Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Grape vine'
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Winkler, Tobias. "Empirical models for grape vine leaf area estimation on cv. Trincadeira." Master's thesis, ISA-UL, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/13008.
Full textEstimating a Vineyard’s leaf area is of great importance when evaluating the productive and quality potential of a vineyard and for characterizing the light and thermal microenvironments of grapevine plants. The aim of the present work was to validate the Lopes and Pinto method for determining vineyard leaf area in the vineyards of Lisbon’s wine growing region in Portugal, with the typical local red grape cultivar Trincadeira, and to improve prediction quality by providing cultivar specific models. The presented models are based on independent datasets of two consecutive years 2015 and 2016. Fruiting shoots were collected and analyzed during all phenological stages. Primary leaf area of shoots is estimated by models using a calculated variable obtained from the average of the largest and smallest primary leaf area multiplied by the number of primary leaves, as presented by Lopes and Pinto (2005). Lateral Leaf area additionally uses the area of the biggest lateral leaf as predictor. Models based on Shoot length and shoot diameter and number of lateral leaves were tested as less laborious alternatives. Although very fast and easy to assess, models based on shoot length and diameter were not able to predict variability of lateral leaf area sufficiently and were susceptible to canopy management. The Lopes and Pinto method is able to explain a very high proportion of variability, both in primary and lateral leaf area, independently of the phenological stage, as well as before and after trimming. They are inexpensive, universal, practical, non-destructive methods which do not require specialized staff or expensive equipment
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Al, saddik Hania. "Spectral and textural analysis of high resolution data for the automatic detection of grape vine diseases." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCK050/document.
Full text‘Flavescence dorée’ is a contagious and incurable disease present on the vine leaves. The DAMAV project (Automatic detection of Vine Diseases) aims to develop a solution for automated detection of vine diseases using a micro-drone. The goal is to offer a turnkey solution for wine growers. This tool will allow the search for potential foci, and then more generally any type of detectable vine disease on the foliage. To enable this diagnosis, the foliage is proposed to be studied using a dedicated high-resolution multispectral camera.The objective of this PhD-thesis in the context of DAMAV is to participate in the design and implementation of a Multi-Spectral (MS) image acquisition system and to develop the image pre-processing algorithms, based on the most relevant spectral and textural characteristics related to ‘Flavescence dorée’.Several grapevine varieties were considered such as red-berried and white-berried ones; furthermore, other diseases than ‘Flavescence dorée’ (FD) such as Esca and ‘Bois noir’ (BN) were also tested under real production conditions. The PhD work was basically performed at a leaf-level scale and involved an acquisition step followed by a data analysis step.Most imaging techniques, even MS, used to detect diseases in field crops or vineyards, operate in the visible electromagnetic radiation range. In DAMAV, it is advised to detect the disease as early as possible. It is therefore necessary to investigate broader information in particular in the infra-red. Reflectance responses of plants leaves can be obtained from short to long wavelengths. These reflectance signatures describe the internal constituents of leaves. This means that the presence of a disease can modify the internal structure of the leaves and hence cause an alteration of its reflectance signature.A spectrometer is used in our study to characterize reflectance responses of leaves in the field. Several samples at different growth stages were used for the tests. To define optimal reflectance features for grapevine disease detection (FD, Esca, BN), a new methodology that designs spectral disease indices based on two dimension reduction techniques, coupled with a classifier, has been developed. The first feature selection technique uses the Genetic Algorithms (GA) and the second one relies on the Successive Projection Algorithm (SPA). The new resulting spectral disease indices outperformed traditional vegetation indices and GA performed in general better than SPA. The features finally chosen can thus be implemented as filters in the MS sensor.In general, the reflectance information was satisfying for finding infections (higher than 90% of accuracy for the best method) but wasn’t enough. Thus, the images acquired with the developed MS device can further be pre-processed by low level techniques based on the calculation of texture parameters injected into a classifier. Several texture processing techniques have been tested but only on colored images. A method that combines many texture features is elaborated, allowing to choose the best ones. We found that the combination of optimal textural information could provide a complementary mean for not only differentiating healthy from infected grapevine leaves (higher than 85% of accuracy), but also for grading the disease severity stages (higher than 73% of accuracy) and for discriminating among diseases (higher than 72% of accuracy). This is in accordance with the hypothesis that a multispectral camera can enable detection and identification of diseases in grapevine fields
Raath, P. J. (. Pieter Johannes). "Effect of varying levels of nitrogen, potassium and calcium nutrition on table grape vine physiology and berry quality." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/19996.
Full textENGLISH ABSTRACT: A lack of defects is required for successful table grape marketing, which pre-suppose optimal vine performance, berry development and post-harvest quality. The supply of mineral nutrients affects vine development, physiology and berry quality. Despite a vast amount of research conducted over decades, there remain many unresolved issues regarding table grape vine nutrition to ensure optimal table grape quality and shelve-life. Unjustified fertilisation practices often include excessive applications of nitrogen (N), potassium (K) and calcium (Ca). A four-year field trial was therefore conducted on a sandy soil in the Paarl district of South Africa, using grafted on Ramsey, and trained to a gable trellis system. Nitrogen, potassium and calcium were applied, singular or in combination, at rates up to 300% the calculated annual nutritional requirement. The effect of these excessive applications on table grape performance under typical South African cultivation conditions was investigated for Vitis vinifera L. cv. Prime Seedless, a very early seedless table cultivar that is produced with minimum berry diameter of 18mm, with special reference to 1) vegetative growth, 2) expression of grapevine nutrient availability through foliar analyses, 3) berry nutrient accumulation patterns of this early cultivar, 4) manipulation of berry nutrient content through soil and bunch directed applications and 5) the effect of berry nutrient content on its quality. No definite vegetative growth responses (expressed as shoot length, leaf surface area and shoot mass) and leaf chlorophyll content differences were obtained for all the treatments. These results were obtained in a vineyard on a sandy soil where excessive N fertilisation caused a reduction of soil pH to detrimentally low levels and where the excessive N, K and Ca applications reduced mutual concentrations and that of Mg, in the soil. A lack of stimulation in vegetative growth may therefore be ascribed to the combined negative effect of these excessive applications on soil pH and vine nutrition. Although the N content of petioles was higher for treatments where N was applied, consistent significant increases in petiole N with N fertilisation were not observed. Petiole N concentration showed a decreasing trend throughout the season. Petiole K concentrations were significantly increased by the K fertilisation at all phenological stages. None of the K fertilisation treatments, however, succeeded to raise petiole K concentrations above the accepted maximum norms and petiole K concentration at a specific sampling stage varied significantly between the four seasons. A general decrease in petiole K concentration was found for all seasons. Calcium fertilisation did not increase soil Ca content, resulting in a lack of differences in petiole Ca concentrations between treatments. An increase in petiole Ca concentration towards harvest was obtained. Correlations between petiole nutrient concentration and berry mineral content at harvest were poor. The only way of knowing the mineral content of berries would seem to be by measuring it directly instead of deducing it from the results of leaf or petiole analyses. The dynamics of berry growth impacted on berry nutrient concentration. Early rapid berry growth, predominantly due to cell division and cell growth, was associated with the most rapid decreases in N, P and Ca concentration. Due to mobility of K and Mg in the plant, that exceeds other nutrients, the decrease in concentration of these two mineral elements was not as pronounced as that of the others. Nutrient accumulation was most rapid during the pre-véraison period, but only Ca showed a definite termination during the early ripening period. The continued inflow of N, P, K and Mg, albeit at slower rates immediately after véraison, should be taken into consideration when fertilisation is applied. As a table grape, total accumulation of each nutrient in Prime Seedless berries also far exceeded that of other cultivars studied thus far. A particular difference is that the berry flesh:skin ratio is much higher than that of previously studied cultivars, leading to higher levels of nutrient accumulation in the flesh. Slightly larger berry size was obtained for N applications and is ascribed to slight increases in early vegetative growth, allowing a better response to GA3 treatments. The use of GA3 for berry enlargement is also considered the reason why K fertilisation, resulting in increased berry K levels, did not affect berry size, as is often found for wine grapes. Higher available NO3 - in the soil on account of excessive N applications resulted in higher levels of berry N, despite sub-optimal soil pH regimes that were created by these treatments. Berry K concentration and content were increased by K fertilisation. Rapid vine K uptake and translocation to the berries seem to negate the reduced vine nutritional status as observed in petioles for situations of over-fertilisation with N. Berry Ca levels were not increased by Ca fertilisation or by bunch applied Ca. The rapid rates of berry growth, together with low rates of berry Ca uptake and Ca uptake that terminates at the onset of ripening, are assumed to be the main reasons for this result. Low levels of decay as well as a lack of consistently increased decay were obtained for N containing treatments. Nitrogen levels in the berries above which their susceptibility to fungal infection is increased, should be established. Information on specific N compounds that may lead to more susceptibility is required. Potentially increased berry browning on account of high rates of K fertilisation needs to be further investigated; indications that this may occur were observed. Neither soil applied Ca nor bunch applied Ca improved berry quality, although Ca treatments seemed to reduce decay during the only season that significant differences were obtained. The negative effect of excessive fertilisation on soil chemistry of sandy soils has again been highlighted by this study. This annuls the fertilisation, leading to inefficient fertilisation and a lack of the desired responses. As indicator of vine nutrient availability, petiole analysis, was proven unreliable and should be evaluated in parallel with soil analyses, taking seasonal variation into consideration. The danger of being only guided by published norms for leaf nutrient concentrations when establishing fertilisation practices has again been highlighted by this study. This research indicated that for a very early cultivar like Prime Seedless, nutrient accumulation dynamics can already start to change during the pre-véraison period in some seasons. This is due to different edaphic and climatic conditions as well as berry size, which leads to much higher flesh:skin ratios. Future research on table grapes would need to develop an understanding of the various factors and dynamics that determine berry nutrient concentration and accumulation of early ripening, large berry sized, seedless table grape cultivars.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suksesvolle bemarking van tafeldruiwe is ten nouste afhanklik van die beskikbaarheid van druiwe sonder defekte, wat ‘n direkte verband met optimale wingerdprestasie, korrelontwikkeling en na-oes kwaliteit inhou. Voorsiening van minerale voedingstowwe beïnvloed die stok se groei, fisiologie en korrelgehalte. Ten spyte van ‘n oorweldigende hoeveelheid navorsing wat oor dekades reeds gedoen is, is daar steeds onopgeloste kwessies aangaande bemesting van tafeldruiwe vir optimale druifgehalte en houvermoë. Die gevolg is onoordeelkundige bemestingspraktyke wat o.a. aanleiding gee tot oorbemesting met stikstof (N), kalium (K) en kalsium (Ca). ‘n Vier-jaar-lange veldproef is gevolglik op ‘n sandgrond in die Paarl distrik (Suid-Afrika) onderneem deur gebruik te maak van Vitis vinifera L. cv. Prime Seedless geënt op Ramsey en op ‘n dubbel-gewel prieelstelsel opgelei is. Stikstof, K en Ca is alleen, of in kombinasie, toegedien teen hoeveelhede gelykstaande aan 300% van die wingerd se jaarlikse behoefte. Die effek van hierdie oormatige toedienings op tafeldruif prestasie onder Suid-Afrikaanse verbouingstoestande is ondersoek, met spesiale verwysing na 1) vegetatiewe groei, 2) uitdrukking van voedingstofbeskikbaarheid deur blaarontledings, 3) die voedingstof akkumulasie patrone van korrels van hierdie vroeë kultivar, 4) manipulasie van korrel voedingstofinhoud deur grond en trosgerigte toedienings en 5) die effek van korrel voedingstofinhoud op kwaliteit. Die doel van die proef was om bemestinspraktyke van Prime Seedless, ‘n baie vroeë pitlose tafeldruifkultivar met ‘n minimum korrelgrootte van 18 mm, te verfyn. Deur die akkumulasie patrone van die druiwe uit te klaar is daar ook ondersoek ingestel of oestyd en na-oes gehalte deur oormatige toediening van voedingstowwe affekteer word. Geen duidelike verskille betreffende vegetatiewe groeireaksies (uitgedruk as lootlengte, blaaroppervlaktes en lootmassas) asook verskille in blaar chlorofilinhoud is vir die behandelings verkry nie. Hierdie resultate is verkry in ‘n wingerd op ‘n sandgrond, waar oormatige N-bemesting aanleiding gegee het tot grond pH verlagings tot die peil van nadelige vlakke. Verder het die oormatige N, K en Ca toedienings wederkerige verlagings in konsentrasies, asook op dié van Mg, in die grond teweeggebring. Die tekort aan vegetatiewe groeiresponse op die behandelings kon dus toegeskryf word aan ‘n gekombineerde effek van die oormatige toedienings op grond pH en voedingstofbalanse. Hoewel die N-inhoud van bladstele hoër was vir behandelings wat N toediening ingesluit het, was daar nie konstante toenames in die vlakke verkry nie. Bladskyf N-konsentrasie het afgeneem deur die loop van die groeiseisoen. Vir alle fenologiese stadiums was bladskyf Kkonsentrasies betekenisvol verhoog deur K-bemesting. Nie een van die Kbemestingsbehandelings het egter daarin geslaag om bladskyf K inhoud vir enige monstertyd bo die algemeen aanvaarde maksimum norms te lig nie. Verder het bladskyf K inhoud by ‘n spesifieke fenologiese stadium ook betekenisvol tussen seisoene verskil. Die K-inhoud van bladskywe het afgeneem met verloop van die seisoen. Kalsiumbemesting het nie die grond se Ca inhoud deurgans verhoog nie, wat dus die tekort aan verskille in Ca konsentrasies tussen die behandelings verklaar. ‘n Toename in Ca konsentrasie en korrel Ca inhoud is vanaf set tot oes waargeneem. Swak korrelasies tussen bladskywe se voedingstofinhoude en korrels se voedingstofinhoude is verkry. Die enigste manier waarop korrels se voedingstofinhoude dus afgelei kan word, blyk te wees deur direkte bepaling daarvan. Voedingstofinhoude van korrels is deur groeipatrone daarvan beïnvloed. Vroeë korrelgroei, hoofsaaklik a.g.v. seldeling en selgroei, het met die vinnigste afnametempo van N, P en Ca gepaard gegaan. As gevolg van die hoër beweeglikheid van K en Mg in die plant in vergelyking met ander voedingstowwe, was die afname in konsentrasie van hierdie twee elemente nie so groot soos vir die ander nie. Voedingstofakkumulasie was die vinnigste in die periode voor deurslaan. Slegs Ca het ‘n beeïndiging van opname aan die einde van hierdie periode getoon. Die voortgesette opname van N, P, K en Mg, alhoewel stadiger kort na deurslaan, moet in ag geneem word wanneer bemesting toegedien word. Vir hierdie kultivar het die totale opname van elke bemestingstof dié van die ander kultivars wat tot hede bestudeer is, ver oorskry. ‘n Spesifieke verskil is ‘n baie hoër vleis:dop verhouding as wat vir ander kultivars verkry is. Dit gee aanleiding tot baie hoër vlakke van voedingstofakkumulasie in die vleis. Effens groter korrelgroottes is verkry waar N toedienings gemaak is. Dit word toegeskryf aan klein toenames in vroeë vegetatiewe groei, wat dus beter reaksie op GA3 behandelings tot gevolg gehad het. Die gebruik van GA3 vir korrelvergroting word ook beskou as die rede waarom K-bemesting, wat tot hoër vlakke van K in die korrels aanleiding gegee het, nie korrelgrootte, soos by wyndruiwe, bevorder het nie. Hoër NO3 - in die grond (water), na aanleiding van N toedienings, het aanleiding gegee tot hoer vlakke van N in die korrels. Dit het plaasgevind ten spyte van sub-optimale grond pH wat deur die oormatige N toedienings veroorsaak is. Korrel K konsentrasie en -inhoud is deur K-bemesting verhoog. Vinnige opname en translokasie van K na die korrels het ook geblyk die rede te wees waarom die verlaagde voedingstatus van die stokke a.g.v. oorbemesting met N nie die korrels se K inhoud geaffekteer het nie. Die vinnige groeitempo van die korrels, tesame met lae vlakke van Ca opname, asook korrels se Ca opname wat tydens rypwording ophou, word as die redes vir die tekorte aan behandelingseffekte beskou. Lae vlakke van bederf, asook ‘n tekort aan betroubare tendense dat bederf deur Nbemesting verhoog word, is verkry. Daar moet vasgestel word of daar N vlakke in die korrels is waarbo hul vatbaarheid vir swaminfeksies verhoog word, en of daar spesifieke N verbindings is wat die korrels meer vatbaar maak vir bederf. Indikasies dat K-bemesting interne verbruiningsvlakke verhoog het, regverdig verdere ondersoek. Korrelkwaliteit is nie deur grond- of trosgerigte toedienings bevoordeel nie. Die negatiewe effek van oormatige bemesting op die chemiese samestelling van sandgronde is weer deur hierdie navorsing uitgelig. Dit lei tot oneffektiewe bemesting en ‘n tekort aan die verlangde effekte. Blaarontledings blyk onbetroubaar te wees as aanduiding van voedingstof beskikbaarheid. Dit moet evalueer word saam met grondontledings en ook seisoenale variasie in ag neem. Die gevaar om slegs deur gepubliseerde norme gelei te word wanneer bemestingspraktyke bepaal word, is weer deur hierdie navorsing uitgelig. Voorst is daar in hierdie navorsing gevind dat voedingstof akkumulasiepatrone van ‘n baie vroeë kultivar soos Prime Seedless alreeds voor deurslaan begin verander a.g.v. omgewingstoestande en korrelgroei wat tot ‘n veel hoër vleis:dop verhouding aanleiding gee. Toekomstige navorsing op tafeldruiwe behoort die faktore en dinamika wat voedingstofkonsentrasie en -akkumulasie in korrels van vroeë, groot korrel, pitlose tafeldruifkultivars beïnvloed verder te ondersoek.
Triolo, Roberta. "Hierarchy of factors impacting grape berry mass at different scales and its direct and indirect effects on grape and wine composition." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0336/document.
Full textFinal berry mass is the result of the integrated effect of several factors. They also influence berry composition. The present work was designed to study the simultaneous effect of major factors influencing berry mass and composition, to hierarchize their impact at different scales, to distinguish their direct and indirect effect on berry composition and to compare the profile of wines made from large and small berries. The study was carried out simultaneously on two vineyards located in the Saint Emil ion (France) and Alcamo (Sicily) areas, during 2014 and 2015. On the first site, vines were planted on two soil types, while on the second site two different irrigation treatments were applied. Depending on the scale, some factors homogeneously impacted the berry mass and composition. At the intra-parcel scale, vine water status represented the most impacting factor, while berry seed number did not have significant effect. Opposite results were obtained when the investigation was carried out at the intra-bunch and intra-plant scales. At large scale, factors impacted directly and indirectly berry compounds and grape juices and wines produced from smaller berries were more concentrated. Neither at intra-bunch, nor at intra-plant scales, berry size effect on juice composition was significant. Only anthocyanin concentration was related to berry size at all scales. This fact was particularly obvious in berries produced under limited water conditions. Water deficit increased the skin to flesh ratio, independently of berry size. This means that small and large berries, produced from a single parcel with homogenous water uptake conditions, tend to have similar enological profiles
Jacometti, Marco Alexander Azon. "Enhancing ecosystem services in vineyards to improve the management of Botrytis cinerea." Phd thesis, Lincoln University. Bio-Protection and Ecology Division, 2007. http://theses.lincoln.ac.nz/public/adt-NZLIU20070126.115223/.
Full textQuixley, Pieter C. "A study of the interaction between vine vigour, crop level and harvest dates and their effects on grape and wine characteristics." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1170.
Full textHill, Brycen Thomas. "Root restriction, under-trellis cover cropping, and rootstock modify vine size and berry composition of Cabernet Sauvignon." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/75223.
Full textMaster of Science
Smit, Nicoleen. "A real-time RT-PCR assay for the detection and quantification of grape-vine leaf-roll-associated virus 3 (GLRa-3) in Vitus vinifera (Vitaceae) and Planococcus ficus (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-10212009-164856.
Full textThomson, C. C. "Rootstock and canopy density effects on grape berry composition : organic acid composition, potassium content and pH." Lincoln University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/772.
Full textMarques, Maria Luisa Gonçalves. "Estudo do tipo de poda e dotação de rega em duas castas na região de Reguengos de Monsaraz." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/27688.
Full textHickey, Cain Charles. "Vines of different capacity and water status alter the sensory perception of Cabernet Sauvignon wines." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42667.
Full textMaster of Science
Pereira, Vágna da Costa. "Evapotranspiração e eficiência produtiva da videira Syrah no Submédio do vale do São Francisco." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2014. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/5281.
Full textConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
The determination of water consumption by the grape vine becomes crucial to obtain satisfactory yields for the preparation of fine wines, reduction of production costs, and mainly for the sustainable management of regional water resources. Thus, this study aimed to examine the values of grape winemaking crop evapotranspiration, determined by two methods (energy balance based on the Bowen ratio (BERB) method and the Penman-Monteith model), and the crop efficiency of water use to the climatic conditions of SVSF. The experiment was conducted in a commercial area of Fazenda Ouro Verde (09°16'S, 40°51'W and 444 m) in the first half of 2010, located in the semiarid region of the municipality of Villa Nova, Bahia. The selected area of 9 hectares was planted with the grape vine (Vitis vinifera L.), variety "Syrah", grafted onto the rootstock IAC 766, with three years of planting and drip irrigated. Pruning production was held on March 8, 2010 and harvest on July 19, 2010, totaling a production cycle of 133 days. The results showed that, during the analysis of physical consistency of BERB method, 69.5 % of days evaluated were considered valid for determining the density of energy flows in daily scale. The net radiation and reflected radiation represented about 73 and 16% respectively of the incident solar radiation in the vineyard. Throughout the production cycle of the vine, the daily average values of the latent heat flux (LE) accounted for approximately 70% of net radiation (Rn), while 30% was used for heating of atmospheric air, represented by the flow sensible heat (H). However, no energy for heating the ground (G) for almost all phenological stages, except the final stage when the G/Rn ratio represented approximately 4%. Regarding the degree-days (GDA), 1.819 degrees were necessaries for the grapevine Syrah to complete its production cycle, corresponding to a total of 133 days for pruning in the first half of the year. The reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and crop evapotranspiration determined by the method BERB (ETcBERB) during the crop cycle were 474.0 and 376.4 mm, respectively, with a daily average of 3.9 and 3.1 mm. The maximum estimated by Penman-Monteith method ranged from 9.2 to 3.0 L d-1 m-2, respectively, with a total volume of 614.7 L m-2, about 204.9 mm. The ETcBERB/ETo ratio reached average values of 0.70, 0.85 and 0.66 for the phenological stages of sprouting-flowering, flowering, ripening and maturation to harvest. The average productivity of the vine "Syrah" to crafting fine wines was 4.400 kg ha-1, while the average productivity of water based on the total evapotranspiration and transpiration particular culture through BERB and Penman - Monteith method was 1.17 kg m-3 and 2.15 kg m-3, respectively.
A determinação do consumo de água pela videira é de crucial importância para obtenção de produtividades satisfatórias para elaboração de bons vinhos, redução de custos de produção e, principalmente, para o manejo sustentável dos recursos hídricos regional. Neste sentido, com este trabalho objetivou-se analisar os valores da evapotranspiração da cultura da uva para elaboração de vinhos, determinada por duas metodologias (balanço de energia com base no método da razão de Bowen (BERB) e o modelo de Penman-Monteith), e a eficiência do uso da água da cultura para as condições climáticas do Submédio do Vale do São Francisco (SVSF). O experimento foi conduzido em uma área comercial da Fazenda Ouro Verde (09°16 S; 40°51 O e 444 m) no primeiro semestre do ano de 2010, que fica localizada na região semiárida do município de Casa Nova, Bahia. A área de 9 hectares selecionada foi plantada com a videira (Vitis vinífera L.), variedade Syrah , enxertada sobre o porta-enxerto IAC 766, com três anos de plantio, e irrigada por gotejamento. A poda de produção foi realizada no dia 08 de março de 2010 e a colheita no dia 19 de julho de 2010, totalizando o ciclo produtivo de 133 dias. Com base nos resultados observou-se que durante a análise de consistência física do método BERB, 69,5% dos dias avaliados foram considerados válidos para a determinação da densidade de fluxos de energia em escala diária. O saldo de radiação e a radiação refletida representaram aproximadamente 73 e 16%, respectivamente, da radiação solar incidente no parreiral. Ao longo do ciclo produtivo da videira, os valores médios diários do fluxo de calor latente (LE) representaram cerca de 70% do saldo de radiação (Rn), enquanto 30% foi destinado ao aquecimento do ar atmosférico, representado por meio do fluxo de calor sensível (H). Entretanto, não houve energia destinada ao aquecimento do solo (G) durante quase todas as fases fenológicas, exceto na fase final quando a relação G/Rn representou aproximadamente 4%. Em relação aos graus-dia acumulados (GDA), foram necessários 1.819 GDA para a videira Syrah completar o seu ciclo produtivo, correspondendo ao total de 133 dias para poda no primeiro semestre do ano. A evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) e a evapotranspiração da cultura determinada por meio do método BERB (ETcBERB) durante o ciclo da cultura foram de 474,0 e 376,4 mm, respectivamente, com valor médio diário de 3,9 e 3,1 mm. A transpiração máxima estimada pelo método de Penman-Monteith oscilou entre 9,2 a 3,0 L d-1 m-2, com volume total de 614,7 L m-2, aproximadamente 204,9 mm. A razão ETcBERB/ETo atingiu valores médios de 0,70; 0,85 e 0,66, respectivamente, para as fases fenológicas de Brotação-Floração, Floração-Maturação e Maturação-Colheita. A produtividade média da videira Syrah , para elaboração de vinhos finos, foi de 4.400 kg ha-1, enquanto a média da produtividade de água com base na evapotranspiração e transpiração total da cultura determinada por meio do método BERB e Penman-Monteith foi de 1,17 kg m-3 e 2,15 kg m-3, respectivamente.
Pereira, Ana Filipa Campos. "Potenciais alimentos funcionais com base em extratos de vinho de uva ou de videira." Master's thesis, [s.n.], 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/4509.
Full textA mudança de hábitos e costumes da sociedade que tem vindo a acontecer, principalmente nos últimos anos, conduziu a uma alteração dos padrões de alimentação e a um maior sedentarismo, o que resultou numa preocupação generalizada, por parte dos cidadãos, em tentar minorar problemas de saúde decorrentes deste estilo de vida. Como resposta a esta situação, a indústria alimentar reforçou a sua política de investigação, surgindo um novo tipo de alimentos, denominados alimentos funcionais. O interesse por parte dos consumidores por estes alimentos tem vindo a crescer, pois para além da função nutricional básica que possuem, apresentam benefícios para a saúde humana, tornando-se portanto um mercado bastante promissor. No nosso país existe já uma variedade de alimentos funcionais, como ovos enriquecidos com ácidos gordos ómega-3, tomate rico em licopeno, leite ou iogurtes com cálcio adicionado, entre outros. Portugal é um importante produtor de vinho, com as exportações a aumentar, o que demonstra o dinamismo do setor. O vinho e a vinha têm, na sua constituição, compostos fortemente antioxidantes e com um amplo espetro de propriedades biológicas passíveis de serem extraídas. Os componentes fenólicos são um exemplo de compostos bioativos de grande relevância, apresentando uma variedade de propriedades fisiológicas, tais como antioxidante, cardioprotetora, anticarcinogénica, antiinflamatória, antienvelhecimento, antimicrobiana. Por conseguinte, o interesse por parte da indústria alimentar por estas propriedades tem vindo a aumentar, assim como o dos consumidores, que cada vez são mais exigentes. Desta forma, pretende-se, para além de realizar uma revisão bibliográfica sobre alimentos funcionais no geral, conhecer a composição dos constituintes extraídos do vinho de uva ou da videira, que possam ser incorporados em alimentos já existentes, de forma a trazer benefícios para a saúde e bem-estar do individuo. De acordo com isto e com o desafio final deste trabalho, propôs-se um alimento funcional, mais concretamente, uma massa enriquecida com antioxidantes extraídos do vinho de uva ou da videira, assim como toda a conjuntura associada à extração e à quantificação dos compostos fenólicos dos extratos, o processo de desenvolvimento da massa e a avaliação da sua composição. The changing habits and mores of society that has been happening, especially in recent years led to a change in the eating patterns and to a more sedentary way of life, which resulted in a widespread concern from the citizens who try to minimize the health problems caused by this lifestyle. In response to this situation, the food industry reinforced its research policy and a new type of food emerged, the so-called functional food. The consumers show an increasing interest for this kind of food because, apart from its basic nutritional function, it brings benefits to human health, thus becoming a very promising market. In our country there are already a variety of functional foods as eggs fortified with omega-3, tomato rich with lycopene, milk or yoghurt with calcium added, among others. Portugal is an important wine-producing country; the exports are increasing, hence demonstrating the sector’s dynamism. The wine and the vine have in their constitution strong antioxidant compounds and a broad spectrum of biological properties that can be extracted. The phenolic compounds are examples of highly relevant bioactive compounds, showing a variety of physiological properties, such as antioxidant, cardioprotective, anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, and antimicrobial properties. Therefore, the interest from both the food industry and the consumers - who are more and more demanding - is increasing. Overall, this dissertation aims not only at performing a bibliographic revision on functional food as a whole, but also at getting to know the composition of the compounds extracted from the grape wine or the vine which may be added into existing food, so to bring benefits for the individuals’ health and well-being. According to this purpose and to the ultimate challenge of this dissertation, a functional food is suggested, a pasta enriched with antioxidants extracted from grape wine or vine, as well as the whole circumstances associated with the extraction and the quantification of the phenolic compounds of the extracts, the process to develop the pasta and the evaluation of its composition.
MAFFI, LUCIANO. "Territorio e vitivinicoltura nell'Oltrepò Pavese: dall'indagine geostorica alle sfide attuali della geoeconomia." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/383.
Full textIn this thesis we analyse the evolution of grape growing and wine making as two of the elements which have contributed to the shaping of the landscape in the Oltrepò Pavese and represent two of the main economic activities of this geographic area, with is often identified with them – particularly in the mid-western part, i.e., the areas around the towns of Casteggio, Broni and Stradella. My main goal is to investigate the ways in which the values of locality and typicity – represented by the term terroir – are promoted. “Terroir” stands for, and comprises, a number of elements such as geo-morphological and climatic features, as well as human and cultural factors, all of which contribute to the uniqueness of a product like wine. My research thus starts from, and gives prominence to, the local level, in order to formulate a set of observations from which more general conclusions may then be drawn. The geographical investigation focusses on the environmental and human factors as well as their interrelationships. In its course, we refer to factors such as geology, pedology and climate, the crucial elements of all studies of «zoning», which describe precisely the complex interaction between grape growing and the environment. The geo-historical analysis concentrates especially on thematic areas such as the landscape; the varieties of grape that are planted and the respective growing techniques; the production and marketing of the produce; the ways in which property boundaries and the territory have been represented in land registries. The geo-economic factors, at both the local and global levels, are investigated through the analysis of the data from the production sector. The local context is thus compared to the regional, national and global ones in order to better understand the nature of their interactions and provide useful insights in relation to the challenges posed by the current geo-economic scenarios.
Renaud-Gentié, Christel. "Eco-efficience des itinéraires techniques viticoles : intérêt et adaptations de l’analyse du cycle de vie pour la prise en compte des spécificités de la viticulture de qualité." Thesis, Angers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ANGE0002/document.
Full textIn order to contribute to the effort of eco-efficiency improvement of the wine sctor, especially in the Protected Denomination of Origin (PDO) contaxt, we worked to identify in which conditions Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is an appropriate method for environmental assessment, at plot scale, of quality vineyard Technical Management Routes (TMRs), to permit the choice of the most eco-efficient technical operations and TMRs.A methodological framework for LCA suited to this objective was designed and tested on five real and contrasted TMRs, oriented towards a same qualitative objective. These cases were chosen thanks to an original statistical analysis chain, Typ-iti, on the basis of a survey, among the TMRs producing Chenin blanc grapes for PDO dry white wines in the Middle Lore Valley. Five groups were identified and characterized, threee in conventional viticulture, and two in organic viticulture.The methodological framework that was established includes i) the studied system definition including productive and non-productive phases, ii) the choice of the most suitable and available models for calculation of pollutant direct emissions in the vineyard, iii) the customization of the organic pesticide emision calculation model, Pest LCI 2.0, to viticulture specific needs iv) the inclusion of grape quality in the LCA by two functional units including an original grape quality index.LCA proves to be a method complex but powerful, usable at parcel scale for grape production TMRs choice. It revealed i) contrasted eco-efficiencies for the 5 contrasted TMRs, ii) the viticultural practices responsible for these contrasts, iii) solutions for eco-efficiency improvement and quantification of their eco-efficiency effects.The important effect of the production year on the results, highlighted here on one case, must be taken into account in any viticulture LCA. Numerous perspectives of methodological improvement are discussed here in order to increase relevance and completeness of the results as well as genericity of the method and its accessibility for viticulture development stakeholders
Campos, Luiz Fernandes Cardoso. "Plantas de cobertura do solo e época de poda na videira em região tropical." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/4315.
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The cultivation of the vine in the State of Goiás is already a reality and has good growth prospects, but there is little information about soil management, particularly regarding the use of cover crops in the vineyards soil. The use of management techniques aimed at improving the production system, accordingly the proper management of soil and vine canopy can influence yield and quality of grape. Therefore the objective of this study was to evaluate the development, the rate of decomposition and accumulation of nutrients in the shoots of ground cover grown intercropped with vine, besides the chemical characteristics of the soil and the nutritional status, growth and production of fruit species as well as the qualitative characteristics of the fruits. The experiment consisted of six treatments established in a randomized block design, in 3 x 2 factorial scheme, with five replicates. The first factor with three levels, was composed of the following plant species cover crops: bean-to-pig (Canavalia ensiformis L. DC), lab-lab (Dolichos lab lab L.) and weeds. The second factor, with two levels of pruning were carried out based on the seeding of cover crops. Ie, the first season pruning was done 25 days after sowing (DAS) of the cover crop and the second season of pruning performed at 55 DAS. Each plot of 9 m2 (2 x 4.5 m) contained two vine plants. Pruning times do not influence the rate of soil cover and biomass production by cover crops. The weeds provide the highest rates of soil cover. The bean-to-pig has higher production of plant biomass (dry and green). Plants have evaluated coverage rate similar decomposition, pruning times do not affect the decomposition of the cover crop. The fabaceae stand on the accumulation and release of nutrients, but it does not differ from wild plants, the change in the soil chemistry. Cover crops did not influence the nutritional status of the vine. The morphologic parameters of vine plants Isabel are not influenced by ground cover plants. Cover crops influence soil not the vine as productivity and related variables. Of pruning influencing productivity and related variables in vineyards. Qualitative characteristics of the grape plants are not affected by ground cover, pruning times can influence the composition of the wort.
O cultivo da videira no Estado de Goiás já é uma realidade e apresenta boas perspectivas de crescimento, porém são escassas as informações sobre o manejo do solo, principalmente quanto ao uso de plantas de cobertura do solo nos parreirais. O uso de técnicas de manejo visa à melhoria do sistema produtivo, nesse sentido o manejo adequado do solo e da copa da videira, podem influenciar a produção e a qualidade da uva. Portanto objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o desenvolvimento, a taxa de decomposição e o acúmulo de nutrientes pela parte aérea das plantas de cobertura do solo cultivadas em consórcio com videira, além das características químicas do solo e o estado nutricional, crescimento e a produção da espécie frutífera, bem como as características qualitativas dos frutos. O experimento consistiu em seis tratamentos estabelecidos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, no esquema fatorial 3 x 2, em cinco repetições. O primeiro fator, com três níveis, foi composto pelas seguintes espécies de plantas cobertura do solo: feijão-de-porco (Canavalia ensiformis L. DC), lab-lab (Dolichos lab lab L.) e plantas espontâneas. O segundo fator, com dois níveis, foram épocas de poda, realizadas com base na semeadura das plantas de cobertura. Ou seja, a primeira época poda foi realizada 25 dias após a semeadura (DAS) das plantas de cobertura e a segunda época de poda realizada aos 55 DAS. Cada parcela de 9 m2 (2 x 4,5 m) continham duas plantas de videira. As épocas de poda não influenciam a taxa de cobertura do solo e produção de biomassa, pelas plantas de cobertura. As plantas espontâneas proporcionam as maiores taxas de cobertura do solo. O feijão-de-porco apresenta maiores produções de biomassa vegetal (seca e verde). As plantas de cobertura avaliadas apresentam de taxa decomposição similar, as épocas de poda não afetam a decomposição das plantas de cobertura. As fabaceas se destacam na acumulação e liberação dos nutrientes, porem não difere das plantas espontâneas, na alteração dos atributos químicos do solo. As plantas de cobertura não influenciam o estado nutricional da videira. As variáveis morfológicas das plantas de videira Isabel não são influenciadas pelas plantas de cobertura do solo. As plantas de cobertura do solo não influenciam a videira quanto a produtividade e as variáveis associadas. Diferentes épocas de poda influenciam a produtividade e as variáveis associadas na cultura da videira. As características qualitativas da uva não são influenciadas pelas plantas de cobertura do solo, as épocas de poda podem influenciar a composição do mosto.
Holm, Kora. "Construction of a cDNA library for the vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus (Signoret) /." Link to the online version, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1884.
Full textMostert, Lizel. "The characterization and control of Phomopsis cane and leaf spot on vine." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51945.
Full textENGLISH ABSTRACT: Phomopsis cane and leaf spot disease of grapevine is an economically important disease in many of the vine-growing areas of the world. Four different Phomopsis spp. have previously been associated with this disease. The present study investigates the taxonomic significance of the different taxa found on grapevines in South Africa, as well as the endophytic growth and fungicide sensitivity of Phomopsis viticola isolates. The thesis is compiled of several different parts, which deal with specific, but related topics, and hence some duplication has been unavoidable. Understanding the epidemiology of a disease is important for the correct timing of disease control. To investigate the endophytic growth of P. viticola, asymptomatic shoots were collected at eight different growth stages. Nodes, internodes, leaf petioles, leaves, tendrils and bunch peduncles were investigated. Two Phomopsis spp., taxon 1 and 2 were identified in this study. The Phomopsis viticola-complex had a relative importance of 9% and accounted for 3% of the isolations. P. viticola (taxon 2) is mainly isolated from the nodes and internodes. Inoculations of healthy, young vine tissue confirmed taxon 2 to be a virulent pathogen, suggesting that it is a latent pathogen rather than an endophyte. In contrast, taxon 1 appeared to be a true endophyte, and did not seem to be an important pathogen on vines. The true identity of the causal organism of Phomopsis cane and leaf spot disease was investigated by collecting samples from 58 different vineyards in the grapevine growing areas of the Western Cape. P. viiicola occurred in grapevine material collected from Lutzville to Swellendam, but was not found in the Oudtshoorn and Orange River grapevine areas. Diaporthe perjuncta (taxon 1), P. vutcola (taxon 2), taxon 3 and a Phomopsis species commonly associated with shoot blight of peaches in the U.S.A., P. amygdali, were identified among the South African grapevine isolates. Examination of the Australian culture designated as taxon 4 found it to be a species of Libertella, thus excluding it from the P. viticola-complex. An Italian isolate was found to represent a species of Phomopsis not previously known from grapevines, and this was subsequently described as taxon 5. Species delimitation was based on morphological and cultural characteristics, stem inoculations and the formation of the teleomorph in vitro. The identity of each morphological taxon was confirmed by means of phylogenetic analyses of the nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS 1 and ITS2) and the 5' end partial sequence of the mitochondrial small subunit (mtSSU). P. amygdali, associated with peach shoot blight in the U.S.A., was isolated once only and appeared to be of lesser importance in this disease complex. Furthermore, taxa 1 (Diaporthe perjuncta) and 3 were also rarely encountered and proved to be non-pathogenic, indicating their non-functional role in Phomopsis cane and leaf spot disease. Taxon 2 (Phomopsis viticolas was common and widely distributed in diseased vineyards. This taxon was associated with the typical disease symptoms and proved to be pathogenic. Morphologically taxon 2 corresponded best with P. viticola, which was also neotypified in this study. Taxon 2 was mostly isolated from buds and nodes, indicating that these are important sites in which the fungus survives during winter. Molecular data indicated that taxon 3 and P. amygdali were not host specific to grapevine. The currently used foliar fungicides were compared to the new strobilurin fungicides. The effects of nine fungicides (azoxystrobin, flusilazole, folpet, fosetyl- Al+mancozeb, kresoxim-methyl, mancozeb, penconazole, spiroxamine and trifloxystrobin) were tested in vitro on inhibition of mycelial growth. The following EC50 (ug/ml) values were obtained: azoxystrobin (0.350), flusilazole (0.007), folpet (4.489), fosetyl-Al+mancozeb (3.925), kresoxim-methyl (1.665), mancozeb (2.891), penconazole (0.023), spiroxamine (0.321) and trifloxystrobin (0.051). Additionally, azoxystrobin, folpet, kresoxim-methyl, mancozeb, propineb and trifloxystrobin were tested for their ability to inhibit spore germination in vitro. The subsequent EC50 (ug/ml) values were obtained: azoxystrobin 0.123), folpet (0.510), kresoxim-methyl (0.0037), mancozeb (0.250), propineb (0.156) and trifloxystrobin (0.003). The results reported in part 4 showed that the strobilurin fungicides inhibited the mycelial growth and spore germination of P. viticola. However, further trials need to be conducted to verify these findings under field conditions. In the present study taxa 1, 3 and P. amygdali were infrequently isolated, suggesting that they played a less prominent role in the P. viticolacomplex.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Streepvleksiekte van wingerd is 'n ekonomies belangrike siekte wat in die meeste wingerdproduserende gebiede van die wêreld voorkom. Vier Phomopsis spesies is in die verlede met dié siekte geassosieer. Hierdie studie ondersoek die taksonomiese belangrikheid van die verskillende taksa wat op wingerd in Suid Afrika gevind word, asook die endofietiese groei en fungisiedsensitiwiteit van die Phomopsis vitico/a isolate. Hierdie tesis bestaan uit verskeie dele met spesifieke, maar verwante onderwerpe wat tot onafwendbare duplisering lei. Dit is belangrik om die epidemiologie van 'n siekte te verstaan sodat korrekte en tydsberekende siektebeheer toegepas kan word. Die endofietiese groei van P. vitico/a is ondersoek deur simptoomlose lote by agt verskillende groei stadiums te versamel. Nodusse, internodusse, blaarstele, blare, rankies en trosstele is ondersoek. Twee Phomopsis spp., takson 1 en 2 is geïdentifiseer. Die Phomopsis vitico/a-kompleks het 3% van die isolasies uitgemaak en 'n relatiewe belangrikheid van 9% getoon. P. vitico/a (takson 2) is meestal uit die nodus en internodus geïsoleer. lnokulasies van gesonde, jong wingerdweefsel het bevestig dat takson 2 'n virulente patogeen is en dat die takson eerder 'n latente patogeen as 'n endofiet is. In teenstelling hiermee is takson 1 'n ware endofiet en 'n onbelangrike patogeen op wingerd. Die ware identiteit van die veroorsakende organisme van streepvlek is ondersoek deur plantmateriaal vanaf 58 verskillende wingerde in die wingerproduserende gebiede van die Wes-Kaap te versamel. P. vitico/a is in wingerdmateriaal vanaf Lutzville tot Swellendam aangetref, maar nie in die Oudtshoorn en Oranjerivier wingerd produserende gebiede nie. Diaporthe perjuncta (takson 1), P. vitico/a (takson 2), takson 3 en P. amygdali is in die Suid Afrikaanse wingerdisolate geïdentifiseer. P. amygdali word met lootverskroeiing van perske bome in die V.S.A. geassosieer. Die Australiese isolaat wat benoem is as takson 4, is met die huidige ondersoek gevind om 'n spesie van Libertella te wees. Takson 4 is daarvolgens uit die P. vitico/a-kompleks gelaat. 'n Italiaanse isolaat het 'n nuwe spesie van Phomopsis op wingerd verteenwoordig en is vervolgens as takson 5 beskryf. Spesie-onderskeiding is op morfologiese en kulturele eienskappe, staminokulasies en die vorming van die teleomorf in vitro gebaseer. Die identiteit vanelke morfologiese takson is met behulp van filogenetiese analises van die nukleêre ribosomale DNS intern transkriberende spasieerders (ITS 1 en ITS2) en die 5' punt gedeeltelike nukleotied volgorde van die mitochondriale klein subeenheid (mtSSU) bevestig. P. amygdali is slegs een keer geïsoleer en blyk van minder belang in die siektekompleks te wees. Takson 1 (Diaporthe perjuneta) en takson 3 het ook min voorgekom en is nie-patogenies, wat hul nie-funksionele rol in streepvleksiekte aandui. Takson 2 (P. viticola) is algemeen geïsoleer en kom wyd verspreid voor. Hierdie takson is geassosieer met die tipiese siektesimptome en is ook patogenies. Morfologies stem takson 2 met P. viiicola ooreen en is ook geneotipifiseer in hierdie studie. Takson 2 is meestal vanaf die ogies en nodusse geïsoleer, wat daarop dui dat hierdie belangrike setels is waar die swam tydens die winter oorleef. Die molekulêre data toon aan dat takson 3 en P. amygdali nie gasheerspesifiek tot wingerd is nie. Die swamdoders wat tans teen streepvlek gebruik word, is met die nuwe strobilurin swamdoders vergelyk. Die effek van nege swamdoders (azoksistrobin, flusilasool, folpet, fosetyl-Al + mancozeb, kresoxirn-metiel, mankozeb, penconasool, spiroksamien en trifloksistrobin) is in vitro op die inhibisie van miseliumgroei getoets. Die volgende EKso-waardes (g/ml) is verkry: azoxystrobin (0.350), flusilasool (0.007), folpet (4.489), fosetiel-Al + mankozeb (3.925), kresoxirn-metiel (l.665), mankozeb (2.891), penkonasool (0.023), spiroksamien (0.321) en trifloxystrobin (0.051). Azoxystrobin, folpet, kresoxim-rnetiel, mankozeb, propineb en trifloksistrobin is ook in vitro getoets vir hul inhibisie op spoorontkieming. Die volgende EKso-waardes is verkry: azoxystrobin (0.123), folpet (0.510), kresoxim-metiel (0.0037), mankozeb (0.250), propineb (0.156) en trifloxystrobin (0.003). Die resultate vervat in deel 4 toon dat die strobilurin swamdoders die miseliumgroei en spoorontkieming van P. viticola inhibeer. Toetsing in die veld word egter benodig om die effektiwiteit van die middels te bevestig. In hierdie studie is taksa I, 3 en P. amygdali selde geïsoleer, wat aangedui het dat hierdie taksa 'n minder belangrike rol in die P. viticola-kompleks speel.
Holm, Kora. "Construction of a cDNA library for the vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus (Signoret)." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4083.
Full textThe vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus (Signoret), is a severe pest of grapevine in many grape and wine producing countries around the world. It is renowned not only for the considerable damage it infers to grapevine of its own accord, but in particular for its role in transmitting deleterious viral diseases such as grapevine leafroll disease, Kober stem grooving, Shiraz disease and corky bark. Incidentally, it is an exceptionally tenacious antagonist of grapevine, being resistant to both chemical and biological control mechanisms. As a result, finding an effective strategy for P. ficus control has become a main priority of viticultural industries worldwide. Possible implementation of biotechnological approaches to pest management has resulted in a need for P. ficus genetic data - of which there are currently very little available. The transcribed genes of an organism can be captured in a cDNA library, and the sequences of the various transcripts can then be characterized. In this study altogether five cDNA libraries were constructed from the transcribed sequences of Planococcus ficus (Signoret). Instrumental to their construction was the identification of an RNA extraction protocol that provided large quantities of high quality RNA from mealybugs. The five cDNA libraries were the result of a set of modifications to the Creator™ SMART™ cDNA Library Construction Kit (used for Primary Library construction), and differed mainly with regards to range of insert sizes they contain. Whereas an abundance of short fragments were found in the Primary Library (42% of screened inserts 60.5 kb, and 20% >1 kb), the Fractionated Libraries contained inserts of specific size ranges that were more-or-less equally represented. The broadest size range was found in Fractionated Library 4, for which a uniform distribution over the range 0.25 kb - 4 kb was observed. Average insert sizes of Fractionated Libraries 1 to 4 were estimated at 0.25 kb, 0.5 kb, 1 kb and 2 kb respectively. These results demonstrated the importance of using a protocol designed to circumvent the bias towards incorporation of shorter transcripts in cDNA libraries. Although the libraries were not exhaustively analyzed, the outcome of a pilot investigation indicated that 41% of the submitted sequences had matches in the non-redundant database of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI, E-value 6 10-5), and that approximately 82% of these were of insect origin. Moreover, two potential targets for an RNAi-mediated approach to P. ficus pest control were identified. With one exception, these sequences seemed to be unique to arthropods. Future research needs to investigate the efficiency by which these sequences are able to constrain P. ficus proliferation, and their suitability for grapevine transformation.
Wah, Yan Fong Wan Chow. "Viroids in grapevines : transmission via seeds and persistence in meristem-regenerated vines." Title page, contents and summary only, 1996. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phw136.pdf.
Full textDe, Wet Owen. "Susceptibility of five strains of vine mealybugs, Planococcus ficus (Signoret), to chlorpyrifos." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/70289.
Full textENGLISH ABSTRACT: Colonies of Planococcus ficus (Signoret) were reared from three different areas, Hex River Valley, Robertson and Stellenbosch. An insectary colony and a table grape colony from Nietvoorbij experimental farm were also included in the study. A range of concentrations of chlorpyrifos was applied topically to individuals from the different colonies. The Stellenbosch population had the lowest LDso, although it was not significantly different from that of the insectary and Robertson colonies. The Hex River Valley and table grape colonies had a significantly higher LDso than the Robertson, Stellenbosch and insectary colonies, although the relative tolerance was 1.5, which would probably not result in significant control failure in the field. However, this does indicate that there is potential for the development of resistance to chlorpyrifos in the vine mealybug in South Africa.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Kolonies van Planococcus ficus (Signoret), is versamel en geteel uit drie verskillende areas, Hex.riviervallei, Robertson en Stellenbosch. 'n Bestaande insektarium kolonie van die Lanbou Navorsings Raad en 'n tafeldruif kolonie vanaf Nietvoorbij proefplaas is ook ingesluit in die studie. 'n Reeks konsentrasies van chlorpyrifos is topikaal aangewend aan individue van die verskillende kolonies. Die Stellenbosch populasie het die laagste LDso getoon alhoewel dit nie betekenisvol verskil het van die LDso van die insektarium - en Robertson kolonies nie. Die Hexriviervallei en tafeldruif kolonies se LDso was betekenisvol hoër as die Robertson, Stellenbosch and insektarium kolonies. Alhoewel die relatiewe weerstand 1.5 was, sal dit waarskynlik nie tot 'n aansienlike beheermislukking in die veld lei nie. Nogtans dui dit op die potensiaal vir moontlike ontwikkeling van weerstand teen chlorpyrifos in die wingerdwitluis.
Allamy, Lucile. "Recherches sur les marqueurs moléculaires de l’arôme de « fruits cuits » des raisins et des vins rouges issus des cépages Merlot et Cabernet-Sauvignon : Approches sensorielle, analytique et agronomique." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0362/document.
Full textIn the 2000s, aromas of dried fruits, referring to prune, fig or cooked peach are found more and more often in Bordeaux red wines. The markers responsible for these aromas related to the grape maturity are unknown. Firstly, we show that these shades, which were rarely encountered in wines from an appellation named A in this study, are now part of the distinctive aromas of these wines. However, the tasters that assimilate these characteristics to the distinctive aromas and the type of the appellation tend to get mistaken between the cooked fruit aromas from young wines and the ones from the oxidized character of prematurely aged wines. The GC-O, GC-MS and GC-GC-MS analysis of musts and wines, that had shades of cooked fruits aromas, allowed to confirm the realness of a scented area reminding of the scent of the samples. The analysis by GC-MS of number of must and wine samples show that the furaneol (caramel), the γ-nonalactone (coconut, cooked peach), the (Z)-1,5-octadien-3-one (geranium) take part in this aroma. We also reveal the presence of a lactone type compound having a cooked fruit aroma, but not identified so far. The influence of the (Z)-1,5-octadien-3-one has been identified for the first time in musts. The influence of the harvest date of Merlot and Cabernet-Sauvignon grapes on the aromas and fine composition of musts and wines is also specified. Winemaking processing of grapes that have been late harvested, even with a withered appearance produces wines with shades of cooked fruits aromas and high content of furaneol and γ-nonalactone
Morsi, Taher Hussein. "Effects of vine architecture on water use, microclimate, fruit composition, and yield of Vitis vinifera L. 'Petite Sirah' grapevines." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185700.
Full textEspach, Yolandi. "The detection of mycoviral sequences in grapevine using next-generation sequencing." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80025.
Full textENGLISH ABSTRACT: Metagenomic studies that make use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) generate large amounts of sequence data, representing the genomes of multiple organisms of which no prior knowledge is necessarily available. In this study, a metagenomic NGS approach was used to detect multiple novel mycoviral sequences in grapevine phloem tissue. Individual sequencing libraries of doublestranded RNA (dsRNA) from two grapevine leafroll diseased (GLD) and three shiraz diseased (SD) vines were sequenced using an Illumina HiScanSQ instrument. Over 3.2 million reads were generated from each of the samples and these reads were trimmed and filtered for quality before being de novo assembled into longer contigs. The assembled contigs were subjected to BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) analyses against the NCBI (National Centre for Biotechnology Information) database and classified according to database sequences with which they had the highest identity. Twenty-six putative mycovirus species were identified, belonging to the families Chrysoviridae, Endornaviridae, Narnaviridae, Partitiviridae and Totiviridae. Two of the identified mycoviruses, namely grapevine-associated chrysovirus (GaCV) and grapevine-associated mycovirus 1 (GaMV-1) have previously been identified in grapevine while the rest appeared to be novel mycoviruses not present in the NCBI database. Primers were designed from the de novo assembled mycoviral sequences and used to screen the grapevine dsRNA used for sequencing as well as endophytic fungi isolated from the five sample vines. Only two mycoviruses, related to sclerotinia sclerotiorum partitivirus S and chalara elegans endornavirus 1 (CeEV-1), could be detected in grapevine dsRNA and in fungus isolates. In order to validate the presence of mycoviruses in grapevine phloem tissue, two additional sequencing runs, using an Illumina HiScanSQ and an Applied Biosystems (ABI) SOLiD 5500xl instrument respectively, were performed. These runs generated more and higher quality sequence data than the first sequencing run. Twenty-two of the putative mycoviral sequences initially detected were detected in the subsequent sequence datasets, as well as an additional 29 species not identified in the first HiScanSQ sequence datasets. The samples harboured diverse mycovirus populations, with as many as 19 putative species identified in a single vine. This indicates that the complete virome of diseased grapevines will include a high number of mycoviruses. Additionally, the complete genome of a novel endornavirus, for which we propose the name grapevine endophyte endornavirus (GEEV), was assembled from one of the second HiScanSQ sequence datasets. This is the first complete genome of a mycovirus detected in grapevine. Grapevine endophyte endornavirus has the highest sequence similarity to CeEV-1 and is the same virus that was previously detected in fungus isolates using the mycovirus primers. The virus was detected in two fungus isolates, namely Stemphylium sp. and Aureobasidium pullulans, which is of interest since mycoviruses are not known to be naturally associated with two distinctly different fungus genera. Mycoviral sequence data generated in this study can be used to further investigate the diversity and the effect of mycoviruses in grapevine.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Metagenomiese studies, wat gebruik maak van volgende-generasie volgordebepalingstegnologie, het die vermoë om die genetiese samestelling van veelvoudige onbekende organismes te bepaal deurdat dit groot hoeveelhede data genereer. Die bogenoemde tegniek was in hierdie studie aangewend om aantal nuwe mikovirusse in die floëem weefsel van wingerd te identifiseer. Dubbelstring-RNS was gesuiwer vanuit twee druiwestokke met rolbladsiekte en drie met shirazsiekte en Illumina HiScanSQ instrument is gebruik om meer as 3.2 miljoen volgorde fragmente te genereer van elk van die monsters. Lae-kwaliteit volgordes was verwyder en die oorblywende kort volgorde fragmente was saamgestel om langer konstrukte te vorm wat met behulp van BLAST soektogte teen die NCBI databasis geïdentifiseer kon word. Ses-en-twintig mikovirus spesies, wat aan die families Chrysoviridae, Endornaviridae, Narnaviridae, Partitiviridae en Totiviridae behoort, was geïdentifiseer. Twee van die geïdentifiseerde mikovirusse, naamlik grapevine-associated chrysovirus (GaCV) en grapevine-associated mycovirus 1 (GaMV-1), was voorheen al in wingerd gekry terwyl die res nuwe mikovirusse is wat tans nie in die NCBI databasis voorkom nie. Inleiers was ontwerp vanaf die saamgestelde mikovirus basisvolgordes en gebruik om wingerd dubbelstring-RNS sowel as swamme wat vanuit die wingerd geïsoleer is te toets vir die teenwoordigheid van hierdie mikovirusse. Slegs twee mikovirusse, wat onderskeidelik verwant is aan sclerotinia sclerotiorum partitivirus S en chalara elegans endornavirus 1 (CeEV-1), kon deur middel van die inleiers in wingerd en swam isolate geïdentifiseer word. Twee addisionele volgordebepalingsreaksies, wat gebruik gemaak het van die Illumina HiScanSQ en ABI SOLiD 5500xl volgordebepalingsplatforms, was gebruik om die teenwoordigheid van mikovirusse in wingerd te bevestig. Groter hoeveelheid volgorde fragmente was geprodusser wat ook van hoër gehalte was as dié van die eerste volgordebepalingsreaksie. Twee-en-twintig mikovirus spesies kon weer geïdentifiseer word, sowel as 29 spesies wat nie in die eerste HiScanSQ basisvolgorde datastelle gevind was nie. Die wingerdstokke wat in hierdie studie ondersoek was, het hoë diversiteit van mikovirusse bevat aangesien daar tot 19 mikovirus spesies in enkele wingerdstok geïdentifiseer was. Dit is aanduiding dat volledige virus profiele van siek wingerdstokke aantal mikovirusse sal insluit. Die vollengte genoomvolgorde van voorheen onbekende endornavirus was saamgestel vanuit een van die tweede HiScanSQ volgorde datastelle. Dit is die eerste mikovirus wat in wingerd gevind word waarvan die volledige genoomvolgorde bepaal is en ons stel die naam grapevine endophyte endornavirus (GEEV) voor vir hierdie virus. Grapevine endophyte endornavirus is die naaste verwant aan CeEV-1 en is dieselfde virus wat voorheen in wingerd dubbelstring-RNS en swam isolate gevind was deur middel van die mikovirus inleiers. Swam isolate waarin GEEV gevind is, was geïdentifiseer as Stemphylium sp. en Aureobasidium pullulans. Dit is van belang dat GEEV in twee swam isolate gevind is wat aan verskillende genusse behoort aangesien hierdie verskynsel nog nie voorheen in die natuur gevind is nie. Mikovirus nukleiensuurvolgordes wat in hierdie studie bepaal was kan gebruik word in toekomstige studies om die verskeidenheid en impak van mikovirusse in wingerd verder te ondersoek.
National Research Foundation (NRF)
Stellenbosch University
Kaps, Martin L. "The influence of leaf, cluster, and berry thinning, and leaf position and shading on yield, juice composition and vine vigor of hybrid grapes /." The Ohio State University, 1985. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487260531956664.
Full textCarrier, Grégory. "Bases moléculaires de la variation clonale chez la vigne (Vitis vinifera L.) : approche pangénomique." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NSAM0039/document.
Full textClonal variation is considered as an effective contribution to breeding programs of vegetatively propagated species with major agronomical interest such as banana, potato, coffee and grape. Indeed, after several propagation cycles, stable and heritable phenotypic variations appear giving rise to a phenotypic variation termed “clonal diversity”. This clonal diversity is very important for wine-growers because it allows preserving cultivars identity in the strict respect of Appellation (A.O.P) wines specifications The most parsimonious hypothesis explaining clonal phenotypic diversity is the accumulation of somatic mutations. The objective of my thesis was to provide a broad description of molecular polymorphisms in the context of vegetative propagation. Three clones were first sequenced by 454 GS-FLX technology and eleven clones were then sequenced with Illumina Hiseq2000 technique. To analyse the high quantity of data obtained, we built a pipeline (Bacchus pipeline) allowing the identification of all existing molecular polymorphisms between different genomes.All polymorphism types were observed: indels and SNPs which have a low polymorphism frequency (2.5 SNPs and 11.5 indels per Mb between two clones in average) and structural variations (large insertions or deletions) which have a high polymorphism frequency (129 per Mb between two clones in average) but are unstable. To evaluate stability and polymorphism level of these transposable elements, we have studied 4 elements using S-SAP method at different diversity levels (inter-species, inter-cultivars, inter-clones and between organs/tissues of a single individual). Our interspecific phylogenetic analysis is similar to other phylogenies performed with SSR or SNPs markers. However, we confirm the high instability of these elements between clones and between tissues in single individuals.Clone identification through molecular methods would be of high significance for the wine industry. SNP or small indels mutations are less frequent but more stable than structural variation and could be used for accurate clone identification
Le, Vieux Patrique Dayne. "Entomopathogenic nematodes for the control of the vine mealybug (Planococcus ficus) in South African wine and table grapes." Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/85640.
Full textENGLISH ABSTRACT: Planococcus ficus (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), the vine mealybug, is of economic importance to the wine and table grape (viticulture) industries, as it characteristically causes more damage than other mealybug species. Mealybug infestations contaminate grapes with their waxy secretions, egg-sacs and honeydew production, on which sooty mould grows, resulting in the fruit being unmarketable. Many export grapes are rejected, prior to shipment, as a result of infestations and phytosanitary concerns with regard to mealybug infestations. They are also vectors for various plant viruses. Up to date, the most common method of mealybug control in South Africa has been the use of chemical insecticides. Unfortunately, mealybugs are difficult to control chemically, due to their secretive/hidden lifestyle, where chemicals do not reach them. Of great concern is the ability of mealybugs to rapidly build up resistance to insecticides as well as the negative environmental effects associated with chemical pesticide use. Alternatively, entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), belonging to the families Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae, have been identified as lethal insect pathogens and their insecticidal action, towards a variety of insect pests, has proven them to be valuable and effective biocontrol agents. Laboratory bio-assays, to determine the ability of eight different EPN isolates to infect and kill P. ficus, were conducted. Six of the isolates were indigenous species and the other two, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema feltiae, were produced in Germany and are commercially available in South Africa. Planococcus ficus was highly susceptible to two indigenous species, Heterorhabditis zealandica and Steinernema yirgalemense; responsible for 96% ± 2% and 65% ± 10% mealybug mortalities, respectively. Biological studies illustrated that both H. zealandica and S. yirgalemense are able to complete their life cycles within adult female P. ficus. There was no significant difference in the pathogenicity of commercially produced H. bacteriophora, recycled through an insect host, and those from the formulated commercial product. However, commercially produced S. feltiae individuals, that were recycled through an insect host, were statistically more effective than those that were not. The LC50 and LC90 values for H. zealandica, in the current study, were 19 and 82 infective juveniles (IJs) respectively, which were similar to the LC50 and LC90 values for S. yirgalemense at 13 and 80, respectively. The LC50 and LC90, for commercially available H. bacteriophora, were greater than they were for both H. zealandica and S. yirgalemense, with values of 36 and 555, respectively. Such results indicate that there is a definite positive relationship which exists between the concentration of IJs of all three nematode species, used for inoculation, and the percentage mortality of P. ficus. Sand column tests resulted in S. yirgalemense outperforming H. zealandica significantly, with average mortalities of 95% ± 1.4% and 82% ± 4.1%, respectively. As a result S. yirgalemense was chosen for further studies in the field. IJs of commercially produced H. bacteriophora and S. feltiae were exposed to imidacloprid in laboratory bioassays to determine the effect on survival and infectivity. This study established the fact that these two EPN species can be applied, in combination with imidacloprid, in an integrated pest management scheme. Soil application field trials at Welgevallen and Nietvoorbij, using S. yirgalemense and mealybugs in Eppendorf tubes, buried 15 cm in the soil, resulted in 50% ± 10% and 52% ± 12% mealybug mortalities, respectively, when applying IJs at a concentration of 80 IJs/cm2. No significant difference was found between mealybug mortalities as a result of the three IJ concentrations applied (20, 40 and 80 IJs/cm2) for both vineyards. Persistence trials indicated that after four months post application, Cydia pomonella larval mortalities showed no significant reduction in infectivity on the Welgevallen vineyard, while on the Nietvoorbij vineyard there were no larval mortalities. Tests to establish whether or not S. yirgalemense and H. zealandica produced ant deterrent factors, showed no significant differences between the number of intact cadavers for both nematode species and for cadavers that were either four or six days old. There is, however, indication that deterrent factors may be in action in cadavers that were used six days after inoculation with 60% and 49% remaining intact for H. zealandica and S. yirgalemense infected cadavers respectively. All freeze killed cadavers were consumed by Linepithema humile (Mayr) (Argentine ant). The effects of low temperatures on EPN movement and infectivity were tested for H. zealandica and S. yirgalemense in the laboratory. The mortality of P. ficus at 14˚C, as opposed to 25˚C, for S. yirgalemense and H. zealandica were found to be 9.1% ± 2.6% and 2.5% ± 1.2% respectively. Vertical sand column tests were also conducted at 14˚C for S. yirgalemense and H. zealandica, which produced low mealybug mortalities of 3.5% ± 2.4% and 8.5% ± 1.4% respectively. This illustrates the low infectivity of the two local species at low temperatures. Laboratory persistence trials, conducted over a period of four months with S. yirgalemense, showed steady persistence of 100%, while H. zealandica had a statistically significant decrease of codling moth mortalities to 44% ± 5%. A three armed olfactometer was designed to establish if S. yirgalemense responds and moves towards chemical cues in the soil. A significant greater average number of IJs moved towards the grape vine roots (246 ± 0.124 IJs), than to the mealybugs (133 ± 0.168 IJs) and to the control (4 ± 1.02 IJs). This demonstrates that S. yirgalemense does actively seek out its hosts and that volatile cues produced by damaged grape vine roots, are more attractive to the EPN than cues produced by P. ficus. This study illustrates that S. yirgalemense has great potential as a biopesticide for controlling P. ficus in the soil of South African grape vineyards. Emphasis was placed on soil application of S. yirgalemense in the field, which produced good results, while laboratory tests indicate the potential for further aerial field application trials on grape vines. As the EPNs are not negatively affected by the agrochemical imidacloprid, the simultaneous use and combined action of both agents will potentially provide the farmer with excellent control against P. ficus. Further field- and aerial application studies will complement the current study and hopefully provide positive results for the efficient control of P. ficus found on grape vines.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Planococcus ficus (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), die wingerd witluis, is van groot ekonomiese belang vir die wyn en tafeldruif industrieë, aangesien dit kenmerkend meer skade veroorsaak as enige ander witluis spesies. Witluis infestasies besmet druiwe met hulle wasagtige afskeidings, eierssakke en heuningdou produksie, waarop swamme groei, wat tot gevolg het dat die druiwe onbemarkbaar is. Baie besendings druiwe, bestem vir uitvoer, word afgekeur weens witluis besmettings en ook as gevolg van fitosanitêre oorwegings. Hulle tree ook op as vektore van verskeie plantvirusse. Die mees algemene manier waarmee witluis in Suid-Afrika beheer word, is chemiese behandeling. Ongelukkig is witluis baie moeilik om chemies te beheer vanweë hulle verskuilde lewenswyse wat dit moeilik maak vir chemikalieë om hulle te bereik. Die vermoë van witluis om vinnig weerstand op te bou teen insekdoders, asook die negatiewe effek van chemiese middels op die omgewing, is kommerwekkend. Alternatiewelik, kan entomopatogeniese nematodes (EPNs) van die families Heterorhabditidae en Steinernematidae gebruik word vir die beheer van witluis. Hierdie nematodes is geïdentifiseer is as dodelike insek patogene, vir ʼn groot verskeidenheid van pes insekte en daar is bewys dat hulle as waardevolle en effektiewe biologiese beheer agente kan optree. Laboratorium biotoetse is gedoen om die vermoë van agt EPN isolate te evalueer om P. ficus te beheer. Ses van die EPN isolate is inheems, terwyl die ander twee, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora en Steinernema feltiae, in Duitsland produseer is en kommersieel beskikbaar is in Suid-Afrika. Planococcus ficus is hoogs vatbaar vir die twee inheemse EPN spesies, naamlik Heterorhabditis zealandica en Steinernema yirgalemense en hulle is verantwoordelik vir 96% ± 2% en 65% ± 10% van witluis mortaliteit. Biologiese studies het aangetoon dat beide H. zealandica en S. yirgalemense in staat is om hul lewensiklus te voltooi in volwasse wyfies van P. ficus. Daar is geen beduidende verskil gevind in die patogenisiteit van die geformuleerde kommersiële produk H. bacteriophora en dié wat in vivo geproduseer is nie. Daar is egter in die geval van S. feltiae, gevind dat die nematodes, wat in insekte produseer is, statisties beduidend meer effektief was, as dié wat kommersieel beskikbaar was. Die LC50 en die LC90 waardes van H. zealandica, in die huidige studie, was 19 en 82 infektiewe larwes (IJs), wat baie naby die LC50 en LC90 waarders van S. yirgalemense van 13 en 80 was. Die LC50 en LC90 vir die kommersieel beskikbare H. bacteriophora was groter as vir beide H. zealandica en S. yirgalemense, met waardes van 36 en 555 onderskeidelik. Hierdie resultate dui daarop dat daar ʼn positiewe verwantskap bestaan tussen die konsentrasie van die IJs van drie EPN spesies en die persentasie mortaliteit van P. ficus. Sand kolomtoetse dui daarop dat S. yirgalemense baie beter vaar as H. zealandica met gemiddelde mortaliteite van 95% ± 1.4% en 82% ± 4.1% onderskeidelik. Op grond van hierdie resultate is S. yirgalemense gebruik vir verdere veld studies. IJs van kommersieel geproduseerde H. bacteriophora en S. feltiae is in laboratorium biotoetse blootgestel aan imidacloprid om die effek op die oorlewing en infektiewe vermoë vas te stel. Hierdie studie het aangetoon dat die twee EPN spesies aangewend kan word saam met imidacloprid in ʼn geïntegreerde plaagbestuur opset. Grond aanwendings is in veld proewe by Welgevallen en Nietvoorbij gedoen deur gebruik te maak van S. yirgalemense en P. ficus volwasse wyfies in Eppendorf buisies, 15 cm in die grond begrawe, het albei 50% ± 10% en 52% ± 10% witluis mortaliteit, respektiewelik, tot gevolg gehad, met die toediening van nematodes teen ʼn konsentrasie van 80 IJs/cm2. Geen beduidende verskille is gevind tussen die witluismortaliteit en die resultate van die verskillende EPN konsentrasies (20, 40 en 80 IJs/cm2) wat op beide wingerde toegedien is nie. Oorlewings toetse het aangedui dat, drie maande na toediening, met Cydia pomonella as indikator, geen beduidende verskille in die infeksie potensiaal van die Welgevallen wingerd to gevolg gehad het nie, terwyl daar op die Nietvoorbij wingerd geen verdere larvale mortaliteit gevind is was nie. Toetse om vas te stel of S. yirgalemense en H. zealandica afkrikmiddels vir miere in besmette insek kadawers produseer het aangetoon dat daar geen beduidende verskil is tussen die getal kadawers wat intakt is vir beide EPN spesies en kadawers wat vier of ses dae oud is nie. Daar is egter aangetoon dat die afskrikmiddels wel ses dae na infeksie deur insek kadawers afgeskei word; aangesien 60% en 49% van die oorblywende kadawers nog volledig was toe dit geïnfekteer was met H. zealandica en S. yirgalemense, onderskeidelik. Al die insek kadawers, wat deur bevriesing doodgemaak is, was deur Linepithema humile (Mayr) (Argentynse mier) verorber.
Rajeha, Hiba. "Optimisation des méthodes d'extraction des composés phénoliques des raisins libanais et de leurs coproduits." Thesis, Compiègne, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015COMP2209.
Full textThis study deals with the optimization of the extraction methods of phenolic compounds from viticulture and viniculture by-products, namely vine shoots and grape pomace. Several innovative technologies were tested and compared: high voltage electrical discharges (HVED), accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), ultrasounds (US) and pulsed electric fields (PEF). The solid-liquid extraction conducted on vine shoots showed that, amongst the studied solvents, water is the least effective. The addition of the β-cyclodextrin to water improves the extraction process but remains less effective than that with hydroethanolic mixtures. The extraction in alkaline medium gives the highest phenolic compound extraction yields. The intensification of phenolic compound extraction from vine shoots was possible thanks to new extraction technologies. The effectiveness of the tested methods was the least with US, followed by PEF to accomplish the highest phenolic yield with HVED. The filterability of the extracts was slower when their composition was complex, and the membrane technology allowed a good purification and concentration of phenolic compounds. The reason behind the high effectiveness of HVED was investigated. The action mechanisms of HVED were studied in details. A mechanical effect of HVED provoked vine shoots fragmentation and particle size reduction. This was the main phenomenon responsible for the intensification of the extraction process. It also suggested that a grinding pretreatment would not be necessary prior to HVED, which considerably diminishes the energy input of the overall process. The presence of a non-mechanical effect and its contribution in the efficiency of HVED were also shown. The formation of hydrogen peroxide during the treatment was observed. However it did not seem to alter vine shoot phenolic compounds since these demonstrated a high radical scavenging capacity. As for the studies conducted on grape pomace, the simultaneous variation of several operating parameters allowed the aqueous and hydroethanolic optimization of phenolic compound extraction from these byproducts by response surface methodology (RSM). The passage from an aqueous to a hydroethanolic medium clearly improved the solid-liquid extraction of phenolic compounds from grape pomace. The use of ASE further increased the phenolic compound yield up to three times as compared to the optimum obtained with a hydroethanolic solvent
Fernandez, Olivier. "Métabolisme du tréhalose chez la vigne (Vitis vinifera L.) en conditions stressantes : effets du froid et de l’infection par Botrytis cinerea." Thesis, Reims, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REIMS016/document.
Full textThe purpose of the present thesis was to investigate grapevine trehalose metabolism upon exposure to 2 stress conditions: chilling and infection by the grey mould fungus Botrytis cinerea.Initially, we had to optimize a fluorimetric based assay to assess trehalose concentration in grapevine. Latter, this method was used to characterize trehalose synthesis in this plant when exposed to chilling or infected by B. cinerea.Upon chilling exposure, trehalose metabolism is differentially activated in grapevine organs. VvTPPA, a gene involved in trehalose synthesis, and VvTRE, encoding the trehalose degrading enzyme (trehalase), were respectively induced and repressed and their expression was correlated with an increase of trehalose concentration in leaves. No trehalose synthesis was observed in stems and the sugar was undetectable in roots. T6P (its precursor)concentration increase was faster in leaves (3 hours after chilling exposure). Our results are in agreement with current status of T6P acting as a signal molecule, correlated with sucrose concentration, and exclude any significant participation of trehalose as a global osmoprotectant under chilling stress in grapevine. Additionally, we have used grapevine plants bacterized by Burkholderia phytofirmans, an endophytic bacterium that confers them chilling tolerance. We have detected T6P and trehalose synthesis in these plants and we believe it might contribute to the induced chilling tolerance.During grapevine leaf infection by B. cinerea, we observed: (i) a strong increase oftrehalose concentration, (ii) the induction of VvTRE and (iii) an increase of trehalase activity.However, no increase in T6P concentration was detected during infection. Our results suggest that trehalose metabolism is not activated upon B. cinerea infection and that trehalose detected is mainly of fungal origin. This is compatible with current hypothesis considering trehalase encoding gene induction and increase in trehalase activity as a plant response to avoid interference with T6P signaling pathway during pathogen infection.Overall, trehalose metabolism is involved in environmental stress responses in grapevine and might be consider for further research especially with focus on biotic stress
Cretin, Blandine. "Recherches sur les déterminants moléculaires contribuant à l’équilibre gustatif des vins secs." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0289/document.
Full textDry wines taste balance is mainly based on bitter and sweet tastes, whose molecular determinants have been only partially explained. The first key objective was the study of the gustatory contribution of oak lignans. Nine compounds were identified in wines for the first time. (±)-lyoniresinol has been established as the bitterest and the most abundant of the isolated lignans. Its two enantiomers have been resolved, characterized by VCD and their tasting revealed that only (+)-lyoniresinol is bitter and modifies wine taste. In the second part of this work, the contribution of grapes to wine sweet taste has been studied. The combination between vinification experimentations and sensorial tools showed a gain of sweetness during a warm post-fermentative maceration as well as an influence of grape seeds on dry wine sweetness. A fractionation protocol of grape seeds macerates and wines has been established. Separation techniques coupled with gustatometry allowed the isolation of six taste active compounds. Several markers of dry wines sweetness have been identified by FTMS and NMR: the mix of two new compounds, 2-hydroxy-3-methylpentanoic-2-O-β-glucopyranoside and 2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoic-2-O-β-glucopyranoside acids; gallic-4-O-β-glucopyranoside acid and epi-DPA-3′-O-β-glucopyranoside acid, identified for the first time in wines, ILA-Glc and astilbin. These new markers have been quantified in wines and in different parts of grape berry in order to refine their localization and to establish their gustatory contribution
Khairnar, Kaushal. "Effect of different organic amendments on soil quality, vines growth, grape production and wine quality of mechanically pruned vineyards." Master's thesis, ISA/UL, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/8632.
Full textThe experiment with an aim to study the effect of pruning types and effect of different types of organic amendments on soil quality, vine growth, grape production and wine quality was conducted in two sites located in Vilar and Sardoal region of Portugal. The pruning treatments included manual spur (MAN) and mechanical hedge (MEC) type of pruning and types of organic amendments applied were biochar (BIOC), municipal solid waste compost (RSUC), cattle manure (ESTR), sewage sludge (ETAR) and control treatment (TEST). The treatment effects were analyzed for chemical composition, mineral content and heavy metals content and sensorial analysis of wine samples. The analysis results show that there was no significant effect of type of pruning on wine composition except pH, total acidity, alcohol content, calcium and total nitrogen content of wine sample. Similar trend was also followed with the application of organic amendments; the composition of wine remained unchanged by the use of organic amendments except some effect on pH, total acidity, volatile acidity, total anthocyanins and potassium content of wine samples. There was no significant increase in the heavy metals content of wine samples after the treatment of organic amendment. The manual pruning generally showed higher content compared to mechanical pruning due to less number of bunches retained per shoots. Wine composition was more influenced by the site specific characters and climatic conditions than the effect of treatment applied. Sensory analysis along with chemical analysis shows that mechanical pruning can be used without having much significant effect on grape composition when sufficient yield compensation is achieved. Treatment which supplied higher amount of nitrogen (ETAR and ESTR) was generally marked by more negative sensory perception such as vegetal characters in wine. On the face of climate change and increased competitive pressure use of mechanical pruning can be good strategy to reduce the cost of grape production and organic amendment can be applied to soil with an aim of increasing organic matter contents of soil. But the care should be taken to avoid excessive supply of nitrogen in order to avoid negative effect on wine composition over longer period of time. So the supply of amendment should be managed according to vine and soil nutritional status
Sutherland, M. J. "The influence of vine vigour and canopy ideotype on fruit composition and aroma of Sauvignon Blanc." Diss., Lincoln University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1270.
Full textHouillé, Benjamin. "Valorisation de coproduits de la viticulture, les sarments de vigne, comme source de polyphénols à activité fongicide." Thesis, Tours, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOUR3807.
Full textThis work aims at grape cane valorization as a source of bioactive polyphenols. After purifying E-resveratrol oligomers and obtaining E-resveratrol analogues through semi-synthesis, the antifungal activity of the compounds was evaluated. The 3,5-dimethoxyresveratrol exhibited interesting activity against twelves Candida species. During post-pruned grape cane storage, a strong and temperature dependent increase in E-resveratrol and E-piceatannol was observed and the expression of PAL, C4H, 4CL and STS genes contributed to a de novo biosynthesis of E-resveratrol. Downy mildew infection in vineyard during the growing season modified both the composition and the spatial distribution of stilbenoids in grape canes. UPLC-MS-based targeted metabolomics coupled to multivariate statistical analysis discriminates grape canes according to their genotypic origin and determines metabotypes. The observed biochemical distances between genotypes corresponded to genetic distances. Finally, results highlight the antifungal potential of stilbenoids and several key factors affecting the phytochemical composition of grape canes
Walton, Vaughn M. (Vaughn Martin). "Development of an integrated pest management system for vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus (Signoret), in vineyards in the Western Cape Province, South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53361.
Full textENGLISH ABSTRACT: A survey was conducted in the Western Cape Province during the 1999/2000 and 2000/2001 seasons on mealybugs occurring in vineyards. P/anococcus ficus (Signoret) was the dominant mealybug in vineyards during this time. During this study P. ficus was recorded for the first time on roots of grapevines, which has far reaching implications for the control of this important vine leafroll virus vector as control actions were focused on above ground control. Other mealybugs presently recorded in local vineyards included Pseudococcus /ongispinus (Targioni) and Ferrisia ma/vastra (McDaniel). Pseudococcus viburni (Maskell) and Ps. so/ani Ferris were found on weeds in vineyards. Natural enemies of P. ficus recorded most frequently were species of Nephus predatory beetles, and the parasitaids Coccidoxenoides peregrinus (Timberlake), Anagyrus sp. and Leptomastix dacty/opii (Howard). Developmental studies on P. ficus and C. peregrinus indicated that the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) was similar, peaking at 25°C (rm = 0.169 for P. ficus; rm = 0.149 for C. peregrinus). The net replacement rate (Ra) was higher for P. ficus than for C. peregrinus at all five temperatures tested. The Ra for P. ficus reached a maximum at 21°C (308.87) and C. peregrinus at 25°C for C. peregrinus (69.94). The lower and upper thresholds for development of P. ficus were estimated at 16.59 and 35.61°C respectively. The lower threshold for development of C. peregrinus was 8.85°C. These parameters indicated that both insects were well adapted to temperatures in the Western Cape Province. The lower minimum threshold temperature of C. peregrinus in relation to that of P. ficus suggests that C. peregrinus should be more active during winter and early spring than P. ficus. A central systematic presence-absence sampling system was developed for P. ficus. Monitoring three different plant parts on the vine indicated that new growth areas on vines adjacent to the main stem could serve as an early warning system for pending P. ficus bunch infestations. Intervention should be planned when 2 % of the stems are infested with P. ficus when using this system. Seasonal population studies of P. ficus and its natural enemies showed that stem infestation by P. ficus reached peak levels during January in Robertson and Stellenbosch and during February in the Hex River Valley. Vine mealybugs colonised new growth early in the season, followed by the leaves and eventually the bunches towards the end of the season. High stem infestations early in the season resulted in high bunch infestation levels at harvest. A density dependent relationship was evident between P. ficus populations and parasitoid populations, suggesting that the parasitoids played a mayor role in the biological control of P. ficus populations. Biological control was however only achieved towards the end of the season when damage to the crop had already occurred. Mass releases of C. peregrinus on P. ficus populations were done in order to augment biological control as an alternative to chemical control. Between five and six releases of 20 000 C. peregrinus per release were done at monthly intervals in three grapegrowing areas. Mass released C. peregrinus controlled P. ficus adequately in the Hex River Valley. Control of P. ficus using this approach was no worse than using chemical control in Robertson and Stellenbosch. C. peregrinus is commercially available and can therefore be used as an alternative to chemical control by producers. Degree day estimation was used to predict development of P. ficus populations. This information was used as an input in a P. ficus pest management model. Data acquired from P. ficus and ant monitoring were used as components to construct a decision chart. This chart can be used by producers to optimise the control of P. ficus populations using either chemical control or mass releases of C. peregrinus.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: "n Studie is gedurende die 1999/2000 en 2000/2001 seisoene gedoen met die doelom die witluisspesies wat in wingerde voorkom, te identifiseer. Planococcus ficus (Signoret) is tans die dominante witluisspesie in wingerde in die Wes Kaap Provinsie. P. ficus kolonies is op wingerdwortels gevind. Dié bevinding kan verreikende gevolge hê vir die beheer van dié plaag as "n belangrike rolbladvirus vektor aangesien beheer tot dusver gefokus het op bogrondse gedeeltes. Ander witluisspesies wat in wingerde gevind is, sluit in Pseudococcus /ongispinus (Targioni) en Ferrisia malvastra (McDaniel). Pseudococcus vibumi (Maskell) en Ps. so/ani Ferris is op onkruide in wingerde gevind. Dominante natuurlike vyande van P. ficus sluit predatoriese kewertjies van verskeie Nephus spp. en die parasitoïede Coccidoxenoides peregrinus (Timberlake), Anagyrus sp. en Leptomastix dacty/opii (Howard) in. Ontwikkelingstudies op P. ficus en C. peregrinus het aangetoon dat die inhirente voortplantingstempo (rm) soortgelyk was vir beide insekte met "n maksimum by 25°C (0.169 vir P. ficus, 0.149 vir C. peregrinus). Die netto vervangingstempo (Ra) was in vergelyking met C. peregrinus hoër vir P. ficus by al vyf temperature getoets. Die Ra van P. ficus het "n maksimum bereik teen 21°C (308.87) en die van e. peregrinus by 25°C (69.94). Die teoretiese hoër en laer drempels vir ontwikkeling van P. ficus was onderskeidelik 16.59 en 35.61 oe. Die teoretiese laer drempelwaarde van ontwikkeling vir e. peregrinus was 8.85°e. Hierdie parameters dui aan dat beide insekte goed aangepas is by temperature in die Wes Kaap Provinsie. Die laer minimum drempel vir ontwikkeling van C. peregrinus in verhouding tot P. ficus impliseer dat C. peregrinus in die winter en vroeë lente meer aktief sal wees as P. ficus. 'n Sentrale sistematiese aan-afwesig moniteringsisteem met bekende vlakke van steekproefnemingsfout is ontwikkel in kommersiële wingerde vir P. ficus. Monitering van drie verskillende dele op die wingerdstok het aangedui dat die nuwe groei areas kan dien as 'n vroeë waarskuwing vir latere P. ficus trosinfestasies. Dié sisteem sal produsente in staat stelom te bepaal wanneer optrede noodsaaklik is. Daar word voorgestel dat optrede noodsaaklik is by 'n P. ficus besmettingsvlak van 2 % op die nuwe groei areas op stokke. Stambesmetting deur P. ficus het in Januarie piekvlakke bereik in Stellenbosch en Robertson, en in Februarie in die Hex Rivier Vallei. P. ficus koloniseer nuwe groei vroeg in die seisoen waarna blare en trosse aan die einde van die seisoen gekoloniseer word. Dié data dui aan dat P. ficus besmetting op nuwe groei vroeg in die seisoen 'n aanduiding kan gee van hoë trosbesmetting aan die einde van die seisoen. 'n Digtheidsafhanklike verwantskap was waarneembaar tussen P. ficus plaagpopulasies en parasitoïed populasies. Dié verwantskap dui aan dat parasitoïede die belangrikste rol speel in biologiese beheer van P. ficus populasies. Biologiese beheer van witluis is egter eers aan die einde van die seisoen bereik toe die oes reeds beskadig was. Massavrylatings van C. peregrinus is in P. ficus besmette blokke gedoen om biologiese beheer aan te help en sodoende as alternatief tot chemiese beheer te dien. Tussen vyf en ses vrylatings met 20 000 C. peregrinus is een keer per maand gedurende die seisoen gedoen. Die vrygelate C. peregrinus het P. ficus populasies voldoende beheer in die Hex Rivier Vallei. Beheer van P. ficus deur massavrylatings van C. peregrinus was soortgelyk as chemiese beheer in Robertson en Stellenbosch. C. peregrinus is kommersieel beskikbaar en kan om hierdie rede as alternatief tot chemiese beheer gebruik word. Graaddag bepaling is gebruik om die ontwikkeling van P. ficus populasies te voorspel. Hierdie inligting is gebruik as 'n verdere hulpmiddel in die P. ficus plaagbeheermodel. Inligting verkry vanuit P. ficus en mier monitering is gebruik as komponente in die opstel van 'n besluitnemingstabel. Hierdie tabel kan gebruik word deur produsente om beheer van P. ficus plaagpopulasies te optimaliseer deur chemiese beheer of massavrylatings van C. peregrinus.
Ferreira, Natália Fauvrelle. "Quintas do Douro-as arquitecturas do vinho do Porto." Master's thesis, Instituições portuguesas -- UP-Universidade do Porto -- -Faculdade de Letras, 1999. http://dited.bn.pt:80/29223.
Full textCurtis, Meilin Chung. "Good Grapes - Good Wine." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2010. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1759.
Full textCampbell, James Alexander, and mikewood@deakin edu au. "Physiology and biochemistry of budburst in Vitis vinifera." Deakin University, 1993. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20060808.123121.
Full textBusse, Valverde Naiara. "Proantocianidinas de uvas y vinos de las variedades Monastrell,Cabernet Sauvignon y Syrah." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Murcia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/116884.
Full textIn this thesis, skin and seed proanthocyanidins of Monastrell, Cabernet Sauvignon and Syrah grape varieties have been studied, as well as their transfer from grapes to wine and the effect of some oenological techniques in modulating their extraction. The results show that the concentration of these compounds was maximum at the beginning of ripening, decreasing up to moment of harvest. The concentration of proanthocyanidins in wines depends both on the variety and the applied oenological technique. Long maceration times and techniques such as cold soak or the use of maceration enzymes promote a large extraction of proanthocyanidins, although, under similar conditions, the proanthocyanidins of Syrah grapes are more easily transferred to must/wine than those of Monastrell grapes.
Sarrade, Catherine. "Qualité de vie et traumatisme cranien grave : possibilites et limites de l'évaluation." Bordeaux 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR2M152.
Full textKappel, Christian. "Biologie intégrative du métabolisme de la baie du raisin." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR21793/document.
Full textThe total surface of vineyards worldwide is about 7.9 millions ha, which corresponds to an annual production of 67 millions tons berries. The annual world production of wines is about 300 millions hl/year. The French wineyard occupies 843 000 ha, among which 481 000 ha are dedicated to high quality wines (VQPRD) and 362 000 ha to table wines. Modern viticulture must deal with three major and related challenges : reduce the use of organic and inorganic phytochemicals, adapt the vineyard to climatic change and control the quality and the typicity in order to keep or gain new markets.In 2007, the grapevine became the first perennial fruit species whose genome was sequenced. This scientific breakthrough opens new pespectives in terms of functional genomics (set of methods allowing to characterize the function of genes) and integrative biology (set of methods allowing to study the global functioning of the plant and its response to the environment). These perspectives mainly depend on our ability to analyze large sets of data with adequate informatic tools.Functional approaches on candidate genes, and high throughput transcriptomic approaches have allowed to identify some genes or some gene families involved in the development and ripening of the grape berry, but when this Ph. D work started, no paper based on integrative biology was published on grapevine. The present work, which describes the collection and analysis of transcriptomic and metabolomic metadata related to the response of the berry to sun exposure. The exposure of the berries to the sun was controlled through a partial defoliation after veraison. This allowed to study the effects of sun exposure (exposed or shaded berries), of the position of the cluster (east, west) and of the anatomical position of the berry (outside or inside the berry). Berries were collected at 5 different time points after defoliation and used for metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis. Their content in sugars, amino acids, organic acids, anthocyanins and flavonols was analyzed by enzymatic assays and high performance liquid chromatography. For the berries whose metabolic content differed the most (exposed, west and outside berries vs shaded, east and inside berries), gene expression was studied with microarrays bearing a set of probes covering the whole genome of grapevine (29600 genes). Correlative and statistical analysis were conducted in order to (a) determine the metabolites that are the most responsive to the treatment, and the most important factors that control them (b) determine the genes that respond to the treatment and seem to be co-regulated (c) to precise the networks of genes and metabolites which seem related. Defoliation does not affect the sugar and tartaric acid contents, hardly affects amino acids, but it increases flavonol content and decreases malic acid content. It affects more specifically genes associated with abiotic stress, secondary metabolism, transport and hormonal metabolism. Additional experiments allowed us to identify genes that are specifically associated with the thermal component of sun exposure, among which genes encoding HSP, ABC transporters, and enzymes of flavonoid metabolism. Networks relating genes and metabolites could be constructed. These networks associate secondary metabolites with genes of known function and new candidate genes for which the function will have to be precised
Parrilla, Jonathan. "Rôles physiologiques des protéines ASR à l'égard de la signalisation, du transport et du métabolisme des sucres dans deux modèles cellulaires de vigne." Thesis, Poitiers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015POIT2256/document.
Full textSugars are metabolic signals involved in plant development and responses to environmental cues. Sugar transporters are both actors of sugar partitioning and targets of sugar signaling. As Grape ASR (ABA, Stress, Ripening), VvMSA, is identified as a regulatory protein controlling gene expression of the hexose transporter VvHT1, the aim of the PhD thesis is to assess its physiological functions by an integrative biology approach. The first part of the study consisted in the establishment of biological models, embryogenic and non embryogenic grape cells, sharing the same genetic background but growing on distinct carbon sources. The characterization of the proliferation kinetics and metabolomes of both cell types revealed differences in their sensitivity/tolerance to sugar starvation.The second objective was focused on VvHT1 expression regulation in both cell types and their mutants overexpressing or silenced for VvMSA. The pharmacological approach using glucose analogues, coupled to the analysis of gene expression, glucose transport and glycolytic enzymes activity, suggest that VvMSA affects VvHT1 expression through a glucose metabolism dependent pathway.The third research axis was carried out through a quantitative and comparative proteomic analysis of nuclear proteins in embryogenic wild type and VvMSA silenced cells. Proteins whose expression is affected by ASR repression suggest a new functional role of VvMSA at the interplay between metabolic responses to stress and epigenetic regulation of gene expression
DOMENEGHETTI, DANIELE. "Studio del profilo polifenolico ed aromatico di vini rossi da vitigni di antica coltivazione della Valle d'Aosta." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/73.
Full textAosta Valley has a little viticulture surface and it is characterised by a rich ampelographic collection including the following twelve red grape autochthonous varieties: Bonda, Cornalin, Crovassa, Fumin, Mayolet, Ner d'Ala, Petit rouge, Premetta, Roussin, Roussin de Morgex, Vien de Nus e Vuillermin. Only the 34% of the D.O.C. wine production is represented by some of the above mentioned cultivars, in particular the Petit Rouge, despite of the huge number of cultivars. The Petit rouge is used in purity or in miscellaneous in the D.O.C. wine production. In order to implement the presence of typical products, this study was carried out to evaluate the aptitude of Aosta Valley ancient grapes to produce quality red wines. Moreover to improve quality of the most diffused Aosta Valley red wine the effects of some alternative winemaking were evaluated on the Petit rouge characters.
Yammine, Sami. "Extraction des molécules à haute valeur ajoutée par eau sous critique et fractionnement par procédés membranaires : Valorisation des co-produits de la vigne et du vin par des procédés éco-innovants." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0056/document.
Full textThis work has dealt with extraction of natural substances from winery by-products using "green" processes such as extraction by subcritical water and purification by membrane processes. These processes are an alternative to solvent extraction traditionally used in the natural products industry. Main part of the work was done on different grape pomace, extraction was optimized and compared in terms of yield, chemical composition, and antioxidant activity of extracts. Dunkelfelder extracts exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity and comparison of chemical compositions of the different extracts indicated. Furthermore this Dunkelfelder grape pomace was used as model in order to optimize the different process parameters such as temperature, pressure and hydraulic retention time. After the subcritical water extraction, extracts produced were found to be rich in several families of molecules. An essential purification step of target compounds prior to industrial use was indispensable. Coupling the subcritical water with membrane processes offers an innovative solution for the purification of these extracts. Thereby, the extract was assayed in a cross-flow apparatus against eleven membranes of ultrafiltration (100 to 2 kDa) and nine membranes of nanofiltration (1000 to 150 Da). The monitoring of the process was carried out by determining performance parameters and retention coefficients of different families of macro and micromolecules. The results obtained have demonstrated that the use of membrane technologies could bring innovative changes in the recovery of bioactive compounds for future industries
Paissoni, Maria Alessandra. "Characterization of anthocyanins and condensed tannins from grapes and their qualitative incidence on astringency and bitterness sensory properties." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0383/document.
Full textIn red wine, phenolic compounds are generally associated with the quality of products. Among them, anthocyanins extracted from skins are responsible for wine colour. The grapevine genomes determine the anthocyanins profiles, but several factors in the vineyard can influence their accumulation, as well as post-harvest techniques can modify their extraction during winemaking. Monomeric, oligomeric and polymeric flavanols from skins and seeds contribute to astringency and bitterness of wine and during winemaking and ageing complexes formation with anthocyanins modifies wine characteristics. Several publications are available to understand flavanols sensory characteristics, whereas anthocyanins role has not consensus in scientific literature. This PhD thesis is composed by two parts. The first part deal with the evaluation of the use of gaseous ozone as post-harvest technique in red wine grapes Nebbiolo and Barbera used on both fresh grape and during withering. Ozone treatment is an innovative technology proved to avoid mycobiota spoilage and preserving from the use of sulphur dioxide. Its influence on flavanol and anthocyanin contents and extractabilities during maceration was evaluated, considering skin cell wall modification. In fresh grape, ozone influenced skin maceration for both the varieties, leading to a higher anthocyanin extraction in Nebbiolo grapes and lower in Barbera. Ozone did not influence the final individual anthocyanin extractability, respecting the varietal anthocyanin fingerprint. During dehydration, opposite trend was found: in Nebbiolo reported no change in the content of total anthocyanins just after ozone-assisted dehydration, but their extraction yield was lower. On the contrary, although lower contents of anthocyanins were found in Barbera grapes no differences in final extractability was found. Regarding oligomeric and polymeric flavanols, their extractability was less affected by the ozone treatment. Only in Nebbiolo, both oligomeric and polymeric flavanol extraction was increased in fresh grape, whereas it is slightly decrease during dehydration. The ozone-induced modification of skin cell wall composition together with skin hardness parameters fitted well in multivariate models to predict anthocyanins, oligomeric flavanols and polymeric flavanols extraction. Therefore, the ozone treatment should be adapted depending on the variety and on the target wine. In the second part, grape anthocyanins were isolated depending on the acylation patterns, i.e. glucoside, acetyl-glucoside, and cinnamoyl-glucoside by a combination of centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) and preparative-HPLC. Protein precipitation analyses to assess astringency and sensorial analysis were carried out. Anthocyanins reacted with both bovine serum albumine and salivary proteins, in different extent, since higher interaction between anthocyanins and salivary proteins was found with a significative reduction of total extract and fractions glucoside, acetyl-glucoside, and cinnamoyl-glucoside. The latter in particular is the more reactive to salivary proteins. Sensorial analysis was carried out as detection threshold test. Best estimated threshold (BET) of anthocyanins were resulted in wine-range scale, in particular acetyl-glucoside and cinnamoyl-glucoside BET are lower of glucoside threshold, and descriptors reported were astringency and bitterness. These results show that anthocyanins can be detected as in-mouth properties contributors, and the magnitude of their involvement is related to anthocyanins acylation
Nguyen, Huu-Hiep. "Social Graph Anonymization." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0168/document.
Full textPrivacy is a serious concern of users in daily usage of social networks. Social networks are a valuable data source for large-scale studies on social organization and evolution and are usually published in anonymized forms. This thesis addresses three privacy problems of social networks: graph anonymization, private community detection and private link exchange. First, we tackle the problem of graph anonymization via uncertainty semantics and differential privacy. As for uncertainty semantics, we propose a general obfuscation model called Uncertain Adjacency Matrix (UAM) that keep expected node degrees equal to those in the unanonymized graph. We analyze two recently proposed schemes and show their fitting into the model. We also present our scheme Maximum Variance (MaxVar) to fill the gap between them. Using differential privacy, the problem is very challenging because of the huge output space of noisy graphs. A large body of existing schemes on differentially private release of graphs are not consistent with increasing privacy budgets as well as do not clarify the upper bounds of privacy budgets. In this thesis, such a bound is provided. We introduce the new linear scheme Top-m-Filter (TmF) and improve the existing technique EdgeFlip. Thorough comparative evaluation on a wide range of graphs provides a panorama of the state-of-the-art's performance as well as validates our proposed schemes. Second, we present the problem of community detection under differential privacy. We analyze the major challenges behind the problem and propose several schemes to tackle them from two perspectives: input perturbation (LouvainDP) and algorithm perturbation (ModDivisive)
Bourgeon, Marie-Aure. "Conception et évaluation d'un dispositif d'imagerie multispectrale de proxidétection embarqué pour caractériser le feuillage de la vigne." Thesis, Dijon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DIJOS066/document.
Full textMutispectral imaging systems are widely used in remote sensing for Precision Viticulture. In this work, this technique was applied in the proximal sensing context to characterize vine foliage. A mobile terrestrial experimental system is presented, composed of a GPS receiver, a multi-spectral camera acquiring visible and near infrared images, and a Greenseeker RT-100 which measures the Normalized Difference Vegetative Index (NDVI). This optical system observes vine foliage in the trellis plan, in natural sunlight. The experimental field is planted with Chardonnay, Pinot Noir and Meunier cultivars in a latin squared pattern. In 2013, six datasets were acquired at various phenological stages.Spectral properties of the vegetation are accessible on images when they are calibrated in reflectance. This step requires the use of a MacBeth colorchart as a radiometric reference. When the chart is hidden by leaves, the calibration parameters are estimated by simple linear interpolation using the results from resembling images, which have a visible chart. The performance of this method is verified with a cross-validation technique (LOOCV).To validate the data provided by the experimental system, the NDVI given by the Greenseeker was compared to those computed from the calibrated images. The assessment of the versatility of the system is done with the images where several indices were determined. It allows an innovative follow-up of the vegetative growth, and offering phenotyping applications. Moreover, the characterization of the sanitary state of the foliage prove that this technique is versatile and accurate
Helwi, Pierre. "Effet du statut azoté de la vigne sur le potentiel aromatique de la baie de raisin et l'arôme du vin : Approches agronomique, analytique et transcriptomique." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0246/document.
Full textSoil is a major component of the viticultural terroir. Its mineral composition influences vine physiology, berry quality potential and wine quality. Among the elements that vines pick up from the soil, nitrogen (N) has the strongest impact on vine physiology, berry composition and the synthesis of compounds that have an important sensory impact. This study has investigated a possible direct effect of N on the synthesis of volatile thiols i.e. 3SH (3-sulfanylhexan-1-ol) responsible for grapefruit aroma and its S-conjugates precursors (Glut-3SH and Cys-3SH), as well as IBMP (3-isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine) responsible for green pepper aroma, without interference with water status and vigor variations. Vines were grown under variable N status in controlled conditions and in field trials. Water status was controlled during the season and vine vigor was similar among treatments. N supply increased Glut-3SH level in berries and in must and 3SH content in wines. In contrast, no effect of N was perceived on Cys-3SH concentration and on the expression of VviGST3, VviGST4 and VviGGT genes, which play a major role in its biosynthetic pathway. This observation indicates that, in response to N supply, 3SH could be synthetized from Glut-3SH, independently from Cys-3SH and the three mentioned genes. New candidate genes from the 3SH precursors pathway were also identified by whole transcriptome shotgun sequencing. There was no significant effect of vine N status on IBMP levels in berries, musts and wines, neither on the expression of VviOMT3 and VviOMT4, which are key genes in the biosynthetic pathway of IBMP. This result indicates that when an effect of N on IBMP was found in previous studies, it was likely mediated through the modification of bunch-zone microclimate, induced by the increased vigor of high N-status vines
Tellier, Anaïs. "Fonctions cognitives de patients atteints d'un gliome de haut grade avant tout traitement." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/9539.
Full textSvanberg, Kerstin. "Les sensations sensorielles qu’évoquent les vins - pénibles à exprimer et encore plus à traduire ? : À propos de la richesse des couleurs et des arômes du roi bordelais et de ses confrères." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-89214.
Full textPasquier, Grégory. "Etude de l’impact de l’Esca sur la qualité des raisins par une approche protéomique." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR21909/document.
Full textThe vine is susceptible to many fungal diseases that will affect the quality of grapes and wines. For several years, Esca has become the bane of modern viticulture because it is responsible for the death of the vines when presented in the form apoplectic. Its chronic form is associated with the presence of a procession of pathogenic fungi in the trunk and arms that will most often cause leaf symptoms. The alteration of photosynthesis that this causes will affect fruit ripening. However, little research has been conducted to characterize precisely the impact of this disease on the metabolism and chemical composition of grape berries. Our study aimed to assess, using a proteomic approach the disease's impact on the quality of grapes and get specific markers. Our work allowed us to demonstrate that the expression of foliar symptoms of Esca causes a change in abundance of proteins related to defense mechanisms and oxidative stress in the grape skin. It is also observed a change in antioxidant capacity by modulating levels of hydrogen peroxide, glutathione or pyridoxine. The concentrations of molecules of oenological interest such as amino acids, biogenic amines or tannins are also modified in the presence of foliar symptoms of Esca