taxonomy, Composition and Health Benefits." In Fruits Grown in Highland Regions of the Himalayas, 103–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75502-7_8.
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Varsi, F., S. Ahmad, M. Chakraborty, A. Chandra, S. R. Dugad, S. K. Gupta, B. Hariharan, et al. "Latest Results of Cosmic Ray Energy Spectrum and Composition Measurements From GRAPES-3 Experiment." In Springer Proceedings in Physics, 649–54. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2354-8_118.
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Binnard, Michael. "Compact Precedence Graphs." In Design by Composition for Rapid Prototyping, 55–76. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5263-5_5.
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Cheung, King Sing. "Composition of Augmented Marked Graphs." In Augmented Marked Graphs, 67–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06428-4_5.
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Zerarka, Nourelhouda, Saoussen Bel Hadj Kacem, and Moncef Tagina. "The Compositional Rule of Inference Under the Composition Max-Product." In Graph-Based Representation and Reasoning, 204–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23182-8_15.
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Ahmad, Asif, Chamman Liaqat, Gulzar Ahmad Nayik, and Umar Farooq. "Chemical Composition of Cereal Grains." In Cereal Grains, 49–76. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003252023-4.
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Bollig, Benedikt, Martin Leucker, and Philipp Lucas. "Extending Compositional Message Sequence Graphs." In Logic for Programming, Artificial Intelligence, and Reasoning, 68–85. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-36078-6_5.
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Panchbhai, Anand, Tommaso Soru, and Edgard Marx. "Exploring Sequence-to-Sequence Models for SPARQL Pattern Composition." In Knowledge Graphs and Semantic Web, 158–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65384-2_12.
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de Moor, Aldo. "Composition Norm Dynamics Calculation with Conceptual Graphs." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 525–39. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/10722280_36.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Grapes Composition"
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Starčevic, Danijela, and Tatjana Jovanovic-Cvetkovic. "KOMPARATIVNE KARAKTERISTIKE INTERSPECIES HIBRIDA VINOVE LOZE I SORTE RIZLING RAJNSKI U USLOVIMA BANJALUČKE REGIJE." In SAVETOVANJE o biotehnologiji sa međunarodnim učešćem. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt26.161s.
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The latest generations of interspecies grapevine hybrids are increasingly attracting the attention of producers, especially due to increased production safety and reduced use of pesticides. The economic effect is evident, and the obtained product follows modern world trends in the production of safe food. The aim of this paper is to examine the technological characteristics of three varieties of Morava, Johanniter and Riesling Rhine in the conditions of the Banja Luka region. Varieties Morava and Johanniter belong to the group of interspecies hybrids. The mentioned varieties were compared with the Riesling Rhine variety, which belongs to the varieties of the noble vine and represents the standard for the comparison of the given varieties. The focus of the research was on examining the yield of varieties, the characteristics of grapes and berries, as well as the quality of grapes. Elements of the mechanical composition of grapes and berries were made according to the method of Prostoserd (1946), and the characteristics of grape juice (% Brix, titratable acidity and pH value) according to official OIV methods. The variety Johanniter had the lowest weight of grapes (73.85 g), and the variety Morava had the highest weight (128.61 g). The varieties Johanniter and Riesling Rhine had a relatively high sugar content in grape juice (22.1%), while the variety Morava had a high sugar content (25.93%).
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Varsi, Fahim, S. Ahmad, M. Chakraborty, A. Chandra, S. R. Dugad, S. K. Gupta, B. Hariharan, et al. "Energy spectrum and composition measurements of cosmic rays from GRAPES-3 experiment." In 36th International Cosmic Ray Conference. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.358.0449.
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Varsi, Fahim, S. Ahmad, M. Chakraborty, A. Chandra, S. R. Dugad, U. D. Goswami, S. K. Gupta, et al. "Cosmic ray energy spectrum and composition measurements from the GRAPES-3 experiment: Latest results." In 37th International Cosmic Ray Conference. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.395.0388.
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Sundyreva, M. A., and Ya V. Ushakova. "CHANGES IN THE BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GRAPES WITH CONTRASTING RESISTANCE TO DOWNY MILDEW WITH VARIOUS IMMUNOSTIMULATING TREATMENTS." In The All-Russian Scientific Conference with International Participation and Schools of Young Scientists "Mechanisms of resistance of plants and microorganisms to unfavorable environmental". SIPPB SB RAS, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31255/978-5-94797-319-8-738-741.
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Sukhinin, S. A. "METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSING THE MARKET STRUCTURE OF THE WINE INDUSTRY IN THE REGION." In STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF AGRIBUSINESS Volume 2. DSTU-Print, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/interagro.2020.2.187-191.
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The wine industry processes grapes and produces wine. It is a specific subsector of the food industry. This article discusses the methodology for assessing the market structure of the wine industry. It emphasizes the need to use two approaches in assessing the market structure of the wine industry - quantitative, based on the use of technical and economic indicators, and qualitative, presented by identifying the opportunities for manufacturers to enter and exit the market, the presence of non-price competition, analysis assortment composition and production capacity of the industry market.
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Barreto, Andres Felipe Moreno, Giuseppe Vignali, and Luca Sandei. "Effect of High Pressure Processing on enzymatic activity for strawberries, sour cherries and red grapes." In the 7th International Food Operations and Processing Simulation Workshop. CAL-TEK srl, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46354/i3m.2021.foodops.004.
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Color degradation is an important factor that affect the quality and acceptability of fruit juices and purees; several enzymes, as well as the microbial endogenous population are not only responsible for this phenomenon but for changes in flavor and texture. Traditional stabilization methods have been used to preserve these kind of products; however, there is a negative impact on vitamins and bioactive compounds composition. High Pressure Processing (HPP) is a non-thermal alternative that has been applied for the extension of shelf life of fresh products, reducing the adverse effects of classical treatments. The aim of this review is to provide a scientific base on the effect of HPP technology in terms of enzymatic inactivation (peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, ascorbate oxidase and β-glucosidase) in comparison with a conventional pasteurization process in strawberries, sour cherries and red grapes, and to propose an optimization strategy for the operational parameters to achieve the greatest inactivation
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Jackson, Joshua E., Angelique N. Lasseigne-Jackson, Travis Koenig, David L. Olson, and Brajendra Mishra. "Development of Graded-Architecture Mullite Thermal Barrier Coating on Mo-Si-B Turbine Materials." In ASME Turbo Expo 2007: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2007-27940.
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A unique organic electrodeposition technique has been developed which allows rapid, smooth, and consistent coating application at low temperatures, low voltages, and with no pollutants. Precursor coatings of Aluminum, Al-Si, and Al-Mullite have been applied to Mo-Si-B turbine materials through immersion deposition and organic electrolytic cathodic deposition in an ionic liquid. These coatings were applied in protective atmosphere boxes and followed by low-temperature annealing to create a graded precursor layer. A graded precursor layer is desirable to minimize thermal shock, improve adhesion and achieve oxidation protection. The reactions across the interface region were characterized to assist in creation of the proper graded precursor layers for mullite formation. The optimal coating deposition method and composition has been assessed. High-temperature oxidation is being performed to form graded corrosion-resistant mullite thermal barrier coatings. The optimum deposition, annealing, and oxidation parameters will be characterized to achieve the proper thickness and compositional gradient of the thermal barrier coating. Coatings with various compositions and compositional gradients in the Mo-Si-B substrate and mullite layer are being assessed in a high-temperature simulated burner environment. Additional protective layers, such as barium-strontium-alumino-silicate (BSAS) are being developed to extend service life.
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Tillmann, W., E. Vogli, and M. Abdulgader. "Functionally Graded Coatings Produced by Means of Twin Wire Arc Spraying." In ITSC2010, edited by B. R. Marple, A. Agarwal, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, C. J. Li, R. S. Lima, and G. Montavon. DVS Media GmbH, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2010p0613.
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Abstract Functionally graded coatings (FGC), in which the composition and properties vary gradually from the bond layer to the top layer, are introduced in this study. Using a mixing nozzle, a graded coating was generated employing twin wire spraying (TWAS) process. The deposition started with a base layer of massive metallic wires for better adhesion to the substrate. At following top layers hard material, in form of powders, was injected to the massive wires to enhance the wear protection. The results show that microstructure, porosity, and compositions are gradually varied in the coatings. This is a clear indication for the better performance in as-sprayed FGC than coatings sprayed by means of cored wires. The approach was to grade the coating composition from pure metallic to composite with higher content of hard material particles. The goal of the study is to articulate the needed coating performances by customizing the layers deposited regarding to their position.
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Cheung, K. S., and K. O. Chow. "Compositional Synthesis of Augmented Marked Graphs." In 2007 IEEE International Conference on Control and Automation. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icca.2007.4376874.
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Al Mamun, M. K., S. Hasan, M. Hasan, S. Hashmi, and J. Stokes. "Designing and Integrating A Semi Automated Powder Feed Device to Produce Functionally Graded Materials (FGM) using the HVOF Thermal Spray Process." In ITSC2008, edited by B. R. Marple, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, C. J. Li, R. S. Lima, and G. Montavon. Verlag für Schweißen und verwandte Verfahren DVS-Verlag GmbH, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2008p0651.
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Abstract The application of FGMs is quite difficult, but thermal spray processes like Plasma spray have demonstrated their unique potential in producing graded deposits, where researchers have used twin powder feed systems to mix different proportions of powders. FGMs vary in composition and/or microstructure from one boundary (substrate) to another (top service surface), and innovative characteristics result from the gradient from metals to ceramics or non-metallic to metals. The present study investigates an innovative modification of a HVOF (High Velocity Oxy- Fuel) thermal spray process to produce functionally graded thick coatings. In order to deposit thick coatings, certain problems have to be overcome. Graded coatings enable gradual variation of the coating composition and/or microstructure, which offers the possibility of reducing residual stress build-up with in coatings. In order to spray such a coating, modification to a commercial powder feed hopper was required to enable it to deposit two powders simultaneously which allows deposition of different layers of coating with changing chemical compositions, without interruption to the spraying process. Various concepts for this modification were identified and one design was selected, having been validated through use of a process model, developed using ANSYS Flotran Finite Element Analysis. In the current research the mixing of different proportions of powders were controlled by a computer using LabVIEW software and hardware, which allowed the control and repeatability of the microstructure when producing functionally graded coatings.
Reports on the topic "Grapes Composition"
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Lichter, Amnon, David Obenland, Nirit Bernstein, Jennifer Hashim, and Joseph Smilanick. The role of potassium in quality of grapes after harvest. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7597914.bard.
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Objectives: The objectives of the proposal were to study how potassium (K) enters the berry and in what tissues it accumulates, to determine what is the sensitive phenological stage that is responsive to K, to study the influence of K on sugar translocation, to determine if K has effects on expression of genes in source and sink organs and to study applied aspects of the responses to K at the vineyard level. During the research it was realized that K acts externally so a major part of the original objectives had to be deserted and new ones, i.e. the role of K in enhancing water loss from the berry, had to be developed. In addition, the US partners developed practical objectives of understanding the interaction of K application and water deficit as well as application of growth regulators. Background: In our preliminary data we showed that application of K at mid-ripening enhanced sugar accumulation of table grapes. This finding is of major implications to both early and late harvested grapes and it was essential to understand the mode of action of this treatment. Our major hypothesis was that K enters the berry and by that increases sugar translocation into the berry. In addition it was important to cover practical issues of the application which may influence its efficacy and its reproducibility. Conclusions: The major conclusion from the research was that our initial hypothesis was wrong. Mineral analysis of pulp tissue indicated that upon application of K there was a significant increase in most of the major minerals. Subsequently, we developed a new hypothesis that K acts by increasing the water loss from the berry. In vitro studies of K-treated berries corroborated this hypothesis showing greater weight-loss of treated berries. This was not necessarily expressed in the vineyard as in some experiments berry weight remained unchanged, suggesting that the vine compensated for the enhanced water loss. Importantly, we also discovered that the efficacy of different K salts was strongly correlated to the pH of the salt solution: basic K salts had better efficacy than neutral or acidic salts and modifying the pH of the same salt changed its efficacy. It was therefore suggested that K changes the properties of the cuticle making it more susceptible to water loss. Of the practical aspects it was found that application of K to the clusters was sufficient to trigger its affect and that dual application of K had a stronger effect than single application. With regard to timing, it was realized that application of K after veraison was affective and the berries responded also when ripe. While the effect of K application was significant at harvest, it was mostly insignificant one week after application, suggesting that prolonged exposure to K was required. Implications: The scientific implications of the study are that the external mineral composition of the berry may have a significant role in sugar accumulation and that water loss may have an important role in sugar accumulation in grapes. It is not entirely clear how K modulates the cuticle but according to the literature its incorporation into the cuticle may increase its polarity and facilitate generation of "water bridges" between the flesh and the environment. The practical implications of this study are very significant because realizing the mode of action of K can facilitate a much more efficient application strategy. For example, it can be understood that sprays must be directed to the clusters rather than the whole vines and it can be predicted that the length of exposure is important. Also, by increasing the pH of simple K salts, the efficacy of the treatment can be enhanced, saving in the costs of the treatment. Finally, the ability of grape growers to apply K in a safe and knowledgeable way can have significant impact on the length of the season of early grape cultivars and improve the flavor of high grape yields which may otherwise have compromised sugar levels.
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Berkhout, Emilie, Goldy Dharmawan, Amanda Beatty, Daniel Suryadarma, and Menno Pradhan. Who Benefits and Loses from Large Changes to Student Composition? Assessing Impacts of Lowering School Admissions Standards in Indonesia. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-risewp_2022/094.
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We study the effects of an admission policy change that caused a massive shift in student composition in public and private junior secondary schools in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. In 2018, the primary criterion for admission into Yogyakarta’s 16 preferred, free public schools (grades 7-9) changed from a grade 6 exam score ranking to a neighborhood-to-school distance ranking. This policy change resulted in a decline in average grade 6 scores in public schools by 0.4 standard deviations (s.d.) and a 0.4 s.d. increase in private schools. We assessed learning impacts caused by the changed student composition by comparing two otherwise similar cohorts of students admitted before and after the policy change. Average grade 8 test scores across math and Indonesian declined by 0.08 s.d. (not significant). To understand which students throughout the education system gained and lost in terms of learning, we simulated public school access under the 2018 policy and its predecessor for both cohorts. In public schools, teachers attempted to adapt lessons to lower-scoring students by changing teaching approaches and tracking students. These responses and/or exposure to different peers negatively affected learning for students predicted to have access to public schools under both policies (-0.13 s.d., significant at the 10 percent level) and aided students with predicted public school access under the new policy slightly (0.12 s.d., not significant). These results are in contrast to existing literature which finds little or no impact from shifts in student composition on incumbent students’ learning. In private schools, we found no such adaptations and no effects on predicted incumbent students. However, students predicted to enter private schools under the new policy saw large negative effects (-0.24 s.d., significant), due to lower school quality and/or peer effects. Our results demonstrate that effects from high-performing, selective schools can be highly heterogenous and influenced by student composition.
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Berkhout, Emilie, Goldy Dharmawan, Amanda Beatty, Daniel Suryadarma, and Menno Pradhan. Who Benefits and Loses from Large Changes to Student Composition? Assessing Impacts of Lowering School Admissions Standards in Indonesia. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-risewp_2022/094.
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We study the effects of an admission policy change that caused a massive shift in student composition in public and private junior secondary schools in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. In 2018, the primary criterion for admission into Yogyakarta’s 16 preferred, free public schools (grades 7-9) changed from a grade 6 exam score ranking to a neighborhood-to-school distance ranking. This policy change resulted in a decline in average grade 6 scores in public schools by 0.4 standard deviations (s.d.) and a 0.4 s.d. increase in private schools. We assessed learning impacts caused by the changed student composition by comparing two otherwise similar cohorts of students admitted before and after the policy change. Average grade 8 test scores across math and Indonesian declined by 0.08 s.d. (not significant). To understand which students throughout the education system gained and lost in terms of learning, we simulated public school access under the 2018 policy and its predecessor for both cohorts. In public schools, teachers attempted to adapt lessons to lower-scoring students by changing teaching approaches and tracking students. These responses and/or exposure to different peers negatively affected learning for students predicted to have access to public schools under both policies (-0.13 s.d., significant at the 10 percent level) and aided students with predicted public school access under the new policy slightly (0.12 s.d., not significant). These results are in contrast to existing literature which finds little or no impact from shifts in student composition on incumbent students’ learning. In private schools, we found no such adaptations and no effects on predicted incumbent students. However, students predicted to enter private schools under the new policy saw large negative effects (-0.24 s.d., significant), due to lower school quality and/or peer effects. Our results demonstrate that effects from high-performing, selective schools can be highly heterogenous and influenced by student composition.
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Rodriguez-Segura, Daniel, and Isaac Mbiti. Back to the Basics: Curriculum Reform and Student Learning in Tanzania. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2022/099.
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In 2015, the Tanzanian government implemented a curriculum reform that focused instruction in Grades 1 and 2 on the “3Rs”—reading, writing, and arithmetic. Consequently, almost 80 percent of the instructional time in these grades was mandated towards foundational literacy in Kiswahili and numeracy skills. Other subjects such as English were no longer taught. Using student-level panel data, we evaluate the effect of this policy on learning outcomes using a difference-in-differences approach which leverages the variation in the timing of implementation across grade levels and cohorts impacted by the policy. We find that the policy increased learning by around 0.20 standard deviations in Kiswahili and math test scores one year after the start of the reform. Timely teacher training on the new curriculum was associated with even larger effects. Evaluating longer term outcomes, we find suggestive evidence that the reform decreased the dropout rate of children up to four years later. However, this was also accompanied with lower average passing rates in the national Grade 4 examination due to compositional changes as low-performing students became less likely to dropout.
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Braden, I. S., Kenneth J. Moore, Roger L. Hintz, M. H. Wiedenhoeft, E. Charles Brummer, and M. Peter Hoffman. Pasture Improvements with Mixed Composition of Warm-Season Grasses and Legumes. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-2103.
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Testroet, Eric D., Mathew R. O'Neil, Andrew L. Mueller, Donald C. Beitz, and Stephanie Clark. Feeding Lactating Holstein Dairy Cows Reduced-Fat Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles: Milk Composition and Feed Efficiency. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-310.
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Sun, Hongy, Eun Joo Lee, Michael E. Persia, and Dong U. Ahn. Effects of Increasing Concentrations of Corn Distiller’s Dried Grains with Solubles on Chemical Composition and Nutrients Content of Egg. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-1310.
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Beckett-Brown, C. E., A. M. McDonald, and M. B. McClenaghan. Discovering a porphyry deposit using tourmaline: a case study from Yukon. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331349.
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As the exploration for porphyry Cu-Au-Mo deposits has become increasingly challenging, the development of more effective techniques directed at detecting buried deposits has become critical. One methodology is to focus on key minerals, one of which is tourmaline, a robust, ubiquitous mineral in most mineralized porphyry systems. Overall, a combination of physical and chemical characteristics including 1) macro-color, 2) morphology, 3) inclusion populations, and 4) trace-element compositions are useful in discriminating between porphyry- versus non-porphyry-derived (or related) tourmaline in surficial sediments (Beckett-Brown 2022). These features are applied to tourmaline obtained from stream sediment samples (n = 22) from 16 streams derived from the unglaciated terrain proximal to the Casino calc-alkaline porphyry Cu-Au-Mo deposit (Yukon Territory, Canada). The obtained tourmaline occurs as two distinct morphologies: 1) individual blocky to prismatic sub- to euhedral grains (Type 1), 2) aggregates of radiating prismatic to acicular sub- to euhedral grains (Type 2). Type 1 grains display trace-element contents that reflect mixed origins including a mineralized porphyry origin as well metamorphic and pegmatitic (background) environments. Type 2 grains almost exclusively exhibit porphyry-derived trace-element chemistries (i.e., high Sr/Pb ~150 avg. and relatively low Zn/Cu ~2.5 avg. values). In Canadian Creek, that directly drains from the Casino deposit, samples closest to the deposit contain &gt;70% porphyry-derived tourmaline, while other streams in the region from unprospective drainage basins contain no porphyry-derived tourmaline. At the most distal sample site in Canadian Creek, ~20 km downstream from Casino, nearly 30% of the recovered tourmaline in the stream sediments is porphyry-related. This method has potential to be a strong indicator of prospectivity and applicable for exploration for porphyry Cu-Au-Mo systems in both unglaciated and glaciated terrains.
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MASYUTENKO, M. N., and N. P. MASYUTENKO. THE INFLUENCE OF THE CROP ROTATION WITH CEREAL CROPS AND GRASSES ON THE CONTENT AND COMPOSITION OF ORGANIC MATTER IN TYPICAL CHERNOZEM DEPENDING ON SLOPE EXPOSURE. ФГБОУ ВО Курская ГСХА, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/issn1997-0749.2019-04-01.
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Carpita, Nicholas C. Composition and architecture of the cell walls of grasses and the mechanisms of synthesis of cell wall polysaccharides. Final report for period September 1, 1988 - April 30, 2001. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/771284.
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