Journal articles on the topic 'Grape vine'
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1
McEachern, George Ray. "Four Grape Canopy Systems in Texas." HortScience 33, no. 4 (July 1998): 600e—600. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.4.600e.
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I. Chennin Blanc 107-cm bilateral cordon spaced 3.6 × 2.4 m, 1119 vines/ha, 14 spurs with 32 buds/vine. Yields were 8.8 t·ha-1 in the third leaf; 9.7 in the fourth, and 12.8 the 5th year, 1990, at the Jane Terrell Vineyard, Navasota, Tex. II. Cabernet Sauvignon with a two-trunk 122 cm bilateral cordon spaced 3.3 × 1.2 m, 2445 vines/ha with 48 buds/vine. Yields were 9.7 t·ha-1 for 1994 through 1997 at the mechanically harvested Newson Vineyard, Plains, Tex. III. Le Noir with a 91-cm trunk and a two-cane canopy; spaced 3 × 2.1 m, 1536 vines/ha, with 14 buds/vine. Yields were 13.3 t·ha-1 in 1996 and 11.2 in 1997 at Messina Hoff Vineyard, Bryan, Tex. IV. Merlot/110R with a 45° slanting cordon, 30 cm at south to 152 cm at north, spaced 1.5 × 1.5 m, 4308 vines/ha with 10 spurs and 20 buds/vine. Yield of 10.8 t·ha-1 in the third leaf, 1997, at Wolf Vineyard, Valley View, Tex. Four very different canopy systems were successful; the ideal system is yet to be determined.
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Van Leeuwen, Cornélis, Jean-Philippe Roby, and Laure De Rességuier. "Soil-related terroir factors: a review." OENO One 52, no. 2 (June 30, 2018): 173–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2018.52.2.2208.
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A “terroir” is a cultivated ecosystem in which the vine interacts with the soil and the climate. The soil influences vine development and grape ripening through soil temperature, water supply and mineral supply. Soil temperature has a significant effect on vine phenology. Limited water supply to the vines restricts shoot and berry growth, which is critical for reaching a suitable grape composition to produce high-quality red wines. Secondary metabolites, like polyphenols (anthocyanins, tannins) and aroma compounds or their precursors, are impacted in particular by vine water status. Among nutrients vines pick up from the soil, nitrogen plays a key role. Nitrogen influences vine vigor, yield, berry size and grape composition. Low nitrogen supply stimulates the synthesis of polyphenols, while it can negatively impact certain aroma compounds in grapes and wines. Over the past decades, tools have been developed to quantify terroir parameters. Vine water status can be assessed by means of carbon isotope discrimination measured on grape sugar (so-called δ13C). Vine nitrogen status can be assessed with the measurement of Yeast Available Nitrogen (YAN). In this way, terroir parameters can not only be measured but also mapped. Ideally, vineyards should be established in areas where soil temperature (relative to air temperature), soil water holding capacity (relative to rainfall and potential evapotranspiration) and soil nitrogen availability are optimum for the type of wine which is intended to be produced. Terroir expression can, however, be optimized by choosing appropriate plant material, and via vineyard floor management, fertilization and other management techniques.
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Wassel, Abdel Hameed M. "Effect of Dormex on `Roomy Red' Grape Vines (Vitis vinifera L.)." HortScience 32, no. 3 (June 1997): 516G—517. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.516g.
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The present investigation was carried out during 1994 and 1995 seasons on `Roomy Red' grape vines cultivated in Minia and Beni Suef governates to study the effect of Dormex and/or overcropping on `Roomy Red' grape vines. Bud opening, number of clusters per vine, as well as the yield and its physical and chemical properties, were studied. Results indicated that Dormex overcame the irregularity of bud opening. At the same time, bud opening preceded the control by about 4 weeks. The percentage of bud opening, fruit set, as well as the number of clusters per vine, were increased. On the other hand, over-cropping had a vice versa effect on the previous parameters as compared with the control. Results also indicated that onion was of less effect than berseem in this concern.
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Wolfe, Dwight, and Gerald R. Brown. "TRAINING SYSTEM AFFECTS PERFORMANCE OF TABLE GRAPE CULTIVARS." HortScience 27, no. 11 (November 1992): 1178d—1178. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.11.1178d.
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Each of the grape cultivars [Vitis species, (L) Batch], `Concord', `Himrod', `Challenger', `Reliance', `Glenora', `Moored', planted June 1983, and `Mars' planted Spring, 1987, was trained to the 4-cane Kniffin (KN) and the Geneva Double Curtain (GDC) systems. Yield per vine, pruning weight, number of nodes, cluster weight, number of berries per cluster, berry weight, and percent soluble solids were recorded. Vines from `Reliance' trained to the KN system produced fruit with significantly higher percent soluble solids than did vines trained to the GDC. No significant differences in percent soluble solids were observed between the two training systems for the other cultivars. `Concord' produced more kg/vine of pruning weight when trained to the KN system than when trained to the GDC. Pruning weight did not differ significantly between the two training systems for the other cultivars. Cultivars more productive (yield/vine) on the GDC trellis were `Concord', `Himrod', `Reliance' and `Moored' whereas `Challenger' was more productive when vines were trained to the KN system. No differences between the two training systems were observed for `Glenora' or `Mars'.
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Leeuwen Cornelis, van, de Rességuier Laure, Mary Séverine, Laveau Coralie, Mousset-Libeau Etienne, Marguerit Elisa, Roby Jean-Philippe, and Quiquerez Amélie. "Soil type and soil preparation influence vine development and grape composition through its impact on vine water and nitrogen status." E3S Web of Conferences 50 (2018): 01015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185001015.
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The influence of soil type and preparation on vine development and grape composition was investigated in a 50 ha estate located in Saint-Emilion (Bordeaux, France) and planted predominantly with Merlot. Part of the vineyard was planted down the slopes and another part of the vineyard was planted on terraces, where soils were profoundly modified through soil preparation. Grape composition (berry weight, sugar, total acidity, malic acid and pH), vigor (pruning weight), vine nitrogen status (Yeast Available Nitrogen (YAN) in grapes) and vine water status (δ13C) was measured at a very high density grid of 10 data points per hectare. Water deficit was globally weak over the estate because of high soil water holding capacity whereas vine nitrogen status was highly variable. Vine vigor and grape composition were predominantly driven by vine nitrogen status. On terraces, where soils were deep, due to invasive soil preparation, water deficits were particularly small or non-existent and vine nitrogen status was highly variable. Grape quality potential was medium to low, except in places with low nitrogen status, but at the expense of low yields. On parcels planted down the slopes water deficits were recorded because vine rooting was limited by compact subsoils. Vine nitrogen status was homogeneous. Grape quality and yield were medium to high and relatively homogeneous. When possible, downhill plantations are to be preferred over terraces because in the latter vine yield and quality parameters are highly variable because of massive soil movements prior to plantation.
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Ellis, Rory, Elena Moltchanova, Daniel Gerhard, Mike Trought, and LinLin Yang. "Using Bayesian growth models to predict grape yield." OENO One 54, no. 3 (July 9, 2020): 443–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2020.54.3.2972.
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Background and aims: Seasonal differences in vine yield need to be managed to ensure appropriate fruit composition at harvest. Differences in yield are the result of changes in vine management (e.g., the number of nodes retained after harvest) and weather conditions (in particular, temperature) at key vine development stages. Early yield prediction enables growers to manage vines to achieve target yields and prepare the required infrastructure for the harvest.Methods and results: Bunch mass data was collected during the 2016/17, 2017/18 and 2018/19 seasons from a commercial vineyard on the Wairau Plains, Marlborough, New Zealand (41o2’23”S; 173o51’15”E). A Bayesian growth model, assuming a double sigmoidal curve, was used to predict the yield at the end of each season. The accuracy of the prediction was investigated using the Monte-Carlo simulation for yield prediction at various growth stages assuming different prior information.Conclusion: The results show that the model is sensitive to prior assumption and that having a non-informative prior may be more beneficial than having an informative prior based on one unusual year.
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Beslic, Zoran, Slavica Todic, and Sasa Matijasevic. "Prediction of yield by digital image analysis of vine." Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 59, no. 2 (2014): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas1402201b.
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The grape yield per vine of cv. Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) was evaluated on the basis of digital image processing of vine part. Digital camera was mounted on tripod and used for taking photos of 1 x 1 m portions of canopy. The Adobe Photoshop software was used to analyse image for the colour counting of the blue pixels of grape in the quadrant region. The actual yield was obtained from the photographed vines by hand harvesting of sampled portions. Linear regression was used for calculation of the correlation between blue pixels and grape weight. The relatively strong relationship between blue pixels and grape weight (R2=0.91) was obtained. Based on these results, we can recommend this simple technique for yield forecasting.
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Senthilkumar, S., R. Vijayakumar, K. Soorianathasundaram, and D. Durga Devi. "Effect of Pruning Severity on V egetative, Physiological, Yield and Quality Attributes in Grape (Vitis vinifera L.): A Review." Current Agriculture Research Journal 3, no. 1 (May 5, 2015): 42–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/carj.3.1.06.
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Grape is one among the most delicious, refreshing and nourishing fruits of the world. It is one of the earliest fruits grown by man. The berries are a good source of sugars and minerals like Ca, Mg, Fe, and vitamins like B1, B2, and C. Grape has so many uses and is so unique that no fruit can challenge their superiority. Crop load is the most important factor affecting yield and cluster quality as well as vine vigor of both seeded and seedless varieties. Hence, an optimum canopy size and bunch number per vine are to be maintained for achieving better fruit Quality which warrants proper balancing between vigour and capacity. The pruning requirement of different varieties differs as per their growth behaviour. Therefore, variety-specific standardization of pruning is essential for any grape cultivars for harnessing potential yield and quality. In this view, it is essential to get scientific information on the pruning requirement of grapes. Pruning all the matured canes to fruit bud level, as adopted by local grape growers results in more exploitation of reserved food material leading to loss of vigour, quality and early setting of senility in vines. Heavy bearing of vines results in poor quality fruits with low TSS and high fruit acidity.
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Jordan, Lindsay M., Thomas Björkman, and Justine E. Vanden Heuvel. "Annual Under-vine Cover Crops Did Not Impact Vine Growth or Fruit Composition of Mature Cool-climate ‘Riesling’ Grapevines." HortTechnology 26, no. 1 (February 2016): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.26.1.36.
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In the cool and humid climate of the northeastern United States, vegetation is typically maintained between the rows of wine grape (Vitis vinifera) vineyards, but the area directly beneath vines is conventionally kept bare using herbicides or cultivation, to reduce competition for water and nutrients. Yet with rising concerns of herbicide resistance, environmental contamination, and soil erosion, alternatives to maintaining bare ground in vineyards should be considered. In warmer and more arid climates, using cover crops as an alternative to bare soil has sometimes resulted in reduced vine growth and yields. In more cool and humid climates, like in the northeastern United States, where conditions can promote excessive vine growth, replacing bare soil with under-vine cover crops was hypothesized to improve vine growth characteristics and fruit quality from reducing excessive vigor. This study compared three annual under-vine cover crops of resident vegetation (RES), buckwheat (BW) (Fagopyrum esculentum), and annual ryegrass (ARG) (Lolium multiflorum), planted in the 1-m-wide strip directly under vines at the start of each growing season, against the conventional weed-free under-vine row maintained with glyphosate. The experiment was established in 2011 and repeated in 2012 and 2013 in a 20-year-old block of ‘Riesling’ wine grapes (clone 198 on S04 rootstock) in a commercial vineyard in the Finger Lakes region of New York State. Harvested grapes were fermented in duplicate using standard white wine procedures. Among the four under-vine treatments, no significant differences were found in measures of vegetative growth, yield, petiole nutrient concentrations at veraison, or predawn and midday stem water potentials. Under-vine treatments were not found to significantly affect soil organic matter, aggregate stability, and nutrient concentrations. Juice characteristics were also not significantly different among treatments. In this study, the mature vines in this rain-fed ‘Riesling’ vineyard likely had a well-developed and extensive rooting system that was able to overcome any competition effects for water or nutrients from the comparatively shallow root systems of the annually established cover crops. Without any induced competition in the conditions of this study, under-vine cover crops had no effects on vine growth, yield, or juice characteristics when compared with conventional herbicide use in the under-vine row. When multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis was used to determine differences in aroma among wine treatment replicates, treatments were found to significantly impact the perceived aromatic properties of the wines, even though no measures of growth or juice characteristics were affected. Using under-vine vegetation may be a viable alternative to conventional herbicide use for vineyard floor management in mature wine grape vineyards in cool and humid climates.
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Martelloni, Luisa, Michele Raffaelli, Christian Frasconi, Marco Fontanelli, Andrea Peruzzi, and Claudio D’Onofrio. "Using Flaming as an Alternative Method to Vine Suckering." Agronomy 9, no. 3 (March 21, 2019): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9030147.
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Suckering is the process of removing the suckers that grapevine trunks put out in the spring. Suckering by hand is costly and time consuming and requires constant bending down, getting up and making repetitive motions. The mechanical removal of suckers with rotating scourges can damage the vine plants. Chemical suckering is a limiting factor for wine grape growers interested in sustainable and/or organic agriculture. The aim of this research was to test flaming as an alternative method to vine suckering. A three-year experiment was conducted on a 10-year-old Sangiovese vine (775 Paulsen rootstock). The treatments consisted of flame suckering at different phenological stages, hand-suckering and a no-suckered control. Data on the number of suckers, grape yield components, and grape composition were collected and analysed. The results showed that flaming significantly reduced the initial number of suckers. This effect on the suckers was highest when the main productive shoots of the vines were at the 18-19 BBCH growth stage. Flame-suckering did not affect grape yield components and grape composition. Future studies could investigate the simultaneous use of flaming for both suckering and weed control.
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Gadoury, David M., Robert C. Seem, Roger C. Pearson, Wayne F. Wilcox, and Richard M. Dunst. "Effects of Powdery Mildew on Vine Growth, Yield, and Quality of Concord Grapes." Plant Disease 85, no. 2 (February 2001): 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2001.85.2.137.
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Vitis labruscana ‘Concord’ is a widely planted grape cultivar grown in the United States for processing into juice and other products. Concord fruit are sporadically but sometimes severely damaged by the grape powdery mildew pathogen, Uncinula necator. The effects of powdery mildew on vine growth, yield, and quality of Concord grapes at three levels of cropping intensity commonly found in commercial grape production were determined in vineyard studies. Top-wire cordon-trained Concord vines were balance pruned, pruned to retain 80 nodes, or minimally pruned. Replicated plots of the foregoing were then either protected from powdery mildew by regular fungicide applications, or were inoculated and left unsprayed. Over a 4-year period, the effects of foliar infection on vine growth, yield, and juice quality of unsprayed vines were compared with vines that received a conventional protection program of four fungicide applications. Failure to control powdery mildew resulted in a chronic reduction in wood maturity measured as the number of nodes on canes that developed periderm. The reduction in nodes did not reduce yield, possibly due to compensation in shoots produced from the remaining nodes. Powdery mildew did not affect bud survival or vigor, measured as the number of shoots produced per node on retained canes. The most significant effects of powdery mildew were on berry sugar levels and juice color and acidity, which on the unsprayed vines were sometimes reduced below minimally acceptable thresholds for processed grapes. Significant reductions due to powdery mildew in these parameters occurred in all three pruning treatments, but were most pronounced at higher cropping levels.
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Nadai, Chiara, Chiara Vendramini, Milena Carlot, Christian Andrighetto, Alessio Giacomini, and Viviana Corich. "Dynamics of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strains Isolated from Vine Bark in Vineyard: Influence of Plant Age and Strain Presence during Grape must Spontaneous Fermentations." Fermentation 5, no. 3 (July 9, 2019): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation5030062.
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In this study, two vineyards of different age were chosen. During three years, a sampling campaign was performed for isolating vineyard-associated Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) strains. Bark portions and, when present, grape bunches were regularly collected from the same vine plants during the overall sampling period. Each bark portion was added to a synthetic must, while each grape bunch was manually crushed, and fermentations were run to isolate S. cerevisiae strains. All collected yeasts were identified at different species and strain levels to evaluate the genetic variability of S. cerevisiae strains in the two vineyards and strains dynamics. Moreover, bark-associated strains were compared with those isolated from spontaneous fermentations of grapes collected during the two harvests. Regarding the youngest vineyard, no S. cerevisiae was identified on bark and grape surface, highlighting the importance of vine age on yeast colonization. Results reported the isolation of S. cerevisiae from vine bark of the old vineyard at all sampling times, regardless of the presence of the grape bunch. Therefore, this environment can be considered an alternative ecological niche that permanently hosts S. cerevisiae. Bark-associated strains were not found on grape bunches and during pilot-scale vinifications, indicating no significative strain transfer from vine bark to the grape must. Commercial starters were identified as well both in vineyards and during vinifications.
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Abad, Javier, Marín Diana, Santesteban L. Gonzaga, Cibriáin José Félix, and Sagüés Ana. "Under-vine cover crops: impact on weed development, yield and grape composition." OENO One 54, no. 4 (November 4, 2020): 975–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2020.54.4.4149.
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This study aims to evaluate the interest of using an under-vine cover crop as a sustainable management tool replacing herbicides or tillage to control weeds, evaluating its effects on yield and berry parameters in a semi-arid climate. The performance of Trifolium fragiferum as an under-vine cover crop was evaluated in 2018 and 2019 in a Merlot vineyard in Traibuenas (Navarra, Spain). This trial showed that the soil under the vines was covered by 80 % of the cover crop in August 2018 and 100 % in Aug 2019, with clover (T. fragiferum) comprising around 26 % and 70 % of the cover crop surface, respectively. The presence of the cover crop only reduced the number of shoots in the second year, although both years there was an increment in water stress. Neither yield, cluster weight nor berry weight were affected by the presence of the under-vine cover crop. Similarly, no changes in grape composition were observed. The use of T. fragiferum-like cover crops under the vine allows for better control of weeds, provided a good installation is achieved. In the first two years, this cover crop reduced vegetative growth and increased water deficit slightly. However, no changes in yield and grape composition were observed.In a context of herbicide suppression and search for sustainable management, under-vine clover cover crops constitute a viable alternative in semi-arid regions provided drip irrigation can be applied.
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Somkuwar, R. G., M. A. Bhange, A. K. Upadhyay, and S. D. Ramteke. "Interaction effect of rootstocks on gas exchange parameters, biochemical changes and nutrientstatus in Sauvignon Blanc winegrapes." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE 3, no. 3 (December 26, 2014): 218–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jaa.v3i3.6566.
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SauvignonBlanc wine grape was characterized for their various morphological, physiological and biochemical parameters grafted on different rootstocks. Significant differences were recorded for all the parameters studied. The studies on vegetative parameters revealed that the rootstock influences the vegetative growth thereby increasing the photosynthetic activities of a vine. The highest photosynthesis rate was recorded in 140-Ru grafted vine followed by Fercal whereas the lowest in Salt Creek rootstock grafted vines.The rootstock influenced the changes in biochemical constituents in the grafted vine thereby helping the plant to store enough food material. Significant differences were recorded for total carbohydrates, proteins, total phenols and reducing sugar. The vines grafted on1103-Pshowed highest carbohydrates and starch followed by 140-Ru,while the least amount of carbohydrates were recorded in 110-R and Salt Creek grafted vines respectively.Among the different rootstock graft combinations, Fercal showed highest amount of reducing sugar, proteins and phenols, followed by 1103-P and SO4, however, the lowest amount of reducing sugar, proteins and phenols were recorded with 110-R grafted vines.The vines grafted on different rootstocks showed changes in nutrient uptake. Considering this, the physico-biochemical characterization of grafted vine may help to identify particularrootstocks combination that could influence a desired trait in commercial wine grape varieties after grafting.
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Konup, A., V. Chistyakova, L. Konup, and N. Nikolaeva. "Detection and identification of the virus Grapevine Leaf Roll-Associated Virus of the vine in the vineyards of the Odessa region." Karantin i zahist roslin, no. 3-4 (March 20, 2019): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.36495/2312-0614.2019.3-4.13-16.
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Goal. Detection of viral disease of the vine — twisting leaves in the vineyards in the Odessa region, as well as identification of the causative agents of this disease.
Methods. Examination of grape plantations for the presence of symptoms of viral diseases. To identify the virus twisting the leaves of the vine and identify its serotypes used molecular-biological method of polymerase chain reaction with reverse transcription (RT-PCR) and detection using gel electrophoresis.
Results. In the Odessa region, bushes of grape plants were found with characteristic symptoms of leaf curling, namely leaf blade curling, leaf color change from green to yellow in white-berry grape varieties and from green to red in red-berry. Identification of leaf twisting pathogens showed the presence of the 1st and 3rd serotypes of the vine twisting virus. It was established that among all the identified serotypes of the virus of twisting the leaves of the vine the most common is the 3rd serotype. Grape bushes of the Odessa black variety were also found with symptoms that are not typical for a curling virus. Using RT-PCR, a virus of the 9th serotype was identified that had not previously been seen in the vineyards of southern Ukraine.
Conclusion. As a result of a phytosanitary of grape plantations in the Odessa region, a viral grapevine disease, twisting of leaves, was revealed. Using RT-PCR with gel electrophoretic detection, it was established that the grape plants were infected with the virus of twisting the leaves of the vine of the 1st and 3rd serotypes. For the first time identified the 9th serotype of the virus twisting the leaves of grapes on grape plantations in the Odessa region.
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SMRKE, Tina, and Vesna ZUPANC. "Deficitni princip namakanja vinske trte (Vitis vinifera L.) – pregled dosedanjih izkušenj in izhodišča za Slovenijo." Acta agriculturae Slovenica 111, no. 3 (December 12, 2018): 699. http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/aas.2018.111.3.18.
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Deficit irrigation is one of the most researched irrigation water management techniques for vines with many potential benefits for successful grape production. For optimal growth and grape quantity of individual variety, suitable water quantity over growing season should be provided. Due to more frequent droughts vine irrigation will be needed also in Slovenia. The principle of deficit irrigation is affecting vine growth and quality and quantity of the yield by adding smaller amount of water than optimal. Decreased vine growth (reduced growth of shoots, 15.5 % for 'Monastrell, reduced leaf area, reduced pruning mass), smaller berries, and thus yield quantity from 38 % to 57 % for ‘Monastrell’ and 24 % to 27 % for 'Tempranillo', respectively, improved berry composition (higher sugar and antocianin content, lower acid content), better water use efficiency, meaning higher yield per unit of added water, are expected. Most suitable method for deficit irrigation management of vines is by measuring plant water potential. For successful transfer of deficit irrigation in practice, good knowledge of critical growth stages of irrigated vine variety and its behavior in a certain environment is needed. Successful application of this irrigation method in practice will be possible only with financial and expert support.
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Reynolds, Andrew G., and Douglas A. Wardle. "Rootstocks Impact Vine Performance and Fruit Composition of Grapes in British Columbia." HortTechnology 11, no. 3 (January 2001): 419–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.11.3.419.
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Nine wine grape cultivars [`Chardonnay', `Gewurztraminer', `Ortega', `Riesling', `De Chaunac', `Marechal Foch', `Okanagan Riesling', `Seyval blanc', and Verdelet'], own rooted or grafted to four rootstocks [`Couderc 3309' (Vitis riparia × V. rupestris); `Kober 5BB' (5BB), `Teleki 5C', and `Selektion Oppenheim 4' (SO4) (V. riparia × V. berlandieri)] were planted into a randomized complete block experiment in 1985. Data were collected on yield components, weight of cane prunings (vine size), and fruit composition between 1989 and 1996. Yield per vine, clusters per vine, cluster weight, and berry weight were not affected by rootstock, but SO4 tended to produce lowest berries per cluster. Lowest vine size was associated with 5BB and own-rooted vines were usually largest; 5BB was also associated with highest crop load (yield to vine size ratio). Own-rooted vines tended to produce berries with lowest percentage soluble solids (%SS) while 5BB led to highest %SS. Titratable acidity was not strongly affected and pH differences between rootstocks were very small. These data suggest that rootstocks may not provide significant advantage over own-rooted vines under conditions found in the arid regions of the Pacific northwestern U.S. and British Columbia.
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Palliotti, Alberto, Stefano Poni, Oriana Silvestroni, Sergio Tombesi, and Fabio Bernizzoni. "Morpho-structural and physiological performance of Sangiovese and Montepulciano cvv. (Vitis vinifera) under non-limiting water supply conditions." Functional Plant Biology 38, no. 11 (2011): 888. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp11093.
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Morpho-structural and physiological traits of Sangiovese and Montepulciano varieties (Vitis vinifera L. – two red grapes widely cultivated in Italy), grown outside under non-limiting water supply conditions were evaluated in 2007 and 2008 and results were correlated with yield components and grape composition. The 2-year analysis showed intraspecific differences in canopy characteristics, leaf and shoot properties, photosynthetic ability, water use efficiency, vine yield and grape composition. Compared with Sangiovese, Montepulciano was able to assure a higher whole-canopy seasonal net CO2 exchange rate during the season (+38% in mid morning and +49% in mid afternoon). It also had higher water use efficiency (especially early in the morning and in late afternoon) and a higher vine yield (+16%). Furthermore, total soluble solids (+1.7 °Brix), anthocyanins (+0.44 mg cm–2 berry skin) and phenolic compounds (+0.88 mg cm–2 berry skin) were higher in the grapes. To ensure this performance, Montepulciano vines have to support higher costs of growth and maintenance processes, made possible because of the increased respiration activity of the canopy during the night. We confirmed that vine yield and grape composition is strictly dependent on the seasonal photosynthetic capacity of the canopy. Therefore, Montepulciano should be put in a position to fully realise this substantial photosynthetic potential, by avoiding or reducing environmental stress. Sangiovese is structurally and morpho-physiologically better able to withstand any stress during the summer than Montepulciano. Sangiovese xylem tissue had larger mean vessel density and smaller mean vessel diameter and hydraulic conductance than Montepulciano, holding the hypothesis of less susceptibility to conduit damage.
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Thomas, Andrew L., Jackie L. Harris, Elijah A. Bergmeier, and R. Keith Striegler. "Establishment Technique and Rootstock Impact ‘Chambourcin’ Grapevine Morphology and Production in Missouri." HortTechnology 27, no. 2 (April 2017): 248–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech03610-16.
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An evaluation of establishment techniques and rootstocks for ‘Chambourcin’ hybrid grape (Vitis sp.) was conducted 2009–12. Our objective was to evaluate four establishment methods and their interactions with grafted and ungrafted vines in terms of vine morphology and early fruit production under southwest Missouri conditions. The study was established in May 2009, as a factorial experiment comparing four establishment methods (open-trained without protection—two shoots, grow tube protected—two shoots, paperboard carton protected—two shoots, and fan-trained without protection—six shoots) across two vine types (own-rooted and grafted to ‘Couderc 3309’ hybrid grape rootstock). All vines in four of 12 field replications were destructively harvested near the conclusion of the first growing season, with leaf area and total vine dry matter determined. In years 3 and 4, yield, fruit composition, and vegetative growth were determined from the eight remaining replications. The fan training method increased leaf area and total vine dry matter compared with the other methods, but none of the establishment techniques affected fruit yield. Trunks that were tube protected had longer internodes, smaller diameter, and less dry matter, whereas both protection devices reduced glyphosate injury. Vine type (grafted and ungrafted) did not impact total leaf area or dry weight during the establishment year, but grafted vines had increased trunk and root shank dry weights compared with own-rooted vines. Grafted vines produced greater fruit yield in 2012. The fan training method required more labor to execute; although it was successful at increasing leaf area and root dry weight, it increased susceptibility to glyphosate injury and did not promote increased precocity or early fruit yield.
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Phillips, Jason. "The Grape Vine Telegraph: Rumors and Confederate Persistence." Journal of Southern History 72, no. 4 (November 1, 2006): 753. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27649232.
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Choné, Xavier, Olivier Trégoat, Cornelis Van Leeuwen, and Denis Dubourdieu. "Vine water deficit : among the 3 applications of pressure chamber, stem water potential is the most sensitive indicator." OENO One 34, no. 4 (December 31, 2000): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2000.34.4.996.
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<p style="text-align: justify;">Vine water status is an important factor in grape quality. High tannin and anthocyanin content in red grape berries are related to moderate vine water deficits. Hence, a simple and sensitive indicator is required to determine vine water status and especially water constraint. Pressure chamber allows a quick and easy to practice determination of water status in the vineyard. Three applications of pressure chamber are known: predawn leaf water potential (ΨB), leaf water potential (ΨF) and stem water potential (ΨT). Only ΨB and ΨF are widely used on vines. In this survey ΨB, ΨF, ΨT and transpiration flow were measured on mature leaves to determine non-irrigated vine water status in field grown vines during the growing season. In California as well as in France, stem Ψ was the most discriminating indicator for both moderate and severe water deficits. In every plot surveyed ΨT was much better correlated to leaf transpiration than ΨF. Moreover, ΨT revealed nascent water deficit earlier than ΨB did. Among the three application of pressure chamber, ΨT was the only one to indicate short term water deficit after a rainfall. Hence, ΨT appears to be a useful indicator for grapevine management in both non-irrigated and irrigated vineyards.</p>
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Mundy, D. C., P. A. Alspach, and J. Dufay. "Grass grub damage and mycorrhizal colonisation of grapevine rootstocks." New Zealand Plant Protection 58 (August 1, 2005): 234–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2005.58.4279.
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Field observations and a grower survey during 2002/2003 indicated that grass grub larvae might be responsible for the death of young grape vines In November 2003 a pot trial was established to determine whether grass grab larvae feeding caused sufficient root damage to account for observed vine deaths The experiments also evaluated whether arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonisation of grape vine roots was affected by grass grub feeding Grass grub damage was found on the belowground portion of the trunk and was proportional to the numbers of grubs present However root and shoot weight and shoot length were not affected by grub density when measured two months after grubs were introduced AMF colonization varied between the four rootstocks in the trial and was higher where grass grubs had been introduced Further research is required to elucidate the causes of young vine decline in Marlborough
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Goffinet, Martin C., Mary Jean Welser, Alan N. Lakso, and Robert M. Pool. "191 Structure and Development of Cultivated Grapevines in the Northeastern United States." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 475B—475. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.475b.
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Northeastern U.S. grape growers have become more knowledgeable about many aspects of grape production, including pruning and training, canopy management, nutritional recommendations, pest and disease management strategies, vineyard floor management, etc. Important to all these aspects is a firm understanding of vine structure and development. Yet, there is no current publication on vine growth and development that growers and researchers can consult to gain an understanding of the organs, tissues, and developmental processes that contribute to growth and production of quality vines in the northeastern U.S. climate. A concerted effort is underway to secure enough information on how vines are constructed, grow, and develop in the northeast so that a publication useful to a wide audience can be produced. Our objective is to consolidate information already on hand that can help explain the internal and external structures of grapevines that are pertinent to the needs of northeast growers, to add information that is lacking by collecting and examining vine parts, and to work toward integrating vine structure with vine physiology and viticultural practices. Over the past decade, organs of various native American, French hybrid, and vinifera varieties have been collected from vineyards at Cornell's experiment stations and from growers' vineyards in the Finger Lakes and Lake Erie regions. Much quantitative data on vine development have been collected and interpreted. Lab work has included dissections of organs, histological and microscopic examination, microphotography, and the production of interpretive diagrams and charts. A list of the subject matter and examples of visual materials will be presented.
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CORRÊA, SABRINA CRISTINA, CLEITON LUIZ WILLE, HADSON HOFFER, MARI INÊS CARISSIMI BOFF, and CLÁUDIO ROBERTO FRANCO. "OVIPOSITION PREFERENCE AND BIOLOGY OF FRUIT FLIES (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) ON GRAPE VINE GENOTYPES." Revista Caatinga 31, no. 4 (December 2018): 850–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252018v31n407rc.
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ABSTRACT Grape orchards are highly affected by oviposition of fruit flies on grape berries, which compromises the productivity and quality of the grapes. The goal of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of American, European, and hybrid grape genotypes to Anastrepha fraterculus and Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) under laboratory conditions (25 ± 2ºC, 60 ± 10% RH, and 14-hour photophase). The assays were conducted by evaluating oviposition preference through choice and no-choice (antibiosis) tests. The choice test was set up using circular arenas (diameter: 300 mm) with 10 grapes per genotype. The no-choice test was set up using 150 grapes per genotype which were placed inside plastic boxes (417 x 297 x 289 mm). After exposure of the grapes to one or two couples of fruit flies per genotype in choice and no-choice tests, respectively, the grapes were transferred to transparent plastic containers (750 mL). The number of eggs per grape and its viability were evaluated. The no-choice test also evaluated the biological cycle of the fruit flies. The assays were conducted in a completely randomized design with 15 replicates. The most preferred grapes for oviposition by A. fraterculus were Cabernet Sauvignon, Niagara Rosada, and BRS Cora, while C. capitata mainly preferred Isabel Precoce grapes. We observed the complete development of fruit flies in the Moscato Embrapa grapes, but this only occurred with C. capitata. All genotypes evaluated were considered susceptible to A. fraterculus and C. capitata. However, the fruit flies expressed differences in preference for oviposition and host quality.
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Karoglan, M., M. Osrečak, L. Maslov, and B. Kozina. "Effect of cluster and berry thinning on Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon wines composition." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 32, No. 5 (October 1, 2014): 470–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/598/2013-cjfs.
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The manipulation of grape yield is widely practised to improve grape and wine quality. Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon vines in the Zagreb vineyard hills, north-western Croatia, were subjected to three crop removal treatments [cluster thinning (CT), berry thinning (BT), CT+BT, and untreated control] in a randomised block design experiment. CT and CT+BT treatments reduced the grape yield but increased the mean cluster weight compared to control vines. BT alone had a little effect on the yield components. Control grapes generally had the lowest soluble solids (°Oe) and highest titratable acidity (g/l). In most cases, control wines had the lowest total phenols, flavan-3-ols, and anthocyanin concentrations, while CT+BT treatment had the highest ones followed by CT treatment. It was concluded that CT+BT produced wines with generally increased total phenols, flavan-3-ols, and anthocyanins, as well as many individual phenolic compounds. Thus, grape yield per vine seems to be strongly connected with the grape and wine compositions. The final cost-effectiveness of this canopy interventions still remains questionable.
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Cangi, Rüstem, Halil Erdem, İsmet Acar, Neval Altıncı, and Duran Kılıç. "Farklı Azotlu Gübre Form ve Dozlarının Narince (V. Vinifera) Üzüm Çeşidinde Salamuralık Taze Asma Yaprak Verimine Etkisi." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 5, no. 8 (August 27, 2017): 957. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v5i8.957-963.1259.
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The main object of this study was to determine the effects of increasing levels of ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate and urea on resh the vine leaves yield in Narince grape cultivar (Vitis Vinifera L). Vines trained with bilateral cordon system was pruned to yield 5000 buds/da (24 buds/vine) above one or two buds in 2012 vegetation period. Three levels of nitrogen (0-control, 5, 10, 15 kg N /da) were applied to vines, in a split parcels with four replications. Young vine brined leaves were collected five times during growing season, and fresh brined leaves yield ( kg/da) were determined. Fertilizer form applications had significant effect on fresh leaf yield. Fresh leaf yield varied from 312.4 (Control) to 437.1 kg/da (ammonium nitrate 10 kg N/da). Vine fresh leaves yield increeased with increasing of N doses. Nitrogen applications were increased fresh leaves yield by about 30%. According to experimental results, 10 kg/da N provided the highest vine leaves yield. Ammonium nitrate treatments had given more yield vine leaves yield than the other fertilizing treatments.
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Herbert, K. S., P. A. Umina, P. J. Mitrovski, K. S. Powell, K. Viduka, and A. A. Hoffmann. "Clone lineages of grape phylloxera differ in their performance on Vitis vinifera." Bulletin of Entomological Research 100, no. 6 (May 19, 2010): 671–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485310000027.
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AbstractGrape phylloxera, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch, is an important pest of grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) (Vitaceae). The distribution and frequency of phylloxera clone lineages vary within infested regions of Australia, suggesting the introduction of separate lineages of D. vitifoliae with host associations. Virulence levels of particular phylloxera clones may vary on V. vinifera, but much of this evidence is indirect. In this study, we directly tested the performance of phylloxera clones on V. vinifera using an established excised root assay and a new glasshouse vine assessment. In the root assay, grape phylloxera clones differed in egg production and egg to adult survivorship. In the vine assay, clones differed in the number of immature and adult life stages on roots. In addition vine characteristics, including mean stem weight, root weight, leaf chlorophyll and leaf area, were affected by different phylloxera clones. The two most widespread clones displayed high levels of virulence. These results point to only some phylloxera clones being highly virulent on V. vinifera, helping to explain patterns of field damage, phylloxera distributions and continued survival and production of V. vinifera vines in some infested areas.
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Pradubsuk, Suphasuk, and Joan R. Davenport. "Seasonal Uptake and Partitioning of Macronutrients in Mature ‘Concord’ Grape." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 135, no. 5 (September 2010): 474–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.135.5.474.
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Understanding how grape (Vitis L.) vines store nutrients in permanent tissues, how much nutrient vines take up from the soil, and how nutrients are partitioned and redistributed throughout the plant is critical to the development of sound nutrient management practices. This study investigated the seasonal patterns of macronutrient uptake and redistribution in whole ‘Concord’ grape (Vitis labruscana Bailey) vines. The study was conducted in a 42-year-old own-rooted ‘Concord’ vineyard. The site was a furrow-irrigated fine sandy loam. In 2006 and 2007, four vines were excavated at winter pruning, budbreak, three- to four-leaf stage, bloom, veraison, harvest, and postharvest. Each vine was separated into different organs, dried, and weighed to determine biomass, and then ground and analyzed for C, N, P, K, Ca, and Mg. The results showed that the seasonal dynamics of nutrient contents shared a consistent pattern: translocation of nutrients from woody tissues to actively growing organs at the beginning of the season; nutrient uptake from bloom to veraison (P and Mg in 2006), bloom to harvest (N, P, K, and Ca), or veraison to harvest (P and Mg in 2007); and nutrient movement to woody tissues occurring after veraison until leaf fall with no further nutrient uptake. There was a very high accumulation of Ca in permanent structures of the vine, reflecting the high Ca and CaCO3 found in the soils of the region. As a result, the vines had a higher Ca content than all other nutrients throughout the growing season, which is different from findings in other growing areas.
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Choné, Xavier, Valérie Lavigne-Cruège, Takatoshi Tominaga, Cornelis Van Leeuwen, Caroline Castagnède, Cédric Saucier, and Denis Dubourdieu. "Effect of vine nitrogen status on grape aromatic potential: flavor precursors (S-cysteine conjugates), glutathione and phenolic content in Vitis vinifera L. Cv Sauvignon blanc grape juice." OENO One 40, no. 1 (March 31, 2006): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2006.40.1.880.
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<p style="text-align: justify;">Vine nitrogen status influence on S-cysteine conjugate precursors of volatile thiols, glutathione and phenolic content of the berries of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sauvignon blanc have been assessed. Despite an increase in berry weight, the increase in nitrogen supply in the vine leads to higher cysteine precursor levels in grape juice. We also show that a late addition of nitrogen at berry set leads to a lower level of phenolic compounds in white grapes and to higher glutathione levels. Therefore, in white varieties, and particularly Sauvignon blanc, improving the nitrogen supply of the vine clearly increases its aromatic potential. However, an excess of nitrogen supply would increase the grape sensitivity to Botrytis cinerea and therefore decrease its quality.</p>
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Avizcuri-Inac, José-Miguel, Marivel González-Hernández, Daniel Rosáenz-Oroz, Rodrigo Martínez-Ruiz, and Luis Vaquero-Fernández. "Chemical and sensory characterisation of sweet wines obtained by different techniques." Ciência e Técnica Vitivinícola 33, no. 1 (2018): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ctv/20183301015.
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Little is known about the chemical and sensory characteristics of natural sweet wines obtained by different grape dehydration processes. The main aim of this work is to characterise several natural sweet wines, in order to understand the influence of grape dehydration on the chemical and sensory profile of those wines. First, conventional oenological parameters and low molecular weight phenolic compounds have been determined. Next, sensory descriptive analysis was performed on individual samples based on citation frequencies for aroma attributes and conventional intensity scores for taste and mouth-feel properties. Low molecular weight phenolic compounds and acidity were found in a lower concentration in most wines from off-vine dried grapes. Late harvest wine presented higher amounts of phenolics. White wines showed higher sensory and chemical acidity. Most wines obtained from off-vine and on-vine grape dehydration presented common notes of dry fruits and raisins as aroma properties. Chemical and sensory analyses performed in this study were able to define sweet wines. No significant differences have been found in chemical and sensory profiles of sweet wines according to dehydration processes of the grapes. Late harvest wine and white wines were differentiated from other wines through chemical and sensory analysis.
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Van Leeuwen, Cornelius, Olivier Trégoat, Xavier Choné, Benjamin Bois, David Pernet, and Jean-Pierre Gaudillère. "Vine water status is a key factor in grape ripening and vintage quality for red Bordeaux wine. How can it be assessed for vineyard management purposes?" OENO One 43, no. 3 (September 30, 2009): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2009.43.3.798.
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<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Aims</strong>: The impact of water deficit stress on vine shoot growth, berry weight, grape composition and overall vintage quality was investigated in Bordeaux vineyards. Methods for assessing water deficit stress were compared.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods and results</strong>: Vine water status was assessed on three soil types during four vintages by means of stem water potential and carbon isotope discrimination measured on grape sugar. Regional water deficit was compared for a range of over 30 vintages by means of water balance modelling. It was shown that water deficit stress anticipated shoot growth slackening, limited berry weight and enhanced berry anthocyanin content. Berry sugar content was greatest when water deficit was mild. It was shown that stem water potential measurements and carbon isotope discrimination are accurate tools for assessing vine water status at plot scale. Seasonal water deficit at a regional scale can be correctly estimated by water balance models. Vintage quality in Bordeaux is determined by the intensity of water deficit stress rather than by the level of the temperatures.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusions</strong>: Vine phenology and grape ripening are highly dependent on water uptake conditions. Mild water deficit stress enhances grape quality for the production of red wines. Vine water status can accurately be assessed by means of stem water potential or carbon isotope discrimination measured on grape sugars. Quality losses through severe water stress can be avoided through the use of drought-adapted plant material, appropriate canopy management, yield reduction or the implementation of deficit irrigation.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Significance and impact of the study</strong>: This study shows the key role of water deficits in the production of quality grapes for red wine production. Methods for assessing vine water status are compared and discussed. Among many existing methods, the accuracy of stem water potential, carbon isotope discrimination measured on grape sugar and water balance modelling are emphasized.</p>
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Parr, Baden, Mathew Legg, Stuart Bradley, and Fakhrul Alam. "Occluded Grape Cluster Detection and Vine Canopy Visualisation Using an Ultrasonic Phased Array." Sensors 21, no. 6 (March 20, 2021): 2182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21062182.
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Grape yield estimation has traditionally been performed using manual techniques. However, these tend to be labour intensive and can be inaccurate. Computer vision techniques have therefore been developed for automated grape yield estimation. However, errors occur when grapes are occluded by leaves, other bunches, etc. Synthetic aperture radar has been investigated to allow imaging through leaves to detect occluded grapes. However, such equipment can be expensive. This paper investigates the potential for using ultrasound to image through leaves and identify occluded grapes. A highly directional low frequency ultrasonic array composed of ultrasonic air-coupled transducers and microphones is used to image grapes through leaves. A fan is used to help differentiate between ultrasonic reflections from grapes and leaves. Improved resolution and detail are achieved with chirp excitation waveforms and near-field focusing of the array. The overestimation in grape volume estimation using ultrasound reduced from 222% to 112% compared to the 3D scan obtained using photogrammetry or from 56% to 2.5% compared to a convex hull of this 3D scan. This also has the added benefit of producing more accurate canopy volume estimations which are important for common precision viticulture management processes such as variable rate applications.
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Tarara, J. M., and J. C. Ferguson. "583 Scaling-up Heat-balance Sap Flow Sensors for the High Flow Rates of Mature Grape Vines." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 497A—497. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.497a.
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Management strategies like “deficit irrigation” in wine grapes require accurate, reliable information on vine water use, making direct measurements of vine transpiration highly desirable. The heat-balance sap flow method has the advantages of being non-invasive and requiring no other calibration beyond a zero-flow set. Potential violations of the method's assumptions were dealt with and the heat balance method successfully applied to mature grape vines under conditions of extremely high sap flow. Greenhouse studies suggested that vines transpire at night, up to 9.5% of the total 24-h water loss, thus violating the zero-flow assumption for setting the gauge constant. Using a predetermined gauge constant caused smaller errors than using daily, pre-dawn constants set in situ. The steady-state assumption was violated only in early and late hours of the day, and the inclusion of a term to account for the change in heat stored by the stem only marginally improved daily estimates of water use. The assumption of radially uniform temperature across the heated stem segment is violated at very high flows (e.g., >700 g·h–1), but can be corrected for by using wider heaters and adjusting the placement of thermocouples. For a mature, potted vine in the greenhouse, the maximum absolute error in cumulative daytime water use between a sap gauge and a precision load cell was about –10%, with the gauge almost exclusively underestimating water loss. A custom-built, 20-gauge system was run continuously in the field for 90 days. Vine-to-vine variability in water use was not accounted for by normalizing sap flow by leaf area, suggesting that it is critical to include in any field study the largest number of gauges that are technically feasible.
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M. Saadullah, Asia A., and Samir K. A. Bdullah. "Fungal contamination of dried vine fruits and ochratoxin a detection in grape juice from Duhok, Iraq." Innovaciencia Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales 6, no. 2 (December 28, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.15649/2346075x.472.
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Introduction: Dried vine fruits (raisins) and their juice are widely consumed by human as a diet. Raisins have been shown highly contaminated with ochratoxin A (OTA) and OTA-producing fungi. Ochratoxin A is a potent nephrotoxic and carcinogen to human and animals. Materials and Methods: Dried vine fruit samples was obtained from local shops for fruit juice and soft drinks in Duhok province. Two different media, Dichloran R ose Ben gal Chloromphenicol Agar (DRBC) and Dichloran 18 % Glycerol Agar (DG-18) was used for the counting and isolation of fungi from dried vine fruits. Grape juice were prepared from dried vine fruit after blending with water in a commercial blender. Natural contamination with ochratoxin A was detected by LC-MS/MS technique. Results and Discussion: All samples confirmed to be contaminated with fungi with various degrees. A total of 19 filamentous genera of fungi as well to Yeasts and non sporulation mycelium was detected. Predominant genera detected on both media were Aspergillus and Penicillium. Detected value of ochratoxn A in juices obtained from dried vine fruits was between 0.37 ng/ml to 1.85 ng/ml. Samples contaminated with ochratoxin A were associated withAspergillus carbonarius, A. niger aggregate, A. sclerotium, A. ochraceus, and Penicillum verrucosum. Conclusion: Dried vines fruit were highly contaminated with a broad spectrum of filamentous fungi. Black aspergilli were the most detected species from samples naturally contaminated with ochratoxin A
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Tarricone, L., G. Masi, S. Roccotelli, A. R. Caputo, and P. Crupi. "Vine performance of ‘Italia' table grape in relation to organic soil amendment." BIO Web of Conferences 15 (2019): 01034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20191501034.
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The following research took place during the 2018 − ‘19 season in ‘Italia' table grape vineyard in Apulia. Four treatments were compared: no fertilized (T), organic amendment fertilized (B) at rate of 5.0 ton/hectare, equivalent at the rate of 100 Kg N ha−1, 75 Kg P2O5 ha−1 and 75 Kg K202 ha−1; mineral fertilized (M) at the same rate of N, P2O5 and K2O of organic fertilized vines and finally a cover crops treatment with a mixture of vetch, pea and lentil (S). Leaf gas exchange during summer season shown significant differences in term of net CO2 assimilation, stomatal conductance, transpiration onto organic fertilized vines respect to control vines. Vines fertilized with organic amendment shown a better water status during warmest summer days since organic compounds improve the soil-water holding capacity. Compared to unfertilized vines, vines fertilized with organic amendment have shown a significant increase in yield per vine (+ 32%) in relation to the highest cluster weight and the highest sugar content respect to mineral fertilized vines. Our results indicates that application of an high level of soil organic amendment on ‘Italia' table grape vines increase grapevines yield, berry solid soluble solid and have improved soil properties, contrasting summer drought effect.
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Copper, Alexander Willem, Cassandra Collins, Susan Bastian, Trent Johnson, Stefanos Koundouras, Christodoulos Karaolis, and Savvas Savvides. "Vine performance benchmarking of indigenous Cypriot grape varieties Xynisteri and Maratheftiko." OENO One 54, no. 4 (November 4, 2020): 935–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2020.54.4.3863.
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Aim: The aims of this study were to (1) formulate a baseline understanding of the performance of the indigenous Cypriot white grape Xynisteri and the red grape Maratheftiko (Vitis vinifera L.), and (2) compare these varieties to Shiraz and Sauvignon blanc grown in a Cypriot vineyard.Materials and results: The investigation involved multiple dry grown vineyards from the Krasochoria region of Lemesos, Cyprus, during the 2017, 2018 and 2019 vintages. Vine performance measurements, including midday stem water potential, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content, stomata density, vine phenology and vegetative and reproductive measurements, were taken at flowering, veraison and pre-harvest. Xynisteri had the greatest stomatal density, more shoots, more leaves, heavier bunches, greater yield, higher leaf water potential at harvest, and a stomatal conductance equal to Maratheftiko, but greater than that of both Shiraz and Sauvignon blanc. Maratheftiko had the longest shoots, largest shoot diameter and the greatest chlorophyll content out of all four varieties.Conclusions: This study identified the ability of the indigenous Cypriot grape varieties, Xynisteri and Maratheftiko, to better tolerate hot and dry conditions when compared to more commonly cultivated varieties grown in the same environmental conditions.Significance and impact of the study: The changing climate of wine growing regions worldwide is placing great pressure on the resources for sustainable viticulture. Many vineyards in hot climate zones base their businesses on European grape varieties traditionally grown in regions with abundant water resources. It is therefore necessary for the global wine industry to investigate grape varieties that are indigenous to hot climates. The eastern Mediterranean island of Cyprus is one such place, with more than 10 indigenous grape varieties that grow well in a hot climate without irrigation. Consumer studies have demonstrated that wines made from these Cypriot varieties are equally, if not more, acceptable than wines made from more traditional European grapes; therefore, the potential for their use in other hot wine growing regions is promising.
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Bessis, R. "Grape vine physiology: the contribution of culture in vitro." Experientia 42, no. 8 (August 1986): 927–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01941770.
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McEachern, G. R., Jim Kamas, Doug Cook, and Jerral Johnson. "Pierce's Disease of Texas Grapevines." HortScience 32, no. 4 (July 1997): 597F—597. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.4.597f.
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Since 1977, it was believed the grape strain of Xylella fastidiosa, Pierce's Disease (PD), was limited to sites receiving less than 800 hours of winter chilling below 45 °F. Warm winters since 1992–93 resulted in numerous PD-positive vineyards in central Texas which were previously nonaffected. Vine mortality ranges from minimal to over 80% dead vines. A Davis Mountains site receiving over 1,000 hours was also severely infected in 1996. The last severe winter in Texas was 1989–90; therefore, warm winters could be contributing. This climatic change could have affected vines, vectors, bacteria, and/or hosts. Recent work based on a study of 20 PD samples, 11 from Texas and 9 from other states, including California and Florida, indicates that the samples of PD grape strain of Xylella fastidiosa are clonally related. ELISA tests failed to identify PD from 1994–96; therefore, a sensitive REP-PCR test is needed before vine, bacteria, vector, and host management strategies can be developed.
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Balík, J., M. Kyseláková, N. Vrchotová, J. Tříska, M. Kumšta, J. Veverka, P. Híc, J. Totušek, and D. Lefnerová. "Relations between polyphenols content and antioxidant activity in vine grapes and leaves." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 26, Special Issue (February 10, 2009): S25—S32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/246/2008-cjfs.
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The occurrence and content of some polyphenols and the antioxidant activity of compounds present in grape berries, stems and leaves of <i>Vitis vinifera</i> L. were evaluated. Three white and three blue varieties of grapevine were investigated. The contents were determined of <i>trans</i>-resveratrol, <i>trans</i>-piceid, caftaric acid, tryptophan, catechin, epicatechin, total polyphenols, and flavanols, both in healthy material and in the samples of the plant material infested with microorganisms (<i>Botryotinia fuckeliana</i> Whetzel anamorph <i>Botrytis cinerea</i> Pers.; Uncinula necator (Schw.) Burr; <i>Plasmopara viticola</i> (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Berl & De Toni). The antioxidant activity of the extracts obtained was determined by different methods: FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power), DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical) and TAC-PCL (Total Antioxidant Capacity of Photochemiluminescence). The content of <i>trans</i>-resveratrol varied between 0.3–2.3 mg/kg and 0.7–12.1 mg/kg in non-infested and infested grape berries, respectively. The content of <i>trans</i>-piceid between 0.6–2.9 mg/kg and 1.5–6.3 mg/kg in non-infested and infested grape berries, respectively. The content of trans-resveratrol varied between 2.5–10.3 mg/kg and 3.7–20.9 mg/kg in healthy and in infected leaves, respectively. The content <i>trans</i>-piceid varied between 11.3–58.4 mg/kg and 18.5–60.9 mg/kg in the healthy and in the infected leaves, respectively. The highest content of trans-resveratrol was found in stems (16.3–276.3 mg/kg). In young lateral shoots, the highest levels of <i>trans</i>-piceid (12.6–99.7 mg/kg) and caftaric acid (474–2257 mg/kg) were determined. The infested grape berries showed a higher antioxidant activity, which was most closely correlated with the content of total polyphenols (correlation coefficient = 0.8336–0.9952).
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Pulko, B., S. Vršič, and J. Valdhuber. " Influence of various rootstocks on the yield and grape composition of Sauvignon Blanc." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 30, No. 5 (July 25, 2012): 467–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/347/2011-cjfs.
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This influence of various rootstocks on the yield and grape composition of Sauvignon Blanc was examined. The yield on rootstock 41B/72 was 1 kg/vine or more higher than on rootstocks SO4 cl. 31, Riparia cl. 1 and Kober 5BB. The vines grafted on the Börner rootstock gave the highest weight of 100 berries (241 g). The highest seed weight of 100 berries (6.9 g) was found on rootstock 196/17 Cl, while the lowest one was on the Riparia cl. 1 (5.6 g). There was a strong, positive correlation (r = 0.91) between the berry and seed weights of vines on rootstock 41B/72 (2003). The total acidity content and the relationship between tartaric and malic acids were affected more by the weather conditions than by the rootstock. Relatively strong correlations between the grape yield and total soluble solids (r = –0.89), and between grape yield and total acidity (r = 0.76) were found in the grape juice on rootstock 41B/72 (in 2002).
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Yang, Qizhi, Mingsheng He, Guangyu Du, Lei Shi, Xiaoqi Zhao, Aiping Shi, and Min Addy. "Design and Experimental Study of a Wine Grape Covering Soil-Cleaning Machine with Wind Blowing." AgriEngineering 3, no. 1 (February 4, 2021): 50–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering3010004.
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Due to the cold and dry climate during the winter season of Central Asia, in order to prevent frostbite and vines drying out for wine grapes, the common methods are burying the vines in winter under a thick layer of soil and then cleaning them out in the next spring. The design of existing vine digging machinery is not precise enough and can only remove the outer layer of the soil on both sides and the top. It cannot clean the soil from the central area of the buried vine. Sometimes, the branches and buds get damaged due to uneven driving condition. To solve the problem, an innovative non-contact blower was designed and tested to clean the vine. In this paper, the design specifications and operation parameters of the blower were determined according to the agronomic properties of the grapevines. Fluent-EDEM coupling, that is, with the help of Engineering discrete element method (EDEM) and CFD fluid simulation software Fluent, was the most common method for dynamic simulation of gas-solid two-phase flow. The Fluent-EDEM coupling simulation was used to simulate the dynamics of soil particles under the action of different wind speeds and blowing patterns, with the goal of a high soil cleaning rate. A prototype of the soil cleaning blower was manufactured and tested at the vineyards of Ningxia Yuquanying Farm in China. The results showed that the blower had an operation efficiency of 4669 m2·h−1, with an average soil removal rate of 80%. The efficiency of covering soil cleaning and rattan raising was greatly improved, and the damage rate of the vines, branches and the buds was greatly reduced.
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Dokupilová, Ivana, Ernest Šturdík, and Daniel Mihálik. "Characterization of vine varieties by SSR markers." Acta Chimica Slovaca 6, no. 2 (October 1, 2013): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acs-2013-0035.
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Abstract Nowadays, there are well known PCR-based techniques to detect polymorphism in plants. Marker technologies which are applied in breeding and varietal characterization can be exchanged across laboratories with standardization to yield reproducible results. This article describes applying of simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers in European laboratories, in which the reproducibility of these popular markers are examined. One of the European Union interests is characterization of grape varieties and preparation of International Vitis catalogue for comparison global varieties as Chardonnay, Sauvignon, Pinot noir with the domestic for each other country. Grape genome contains of many SSR, which are highly polymorphic. This review provides the latest information in SSR research including novels in research, comparison, development and application of microsatellites.
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Roychev, Venelin, Milena Tzanova, Neli Keranova, and Penka Peeva. "Antioxidant content and antioxidant activity in raisins from seedless hybrid vine varieties with coloured grape juice." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 38, No. 6 (December 23, 2020): 410–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/160/2020-cjfs.
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A study has been conducted on the antioxidant content and antioxidant activity in raisins from seedless hybrid varieties of vines with coloured grape juice. It has been found that the amounts of trans-resveratrol and quercetin as well as their antioxidant activity in raisins from the seedless coloured hybrid forms almost always mathematically exceed the levels of these indicators in the raisins of the Gamay Freaux, Black Corinth and Sangiovese grape varieties. It has been shown that 54% of the change in antioxidant activity is due to changes in the content of trans-resveratrol and 42% of quercetin. The applied mathematical models enable the theoretical study of the chemical composition of raisins of different grape varieties through the analytical forms of the proven relationships between them.
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Lampíř, Lubomír, and František Muška. "The basic comparision of total grape quality of vine from two different locations of vine (Vitis vinifera)." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 56, no. 5 (2008): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200856050133.
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The aim of the work was to compare the course of agro-ecological indicators according to the internationally acknowledged parameters – the balance of vine bunches, the berry balance, the weight of vine bunches, the berry weight in 7 varieties of vine in three resistant white varieties Merzling, Malverina and Hibernal and in one blue variety – Medina, then in classical varieties Aurelius, Chardonnay and Muscat Moravian in two locations Perna (sub-region Mikulovice) and Sadek (sub-region Znojmo). The evaluation of the grape quality was carried out in accordance with common standards used in the Czech Republic. The following parameters were monitored The agro-ecological indicators were compared according to the internationally acknowledged parameters in the work – the balance of vine bunches, the berry balance, the weight of vine bunches, the berry weight for 7 varieties of vine in three resistant white varieties Merzling, Malverina and Hibernal and one blue – Medina, then in classical varieties Aurelius, Chardonnay and Muscat Moravian in two locations Perna (sub-region Mikulovice) and Sadek (sub-region Znojmo). As concerns the balance of vine bunches and berries, remarkable differences between these two areas have been proved. The weight of vine bunches has shown no statistically remarkable difference. The berry weight has shown no difference at all.
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Striegler, R. Keith, Justin R. Morris, Gary L. Main, Chris B. Lake, Simon R. Graves, Renee T. Threlfall, and Janice M. Blevins. "277 Effect of Pruning Method on Yield and Quality of `Sunbelt' Grapes Grown in the San Joaquin Valley of California." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 439A—439. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.439a.
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`Sunbelt' is a juice grape cultivar developed by the Univ. of Arkansas. This cultivar produces `Concord'-type juice and is adapted to climatic conditions of the southern United States. Preliminary evaluation showed that `Sunbelt' has potential to produce high-quality juice under the hot climatic conditions of the San Joaquin Valley. A study was conducted during the 1998 and 1999 seasons to further evaluate the adaptation of `Sunbelt' to San Joaquin Valley conditions and determine the response of this cultivar to selected pruning methods. Vines of uniform vine size and vigor were subjected to four pruning treatments: severe hand-pruning (60 to 80 nodes retained/vine); moderate hand-pruning (120 to 160 nodes retained/vine); machine-pruning (160 to 180 nodes retained/vine); and minimal pruning (200 to 400 nodes retained/vine). Vines were trained to a Geneva Double Curtain trellis system. Yield and components of yield were significantly impacted by pruning treatment. In both seasons, mechanized systems of pruning (machine or minimal) produced higher yield than hand pruning. Minimal pruning resulted in the highest yield in 1998, while yield from machine-pruned vines was highest in 1999. Minimally pruned vines had the highest clusters/vine, lowest cluster weight, and lowest berry weight among the treatments. Fruit composition was also affected by pruning treatment. Minimal pruning produced fruit which was less mature than fruit from the other treatments in 1998. This result was likely due to the high yield obtained. Few differences in fruit composition were observed among treatments in 1999. The effect of pruning method on processed juice quality will be presented. Acceptable juice quality was obtained for most treatments.
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Velicevici, Giancarla, Emilian Madoşă, Adriana Ciulca, Sorin Ciulca, Mihaela Mălăescu, Eleonora Nistor, and Carmen Beinsan. "RESEARCH ON THE VARIABILITY OF YIELD COMPONENTS IN SOME GRAPEVINE VARIETIES FOR RED WINES." Current Trends in Natural Sciences 10, no. 19 (July 31, 2021): 307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.47068/ctns.2021.v10i19.039.
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Research was conducted during two growing seasons (2017-2018) in Miniş-Măderat vineyard. The study aimed to evaluate the variability of several red wine grape varieties in order to highlight their main qualitative and quantitative parameters. In the research were involved the morphological parameters: the number of bunches on the vine, the bunch weight, the number of berries in the bunch and the grape yield on the vine. The highest bunches number /vine registered Merlot variety (30.24), while Burgund variety recorded the lowest values (17.76). Burgund variety recorded the highest bunch average weight (119.57 g) while Pinot Noir recorded the lowest value (87.18 g).Merlot variety recorded the highest number of berries/bunch,(111.36) and the lower value was recorded by the Pinot Noir ( 82.36).The Merlot variety achieved a significantly higher production than the other varieties during both growing seasons (3600.87g). The conditions of 2018 growing season had a very significant positive influence on the grape yield/ vine.
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Ren*, Zhongbo, Jiang Lu*, and Xia Xu*. "Vine Vigor and Fruit Characteristics of Muscadine Grapes." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 826C—826. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.826c.
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Muscadine grape industry in the southeastern United Sates is expanding in recent years. To provide necessary information for the growing industry, 50 muscadine grape cultivars were evaluated for vigor and fruit characteristics at Florida A&M Univ., Tallahassee, Fla. Vine vigor was measured by winter pruning weight and varied from 5.4 lb/vine to 35.7 lb/vine. Among these cultivars, Triumph, Summit, and Tara were the least vigorous, while `Carlos', `Fry Seedless', and `Gold Isle' produced the most pruning weight. Dry scar ranged from 60.6% (Darlene) to 97.7% (Dixie Red). Among the most important table grapes, `Nesbitt', `Alachua', `Jumbo', `Fry', `Triumph', and `Scarlete' showed more than 70% of dry scars. Fruit rot ranged from 0.3% (Gold Isle) to 31.8% (Dixie Land). `Noble', `Scarlet', `Nesbitt', and `Carlos' were the important cultivars with less than 5% rotted fruits. Commercial fruit index were different significantly among the cultivars, ranged from 45.5% to 96.4%. Higher commercial fruit index of table grapes were found with `Magnolia', `Rosa', `Scarlet', and `Tara', while `Dixie Land' (45.5%) was the least. Seeds per fruit varied among the cultivars, ranging from 2.4 to 4.9. Fewer fruit seeds were found in `Fry' and `Nesbitt', while `Granny Val', `Senoria', `Darlene' and `Triumph' had more seeds per fruit than the others. Seed size also differed among the cultivars. `Sugar Pop' had the largest seeds (0.144 g/seed), which was twice as the size of the smallest seeds of `Welder' (0.056 g/seed). Fruit soluble solids content (SSC) ranged from 11.7% to 16.9% among the cvs. evaluated. Higher SSCs were found in `Welder', `Fry Seedless', `Scarlet', and `Cowart', while `Senoria' and `Jumbo' had relatively low SSC.
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Woodburn, K. R., and J. R. Clark. "Cluster Modification Effects on the Performance of an Arkansas Table Grape Selection." HortScience 33, no. 4 (July 1998): 592b—592. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.4.592b.
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Flower cluster thinning effects were investigated on A-2274, a large-fruited, seedless table grape selection from the Univ. of Arkansas Grape Breeding Program. The objective of the study was to evaluate flower cluster thinning as a method to enhance cluster size and fill. Treatments included thinning to one flower cluster per shoot, removing one-half of each cluster, and a control (no flowers removed). Each treatment consisted of three, single-vine replications, with each vine being pruned to 32 buds. Removal of entire flower clusters (to one per shoot) resulted in larger clusters and a trend toward higher cluster fill ratings. Berry mass, number of clusters per vine, and yield per vine were unaffected by flower cluster treatment. Berries per cluster were reduced by the partial flower cluster removal treatment. Flower cluster thinning to one cluster proved a beneficial practice in increasing cluster characteristics of this promising selection.
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Zombardo, Alessandra, Erica Mica, Sergio Puccioni, Rita Perria, Paolo Valentini, Giovan Battista Mattii, Luigi Cattivelli, and Paolo Storchi. "Berry Quality of Grapevine under Water Stress as Affected by Rootstock–Scion Interactions through Gene Expression Regulation." Agronomy 10, no. 5 (May 12, 2020): 680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10050680.
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Despite phenotypic plasticity that allows the adaptation to harsh environments, when vines experience severe abiotic stresses, they can suffer from metabolic damages affecting grape production and quality. Grafting is an affordable strategy to mitigate these negative consequences since the rootstock can increase the drought tolerance in the scion. This work explored the effects of pre-veraison water deficit on vines grafted on different rootstocks (Mgt 101-14 and 1103 Paulsen) to obtain physiological, biochemical, and molecular information about the influence on grape quality. Repeated measurements were carried out to assess vine physiology, production, technological maturity, and berry phenolic composition. qRT-PCRs were executed on berry skins at maturity to assess the expression levels of ten genes and five miRNAs involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway. Water stress caused significant alterations in grape technological maturity. The rootstock effect was not detected in primary metabolism while it was well defined in the accumulation of phenolic compounds in berries (such as anthocyanins). Finally, significant differences were identified in gene and miRNA expression between water-stressed and well-watered vines. In conclusion, the response to water stress can be modulated by rootstocks, which mainly act by regulating secondary metabolism, especially in grapes.
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Culbert, Julie A., WenWen Jiang, Renata Ristic, Carolyn J. Puglisi, Elizabeth C. Nixon, Hongmei Shi, and Kerry L. Wilkinson. "Glycosylation of Volatile Phenols in Grapes following Pre-Harvest (On-Vine) vs. Post-Harvest (Off-Vine) Exposure to Smoke." Molecules 26, no. 17 (August 31, 2021): 5277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26175277.
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Taint in grapes and wine following vineyard exposure to bushfire smoke continues to challenge the financial viability of grape and wine producers worldwide. In response, researchers are studying the chemical, sensory and physiological consequences of grapevine smoke exposure. However, studies involving winemaking trials are often limited by the availability of suitable quantities of smoke-affected grapes, either from vineyards exposed to smoke or from field trials involving the application of smoke to grapevines. This study compared the accumulation of volatile phenol glycosides (as compositional markers of smoke taint) in Viognier and Cabernet Sauvignon grapes exposed to smoke pre- vs. post-harvest, and found post-harvest smoke exposure of fruit gave similar levels of volatile phenol glycosides to fruit exposed to smoke pre-harvest. Furthermore, wines made from smoke-affected fruit contained similar levels of smoke-derived volatile phenols and their glycosides, irrespective of whether smoke exposure occurred pre- vs. post-harvest. Post-harvest smoke exposure therefore provides a valid approach to generating smoke-affected grapes in the quantities needed for winemaking trials and/or trials that employ both chemical and sensory analysis of wine.