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1
Jiang, Hongbo, and Yumin Chen. "Neighborhood Granule Classifiers." Applied Sciences 8, no. 12 (December 17, 2018): 2646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8122646.
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Classifiers are divided into linear and nonlinear classifiers. The linear classifiers are built on a basis of some hyper planes. The nonlinear classifiers are mainly neural networks. In this paper, we propose a novel neighborhood granule classifier based on a concept of granular structure and neighborhood granules of datasets. By introducing a neighborhood rough set model, the condition features and decision features of classification systems are respectively granulated to form some condition neighborhood granules and decision neighborhood granules. These neighborhood granules are sets; thus, their calculations are intersection and union operations of sets. A condition neighborhood granule and a decision neighborhood granule form a granular rule, and the collection of granular rules constitutes a granular rule library. Furthermore, we propose two kinds of distance and similarity metrics to measure granules, which are used for the searching and matching of granules. Thus, we design a granule classifier by the similarity metric. Finally, we use the granule classifier proposed in this paper for a classification test with UCI datasets. The theoretical analysis and experiments show that the proposed granule classifier achieves a better classification performance under an appropriate neighborhood granulation parameter.
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Žurauskienė, Ramunė, Marina Valentukevičienė, and Raminta Žurauskaitė. "Filter Medias from Granulated Foam-glass, Properties Investigated for Water Treatment Possibilities." Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 9, no. 4 (September 11, 2017): 419–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2017.1056.
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Inorganic material – granulated foam-glass produced from glass breakage in small porous granule shape. Foam-glass is gotten by connecting thoroughly grounded glass with foamers, later this composition is heated in the furnace in especially high temperature and is turned into various diameter greyish granules. Granulated foam-glass is a unique ecological material of which inner structure pores are arranged in such a way that air is trapped inside. Foam-glass production technology is one of the most advanced since the product is made from secondary raw materials, not leaving any third row waste. From granule surface images it can be seen that granule surface has pores and voids, some of these pores are closed, others are connected with granule’s inner pores, all pore walls are smooth, and the wall material is vitrified. Pores and voids are arranged chaotically in smaller granules, bigger granules inner space structure is tidy, bigger part is occupied by correctly arranged bigger pores and space between them is filled with smaller pores. Granules are composed of amorphous phase, in mineralogical composition can emit one material cristobalite. In the work were researched two fraction granules: 0/2 and 2/4 as well as determined 0/4 fraction granular-metric composition. Researched and determined main physical granule properties and properties related to water effect to the material, shown in micro-structural granule surface and inner structure images. According to explored properties it can be noted that granules can be adapted in water cleaning technologies.
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WANG, CHANGZHENG, YONGHUA RONG, and T. Y. HSU. "ESSENTIAL FACTORS INFLUENCING TUNNELING GIANT MAGNETORESISTANCE OF GRANULAR FILMS." Modern Physics Letters B 20, no. 02n03 (January 30, 2006): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021798490600944x.
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A series of ferromagnetic-insulator granular films were prepared at room temperature with a spc350 multi-target magnetron controlled sputtering system and all of the tunneling giant magnetoresistences were measured with the conventional four probes method. Experimental results revealed that TMR depends strongly on the magnetic granule, matrix and the size distribution of magnetic granules. Accordingly, a modified phenomenological theory is presented to investigate comprehensively the effect of the magnetic granule, matrix and the size distribution of magnetic granules on the TMR. In this theory, the size distribution of granules was described by the log-normal function and all granules can be divided into three categories which have different contributions on TMR by two critical sizes: D1(T) as the critical size distinguishing superparamagnetic granules from single domain ferromagnetic granules and D2(T) as the critical size distinguishing the single domain from the multi-domain. The calculated results, including TMR versus applied magnetic field, measured temperature, granule size or volume fraction, are in agreement with the experiments when the single domain ferromagnetic granules play a key role in TMR for granular films, which indicates that our modified model is reasonable.
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Barr, Jeremy J., Andrew E. Cook, and Phillip L. Bond. "Granule Formation Mechanisms within an Aerobic Wastewater System for Phosphorus Removal." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 22 (September 17, 2010): 7588–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00864-10.
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ABSTRACT Granular sludge is a novel alternative for the treatment of wastewater and offers numerous operational and economic advantages over conventional floccular-sludge systems. The majority of research on granular sludge has focused on optimization of engineering aspects relating to reactor operation with little emphasis on the fundamental microbiology. In this study, we hypothesize two novel mechanisms for granule formation as observed in three laboratory scale sequencing batch reactors operating for biological phosphorus removal and treating two different types of wastewater. During the initial stages of granulation, two distinct granule types (white and yellow) were distinguished within the mixed microbial population. White granules appeared as compact, smooth, dense aggregates dominated by 97.5% “Candidatus Accumulibacter phosphatis,” and yellow granules appeared as loose, rough, irregular aggregates with a mixed microbial population of 12.3% “Candidatus Accumulibacter phosphatis” and 57.9% “Candidatus Competibacter phosphatis,” among other bacteria. Microscopy showed white granules as homogeneous microbial aggregates and yellow granules as segregated, microcolony-like aggregates, with phylogenetic analysis suggesting that the granule types are likely not a result of strain-associated differences. The microbial community composition and arrangement suggest different formation mechanisms occur for each granule type. White granules are hypothesized to form by outgrowth from a single microcolony into a granule dominated by one bacterial type, while yellow granules are hypothesized to form via multiple microcolony aggregation into a microcolony-segregated granule with a mixed microbial population. Further understanding and application of these mechanisms and the associated microbial ecology may provide conceptual information benefiting start-up procedures for full-scale granular-sludge reactors.
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Barrere-Cain, Rio, Sebastian Wachsmann-Hogiu, and Denis M. Dwyre. "Super Resolution Optical Microscopy for Analysis of Granules in B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia." Blood 124, no. 21 (December 6, 2014): 5347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v124.21.5347.5347.
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Abstract An unusual case of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) was diagnosed at our institution. The B-ALL had unusually large prominent granules, but the diagnosis was confirmed by flow cytometry. Using structured illumination microscopy (SIM), we obtained high resolution images of the granules in the lymphoblasts. With these high resolution images, we acquired detailed quantitative information on the morphology of these unusual cells. We compared the morphology of this unusual B-ALL case with granular acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cases, standard B-ALL cases, and non-leukemic marrow aspirate specimens. Granular B-ALL can sometimes be misdiagnosed as AML, which would result in patients not receiving the optimal treatment. Our goal is to study the structure of these unusual B-ALL cases. More information characterizing the granules may assist in understanding how these leukemic lymphoblasts function. Granules in B-ALL are believed to be abnormal organelle formations or fusions. Electron microscopy (EM) reveals that the granules resemble membrane bound vesicles and it has been suggested that they are atypical mitochondria, lysosomes, or damaged chromosomes. These suggestions have been based on EM images and the cytochemical profile of the cells (Pitman et al., 2007; Cap et al., 2000). To our knowledge, granular B-ALL lymphoblasts have never been imaged with SIM. We took images of the same cells using both brightfield light microscopy and SIM. Figures 2 and 3 show the same cells imaged with both microscopes. We made maximum intensity Z projections (the pixels in stack of images with maximum intensity projected onto one image), cutting off Z-slices where the cell was not focused in order to avoid measuring granules outside the cell. Next, we randomly selected granules to measure in each cell's Z projection. Using Image J software, we measured the surface area, diameter, depth, intensity relative to background, and shortest distance to nucleus and plasma membrane for each individual granule. We then averaged the measurements from each type of sample (granular B-ALL, AML, non-leukemic). The granules in B-ALL had an average diameter of .285 micrometers, average depth of .506 micrometers, average surface area of .147 micrometers squared, and were on average 2.74 times more intense than the background. The granules in AML had an average diameter of .479 micrometers, average depth of .440 micrometers, average surface area of .2255 micrometers squared, and were on average 1.953 times more intense than the background. The B-ALL granules were smaller and more intense. The stain used for the cytoplasm, eosin, is acidic. The brighter B-ALL granules suggest that they have higher concentrations of basic proteins than the AML granules. This technique may be useful in separating granules in AML leukemia, ALL leukemias, and possibly leukemias of ambiguous lineage. Other techniques we are investigating include automated count of granules and granule characterization with Raman Spectroscopy to determine chemical composition. Evaluating the cells with fluorescent probes that specifically attach to either lysosomes or mitochondria may give additional biochemical information about the granules/leukemias. Matching fluorescent signals from these probes to granules in ALL may assist in determining whether the granules are lysosomal or mitochondrial in origin. Figure 1: Granular B-ALL bone marrow aspirate sample imaged with SIM and converted to a maximum intensity Z projection, arrow indicates a granule Figure 1:. Granular B-ALL bone marrow aspirate sample imaged with SIM and converted to a maximum intensity Z projection, arrow indicates a granule Figure 2: AML bone marrow aspirate sample imaged with SIM and converted to a maximum intensity Z projection, arrow indicates a granule Figure 2:. AML bone marrow aspirate sample imaged with SIM and converted to a maximum intensity Z projection, arrow indicates a granule Figure 3: AML bone marrow aspirate sample imaged with a brightfield light microscope and magnified 100 times, arrows indicate granules Figure 3:. AML bone marrow aspirate sample imaged with a brightfield light microscope and magnified 100 times, arrows indicate granules Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Liu, Hongbing, Chunhua Liu, and Chang-an Wu. "Granular Computing Classification Algorithms Based on Distance Measures between Granules from the View of Set." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/656790.
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Granular computing classification algorithms are proposed based on distance measures between two granules from the view of set. Firstly, granules are represented as the forms of hyperdiamond, hypersphere, hypercube, and hyperbox. Secondly, the distance measure between two granules is defined from the view of set, and the union operator between two granules is formed to obtain the granule set including the granules with different granularity. Thirdly the threshold of granularity determines the union between two granules and is used to form the granular computing classification algorithms based on distance measures (DGrC). The benchmark datasets in UCI Machine Learning Repository are used to verify the performance of DGrC, and experimental results show that DGrC improved the testing accuracies.
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Xi, Limeng, Wenli Huang, Binbin Sun, Fansheng Meng, and Shiguo Gu. "Effects of illumination time on biological community of algal-bacterial granules and lipid content." Environmental Engineering Research 27, no. 6 (December 4, 2021): 210334–0. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/eer.2021.334.
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Synthetic wastewater was used to culture granular sludge for 21 weeks at three sequencing batch reactor activated sludge process (SBR) under different photoperiods. The growth of algae changed granular oxygen distribution, which affected the composition of microbial communities. Different photoperiods were able to alter the formation of granular sludge and the microbial community granules. In short photoperiod (12 h/d) sludge could generate symbiotic algae-bacteria granules in the SBR. By contrast, the long photoperiod (24 h/d) promotes the growth of algae and Ascomycota early, and then inhibits algae, especially chlorophyta (only 1.18%). In the end, algae-bacteria-fungi granules were formed in long photoperiod (LP). By GC-MS and model calculation, the lipid content of algae-bacteria granules was 33.71% more than that of pure aerobic granular sludge. However, the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in algae-bacteria granules was as high as 43%, resulting in the quality of biodiesel prepared from algae-bacteria granule being slightly worse than that prepared from pure aerobic granular sludge. But both of them were better than biodiesel prepared from pure algae. The biodiesel content of algae-bacteria granule in short photoperiod (SP) and LP were 68.79 and 70.66 mg/g, respectively, which was better than that of pure aerobic particles (52.30 mg/g). Therefore, the formation of algae-bacteria granules is an effective way to remove nutrients and reduce harvesting costs.
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Chen, Pei, Xiao Zhang, Nan Xiao, and Xue Hui Wu. "The Influence of Amylose and Amylopectin Characteristics on Phase Transition of Cornstarches Observed under Shearless Condition." Advanced Materials Research 554-556 (July 2012): 1170–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.554-556.1170.
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The influence of amylose and amylopectin characteristics on phase transition of cornstarches under shearless condition was observed by SEM and CLSM. The change of internal structure of starch granules during heating were directly observed online. Brightness of starch granule indicates the degree of gelatinization. The brightness of all the starches decreased with increasing temperature, this change being initiated at the centre of granule. Thus it is clear that the gelatinization process starts at the hilum of the granules. The central area of the granule around the hilum is believed to be the least organized region. The granules of waxy maize and normal maize starch subsequently break through at their cavity and channels, when the granules became swollen during gelatinization, whilst the granules of G50 and G80 remain granular and break down to smaller pieces.
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Youssefian, Tayebeh, and Elisabeth M. Cramer. "Megakaryocyte dense granule components are sorted in multivesicular bodies." Blood 95, no. 12 (June 15, 2000): 4004–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v95.12.4004.
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Abstract Recent studies suggest that multivesicular bodies are an intermediate stage in the formation of -granules. In contrast, the kinetics and mode of appearance of dense granules during megakaryocytic maturation has remained poorly understood. Immunoelectron microscopy was used to monitor the appearance of dense granular markers (granulophysin and serotonin) on cryosections of human megakaryocytes (MKs) cultured from CD34+ precursors. The monitoring was done on days 8 and 13 of culture. The data suggest that dense granules appear in immature MKs early during their maturation, concomitantly with -granule formation. In MKs of intermediary maturation stage, granulophysin was mainly localized within dense granules and multivesicular bodies (MVBs), which were also labeled for serotonin. This study provides evidence that granulophysin is a dense granule marker in human MKs and that MVBs are an intermediary stage of dense granule maturation and probably constitute a sorting compartment between -granules and dense granules.
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Youssefian, Tayebeh, and Elisabeth M. Cramer. "Megakaryocyte dense granule components are sorted in multivesicular bodies." Blood 95, no. 12 (June 15, 2000): 4004–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v95.12.4004.010k03_4004_4007.
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Recent studies suggest that multivesicular bodies are an intermediate stage in the formation of -granules. In contrast, the kinetics and mode of appearance of dense granules during megakaryocytic maturation has remained poorly understood. Immunoelectron microscopy was used to monitor the appearance of dense granular markers (granulophysin and serotonin) on cryosections of human megakaryocytes (MKs) cultured from CD34+ precursors. The monitoring was done on days 8 and 13 of culture. The data suggest that dense granules appear in immature MKs early during their maturation, concomitantly with -granule formation. In MKs of intermediary maturation stage, granulophysin was mainly localized within dense granules and multivesicular bodies (MVBs), which were also labeled for serotonin. This study provides evidence that granulophysin is a dense granule marker in human MKs and that MVBs are an intermediary stage of dense granule maturation and probably constitute a sorting compartment between -granules and dense granules.
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Thammarakcharoen, Faungchat, Ariya Yampakdee, Bovornwut Buranawat, and Jintamai Suwanprateeb. "A Comparative Study of Granular Agglomeration between 3D Printed Hydroxyapatite and Commercial Bone Graft Granules." Key Engineering Materials 798 (April 2019): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.798.83.
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Granule characteristics and the agglomeration ability of 3D printed hydroxyapatite granules (3DP HA) when contacting water were compared to those of commercial bone graft granules based on hydroxyapatite/β-tricalcium phosphate/collagen mixture (Sunmax). Microstructure, phase composition, water absorption and granular agglomeration of the granules were characterized. SEM showed that the granule sizes of Sunmax were in the range of 0.8-1.5 mm whereas that of 3DP HA was relatively more uniform at about 1 mm. 3DP HA granules comprised the weaving of numerous minute crystals containing large pores and having high porosity while Sunmax granules were crushed granules and having low porosity. XRD analysis confirmed that Sunmax granules were biphasic hydroxyapatite and β-tricalcium phosphate while 3DP HA granules were monophasic hydroxyapatite. Sunmax granules exhibited greater agglomeration volume than that of 3DP HA granules. However, the water absorption of 3DP HA granules was greater than that of Sunmax granules. The greater agglomeration ability of Sunmax granules was likely due to the collagen constituent of the granules which could act as adhesive to bind granules together in addition to water capillary action. In contrast, 3DP HA granules formed the agglomeration by the water film due to the capillary action only so the efficiency was lower although the water absorption was greater.
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Yoda, M., and S. Nishimura. "Controlling granular sludge floatation in UASB reactors." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 6-7 (September 1, 1997): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0588.
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Granule floatation may occur at higher organic loadings, resulting in a loss of active granules and a decrease in the treatment capacity of UASB reactors. Granular sludge sampled from full-scale UASB reactors was studied to investigate the mechanism of granule floatation. It was found that granules float due to the buoyant force created by the gas bubbles entrapped in the hollow spaces of granules. Two hypotheses on the mechanisms of hollowing were presented, and in order to prevent granule floatation, the protocol, i.e., grinding of floating granules by a mechanical device and dosing of Fe into the reactors, was proposed. The protocol was evaluated in a series of lab-scale experiments and proven to be effective and practical for use in full-scale UASB reactors.
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Klasinc, Aljaž, Gregor Drago Zupančič, Matjaž Hriberšek, Aleš Hribernik, Aleksandra Lobnik, and Matej Zadravec. "Experimental and Mathematical Investigation of Anaerobic Granulate Density via Settling Velocity." Processes 10, no. 9 (September 12, 2022): 1833. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10091833.
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The objective of this study was to determine the density of anaerobic granules on different heights of a full-scale Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Bed reactor. The density was defined through the settling velocities of anaerobic granules, measured in a full-scale Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Bed reactor. In this study, granular density was calculated with the measured settling velocities and developed mathematical model. The developed mathematical model is based on the Stokes model. In the experiment, granules were taken from different heights of an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Bed reactor, from 0.6 to 7.6 m. The granules’ diameters varied between 1 and 5 mm. The granules were taken from six different heights through the reactor. The settling velocity of the active granules (with gas in the granule pore and on the surface of the granule) was measured first. After the active granules’ settling velocity measurement, the granules were placed in a vortex to obtain degassed granules (granules without any gas in the pores or on the surface), for which the settling velocities were also measured later. It is shown that granules’ densities at different heights are independent of the reactor height.
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Skott, O. "Do osmotic forces play a role in renin secretion?" American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 255, no. 1 (July 1, 1988): F1—F10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1988.255.1.f1.
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Secretory granules swell during exocytosis. Swelling may follow fusion and assist in extrusion of the granular content, or swelling may cause granular fusion with the plasmalemma. A granular proton gradient has been suggested to be involved in such preexocytic granular swelling. Exocytosis of renin from juxtaglomerular cells of isolated preparations is very sensitive to changes in the extracellular osmolality. Extracellular hyposmolality causes swelling of secretory granules, fusions between peripherally located granules and plasmalemma, and an increased number of release episodes. Induction of granule swelling at constant extracellular osmolality also stimulates renin release. Newly recruited renin granules are osmosensitive, and a high extracellular osmolality blocks secretion induced by other means (low calcium). Dissipation of granular proton gradients inhibits renin release without affecting the osmosensitivity. Thus, in renin release in vitro, a granular swelling precedes fusion and exocytosis, and a granular proton gradient may contribute to preexocytic swelling when extracellular osmolality is constant. The osmosensitivity may be important for macula densamediated renin release.
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Dong, Xiuqin, Sheng Wang, and Zhongfeng Geng. "CFD Simulation on Hydrodynamic Behaviors of Anaerobic Granule Swarms." Processes 7, no. 12 (November 26, 2019): 880. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7120880.
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An internal circulation (IC) anaerobic reactor is widely used in the treatment of municipal and industrial wastewater with high volumetric loading rates. The performance of an IC reactor is closely related with hydrodynamic behaviors of anaerobic granules. Typically, anaerobic granules work in swarms and the settling behavior of a granule is disturbed by other granules. However, the research on anaerobic granule swarms is insufficient. In this work, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method was employed to study the hydrodynamic behaviors of anaerobic granule swarms with various voidages. The simulated results showed that the average velocity inside granules increased significantly as the voidage of granule swarm decreased and as the Reynolds number increased. The maximum shear stress on the granule’s surface increased with decreasing voidage and increasing Reynolds number. Based on the hydrodynamic behaviors of anaerobic granule swarms, an improved model of drag force coefficient for granule swarms was developed. The predicted expanded height, using the improved model, gives better consistency with experimental results. The improved model can embed in CFD code to improve the precision of the description of the IC reactor model and provide valuable information for designing and operating an IC reactor.
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Yang, Xiyang, Shiqing Zhang, Xinjun Zhang, and Fusheng Yu. "Polynomial Fuzzy Information Granule-Based Time Series Prediction." Mathematics 10, no. 23 (November 28, 2022): 4495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10234495.
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Fuzzy information granulation transfers the time series analysis from the numerical platform to the granular platform, which enables us to study the time series at a different granularity. In previous studies, each fuzzy information granule in a granular time series can reflect the average, range, and linear trend characteristics of the data in the corresponding time window. In order to get a more general information granule, this paper proposes polynomial fuzzy information granules, each of which can reflect both the linear trend and the nonlinear trend of the data in a time window. The distance metric of the proposed information granules is given theoretically. After studying the distance measure of the polynomial fuzzy information granule and its geometric interpretation, we design a time series prediction method based on the polynomial fuzzy information granules and fuzzy inference system. The experimental results show that the proposed prediction method can achieve a good long-term prediction.
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Gonzalez-Gil, Graciela, and Christof Holliger. "Aerobic Granules: Microbial Landscape and Architecture, Stages, and Practical Implications." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80, no. 11 (March 21, 2014): 3433–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00250-14.
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ABSTRACTFor the successful application of aerobic granules in wastewater treatment, granules containing an appropriate microbial assembly able to remove contaminants should be retained and propagated within the reactor. To manipulate and/or optimize this process, a good understanding of the formation and dynamic architecture of the granules is desirable. Models of granules often assume a spherical shape with an outer layer and an inner core, but limited information is available regarding the extent of deviations from such assumptions. We report on new imaging approaches to gain detailed insights into the structural characteristics of aerobic granules. Our approach stained all components of the granule to obtain a high quality contrast in the images; hence limitations due to thresholding in the image analysis were overcome. A three-dimensional reconstruction of the granular structure was obtained that revealed the mesoscopic impression of the cavernlike interior of the structure, showing channels and dead-end paths in detail. In “old” granules, large cavities allowed for the irrigation and growth of dense microbial colonies along the path of the channels. Hence, in some areas, paradoxically higher biomass content was observed in the inner part of the granule compared to the outer part. Microbial clusters “rooting” from the interior of the mature granule structure indicate that granules mainly grow via biomass outgrowth and not by aggregation of small particles. We identify and discuss phenomena contributing to the life cycle of aerobic granules. With our approach, volumetric tetrahedral grids are generated that may be used to validate complex models of granule formation.
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Schreiber, Marvin M., Michael V. Hickman, and Gordon D. Vail. "Efficacy of Starch-Encapsulated Formulations of Atrazine Containing Two or Three Herbicides in Same Granule." Weed Technology 8, no. 1 (March 1994): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00039282.
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Field experiments were conducted in 1990, 1991, and 1992 to evaluate and compare the efficacy of commercial herbicide formulations with starch encapsulated granules that contain one, two, or three herbicides. Atrazine in combination with alachlor or metolachlor composed the two-component granules and the addition of dicamba to both composed the three-component granules. All starch-encapsulated formulations were produced by twin screw extrusion technology and evaluated in two granule sizes, 1.4 to 0.5-mm (14 to 20 mesh) and 0.85 to 0.43-mm (20 to 40 mesh). Active ingredient rates applied were selected for the existing soil conditions and combination granules contained active ingredients proportional to premixed commercial formulations available or suggested for tank mixes. Evaluations were performed under conventional, chisel, and no-tillage systems. PRE and PPI applications of starch encapsulated two-component (atrazine-alachlor) in 1990 controlled giant foxtail (except at the low rate with large granule size), redroot pigweed, and common lambsquarters excellently but control of velvetleaf was fair to poor. Smaller-sized granules were generally more effective for controlling weeds than the larger-sized granules. In 1991, starch-encapsulated two-component (atrazine-metolachlor) granules applied both PRE and PPI in conventional, chisel, and no-till systems gave results similar to 1990 with the small granules more effective on velvetleaf. The addition of dicamba in the granule to form three-component starch-encapsulated granules in 1992 resulted in control of velvetleaf, ivyleaf morningglory, and jimsonweed statistically equal to commercial formulations except in one case of no-till corn. In our experiments, herbicide formulations (granular vs. commercial) had no significant effect on corn yield in 28 out of 31 treatments. These data indicate that if the experimental three-component starch-encapsulated formulations of corn herbicides used in these studies were optimized they could become as efficacious as commercial formulations presently on the market. This is the first report of research containing data on two- and three-component starch-encapsulated granular formulations.
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Chen, Fanxiu, Yuxin Liu, Yuan Wang, Yanji Gu, Yang Yu, and Jie Sun. "Deformation and Force Chain of Two-Dimensional Granular Systems under Continuous Loading." Materials 16, no. 15 (August 3, 2023): 5441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16155441.
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A continuous loading experiment of a two-dimensional granular system was carried out and the experimental data were obtained by digital image correlation (DIC). The deformation field of the granular system and the changing laws of the deflection angle and coordination number of the granules on force chains with time were obtained. Based on the granule element method, the quantitative calculation of contact force was realized, and the internal force chains of the granular system were identified. The effects of contact force between granules and mechanical parameters on the evolution of force chains in a two-dimensional granular system under line loads were analyzed. The formation, evolution, and reconstruction of force chains in a granular system during loading, as well as the influence of the force chain network evolution on the macroscopic mechanical properties of granules were discussed. The experimental results indicated that the evolution of force chains was directly related to the number, geometric properties, and permutation distribution of granules in direct contact with the external load.
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Son, Yeong Jun, Tai Joo Chung, and Kyung Sik Oh. "Brushite Bone Cement Prepared from Granular Hydroxyapatite and β-Tricalcium Phosphate." Key Engineering Materials 720 (November 2016): 153–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.720.153.
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The properties of brushite cement were manipulated by partially replacing β-tricalcium phosphate with dense granular hydroxyapatite (HA). The introduction of HA granules resulted in prolonged setting time as well as reduction of temperature rise during setting. The changes produced by addition of HA granule were useful for drug loading. HA granules, prepared by spray drying, could preserve a meaningful 4.5 wt% of gentamicin sulfate solution. However, HA granules with excessive setting agent resulted in formation of dicalcium phosphate instead of brushite.
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Liu, Hongbing, Fan Zhang, Ran Li, and Chang-an Wu. "Isolation-based hyperbox granular classification computing." Journal of Algorithms & Computational Technology 11, no. 2 (November 29, 2016): 110–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748301816676818.
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Bottom-up and top-down are two main computing models in granular computing by which the granule set including granules with different granularities. The top-down hyperbox granular computing classification algorithm based on isolation, or IHBGrC for short, is proposed in the framework of top-down computing model. Algorithm IHBGrC defines a novel function to measure the distance between two hyperbox hgranules, which is used to judge the inclusion relation between two hyperbox granules, the meet operation is used to isolate the ith class data from the other class data, and the hyperbox granule is partitioned into some hyperbox granules which include the ith class data. We compare the performance of IHBGrC with support vector machines and HBGrC, for a number of two-class problems and multiclass problems. Our computational experiments showed that IHBGrC can both speed up training and achieve comparable generalization performance.
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Gunning, William T., Meera Raghavan, Edward P. Calomeni, James N. Turner, Bodri Roysam, Shantala Roysam, Mary R. Smith, Peter A. Kouides, and Neil A. Lachant. "A Morphometric Analysis of Platelet Dense Granules of Patients with Unexplained Bleeding: A New Entity of Delta-Microgranular Storage Pool Deficiency." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 6 (June 4, 2020): 1734. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9061734.
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One thousand and eighty patients, having prolonged bleeding times, frequent epistaxis, menorrhagia or easy bruising or other bleeding manifestations, and excluding those with von Willebrand’s disease, were evaluated for platelet dense granule deficiency. The mean diameter of platelet dense granules was determined for all patients using image analysis. Four hundred and ninety-nine had “classic” dense (delta) granule storage pool deficiency (δ-SPD). Five hundred and eighty-one individuals (53.8%) were found to have a normal mean number of dense granules, but for some of these patients, the dense granules were smaller than for the controls. Of the patients having a normal number of dense granules, 165 (28.4%) were found to have significantly smaller granules than the platelets obtained from the control subjects. Their average granule diameter was 123.35 ± 0.86 nm, that is more than three standard deviations below the mean of the control data. Total δ-granule storage pool volumes (TDGV)/platelet were calculated using these measurements. Individuals with δ-SPD had half the number of granules (2.25 ± 0.04 DG/PL) and storage pool volume (3.88 ± 1.06 × 106 nm3) when compared to our control data (4.64 ± 0.11 DG/PL; 10.79 × 106 nm3 ± 0.42). Individuals having a bleeding history but a normal average of small dense granules had a calculated storage pool volume statistically different than controls and essentially the same storage pool volume as patients with δ-SPD. We have identified a sub-classification of δ-SPD that we have defined as micro-granular storage pool deficiency (δ-MGSPD).
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Peti-Peterdi, János, Attila Fintha, Amanda L. Fuson, Albert Tousson, and Robert H. Chow. "Real-time imaging of renin release in vitro." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 287, no. 2 (August 2004): F329—F335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00420.2003.
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Renin release from juxtaglomerular granular cells is considered the rate-limiting step in activation of the renin-angiotensin system that helps to maintain body salt and water balance. Available assays to measure renin release are complex, indirect, and work with significant internal errors. To directly visualize and study the dynamics of both the release and tissue activity of renin, we isolated and perfused afferent arterioles with attached glomeruli dissected from rabbit kidneys and used multiphoton fluorescence imaging. Acidotropic fluorophores, such as quinacrine and LysoTrackers, clearly and selectively labeled renin granules. Immunohistochemistry of mouse kidney with a specific renin antibody and quinacrine staining colocalized renin granules and quinacrine fluorescence. A low-salt diet for 1 wk caused an approximately fivefold increase in the number of both individual granules and renin-positive granular cells. Time-lapse imaging showed no signs of granule trafficking or any movement, only the dimming and disappearance of fluorescence from individual renin granules within 1 s in response to 100 μM isoproterenol. There appeared to be a quantal release of the granular contents; i.e., an all-or-none phenomenon. Using As4.1 cells, a granular cell line, we observed further classic signs of granule exocytosis, the emptying of granule content associated with a flash of quinacrine fluorescence. Using a fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based, 5-(2-aminoethylamino)naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid (EDANS)-conjugated renin substrate in the bath, an increase in EDANS fluorescence (renin activity) was observed around granular cells in response to isoproterenol. Fluorescence microscopy is an excellent tool for the further study of the mechanism, regulation, and dynamics of renin release.
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Tranah, Thomas H., Godhev K. Manakkat Vijay, Jennifer M. Ryan, R. Daniel Abeles, Paul K. Middleton, and Debbie L. Shawcross. "Dysfunctional neutrophil effector organelle mobilization and microbicidal protein release in alcohol-related cirrhosis." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 313, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): G203—G211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00112.2016.
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Patients with alcohol-related cirrhosis (ALD) are prone to infection. Circulating neutrophils in ALD are dysfunctional and predict development of sepsis, organ dysfunction, and survival. Neutrophil granules are important effector organelles containing a toxic array of microbicidal proteins, whose controlled release is required to kill microorganisms while minimizing inflammation and damage to host tissue. We investigated the role of these granular responses in contributing to immune disarray in ALD. Neutrophil granular content and mobilization were measured by flow cytometric quantitation of cell-surface/intracellular markers, [secretory vesicles (CD11b), secondary granules (CD66b), and primary granules (CD63; myeloperoxidase)] before and after bacterial stimulation in 29 patients with ALD cirrhosis (15 abstinent; 14 actively drinking) compared with healthy controls (HC). ImageStream Flow Cytometry characterized localization of granule subsets within the intracellular and cell-surface compartments. The plasma cytokine environment was analyzed using ELISA/cytokine bead array. Circulating neutrophils were primed in the resting state with upregulated surface expression of CD11b ( P = 0.0001) in a cytokine milieu rich in IL-8 ( P < 0.001) and lactoferrin ( P = 0.035). Neutrophils showed exaggerated mobilization to the cell surface of primary granules at baseline ( P = 0.001) and in response to N-formyl-l-methionyl-l-leucyl-l-phenylalanine ( P = 0.009) and Escherichia coli ( P = 0.0003) in ALD. There was no deficit in granule content or mobilization to the cell membrane in any granule subset observed. Paradoxically, active alcohol consumption abrogated the hyperresponsive neutrophil granular responses compared with their abstinent counterparts. Neutrophils are preprimed at baseline with augmented effector organelle mobilization in response to bacterial stimulation; neutrophil degranulation is not a mechanism leading to innate immunoparesis in ALD.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Neutrophil granule release is dysregulated in patients with alcohol-related cirrhosis (ALD) with augmented effector organelle mobilization and microbiocidal protein release. Neutrophil granules are upregulated in ALD at baseline and demonstrate augmented responses to bacterial challenge. The granular responses in ALD did not contribute to the observed functional deficit in innate immunity but rather were dysregulated and hyperresponsive, which may induce bystander damage to host tissue. Paradoxically, active alcohol consumption abrogated the excessive neutrophil granular responses to bacterial stimulus compared with their abstinent counterparts.
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Zhou, Jun, Hongyu Wang, Kai Yang, Fang Ma, and Bin Lv. "Optimization of operation conditions for preventing sludge bulking and enhancing the stability of aerobic granular sludge in sequencing batch reactors." Water Science and Technology 70, no. 9 (September 24, 2014): 1519–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.406.
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Sludge bulking caused by loss of stability is a major problem in aerobic granular sludge systems. This study investigated the feasibility of preventing sludge bulking and enhancing the stability of aerobic granular sludge in a sequencing batch reactor by optimizing operation conditions. Five operation parameters have been studied with the aim to understand their impact on sludge bulking. Increasing dissolved oxygen (DO) by raising aeration rates contributed to granule stability due to the competition advantage of non-filamentous bacteria and permeation of oxygen at high DO concentration. The ratio of polysaccharides to proteins was observed to increase as the hydraulic shear force increased. When provided with high/low organic loading rate (OLR) alternately, large and fluffy granules disintegrated, while denser round-shape granules formed. An increase of biomass concentration followed a decrease at the beginning, and stability of granules was improved. This indicated that aerobic granular sludge had the resistance of OLR. Synthetic wastewater combined highly and slowly biodegradable substrates, creating a high gradient, which inhibited the growth of filamentous bacteria and prevented granular sludge bulking. A lower chemical oxygen demand/N favored the hydrophobicity of granular sludge, which promoted with granule stability because of the lower diffusion rate of ammonia. The influence of temperature indicated a relatively low temperature was more suitable.
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Zhang, Xiufang, Yongqiang Liu, Jun Li, Zhuo Wei, Wenyan Duan, and Fangyuan Chen. "Enhancing Effects of Sludge Biochar on Aerobic Granular Sludge for Wastewater Treatment." Processes 10, no. 11 (November 14, 2022): 2385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10112385.
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Sludge biochar can be used as bio-carrier to enhance aerobic granular sludge, however, its impact on the formation and especially long-term stability of aerobic granules has not been fully investigated. In this paper, aerobic granular sludge was cultivated in two parallel sequencing batch reactors (SBRs), R1 and R2, with and without sludge biochar addition in the activated sludge inoculum, respectively. The sludge characteristics, wastewater treatment performance, and microbial community structure of granular sludge were examined on a 240-day operation, during which aerobic granular sludge in the two reactors experienced dynamic changes including granule formation, maturation, breakage, filamentous proliferation, and recovery. Aerobic granules in R1 with biochar formed two weeks earlier than that in R2, presenting a larger mean size, and higher settling ability and biomass retention in the granule maturation period. Concurrently, aerobic granules in R1 showed higher denitrification ability with over 80% removal efficiency throughout the whole operation period. During the maturation period, the ratio of food to biomass (F/M) in R1 was below 0.5 gCOD/gVSS d while it ranged between 0.5 and 1.0 gCOD/gVSS d in R2 due to lower biomass retention. The elemental analysis showed more Ca and P accumulation in aerobic granular sludge from R1, with 3% Ca and 2.75% P in sludge from R1 and 0.91% Ca and 0.75% P in sludge from R2, respectively. The microbial community in R1 had higher richness, diversity, excretion of extracellular polymer substances (EPSs) and abundance of denitrifying genera than that in R2, supporting its higher stability and denitrification performance. These results demonstrated that aerobic granular sludge formed by using sludge biochar as a carrier for granulation can speed up granule formation, improve denitrification performance, and enhance the long-term stability of aerobic granules. The findings disclosed the enhancing effects of biochar for wastewater treatment by aerobic granular sludge, suggesting the potential of practical application of biochar in aerobic granular sludge-based reactors.
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Li, Zhong Sheng, Tong Cheng Huang, Niu Li, and Ze Su Cai. "A Sensation Model for Color Images’ Cognition." Applied Mechanics and Materials 303-306 (February 2013): 1489–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.303-306.1489.
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It’s a new idea to make computers be able to obtain “sensations” from a color image through some unsupervised ways. To let the idea come into true, a granule-based model, based on granular computing(GrC) which is a new way to simulate human thinking to help solve complicated problems in the field of computational intelligence, is proposed for color image processing. First, this paper deems data a hypercube, defines two new concepts, attribute granules(AtG) and connected granules(CoG), and presents the definitions of the granule-based model. Then, in order to fulfill the granule-based model, this paper designs a single attribute analyser(SAA), defines some theorems and lemmas related to decomposition, and describes the processing of extracting all attibute granules. Experimental results on over 300 color images show that the proposed analyser is accurate, robust, high-speed, and able to provide computers with “sensations”.
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Meng, Fanjing, Kun Liu, and Tao Qin. "Experimental investigations of force transmission characteristics in granular flow lubrication." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 70, no. 7 (September 10, 2018): 1151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-07-2017-0211.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose Granular lubrication is a new lubrication method and can be used in extreme working conditions; however, the obstacle of force transmission characteristics needs to be urgently solved to fully understand the mechanical and bearing mechanisms of granular lubrication. Design/methodology/approach A flat sliding friction cell is developed to study the force transmission behaviors of granules under shearing. Granular material, sliding velocity, granule size and granule humidity are considered in these experiments. The measured normal and shear force, which is transmitted from the bottom friction pair to the top friction pair via the granular lubrication medium, reveals the influence of these controlling parameters on the force transmission characteristics of granules. Findings Experimental results show that a low sliding velocity, a large granule size and a low granular humidity increase the measured normal force and shear force. Besides, a comparison experiment with other typical lubrication styles is also carried out. The force transmission under granular lubrication is mainly dependent on the force transmission path, which is closely related to the deconstruction and reconstruction of the force chains in the granule assembly. Originality/value These findings reveal the force transmission mechanism of granular lubrication and can also offer the helpful reference for the design of the new granular lubrication bearing.
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Möhn, H., V. Le Cabec, S. Fischer, and I. Maridonneau-Parini. "The src-family protein-tyrosine kinase p59hck is located on the secretory granules in human neutrophils and translocates towards the phagosome during cell activation." Biochemical Journal 309, no. 2 (July 15, 1995): 657–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3090657.
Full textAbstract:
The src-family protein-tyrosine kinase p59hck is mainly expressed in neutrophils; however, its functional role in these cells is unknown. Several other src-family members are localized on secretory vesicles and have been proposed to regulate intracellular traffic. We have established here the subcellular localization of p59hck in human neutrophils. Immunoblotting of subcellular fractions showed that approx. 60% of the p59hck per cell is localized on the secretory granules; the other 40% is distributed equally between non-granular membranes and the cytosol. Immunofluorescence of neutrophils and HL60 cells suggests that the p59hck-positive granules are azurophil granules. Granular p59hck is highly susceptible to degradation by an azurophil-granule proteinase. Different forms of p59hck occur in the three subcellular compartments: a 61 kDa form is mainly found in the granules, a 59 kDa form is predominant in the non-granular membranes, whereas cytosolic p59hck migrates as a doublet at 63 kDa. During the process of phagocytosis-linked degranulation, induced by serum-opsonized zymosan in neutrophils or HL60 cells, granular p59hck translocates towards the phagosome. The subcellular localization of p59hck suggests that the enzyme could be involved in the regulation of the degranulation process.
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Fouilleux, Georges, Cécile Revellin, and Gérard Catroux. "Short-term recovery of Bradyrhizobium japonicum during an inoculation process using mineral microgranules." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 40, no. 4 (April 1, 1994): 322–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m94-053.
Full textAbstract:
Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) can be inoculated by delivering inoculant mixed with mineral microgranules to the seedbed. An average decline of 0.61 log units in the number of viable Bradyrhizobium japonicum was found during the 1sth, using available commercial inoculants and granules. These losses were shown to be influenced by inoculant type (peat based, liquid, lyophilized) and granule type. When mixed with granules, a peat-based inoculant was found to be desiccated immediately and subjected to a water potential as low as −170 MPa. Bradyrhizobium japonicum recovery was improved when the moisture content of the granules increased. It was concluded that water suction by granules can subject the bacteria to rapid desiccation and significantly decrease their number. Thus, the nature of inoculant and granular material and their relative water retention characteristics must be taken into account to improve the efficiency of this inoculation process.Key words: Bradyrhizobium japonicum, granular inoculant, inoculation, soybean, survival.
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Hotskiy, Ya G., and A. R. Stepaniuk. "CREATION OF GRANULAR COMPOSITE MATERIALS WITH MULTILAYER STRUCTURE." Energy Technologies & Resource Saving, no. 3 (September 20, 2020): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33070/etars.3.2020.05.
Full textAbstract:
Granular products are widely used in many industries for the production of catalysts in oil refining and organic synthesis, drugs, food products, fertilizer production, etc. The main advantages of granular products are ease of operation and storage. Depending on the morphological structure, the granules obtained as a result of the technological process are divided into one-component, single-layer, composite-coated granule, multilayer granule, frame granule, and combinations thereof. In this paper, we consider, as an example, the technological basis of granulation of aqueous solutions of ammonium sulfate with impurities of humates, calcium carbonate and other substances with the formation of multilayer composite granules in a fluidized bed granulator. The processes of dehydration and mass crystallization during granulation, namely the influence of the drying rate and impurities on the kinetics of the evaporation process of the dispersed heterogeneous solution on solid particles have been studied. In the process of mass crystallization, when the saturation concentration is reached by removing the solvent, the processes of nucleation and crystal growth occur with the formation of a crystalline framework of ammonium sulfate crystals between, which impurities of organic matter and other components are evenly distributed in the volume of the formed micro layer. It was confirmed that the obtained granules of the composite granular fertilizer have a composite multilayer structure with a uniform distribution of suspended particles in the volume of the granule. Bibl. 14, Fig. 4.
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Park, K. Y., D. Y. Kim, and T. H. Chung. "Granulation in an upflow anaerobic sequencing batch reactor treating disintegrated waste activated sludge." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 12 (December 1, 2005): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0439.
Full textAbstract:
An upflow anaerobic reactor operated with a sequencing batch mode to enhance high rate digestion of raw and thermally disintegrated waste activated sludge with formation of granules. The gas production rate doubled when disintegrated waste activated sludge was introduced. Gradual granulation took place and the dispersed particles become coarse granulation as the operation continued. The granular sludge showed relatively higher specific methanogenic activity than the dispersed sludge. Bacterial morphology by a scanning electron microscope showed diversity of bacteria such as filamentous, rod and spherical shape in the section of granules. Filamentous bacteria, which might support the frame of a granule, were observed as long chains at the outer surface. Meanwhile, rod and spherical bacteria, which might play a role in the initial stage of granule formation, were observed from the inner surface of the granule. High rate digestion of sludge along with efficient liquid–solids separation was achieved due mainly to development of sludge granules within the upflow reactor.
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Wang, Wei, and Sheng Wu Xiong. "Research of Logical Reasoning and Application Based on Granular Computing Rough Sets." Advanced Materials Research 622-623 (December 2012): 1877–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.622-623.1877.
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In this paper, the information granule based on granular computing is discussed, the granular computing formula of IS (Information System) uncertainties reasoning based Rough and its processes have been proposed. The fish disease diagnostic information data are fuzziness, randomness and uncertainties in the field of aquaculture. The logical reasoning algorithms are described using fuzzy decision table, which is composed of the condition attributes granules formed by the fish disease symptoms sets and decision granules formed by the fish diseases sets. This method is that fish disease diagnostic rules acquisition process, not only can promote the development of granular computing theory application, but also provide a new method for fish disease diagnosis.
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Liu, Yanxiao, Chaowei Jiang, Ding Yuan, Pingbing Zuo, Yi Wang, and Wenda Cao. "Investigations of Sizes and Dynamical Motions of Solar Photospheric Granules by a Novel Granular Segmenting Algorithm." Astrophysical Journal 923, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac2dfd.
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Abstract Granules observed in the solar photosphere are believed to be convective and turbulent, but the physical picture of the granular dynamical process remains unclear. Here we performed an investigation of granular dynamical motions of full length scales based on data obtained by the 1 m New Vacuum Solar Telescope and the 1.6 m Goode Solar Telescope. We developed a new granule segmenting method, which can detect both small faint and large bright granules. A large number of granules were detected, and two critical sizes, 265 and 1420 km, were found to separate the granules into three length ranges. The granules with sizes above 1420 km follow Gaussian distribution, and demonstrate flat in flatness function, which shows that they are non-intermittent and thus are dominated by convective motions. Small granules with sizes between 265 and 1420 km are fitted by a combination of power-law function and Gauss function, and exhibit nonlinearity in flatness function, which reveals that they are in the mixing motions of convection and turbulence. Mini granules with sizes below 265 km follow the power-law distribution and demonstrate linearity in flatness function, indicating that they are intermittent and strongly turbulent. These results suggest that a cascade process occurs: large granules break down due to convective instability, which transports energy into small ones; then turbulence is induced and grows, which competes with convection and further causes the small granules to continuously split. Eventually, the motions in even smaller scales enter in a turbulence-dominated regime.
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Zhang, Jun Cui, and Li Cheng Wang. "Experimental Study on the Crushing Process of Granular Layer." Applied Mechanics and Materials 423-426 (September 2013): 662–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.423-426.662.
Full textAbstract:
In order to make clear the effect of material on the vibration crusher which is a rigid-loose coupling dynamics system, a crushing experiment of limestone granules was made. The limestone granules were restricted in a rigid metal containers, and they were crushed by the pressure from the press. The constitutive relation-nonlinear hysteresis of granules in the crushing process is gained. The effect of the maximum pressure and the granular layer thickness on the constitutive relation and granule size distribution is obtained. The relation between energy absorption and crushing ratio is acquired. This experiment provides some theoretical support for the design of new vibration crusher.
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Garcia-Montero, A. C., I. De Dios, A. I. Rodriguez, A. Orfao, and M. A. Manso. "Adrenalectomy induces a decrease in the light scatter properties and amylase content of isolated zymogen granules from rat pancreas as analyzed by flow cytometry." Journal of Endocrinology 147, no. 3 (December 1995): 431–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1470431.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The effect of glucocorticoid deprivation induced in male rats by adrenalectomy on the pancreatic zymogen granules was studied. Zymogen granules were purified from control, sham-operated and adrenalectomized animals studied 1, 3 and 7 days after surgery. The zymogen granules were characterized by flow cytometry, and in each granule the size (based on the forward or low angle light scatter (FSC) parameter), membrane complexity (based on side or 90° light scatter (SSC) parameter) and amylase content were evaluated. Amylase content/DNA ratio in pancreatic homogenates was also analyzed. The zymogen granules of the control rats were found to be distributed in two populations: a major one – R1 (95·45 ± 1·21%) – containing zymogen granules with a smaller mean size and complexity, and a minor population - R2 (4·45 ± 0·24%) – the granules of which had a mean size which was larger and more complex. At day +1 after adrenalectomy the zymogen granules were significantly (P<0·05) smaller than those of control animals. The R2 zymogen granules were similar to those from R1 as regards their size, but were more complex, suggesting that the immediate effect of glucocorticoid deprivation is to induce a depletion of the larger granules presumably belonging to the R2 population. The amount of amylase per granule did not vary at day +1 after adrenalectomy, although the amylase content/size ratio per granule was significantly (P<0·001) increased. This mechanism could be explained in terms of the existence of a bypass defined in the adrenalectomized animals between the granular content and cytosolic enzymes. Prolongation of the adrenalectomy period to 3 and 7 days resulted in a progressive increase in zymogen granule size and complexity, both parameters showing similar characteristics to those of the controls at day +7 after adrenalectomy. However, the percentage of zymogen granules within the R1 and R2 populations was clearly different from that of controls since the R2 population was much more numerous (11·25 ± 0·75% and 15·25 ± 1·15% (adrenalectomized rats at days +3 and +7 respectively) versus 4·45 ± 0·24% (controls)). An increase in the content of amylase per DNA was observed in adrenalectomized rats at day +1 although this transient effect cannot be related to glucocorticoid deprivation because it was also observed in sham-operated rats (day +1). However, a significant reduction, nearly 64%, in the amylase content/DNA ratio is produced by the absence of glucocorticoids 7 days after adrenalectomy and this is associated with a reduction in the content of amylase in each individual zymogen granule which reaches a minimum 3 days after adrenalectomy. It should be noted that, despite this, the enzyme concentration in each granule remains constant as there is a parallel decrease in the zymogen granule amylase content and size. Journal of Endocrinology (1995) 147, 431–440
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Soloveva, Olga V., Sergei A. Solovev, and Ruzil R. Yafizov. "Numerical Simulation of the Aerosol Particle Motion in Granular Filters with Solid and Porous Granules." Processes 9, no. 2 (January 30, 2021): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9020268.
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In this work, a study was carried out to compare the filtering and hydrodynamic properties of granular filters with solid spherical granules and spherical granules with modifications in the form of micropores. We used the discrete element method (DEM) to construct the geometry of the filters. Models of granular filters with spherical granules with diameters of 3, 4, and 5 mm, and with porosity values of 0.439, 0.466, and 0.477, respectively, were created. The results of the numerical simulation are in good agreement with the experimental data of other authors. We created models of granular filters containing micropores with different porosity values (0.158–0.366) in order to study the micropores’ effect on the aerosol motion. The study showed that micropores contribute to a decrease in hydrodynamic resistance and an increase in particle deposition efficiency. There is also a maximum limiting value of the granule microporosity for a given aerosol particle diameter when a further increase in microporosity leads to a decrease in the deposition efficiency.
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Moradifar, R., A. Rahi, M. H. Kadivar, F. Eslami, and S. Salimi. "The Mechanical Strength of Granular Sulphur and its Relation to Size Distribution and Storage Silo Clogging." Applied Mechanics and Materials 110-116 (October 2011): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.110-116.83.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of particle size distribution on the mechanical properties of granular sulphur and its relation to silo blockage at South Pars Gas Complex Phases 2 & 3. Solid elemental sulphur is a relatively hard, friable crystalline material that tends to break up into smaller particles when subjected to force or stress of any magnitude. Conglomeration of the dust so produced clogs storage silos, making truck loading difficult. Grain size selection is based on the “friability value” and “maximum entropy” for granules in a static state. The model of the behavior of confined granular sulphur is based on the principle of continuum mechanics. Granules were formed by feeding liquid sulphur and water to a rotating granulation drum. Sample granules were classified into different size fractions (300 μm – 4.75 mm) by sieve analysis, and friability tests were done by the Fines 28-inch tumbler S5-77 test. Friability and granule size data collected over four years were studied. The implication of field analysis and laboratory tests is that the granule size should be controlled during sulphur solidification while ensuring that only granular material with the correct mechanical characteristics is stored in the silo and shipped.
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Wei, Zhen Hai, Meng Shu Wang, and Ding Li Zhang. "Homogenization Analysis Model for Granule System by Introducing Shape Parameters." Advanced Materials Research 581-582 (October 2012): 632–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.581-582.632.
Full textAbstract:
The macroscopic static analysis of granule system performance in Literature [1] considered the position, direction and scale of the connection between granules in the system and other relevant physical properties. Taylor linear expansion was adopted to analyze the geometric displacement of the connection formed by granules. However, for the more complex granular connection in the form of network, the geometric position of granular connection in the statistical domain is linearly approximated, which may result in considerable calculation errors. In the complex network structure formed by granular connection, the displacement of connectors is discrete and discontinuous. In the presence of certain interactions among granular connections, there is the possibility to form spatial granular chain, with increased heterogeneity of deformation in the statistical domain. The accuracy of analysis will be affected if linear approximation is adopted. Shape parameter-based method proposed in this paper is a more universal method, which considers the influence of both the parameter of geometric location distribution of connectors and structural morphology of networks formed by granules. The core idea of this method is to introduce a corrected shape parameter vector for the non-linear part on the basis of linear approximation, to correct the displacement of connectors in geometric space so that the original linear analysis will better adapt to non-linear problems such as the network of connection formed by granules.
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Li, Z. H., and X. C. Wang. "Effects of salinity on the morphological characteristics of aerobic granules." Water Science and Technology 58, no. 12 (December 1, 2008): 2421–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.838.
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Saline wastewater is ubiquitous in industries. The present study reports the effects of salinity on the morphological properties of aerobic granules. Within a wide range of salinity from 1% to 5%, good aerobic granules were successively cultured in sequencing batch reactors (SBRs). It was found by scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis that the granular surface turned to be smoother and more regular with increase of salinity, and under lower salinity (1%) the microbe was cocci-dominated, while under higher salinity (5%) the microbe was filaments-dominated. As a result of size distribution analysis, the granules were found to grow faster, larger and with a wider size spectrum under higher salinity. However, the porosities of the granules under the salinity of 1%, 2.5% and 5% were 0.90, 0.89 and 0.82, respectively, indicating that higher salinity may result in more compact granules. It can be concluded from this study that formation of large and compact granules is possible under salinity as high as 5% and filamentous microorganisms did not necessary lead to sludge bulking and granule breakage.
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Košmelj, Katarina, Anton Cedilnik, Peter Veranič, Gregor Zupančič, Marjan Rupnik, Laura Kocmur-Bobanović, and Robert Zorec. "INTERGRANULE FUSION IN RAT PARS INTERMEDIA CELLS." Image Analysis & Stereology 20, no. 2 (May 3, 2011): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5566/ias.v20.p79-85.
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Using electron microscopy, we studied the morphology of secretory granules in rat pars intermedia cells. We found figures of apparent intergranule fusion, characterized by a tight association of two granules. The fusion was detected in around 2% of all measured granules, indicating a low occurrence of intergranule fusion. To study whether intergranule fusion affects the distribution of granule diameters a simple probabilistic model was developed. It is based on the theory that larger granules are formed by fusion of two or more spherical granules of fixed size, and that the surface of a newly formed granule is equal to the sum of fused granule membranes. The model accounts for the bias on granule diameter measurements due to sectioning of granules. Although the electron microscopy data strongly indicates the existence of intergranule fusion in rat melanotrophs, this process as modelled in the present work does not contribute to the granule diameter distribution significantly. It is likely that in addition to the fusion of larger granules, other processes, such as fusion of microvesicles, may affect the distribution of granule diameters.
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Tokutomi, T. "Operation of a nitrite-type airlift reactor at low DO concentration." Water Science and Technology 49, no. 5-6 (March 1, 2004): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0740.
Full textAbstract:
Laboratory scale experiments were performed to evaluate the feasibility and potential of nitrite-type nitrification process with an airlift reactor having aerobic granular biomass. Oxygen limitation was selected as the main control parameter for inhibiting the growth of nitrite oxidizer and thus achieving only nitritation. To enhance granule formation, seeding of methanogenic anaerobic granules was used to serve as an initial carrier material. After 90 days of operation at low DO concentration of less than 1.0 mg/l, the maximum nitrite conversion rate of 2.6 g NO2-N/L/d could be achieved. During the continuing year-long stable operation, the granular mass of nitritation granules increased to about 15 g VSS/L with an average granule size of 0.7 mm. Nitrate-N concentration was observed to be below 10 mg/L during the whole operational period. From the results of the experiments, it is concluded that a granule-type airlift reactor with DO control is feasible for achieving stable nitritation.
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Ashrafuzzaman, Md, Mamudul Hasan Razu, Nazmir-Nur Showva, Tohmina Afroze Bondhon, Md Moniruzzaman, Sad Al Rezwan Rahman, Md Raisul Islam Rabby, Fatema Akter, and Mala Khan. "Biomolecules of the Horseshoe Crab’s Hemolymph: Components of an Ancient Defensive Mechanism and Its Impact on the Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Industry." Cellular Microbiology 2022 (October 27, 2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3381162.
Full textAbstract:
Without adaptive immunity, invertebrates have evolved innate immune systems that react to antigens on the surfaces of pathogens. These defense mechanisms are included in horseshoe crab hemocytes’ cellular responses to pathogens. Secretory granules, large (L) and small (S), are found on hemocytes. Once the invasion of pathogens is present, these granules release their contents through exocytosis. Recent data in biochemistry and immunology on the granular constituents of granule-specific proteins are stored in large and small granules which are involved in the cell-mediated immune response. L-granules contain most clotting proteins, which are necessary for hemolymph coagulation. They also include tachylectins; protease inhibitors, such as cystatin and serpins; and anti-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) factors, which bind to LPS and agglutinate bacteria. Big defensin, tachycitin, tachystatin, and tachyplesins are some of the essential cysteine-rich proteins in S-granules. These granules also contain tachycitin and tachystatins, which can agglutinate bacteria. These proteins in granules and hemolymph act synergistically to fight infections. These biomolecules are antimicrobial and antibacterial, enabling them to be drug resistant. This review is aimed at explaining the biomolecules identified in the horseshoe crab’s hemolymph and their application scopes in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology sectors.
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Chia, Tansy, Marcella Chirico, Rob King, Ricardo Ramirez-Gonzalez, Benedetta Saccomanno, David Seung, James Simmonds, et al. "A carbohydrate-binding protein, B-GRANULE CONTENT 1, influences starch granule size distribution in a dose-dependent manner in polyploid wheat." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 1 (October 21, 2019): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz405.
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Abstract In Triticeae endosperm (e.g. wheat and barley), starch granules have a bimodal size distribution (with A- and B-type granules) whereas in other grasses the endosperm contains starch granules with a unimodal size distribution. Here, we identify the gene, BGC1 (B-GRANULE CONTENT 1), responsible for B-type starch granule content in Aegilops and wheat. Orthologues of this gene are known to influence starch synthesis in diploids such as rice, Arabidopsis, and barley. However, using polyploid Triticeae species, we uncovered a more complex biological role for BGC1 in starch granule initiation: BGC1 represses the initiation of A-granules in early grain development but promotes the initiation of B-granules in mid grain development. We provide evidence that the influence of BGC1 on starch synthesis is dose dependent and show that three very different starch phenotypes are conditioned by the gene dose of BGC1 in polyploid wheat: normal bimodal starch granule morphology; A-granules with few or no B-granules; or polymorphous starch with few normal A- or B-granules. We conclude from this work that BGC1 participates in controlling B-type starch granule initiation in Triticeae endosperm and that its precise effect on granule size and number varies with gene dose and stage of development.
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Yan, Hongcan, Feng Zhang, and Baoxiang Liu. "Granular Computing Based Ontology Learning Model and Its Applications." Cybernetics and Information Technologies 15, no. 6 (December 1, 2015): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cait-2015-0071.
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Abstract The cores of granular computing are the granule, the granule layer and the granule structure. In this paper the concepts “Ontology granule” and “Compatible granule” were defined, applying the granular computing ideas and an ontology model, an Ontology granular set; and thus ontology tree generation algorithms were proposed. These algorithms produce an initial ontology granular set with a compatible class, and extend the other ontology granules by the vector of intension IG, building a lattice hierarchy and a conception tree model of ontology with the vector of relation RG. The empirical research of the traditional Chinese medicine ontology shows that these algorithms are correct and efficient, and provide a good technical way for ontology learning.
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Lee, In Cheol, Tai Joo Chung, and Kyung Sik Oh. "Preparation of Brushite Bone Cement with a Drug Containing β-Tricalcium Phosphate Granules." Key Engineering Materials 720 (November 2016): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.720.143.
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Brushite bone cement containing a drug was prepared using the dense granular β-tricalciump phospahte (β-TCP) as a starting material. The setting reaction was not significantly affected by loading antibiotics within the granules. Heat treatment of the granule at elevated temperature resulted in the suppression of temperature increase during setting, which provided benefits in drug loading. The amount of gentamicin sulfate infiltrated in the β-TCP granules was determined by thermogravimetric analysis and was found to be meaningful considering the MIC of microorganisms.
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Somton, Kritkaew, Kannigar Dateraksa, and Ryan C. McCuiston. "A Study of Alumina Spray Dried Granules on Packing Density and Sintering Shrinkage of Simple and Complex Shape." Key Engineering Materials 608 (April 2014): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.608.175.
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The relationship between granule property, pressed green density and shrinkage of 92% alumina spray dried granules were studied for both simple and complex shapes. Two types of granules, the in-house granule (A) and the commercial granule (B), was observed morphology using microscopy and liquid immersion techniques. Examination of the granules showed that granule A have several undesirable features; agglomeration, hollow granules and non-spherical granules where granule B showed them to be unagglomerated and spherical. The mixture A and B were conducted to study the particle size distribution (PSD) and compared with Dinger-Funks ideal PSD. The result showed that granule mixture A: B 100:0 had closest PSD curve fitted but had lowest tapping and pressed green density than 70:30 and 30:70 mixtures. This is because the agglomerated shape in granule mixture 100:0 caused air gap in between granule contact resulting in low tap density. The specific fracture strengths of the granules can affect to the densification of green ceramic during pressing. Low pressed green density affected to a high amount of shrinkage during sintering and leading to small grain growth after sintered. The simple and complex shape follows the same trend in shrinkage.
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Rao, Tejeshwar C., Zuleirys Santana Rodriguez, Mazdak M. Bradberry, Alexandra H. Ranski, Peter J. Dahl, Michael W. Schmidtke, Paul M. Jenkins, et al. "Synaptotagmin isoforms confer distinct activation kinetics and dynamics to chromaffin cell granules." Journal of General Physiology 149, no. 8 (July 7, 2017): 763–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.201711757.
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Adrenomedullary chromaffin cells respond to sympathetic nervous system activation by secreting a cocktail of potent neuropeptides and hormones into the circulation. The distinct phases of the chromaffin cell secretory response have been attributed to the progressive fusion of distinct populations of dense core granules with different activation kinetics. However, it has been difficult to define what distinguishes these populations at the molecular level. Functional segregation of granule pools may depend on selective sorting of synaptotagmin-1 (Syt-1) and synaptotagmin-7 (Syt-7), which our previous work showed are rarely cosorted to the same granule. Here we assess the consequences of selective sorting of Syt isoforms in chromaffin cells, particularly with respect to granule dynamics and activation kinetics. Upon depolarization of cells expressing fluorescent Syt isoforms using elevated K+, we find that Syt-7 granules fuse with faster kinetics than Syt-1 granules, irrespective of stimulation strength. Pharmacological blockade of Ca2+ channels reveals differential dependence of Syt-1 versus Syt-7 granule exocytosis on Ca2+ channel subtypes. Syt-7 granules also show a greater tendency to fuse in clusters than Syt-1 granules, and granules harboring Syt-1 travel a greater distance before fusion than those with Syt-7, suggesting that there is spatial and fusion-site heterogeneity among the two granule populations. However, the greatest functional difference between granule populations is their responsiveness to Ca2+. Upon introduction of Ca2+ into permeabilized cells, Syt-7 granules fuse with fast kinetics and high efficacy, even at low Ca2+ levels (e.g., when cells are weakly stimulated). Conversely, Syt-1 granules require a comparatively larger increase in intracellular Ca2+ for activation. At Ca2+ concentrations above 30 µM, activation kinetics are faster for Syt-1 granules than for Syt-7 granules. Our study provides evidence for functional specialization of chromaffin cell granules via selective expression of Syt isoforms with different Ca2+ sensitivities.
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Kahr, Walter H. "Molecular Triggers of Granule Formation in Megakaryocytes and Platelets." Blood 120, no. 21 (November 16, 2012): SCI—34—SCI—34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v120.21.sci-34.sci-34.
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Abstract Abstract SCI-34 Platelet secretory granules develop within maturing bone marrow-resident megakaryocytes, where α-granules, δ-granules, and lysosomes are transported to extending proplatelets (1) and undergo further maturation after platelets are released into the circulation. Mature platelets contain 50 to 80 membrane-enclosed α-granules, three to eight dense (δ-) granules, and a few lysosomes. δ-granules store calcium, phosphate, ADP, ATP, and serotonin, which play important roles during platelet activation. α-granules store numerous soluble and membrane-bound proteins, including adhesion molecules, cytokines, chemokines, coagulation and fibrinolytic proteins, immunologic modulators, and an assortment of complement, growth, and pro- and antiangiogenic factors. These play important roles in clotting, angiogenesis, inflammation, wound healing, and bone remodeling, and provide defenses against infections. Insights into megakaryocyte and platelet δ-granule development have come from studying inherited δ-granule deficiencies such as Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) and Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS; MIM214500), for which mouse models also exist. Several genes/proteins linked to the regulation of vesicle trafficking have been implicated in δ-granule formation. These include components of BLOC (biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex) protein complexes (BLOC-1, −2, and −3), known vesicle-trafficking proteins (VPS33A and the β3A and δ subunit of AP-3), and the BEACH domain, containing protein LYST. Less is known about α-granule development, in which two inherited disorders result in platelets lacking α-granules: ARC syndrome (Arthrogryposis, Renal dysfunction, and Cholestasis; MIM208085) and gray platelet syndrome (GPS; MIM139090). GPS is characterized by variable thrombocytopenia and large, gray-appearing platelets on blood smears, with α-granules and α-granule proteins markedly decreased or absent. We and others recently determined that GPS is caused by mutations in NBEAL2, encoding a BEACH protein (2, 3, 4). Our work has also shown that the large α-granule-deficient platelets in ARC syndrome can arise due to mutations in VPS33B, encoding the Sec1/Munc18 (SM) protein VPS33B involved in vesicular trafficking (5). SM proteins are known to interact with membrane-associated soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion (NSF)-attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) of the syntaxin subfamily. Recently we have also identified VPS16B as a VPS33B-binding protein. A patient with homozygous missense mutations in C14orf133, encoding VPS16B, has ARC syndrome, with platelets lacking α-granules and stored α-granule proteins. Thus VPS16B is also required for megakaryocyte and platelet α-granule formation, and, in contrast to GPS, in which platelets have α-granule membrane proteins such as P-selectin, VPS16 null platelets lack P-selectin. The observation that GPS and ARC platelets lack α-granules but contain δ-granules, while HPS platelets are devoid of δ-granules but contain α-granules, suggests there are distinct pathways for δ-granule and α-granule biogenesis in maturing megakaryocytes. Immunofluorescence microscopy suggests that VPS16B and VPS33B act along the trans-Golgi network/late endosome/α-granule vesicular trafficking pathway during formation of α-granules in megakaryocytes. It is predicted that complexes containing VPS33B and VPS16B facilitate docking and fusion of intracellular vesicles during α-granule formation, while NBEAL2 promotes the maturation of nascent α-granule vesicles. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Liu, Hongbing, Fan Zhang, Chang-an Wu, and Jun Huang. "Image Superresolution Reconstruction via Granular Computing Clustering." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/219636.
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The problem of generating a superresolution (SR) image from a single low-resolution (LR) input image is addressed via granular computing clustering in the paper. Firstly, and the training images are regarded as SR image and partitioned into some SR patches, which are resized into LS patches, the training set is composed of the SR patches and the corresponding LR patches. Secondly, the granular computing (GrC) clustering is proposed by the hypersphere representation of granule and the fuzzy inclusion measure compounded by the operation between two granules. Thirdly, the granule set (GS) including hypersphere granules with different granularities is induced by GrC and used to form the relation between the LR image and the SR image by lasso. Experimental results showed that GrC achieved the least root mean square errors between the reconstructed SR image and the original image compared with bicubic interpolation, sparse representation, and NNLasso.