Journal articles on the topic 'Granule properties'
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1
Rice, WG, JM Jr Kinkade, and RT Parmley. "High resolution of heterogeneity among human neutrophil granules: physical, biochemical, and ultrastructural properties of isolated fractions." Blood 68, no. 2 (August 1, 1986): 541–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v68.2.541.541.
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Abstract Previous studies on the fractionation of human neutrophil granules have identified two major populations: myeloperoxidase (MPO)-containing azurophil, or primary, granules and MPO-deficient specific, or secondary, granules. Peripheral blood neutrophils from individual donors were lysed in sucrose-free media by either hypotonic shock or nitrogen cavitation. Using a novel two-gradient Percoll density centrifugation system, the granule-rich postnuclear supernatant was rapidly (ten minutes) and reproducibly resolved into 13 granule fractions (L1 through L8 and H1 through H5). Granule flotation and recentrifugation experiments on both continuous, self-generated and multiple-step gradients using individual and mixed isolated fractions demonstrated that the banding patterns were isopycnic and nonartifactual. Isolated granules were intact based on the findings that biochemical latency of several granule enzymes was greater than 95%, and thin-sectioned electron micrographs demonstrated intact granule profiles. Biochemical analyses of the granule marker proteins MPO, beta-glucuronidase, lysozyme, and lactoferrin indicated that a number of the fractions were related to the major azurophil and specific granule populations. Lactoferrin was found in ten of 13 fractions (L1 through L8, H1 to H2), whereas MPO was found in every fraction. Consistent with these biochemical data, all fractions exhibited varying degrees of heterogeneity based on ultrastructural morphology and cytochemistry, including diaminobenzidine (DAB) reactivity for peroxidase and periodate-thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate (PA-TCH-SP) staining for complex glycoconjugates. A variable but significant percentage (23% to 70%) of the granules in fractions L1 through L8 and H1 and H2 showed DAB reactivity, while about 90% of the granules in fractions H3 through H5 were peroxidase positive. These results demonstrated that DAB-reactive granules spanned the entire range of granule size and density. Ultrastructural PA-TCH-SP staining of isolated granule fractions revealed patterns similar to those of granules in intact neutrophils at different stages of development. Granules from human acute promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60) exhibited a surprisingly low density compared with typical azurophil granules from normal, mature neutrophils. The data suggest that both functional and maturational differences contribute to granule heterogeneity, and provide a new practical and conceptual framework for further defining the phenomenon of neutrophil granule heterogeneity.
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Rice, WG, JM Jr Kinkade, and RT Parmley. "High resolution of heterogeneity among human neutrophil granules: physical, biochemical, and ultrastructural properties of isolated fractions." Blood 68, no. 2 (August 1, 1986): 541–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v68.2.541.bloodjournal682541.
Full textAbstract:
Previous studies on the fractionation of human neutrophil granules have identified two major populations: myeloperoxidase (MPO)-containing azurophil, or primary, granules and MPO-deficient specific, or secondary, granules. Peripheral blood neutrophils from individual donors were lysed in sucrose-free media by either hypotonic shock or nitrogen cavitation. Using a novel two-gradient Percoll density centrifugation system, the granule-rich postnuclear supernatant was rapidly (ten minutes) and reproducibly resolved into 13 granule fractions (L1 through L8 and H1 through H5). Granule flotation and recentrifugation experiments on both continuous, self-generated and multiple-step gradients using individual and mixed isolated fractions demonstrated that the banding patterns were isopycnic and nonartifactual. Isolated granules were intact based on the findings that biochemical latency of several granule enzymes was greater than 95%, and thin-sectioned electron micrographs demonstrated intact granule profiles. Biochemical analyses of the granule marker proteins MPO, beta-glucuronidase, lysozyme, and lactoferrin indicated that a number of the fractions were related to the major azurophil and specific granule populations. Lactoferrin was found in ten of 13 fractions (L1 through L8, H1 to H2), whereas MPO was found in every fraction. Consistent with these biochemical data, all fractions exhibited varying degrees of heterogeneity based on ultrastructural morphology and cytochemistry, including diaminobenzidine (DAB) reactivity for peroxidase and periodate-thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate (PA-TCH-SP) staining for complex glycoconjugates. A variable but significant percentage (23% to 70%) of the granules in fractions L1 through L8 and H1 and H2 showed DAB reactivity, while about 90% of the granules in fractions H3 through H5 were peroxidase positive. These results demonstrated that DAB-reactive granules spanned the entire range of granule size and density. Ultrastructural PA-TCH-SP staining of isolated granule fractions revealed patterns similar to those of granules in intact neutrophils at different stages of development. Granules from human acute promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60) exhibited a surprisingly low density compared with typical azurophil granules from normal, mature neutrophils. The data suggest that both functional and maturational differences contribute to granule heterogeneity, and provide a new practical and conceptual framework for further defining the phenomenon of neutrophil granule heterogeneity.
3
Liu, Ai Jun, Gang Li, Ning Liu, Ke Bei Chen, and Hai Dong Yang. "Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, Sintering and Fracture Behavior of Ti(C, N) Based Cermets Granules/Ti(C, N) Based Cermets Composite." Key Engineering Materials 837 (April 2020): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.837.139.
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Effect of Ti (C,N) based cermets granule on the microstructure, mechanical properties, sintering and fracture behavior of Ti (C,N) based cermets was investigated. Results show that the Ti (C,N) based cermets granules distribute in the matrix homogeneously. A nanoindentation study was performed on hard phase and binder phase in the matrix and granule. With the increase of granules content, sintering properties is worse. With the increase of granules content, transverse rupture strength (TRS) and relative density decrease gradually, while the hardness has an opposite trend. The fracture toughness increases firstly with increasing granule, and then decreases with the further increase of granules. Higher fracture toughness of the cermets is mainly owing to the crack branch and higher fracture energy of coarse granule.
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Žurauskienė, Ramunė, Marina Valentukevičienė, and Raminta Žurauskaitė. "Filter Medias from Granulated Foam-glass, Properties Investigated for Water Treatment Possibilities." Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 9, no. 4 (September 11, 2017): 419–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2017.1056.
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Inorganic material – granulated foam-glass produced from glass breakage in small porous granule shape. Foam-glass is gotten by connecting thoroughly grounded glass with foamers, later this composition is heated in the furnace in especially high temperature and is turned into various diameter greyish granules. Granulated foam-glass is a unique ecological material of which inner structure pores are arranged in such a way that air is trapped inside. Foam-glass production technology is one of the most advanced since the product is made from secondary raw materials, not leaving any third row waste. From granule surface images it can be seen that granule surface has pores and voids, some of these pores are closed, others are connected with granule’s inner pores, all pore walls are smooth, and the wall material is vitrified. Pores and voids are arranged chaotically in smaller granules, bigger granules inner space structure is tidy, bigger part is occupied by correctly arranged bigger pores and space between them is filled with smaller pores. Granules are composed of amorphous phase, in mineralogical composition can emit one material cristobalite. In the work were researched two fraction granules: 0/2 and 2/4 as well as determined 0/4 fraction granular-metric composition. Researched and determined main physical granule properties and properties related to water effect to the material, shown in micro-structural granule surface and inner structure images. According to explored properties it can be noted that granules can be adapted in water cleaning technologies.
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Eckhard, Susanna, and Manfred Fries. "Influence of Different Suspension Properties on Internal Structure and Deformation Behavior of Spray Dried Ceramic Granules." Advances in Science and Technology 62 (October 2010): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.62.157.
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Three different batches of ceramic alumina granules were produced using a spray dryer in laboratory scale. The suspensions containing identical solid contents and amounts of binders were modified by adding nitric acid to get different stabilized conditions. The granules were analyzed concerning micro and macro structural properties by image analysis on specially prepared granule cross-sections. The investigated structure parameters were correlated with the studied mechanical properties using a commercially granule strength tester. Different measured fracture forces were explained by varied macro structures (parameter H, amount of hollow and homogeneous granules and average shell thickness) as a result of modified suspension properties.
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Nazarian-Firouzabadi, Farhad, Luisa M. Trindade, and Richard G. F. Visser. "Production of small starch granules by expression of a tandem-repeat of a family 20 starch-binding domain (SBD3-SBD5) in an amylose-free potato genetic background." Functional Plant Biology 39, no. 2 (2012): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp11150.
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Starch exists typically as semicrystalline granules of varying size. Granule size plays an important role for many industrial starch applications. Microbial non-catalytic starch binding domains (SBD) exhibit an affinity for starch granules on their own. Three different constructs were introduced in the amylose-free potato cultivar (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. amf) to investigate whether it is possible to produce smaller starch granules by an engineered, high-affinity, tandem-repeats of a family 20 starch-binding domain (SBD3, SBD4 and SBD5). A significant reduction in the size of starch granule was achieved in transgenic potato plants. Furthermore, it was shown that the SBDn expression can affect physical processes underlying granule assembly and the poorly understood granule formation. Expression of multiple linked SBDs resulted in amalgamated starch granules that consisted of many smaller granules. No significant alterations were observed with regard to rheological properties of starch granules.
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Etterer, T., and P. A. Wilderer. "Generation and properties of aerobic granular sludge." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 3 (February 1, 2001): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0114.
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A sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was used to investigate the generation of different granules cultured under aerobic and alternating anaerobic/aerobic conditions. The reactor was fed with synthetic wastewater. A substrate loading rate of 3.6 kg COD/ (m3 day) was applied. Granules of heterotrophic microorganisms were formed. After the first experimental period of 8 weeks the average granule diameter was 3.2 mm. In the second period, alternating anaerobic/aerobic conditions were applied to form granular sludge with an average diameter of 3.0 mm. An isopycnic centrifugation procedure was used to determine the characteristic density of the aerobic granular sludge. The average density of the granular sludge was 1.044 g/ml and 1.048 g/ml, respectively. In free-settling tests the final settling velocity of single aggregates was examined to estimate porosity. Settling velocities up to 2.0 cm/s could be measured. Calculations based on the experimental results showed an average granula porosity of 72% for the first run and 65% average porosity for the second run. This paper indicates the validity of general assumptions in free-settling tests.
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Won, Ji Hwan, and Seung Gu Kang. "Physical Properties and Microstructure of the Fly Ash Based-Geopolymer/Granule Composites." Applied Mechanics and Materials 680 (October 2014): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.680.54.
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In this research, the fly ash (F/A) discharged from a thermal power plant was recycled to manufacture geopolymer containing granules instead of sand. Several types of granules using fly ash were assessed. The properties of the geopolymer/granule composites were analyzed as a function of the crystalline phase and size of the granules, as well as the molding pressure. The compressive strength and density of the geopolymer composites containing the hydrated granules fabricated by hand-tapping were 5.7 MPa and 1.47 g/cm3, respectively, while composites created by pressure molding were 15.6 MPa and 1.73 g/cm3. These results are comparative or superior to those of commercial cement bricks (8 MPa according to KS F 4004). Therefore, the geopolymer/granule composites fabricated in this study can be applied to cement bricks and can be a base for the enhancement of the recycling rate of fly ash.
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Li, Wenyang, Peijin Wu, Dongping Zhang, and Shuhui Yan. "Granule size distribution and pasting properties of starch in normal, waxy and sweet maize kernels." Bangladesh Journal of Botany 49, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 949–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v49i4.52504.
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The granule size and pasting properties of starch and their relationship with quality of maize (Zea mays L.) was investigated. A clear bimodal distribution of granule sizes was found in six cultivars of maize. A number of starch granules were made up of small starch granules in kernels. Normal maize had a smaller proportion of granules <12 μm and a greater proportion of granules >12 μm, whereas sweet maize had a greater proportion of granules <12 μm and a smaller proportion of granules >12 μm. The peak, trough and breakdown viscosities were found higher in waxy maize and lower in sweet maize. The final and setback viscosities were found higher in normal maize and lower in sweet maize. The peak, trough, final and setback viscosities were significantly and negatively correlated to volume percentage of granules <12 μm and significantly positively correlated with the volume percentage of granules >12 μm.
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Garcia-Montero, A. C., I. De Dios, A. I. Rodriguez, A. Orfao, and M. A. Manso. "Adrenalectomy induces a decrease in the light scatter properties and amylase content of isolated zymogen granules from rat pancreas as analyzed by flow cytometry." Journal of Endocrinology 147, no. 3 (December 1995): 431–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1470431.
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Abstract The effect of glucocorticoid deprivation induced in male rats by adrenalectomy on the pancreatic zymogen granules was studied. Zymogen granules were purified from control, sham-operated and adrenalectomized animals studied 1, 3 and 7 days after surgery. The zymogen granules were characterized by flow cytometry, and in each granule the size (based on the forward or low angle light scatter (FSC) parameter), membrane complexity (based on side or 90° light scatter (SSC) parameter) and amylase content were evaluated. Amylase content/DNA ratio in pancreatic homogenates was also analyzed. The zymogen granules of the control rats were found to be distributed in two populations: a major one – R1 (95·45 ± 1·21%) – containing zymogen granules with a smaller mean size and complexity, and a minor population - R2 (4·45 ± 0·24%) – the granules of which had a mean size which was larger and more complex. At day +1 after adrenalectomy the zymogen granules were significantly (P<0·05) smaller than those of control animals. The R2 zymogen granules were similar to those from R1 as regards their size, but were more complex, suggesting that the immediate effect of glucocorticoid deprivation is to induce a depletion of the larger granules presumably belonging to the R2 population. The amount of amylase per granule did not vary at day +1 after adrenalectomy, although the amylase content/size ratio per granule was significantly (P<0·001) increased. This mechanism could be explained in terms of the existence of a bypass defined in the adrenalectomized animals between the granular content and cytosolic enzymes. Prolongation of the adrenalectomy period to 3 and 7 days resulted in a progressive increase in zymogen granule size and complexity, both parameters showing similar characteristics to those of the controls at day +7 after adrenalectomy. However, the percentage of zymogen granules within the R1 and R2 populations was clearly different from that of controls since the R2 population was much more numerous (11·25 ± 0·75% and 15·25 ± 1·15% (adrenalectomized rats at days +3 and +7 respectively) versus 4·45 ± 0·24% (controls)). An increase in the content of amylase per DNA was observed in adrenalectomized rats at day +1 although this transient effect cannot be related to glucocorticoid deprivation because it was also observed in sham-operated rats (day +1). However, a significant reduction, nearly 64%, in the amylase content/DNA ratio is produced by the absence of glucocorticoids 7 days after adrenalectomy and this is associated with a reduction in the content of amylase in each individual zymogen granule which reaches a minimum 3 days after adrenalectomy. It should be noted that, despite this, the enzyme concentration in each granule remains constant as there is a parallel decrease in the zymogen granule amylase content and size. Journal of Endocrinology (1995) 147, 431–440
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Parmley, RT, WG Rice, JM Jr Kinkade, C. Gilbert, and JC Barton. "Peroxidase-containing microgranules in human neutrophils: physical, morphological, cytochemical, and secretory properties." Blood 70, no. 5 (November 1, 1987): 1630–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v70.5.1630.1630.
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Abstract A microgranule fraction, isolated from human neutrophils by using a novel high-resolution Percoll density gradient system contained granules with the lowest density and diameter when compared with 12 other isopycnic granule fractions. Ultrastructurally, from 34% to 50% of the microgranules showed homogeneous diaminobenzidine (DAB) staining under conditions for localizing peroxidase reactivity. The presence of myeloperoxidase (MPO) was further confirmed by biochemical and spectral analysis and immunodiffusion methods. Periodate-thiocarbohydrazide- silver proteinate (PA-TCH-SP) intensely stained vicinal glycols in the matrix of greater than 97% microgranules in contrast to the weak or absent staining seen in larger primary granules. Directly sampled segmented neutrophils contained small DAB- and PA-TCH-SP-positive granules, which often appeared in clusters. These DAB-positive microgranules selectively remained within the cells after stimulation of exocytosis with the calcium ionophore A23187. The enriched DAB- positive microgranule fraction recovered from A23187-treated cells also contained lysozyme and beta-glucuronidase but lacked vitamin B12 binding protein activity. A similar small, DAB- and PA-TCH-SP-positive granule type was also identified in normal promyelocytes and was the predominant or only granule type observed in leukemic or preleukemic myeloid cells from four patients. This study demonstrates a unique subpopulation of MPO-containing microgranules in normal and leukemic human myeloid cells that are distinguished from (other) primary granules by their extremely low density, small size, content of complex carbohydrates, and resistance to secretion.
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Parmley, RT, WG Rice, JM Jr Kinkade, C. Gilbert, and JC Barton. "Peroxidase-containing microgranules in human neutrophils: physical, morphological, cytochemical, and secretory properties." Blood 70, no. 5 (November 1, 1987): 1630–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v70.5.1630.bloodjournal7051630.
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A microgranule fraction, isolated from human neutrophils by using a novel high-resolution Percoll density gradient system contained granules with the lowest density and diameter when compared with 12 other isopycnic granule fractions. Ultrastructurally, from 34% to 50% of the microgranules showed homogeneous diaminobenzidine (DAB) staining under conditions for localizing peroxidase reactivity. The presence of myeloperoxidase (MPO) was further confirmed by biochemical and spectral analysis and immunodiffusion methods. Periodate-thiocarbohydrazide- silver proteinate (PA-TCH-SP) intensely stained vicinal glycols in the matrix of greater than 97% microgranules in contrast to the weak or absent staining seen in larger primary granules. Directly sampled segmented neutrophils contained small DAB- and PA-TCH-SP-positive granules, which often appeared in clusters. These DAB-positive microgranules selectively remained within the cells after stimulation of exocytosis with the calcium ionophore A23187. The enriched DAB- positive microgranule fraction recovered from A23187-treated cells also contained lysozyme and beta-glucuronidase but lacked vitamin B12 binding protein activity. A similar small, DAB- and PA-TCH-SP-positive granule type was also identified in normal promyelocytes and was the predominant or only granule type observed in leukemic or preleukemic myeloid cells from four patients. This study demonstrates a unique subpopulation of MPO-containing microgranules in normal and leukemic human myeloid cells that are distinguished from (other) primary granules by their extremely low density, small size, content of complex carbohydrates, and resistance to secretion.
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Cydzik-Kwiatkowska, Agnieszka, Paulina Rusanowska, and Katarzyna Głowacka. "Operation mode and external carbon dose as determining factors in elemental composition and morphology of aerobic granules." Archives of Environmental Protection 42, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aep-2016-0009.
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Abstract The elemental composition and morphology of aerobic granules in sequencing batch reactors (GSBRs) treating high-nitrogen digester supernatant was investigated. The investigation particularly focused on the effect of the number of anoxic phases (one vs. two) in the cycle and the dose of external organics loading (450 mg COD/(L·cycle) vs. 540 mg COD/(L·cycle)) on granule characteristics. Granules in all reactors were formed of many single cells of rod and spherical bacteria. Addition of the second anoxic phase in the GSBR cycle resulted in enhanced settling properties of the granules of about 10.6% and at the same time decreased granule diameter of about 19.4%. The study showed that external organics loading was the deciding factor in the elemental composition of biomass. At 540 mg COD/(L·cycle) the granules contained more weight% of C, S and N, suggesting more volatile material in the granule structure. At lower organics loadings granules had the higher diameter of granules which limited the diffusion of oxygen and favored precipitation of mineral compounds in the granule interior. In this biomass higher content of Mg, P and Ca, was observed.
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Sobota, Jacqueline A., Francesco Ferraro, Nils Bäck, Betty A. Eipper, and Richard E. Mains. "Not All Secretory Granules Are Created Equal: Partitioning of Soluble Content Proteins." Molecular Biology of the Cell 17, no. 12 (December 2006): 5038–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e06-07-0626.
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Secretory granules carrying fluorescent cargo proteins are widely used to study granule biogenesis, maturation, and regulated exocytosis. We fused the soluble secretory protein peptidylglycine α-hydroxylating monooxygenase (PHM) to green fluorescent protein (GFP) to study granule formation. When expressed in AtT-20 or GH3 cells, the PHM-GFP fusion protein partitioned from endogenous hormone (adrenocorticotropic hormone, growth hormone) into separate secretory granule pools. Both exogenous and endogenous granule proteins were stored and released in response to secretagogue. Importantly, we found that segregation of content proteins is not an artifact of overexpression nor peculiar to GFP-tagged proteins. Neither luminal acidification nor cholesterol-rich membrane microdomains play essential roles in soluble content protein segregation. Our data suggest that intrinsic biophysical properties of cargo proteins govern their differential sorting, with segregation occurring during the process of granule maturation. Proteins that can self-aggregate are likely to partition into separate granules, which can accommodate only a few thousand copies of any content protein; proteins that lack tertiary structure are more likely to distribute homogeneously into secretory granules. Therefore, a simple “self-aggregation default” theory may explain the little acknowledged, but commonly observed, tendency for both naturally occurring and exogenous content proteins to segregate from each other into distinct secretory granules.
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Li, Wenyang, Suhui Yan, Xiaqing Shi, Congyu Zhang, Qingqin Shao, Feng Xu, and Jianfei Wang. "Starch granule size distribution from twelve wheat cultivars in east China’s Huaibei region." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 96, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2015-0048.
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The granule size distribution of starch strongly influences its physicochemical properties and the functionality of wheat. Twelve wheat cultivars grown in east China’s Huanghuai region were used for investigating the granule size distribution, amylose content, and their interrelationship. The results showed that the volume distribution of starch granules show the typical bimodal with peak values in the ranges of 4.44–5.36 µm and 21.7–23.82 µm, respectively. Surface area distribution of granules was also bimodal with peak values in the ranges of 2.53–3.06 µm and 19.8–21.7 µm, respectively. The limits between the two populations both occurred at 10 µm. A typical population of number distribution of granules with peak values in the range of 0.52–0.67 µm. Proportions of granules <2.6 µm, 2.6–10 µm, and 10–40 µm were in the range of 10.06–13.63%, 28.54–41.6%, and 45.4–61.3% of total volume, respectively. Proportions of granules <10 µm were in the range of 99.9% of the total number. The amylose content was significant and negatively correlated to volume percentage of granule <10 µm, and significant and positively correlated to the volume percentage of granule 22–40 µm.
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Sandulyak, Darya, Vera Ershova, Anna Sandulyak, and Alexander Sandulyak. "Granular Material (of Commeasurable and Multi-Dimensional Granules) Properties." Key Engineering Materials 723 (December 2016): 382–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.723.382.
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The paper analyses the data on measuring the packaging density γ and porosity ω of the medium-loading of balls with d diameter and the loading tank of D diameter, as well as the compound of balls of diameters d1 and d2 ≤ d1. The stabilization of γ and ω was observed with D/d≥4-5: γ=0.61-0.63, ω=0.37-0.39, which allows evaluating the medium-loading of the commensurable granules as a conditionally orderly structure with cells, on average close to square-rhombic ones. As to the compound of the granule-balls in the range of d2/d1=1-0.5, judging by the data on γ and ω variance with d2/d1<0.4-0.5 (up toγ=0.85-0.87 and ω=0.13-0.15 with d2/d1→0), the media-loadings of multi-dimensional granules with characteristic γ and ω values can be considered as provisionally ordered structures with corresponding cells. We provide the expression for defining averaged values of the coordination number of the granule.
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Istiqomah, Intan Amalina, Dwi Bagus Pambudi, St Rahmatullah, and S. Slamet. "Evaluasi Granul Ekstrak Daun Nangka (Artocarpus heterophyllus L.) dengan Menggunakan Metode Granulasi Basah." Prosiding Seminar Nasional Kesehatan 1 (December 8, 2021): 1182–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.48144/prosiding.v1i.810.
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AbstractJackfruit leaf (Artocarpus heterophyllus L.) is a potential plant that has passed pharmacological studies showing its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, antihypertensive, and diuretic activities. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the granules of jackfruit leaf extract (Artocarpus heterophyllus L.) met the physical requirements of good granules. The first step in this research is to carry out the simplicia extraction process of jackfruit leaves using the maceration method using 96% ethanol as solvent. And in the manufacture of granules using the wet granulation method. In the study, the results of the evaluation of the granules of the angle of repose of formula I and formula IV were 24,220, formula II and formula III were 26,380. The average Granule Flow Rate Test for formula I is 3.4 seconds, formula II averages 2.91 seconds, formula III averages 2.59, and formula IV averages 2.75 seconds and falls into the cohesive range. The water content test in formulas I, II, III, and IV was 1%. And in the compressibility test of formula I the results are 11%, formula II is 7.85%, formula III is 8.99%, and formula IV is 3.92%. From these data, it can be concluded that the granules in formulas I, II, III, and IV have good physical properties because in the physical properties test all formulas meet the requirements.Keywords: Jackfruit leaves; granule evaluation; granules; wet granulation.
AbstrakDaun Nangka (Artocarpus heterophyllus L.) adalah tanaman potensial yang telah melewati studi farmakologi yang menunjukkan adanya aktivitas antiinflamasi, antibakteri, antivirus, antikanker, antihipertensi, dan diuretik. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui apakah granul ekstrak daun nangka (Artocarpus heterophyllus L.) memenuhi persyaratan fisik granul yang baik. Langkah pertama pada penelitian ini adalah dengan melakukan proses ekstraksi simplisia daun nangka menggunakan metode maserasi dengan menggunakan pelarut etanol 96%. Dan pada pembuatan granul dengan menggunakan metode granulasi basah. Pada penelitian didapatkan hasil evaluasi granul sudut diam formula I dan formula IV hasilnya 24,220, formula II dan formula III hasilnya 26,380. Uji Laju Alir Granul formula I rata-ratanya 3,4 detik, formula II rata-ratanya 2,91 detik, formula III rata-ratanya 2,59, dan formula IV rata-ratanya 2,75 detik dan masuk kedalam rentang kohesif. Uji Kadar air pada formula I, II, III, dan IV hasilnya adalah 1%. Dan pada uji kompresibilitas formula I hasilnya 11%, formula II 7,85%, formula III 8,99%, dan formula IV 3,92%. Dari data tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa granul pada formula I, II, III, dan IV memiliki sifat fisik yang baik karena pada uji sifat fisik granul semua formula memenuhi syarat. Kata kunci : Daun nangka; evaluasi granul; granul; granulasi basah.
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DENYER, Kay, Darren WAITE, Saddik MOTAWIA, Birger Lindberg MØLLER, and Alison M. SMITH. "Granule-bound starch synthase I in isolated starch granules elongates malto-oligosaccharides processively." Biochemical Journal 340, no. 1 (May 10, 1999): 183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3400183.
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Isoforms of starch synthase belonging to the granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI) class synthesize the amylose component of starch in plants. Other granule-bound isoforms of starch synthase, such as starch synthase II (SSII), are unable to synthesize amylose. The kinetic properties of GBSSI and SSII that are responsible for these functional differences have been investigated using starch granules from embryos of wild-type peas and rug5 and lam mutant peas, which contain, respectively, both GBSSI and SSII, GBSSI but not SSII and SSII but not GBSSI. We show that GBSSI in isolated granules elongates malto-oligosaccharides processively, adding more than one glucose molecule for each enzyme-glucan encounter. Granule-bound SSII can elongate malto-oligosaccharides, but has a lower affinity for these than GBSSI and does not elongate processively. As a result of these properties GBSSI synthesizes longer malto-oligosaccharides than SSII. The significance of these results with respect to the roles of GBSSI and SSII in vivo is discussed.
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YAN, MIN, JIANYE YIN, BAOPING SUN, and XIAO MA. "GRANULE HYDRODYNAMICS METHOD: A DISCRETE ELEMENT METHOD ON FLUID MOTIONS." International Journal of Computational Methods 09, no. 01 (March 2012): 1240023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219876212400233.
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A granule hydrodynamics method is proposed in studying complex dynamic behavior of wind-blown movement system. Fluid in the wind-blown movement system is discretized into elastic fluid granules in a certain scale of time and space. It is considered that fluid motion is caused by fluid granules collision and fluid density difference (or pressure difference). Based on the essential properties of fluid, the constitutive relations of fluid granules are well established in the proposed granule hydrodynamics method, fluid state equation, and fluid sound velocity derivative state equation are adopted to study motion law of fluid or fluid–solid coupling, rather than the Navier–Stokes equation in traditional fluid mechanics. Results on classical shear flow in a cavity based on the proposed granule hydrodynamics method agree well with those based on finite difference method and smoothed particle hydrodynamics method, which verifies the validity and feasibility of the granule hydrodynamics method. Two more numerical examples of solid–fluid coupling of a multiple moving solid system are also provided, which proves the feasibility, convenience, and uniqueness of the proposed method.
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Giarratano, Mélanie, Pauline Duffuler, Julien Chamberland, Guillaume Brisson, James D. House, Yves Pouliot, and Alain Doyen. "Combination of High Hydrostatic Pressure and Ultrafiltration to Generate a New Emulsifying Ingredient from Egg Yolk." Molecules 25, no. 5 (March 5, 2020): 1184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25051184.
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Egg yolk granule phosvitin (45 kDa) is a phosphoprotein known for its emulsifying properties. Recently, high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment of granule induced the transfer of phosvitin to the soluble plasma fraction. This project evaluated the performance of the ultrafiltration (UF) used to concentrate phosvitin from the plasma fraction to produce a natural emulsifier. Phosvitin was characterized in plasma from a pressure-treated granule (1.73 ± 0.07% w/w) and in its UF retentate (26.00 ± 4.12% w/w). The emulsifying properties of both retentates were evaluated. The emulsion prepared with phosvitin-enriched retentate was more resistant to flocculation and creaming. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed a network of aggregated protein similar to a gel, which encapsulated oil droplets in emulsions made with UF-retentate of plasma from pressure-treated granule. However, although sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) showed that β-phosvitin is recovered in the cream, it is difficult to attribute the improved emulsifying properties of the UF-retentate of plasma from pressure-treated granules only to phosvitin.
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Rao, Tejeshwar C., Daniel R. Passmore, Andrew R. Peleman, Madhurima Das, Edwin R. Chapman, and Arun Anantharam. "Distinct fusion properties of synaptotagmin-1 and synaptotagmin-7 bearing dense core granules." Molecular Biology of the Cell 25, no. 16 (August 15, 2014): 2416–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e14-02-0702.
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Adrenal chromaffin cells release hormones and neuropeptides that are essential for physiological homeostasis. During this process, secretory granules fuse with the plasma membrane and deliver their cargo to the extracellular space. It was once believed that fusion was the final regulated step in exocytosis, resulting in uniform and total release of granule cargo. Recent evidence argues for nonuniform outcomes after fusion, in which cargo is released with variable kinetics and selectivity. The goal of this study was to identify factors that contribute to the different outcomes, with a focus on the Ca2+-sensing synaptotagmin (Syt) proteins. Two Syt isoforms are expressed in chromaffin cells: Syt-1 and Syt-7. We find that overexpressed and endogenous Syt isoforms are usually sorted to separate secretory granules and are differentially activated by depolarizing stimuli. In addition, overexpressed Syt-1 and Syt-7 impose distinct effects on fusion pore expansion and granule cargo release. Syt-7 pores usually fail to expand (or reseal), slowing the dispersal of lumenal cargo proteins and granule membrane proteins. On the other hand, Syt-1 diffuses from fusion sites and promotes the release of lumenal cargo proteins. These findings suggest one way in which chromaffin cells may regulate cargo release is via differential activation of synaptotagmin isoforms.
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Elias, Salah, Charlène Delestre, Stéphane Ory, Sébastien Marais, Maïté Courel, Rafael Vazquez-Martinez, Sophie Bernard, et al. "Chromogranin A Induces the Biogenesis of Granules with Calcium- and Actin-Dependent Dynamics and Exocytosis in Constitutively Secreting Cells." Endocrinology 153, no. 9 (September 1, 2012): 4444–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2012-1436.
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Chromogranins are a family of acidic glycoproteins that play an active role in hormone and neuropeptide secretion through their crucial role in secretory granule biogenesis in neuroendocrine cells. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying their granulogenic activity are still not fully understood. Because we previously demonstrated that the expression of the major component of secretory granules, chromogranin A (CgA), is able to induce the formation of secretory granules in nonendocrine COS-7 cells, we decided to use this model to dissect the mechanisms triggered by CgA leading to the biogenesis and trafficking of such granules. Using quantitative live cell imaging, we first show that CgA-induced organelles exhibit a Ca2+-dependent trafficking, in contrast to native vesicle stomatitis virus G protein-containing constitutive vesicles. To identify the proteins that confer such properties to the newly formed granules, we developed CgA-stably-expressing COS-7 cells, purified their CgA-containing granules by subcellular fractionation, and analyzed the granule proteome by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. This analysis revealed the association of several cytosolic proteins to the granule membrane, including GTPases, cytoskeleton-based molecular motors, and other proteins with actin- and/or Ca2+-binding properties. Furthermore, disruption of cytoskeleton affects not only the distribution and the transport but also the Ca2+-evoked exocytosis of the CgA-containing granules, indicating that these granules interact with microtubules and cortical actin for the regulated release of their content. These data demonstrate for the first time that the neuroendocrine factor CgA induces the recruitment of cytoskeleton-, GTP-, and Ca2+-binding proteins in constitutively secreting COS-7 cells to generate vesicles endowed with typical dynamics and exocytotic properties of neuroendocrine secretory granules.
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Venkatesh, S. G., Darrin J. Cowley, and Sven-Ulrik Gorr. "Differential aggregation properties of secretory proteins that are stored in exocrine secretory granules of the pancreas and parotid glands." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 286, no. 2 (February 2004): C365—C371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00338.2003.
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Low-pH- and calcium-induced aggregation of regulated secretory proteins has been proposed to play a role in their retention and storage in secretory granules. However, this has not been tested for secretory proteins that are stored in the exocrine parotid secretory granules. Parotid granule matrix proteins were analyzed for aggregation in the presence or absence of calcium and in the pH range of 5.5 to 7.5. Amylase did not aggregate under these conditions, although <10% of parotid secretory protein (PSP) aggregated below pH 6.0. To test aggregation directly in isolated granules, rat parotid secretory granules were permeabilized with 0.1% saponin in the presence or absence of calcium and in the pH range of 5.0 to 8.4. In contrast to the low-pH-dependent retention of amylase in exocrine pancreatic granules, amylase was quantitatively released and most PSP was released from parotid granules under all conditions. Both proteins were completely released upon granule membrane solubilization. Thus neither amylase nor PSP show low-pH- or calcium-induced aggregation under physiological conditions in the exocrine parotid secretory granules.
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Li, Lekai, Jian Zhuang, Tianjian Tong, Jin Tong, Xucheng Zhao, Feipeng Cao, Wei Song, et al. "Effect of Wet Granulation on Tribological Behaviors of Cu-Based Friction Materials." Materials 16, no. 3 (January 26, 2023): 1075. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16031075.
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Because of the excellent thermal conduction, corrosion resistance, and tribological properties, copper-based friction materials (CBFMs) were widely used in airplanes, high-speed trains, and wind power generation. With operating speed continuously increasing, CBFMs are suffering more complicated and extreme working conditions, which would cause abnormal abrasion. This paper presents an experiment to investigate how the tribological behaviors of CBFMs are regulated by granulation technology. Samples were prepared by the method of granulation and cool-pressed sinter. The tribological properties of specimens with different granule sizes were studied. The results showed that granulation could improve the tribological properties of CBFMs. The friction coefficient (COF) increased first and then decreased with increasing granule size. Specimen fabricated with 5–8 mm granules obtained the lowest COF, which was reduced by 22.49% than that made of powders. Moreover, the wear rate decreased first and then increased as granule size increased. The wear rate of samples prepared by granules 3–5 mm was lower than that of all of the other samples. This is because the structured samples prepared by wet granulation can promote the formation of secondary plateaus, which are beneficial for enhancing tribological properties. This makes granulation a promising method for enhancing the tribological performances of CBFMs.
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Tanimola, A. R., B. O. Otegbayo, and R. Akinoso. "Physicochemical properties of yam starches from fifty-five lines of Dioscorea species." Food Research 6, no. 3 (May 8, 2022): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.6(3).224.
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This study investigated the morphology of the granules, physicochemical and pasting properties of fifty-five starches of Dioscorea rotundata and Dioscorea alata varieties. The granules sizes and shapes, swelling power, solubility, water absorption capacity, water binding capacity, pH, titratable acidity and pasting properties were evaluated by standard procedures. The result of the granule morphology showed that both varieties were in the range of large starch granules, however, D. rotundata varieties (32.40 – 57.01 µm by 22.38 – 35.70 µm) were significantly larger than those of D. alata varieties (18.33 - 48.91 µm by 13.38 – 33.10 µm). The granule sizes were observed to have a significant effect on the physicochemical properties, as D. rotundata species were significantly higher in swelling power (7.50 g/g) and lower in water absorption (66.20%) and water-binding capacities (57.16%). Also, D. rotundata species showed significantly higher peak viscosity (518.50 RVU), holding strength (260.95 RVU) and breakdown viscosity (257.54 RVU), all contributing to their potential industrial uses. The present characterisation of fifty-five varieties of Dioscorea species germplasm in Nigeria adds to the database on physicochemical properties of yams, providing relevant information for both food and non -food uses.
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Amalia, L., RHB Setiarto, T. Fitrilia, and S. Masyrifah. "Effect of blanching on the physicochemical characteristics and microstructure of canistel seed flour (Pouteria Campechiana (Kunth) Baehni)." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 20, no. 07 (December 18, 2020): 17063–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.95.19520.
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Canistel seeds are part of the residues of Canistel fruit which can be used as functional foods, such as flour to be processed into various foods. This research was aimed at determining the physicochemical properties of canistel seed flour. Canistel seed was made into flour with two treatments; they were Blanched Canistel Seed Flour (BCSF) (at 80oC for 10 minutes)and Unblanched Canistel Seed Flour (UCSF). The flour process involves sorting, washing, treatment, stripping the shell and epidermis, washing again, drying, flaking and sieving.Physical analysis carried out included yield (by difference method), white degree of spectrophotometric reflectance method (Chromatometer), starch gelatinization profile using Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA), the morphology of starch granules using polarization microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Chemical analysis conducted on the BCSF and UCSF samples included proximate,amylose, amylopectin and starch content. Blanching at 80°C for 10 minutes had a significant effect on the physical properties of Canistel seed flour;yields were higher (41.6%) and chromatometric (colour) levels were lower (80.61). Pasting properties profile showed that UCSF had higher peak viscosity, breakdown viscosity but lower setback viscosity compared with the BCSF.Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)and polarized light microscope showed starch granule structure changed due to the blanching. The appearance of starch granules on UCSF shows a tight starch granule. The appearance of starch granules on BCSF shows blanching treatment has changed the shape of the starch granules to be broken or damaged. The unblanched canistel seed flour (UCSF)showed that the starch granule still had birefringence appearance. This shows that the granule structures of the UCSF remained undamaged. Observation of the morphology of starch granules using polarization microscopy on BCSFshowed the starch granule was not visible and there was no appearance of birefringence. The loss of birefringence indicates that the starch granules had been damaged due to heating or hydrolysis. Chemical analyses on the samples showed significantly higher amylose content (24.79) but lower amylopectin content (31.39) in BCSF than UCSF.Starch, fat and carbohydrates contents were not significantly different (p>0.05) between BCSF and UCSF.Ash and protein content were significantly higher (p>0.05) in UCSF compared to the BCSF. Blanching of canistel seed flour reduces the swelling power of starch granules, increases retrogradation, accelerates thickening, decreases nutrition content, and changes microstructure of Canistel seed flour
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M., Noorfarahzilah, L. Jau-Shya, A. H. Mansoor, M. H. A. Jahurul, M. R. Umi Hartina, M. K. Zainol, and Hasmadi Mamat. "Physicochemical properties of tarap (Artocarpus adoratisimus) starch." Food Research 4, no. 3 (December 17, 2019): 602–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.4(3).337.
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The objective of the research was to investigate the physicochemical characteristics of Tarap fruit starch. In this study, young Tarap fruit starch was extracted and the percentage of total starch, resistant starch, amylose and amylopectin were determined. Scanning electron microscope was used to evaluate the morphological features of the starch granule. Swelling, pasting, gelatinization, retrogradation and in vitro digestibility were also investigated. A total of 17.85% starch was successfully extracted from unripe Tarap fruit, whereas the amount of total starch and resistant starch were 89.14% and 47.82%, respectively. The amounts of rapid digestible starch and slowly digestible starch were 6.58% and 23.25%, respectively. Results found that the amylopectin content was higher than amylose (77.15% and 11.97%). The starch granules were round and polygon in shapes with smooth surfaces. The average of starch granules size was range from 6.50 to 8.30 μm with 7.4 μm of mean granule diameter. Pasting properties showed that peak viscosity was observed at about 6.5 min at 73.5oC. Tarap starch gelatinization temperatures (onset, 71.63°C; peak, 74.56°C; conclusion, 78.24°C) and enthalpy of gelatinization (ΔHgel) (3.74 J/g) were higher while the retrograded starches show lower retrogradation temperature and enthalpy than native starches. Unripe Tarap starch showed good potential to be utilized as adhesives and thickener for industrial applications.
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Jusli, Euniza, Hasanan M. Nor, Ramadhansyah Putra Jaya, and Haron Zaiton. "Chemical Properties of Waste Tyre Rubber Granules." Advanced Materials Research 911 (March 2014): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.911.77.
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This research aims to examine the chemical properties of waste rubber tyre granules. Rubber granules were analysed by using X-ray fluorescence to establish its chemical composition. Thermogravimetry and differential thermogravimetric analyses were performed to investigate the relationship between temperature and the minerological compositions of rubber granules to determine its suitability as an aggregate replacement in concrete mix. Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) indicated that due to the stability of the structures developed in OPC samples, the reactions between the structure bonds are less at the range of 650-1500 cm-1. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed to examine the physical properties of rubber granule particles and to magnify the bonds between cement and rubber granules in a concrete mix. The results of the SEM analysis showed that carbon, zinc, magnesium, and calcium are the major components of waste tyre rubber granules.
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Park, Sun Yong, and Wan Jae Lee. "Hybrid Composite Nano-Sized WC-Co Cemented Carbide." Materials Science Forum 534-536 (January 2007): 1197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.534-536.1197.
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To improve the mechanical properties of WC-Co cemented carbides, a dual composite was studied. The compositions of granule and matrix were nano-sized WC-6 wt% Co(granule) and normal sized WC-20 wt% Co(matrix), respectively. The granules were made by spray-drying method and sintered at 1380°C for 10 minutes in vacuum. After sieving, the granules were grouped to 50, 100 and 150 ㎛ and mixed with WC and Co powders as the volume fractions of granule to matrix were 50 to 50, 40 to 60 and 30 to 70. These compacts were sintered at 1380°C for 10 minutes in vacuum. The microstructure, transverse rupture strength and wear resistance were investigated. The relative densities of the dual composites were about 98% after sintering. The mean size of the WC grains in the dual composite was about 300~400 nm. As the volume fraction of the matrix in the dual composite increased, the transverse rupture strength increased and hardness decreased. The wear resistance of the dual composite increased with decreasing matrix volume fraction and increasing granule size.
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Korir, Patrick Cheruiyot, Ali Mohamed Salim, Josiah Ochieng Odalo, Walyambillah Waudo, and Leonard Mwangi Gitu. "EFFECT OF GRANULE SIZE, COMPACTION PRESSURE AND CONCENTRATION OF MALVA VERTICILLATA MUCILAGE ON THE IN VITRO PROPERTIES OF TABLETS." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 10, no. 6 (June 1, 2018): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2018v10i6.25553.
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Objective: To evaluate the effect of binder concentration, granule size and distance between punches on mechanical strength and drug release properties of tablets containing Malva verticillata mucilage (MVM) as a binder.Methods: Paracetamol and lactose were converted into wet coherent masses by a liquid solution containing 1-3% w/w MVM as a binder. Granules containing 2% w/w binder was used to investigate the effect of granule size and distance between punches. Compressed tablets were evaluated for crushing strength, disintegration time and in vitro drug release using pharmacopeial methods.Results: Granules containing MVM were found to be free-flowing and compatible with paracetamol. Mechanical strength and drug release properties of mucilage tablets significantly correlated with the amount of MVM binder. Tablet crushing strength was 3.54-7.12 kg/cm2 while disintegration time 7.13-16.67 min. Compression pressure and granule size had no significant effects on drug release properties of mucilage tablets. Crushing strength of mucilage tablets were higher and significantly different (t(26) = 7.9631, p<0.05) from acacia tablets in the tested variables. The cumulative drug release rate of mucilage tablets was also lower than that of acacia tablets in tested concentrations.Conclusion: Properties of tablets containing 2.5% w/w MVM matched the prescribed pharmaceutical limits and hence M. verticillata root mucilage has a great potential to become a new source of tablet binder.
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Fomicheva, Anastasia, and Eric D. Ross. "From Prions to Stress Granules: Defining the Compositional Features of Prion-Like Domains That Promote Different Types of Assemblies." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 3 (January 27, 2021): 1251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22031251.
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Stress granules are ribonucleoprotein assemblies that form in response to cellular stress. Many of the RNA-binding proteins found in stress granule proteomes contain prion-like domains (PrLDs), which are low-complexity sequences that compositionally resemble yeast prion domains. Mutations in some of these PrLDs have been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia, and are associated with persistent stress granule accumulation. While both stress granules and prions are macromolecular assemblies, they differ in both their physical properties and complexity. Prion aggregates are highly stable homopolymeric solids, while stress granules are complex dynamic biomolecular condensates driven by multivalent homotypic and heterotypic interactions. Here, we use stress granules and yeast prions as a paradigm to examine how distinct sequence and compositional features of PrLDs contribute to different types of PrLD-containing assemblies.
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Guardeño, L. M., J. L. Vázquez-Gutiérrez, I. Hernando, and A. Quiles. "Effect of different rice starches, inulin, and soy protein on microstructural, physical, and sensory properties of low-fat, gluten, and lactose free white sauces." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 31, No. 6 (November 18, 2013): 575–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/483/2012-cjfs.
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The microstructural, physical, and sensory properties of low-fat sauces made with different rice starches, soy protein ,and inulin were analysed in order to obtain sauces suitable for celiac and lactose intolerant consumers. Soy protein and inulin could prevent starch degradation due to their high water-binding capacity. Moreover, protein molecules could diffuse into the starch granules and soluble inulin could interact with starch polymers within the granule. Both effects would hinder amylose leaching. Inulin provides better diffusion capacity of gelatinised granules and soy protein-starch granule aggregates than sunflower oil, which helps to decrease viscosity in modified rice starch sauces. Soy protein prevents syneresis in the sauces. Inulin affects colour parameters in native rice starch sauces, probably because of inulin and retrograded amylose polymers interactions. Sauces made with sunflower oil and modified rice starch are best rated by consumers. However, according to the statistical analyses, the replacement of oil by inulin could be suitable to prepare low-fat, gluten, and lactose free white sauces when modified rice starch is used.
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Sofyan, M., H. Parung, M. W. Tjaronge, and AA Amiruddin. "Selected Mechanical and Physical Properties Concrete with Polypropylene Plastic Granule Aggregate." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1117, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1117/1/012014.
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Abstract Amount of plastic use contribute significantly to the accumulation of plastic waste. The use of plastic waste in concrete is one of the world’s partial solutions for dealing with plastic waste. Polypropylene plastic granules are used as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in this study. The purpose of this research is to examine the physical and mechanical properties of the chosen base concrete while considering the potential of polypropylene plastic granules as a sand substitute in the concrete mixture. Variables to be investigated incorporate compressive strength, split tensile strength, workability, and density. The results of this study show that using polypropylene plastic granules as a substitute for fine aggregate at 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% rates slump values of 8.1 cm, 8.4 cm, 8.6 cm, and 8.8 cm, respectively. However, it does not perform well in terms of compressive strength or split tensile strength. The strength reduction achieved by using 40% PP plastic granule can reach 58.06 percent.
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Liu, Qingting, Xiaoping Li, and Joerg Fettke. "Starch Granules in Arabidopsis thaliana Mesophyll and Guard Cells Show Similar Morphology but Differences in Size and Number." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 11 (May 26, 2021): 5666. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115666.
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Transitory starch granules result from complex carbon turnover and display specific situations during starch synthesis and degradation. The fundamental mechanisms that specify starch granule characteristics, such as granule size, morphology, and the number per chloroplast, are largely unknown. However, transitory starch is found in the various cells of the leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana, but comparative analyses are lacking. Here, we adopted a fast method of laser confocal scanning microscopy to analyze the starch granules in a series of Arabidopsis mutants with altered starch metabolism. This allowed us to separately analyze the starch particles in the mesophyll and in guard cells. In all mutants, the guard cells were always found to contain more but smaller plastidial starch granules than mesophyll cells. The morphological properties of the starch granules, however, were indiscernible or identical in both types of leaf cells.
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La Habi, Maimuna. "PENGARUH APLIKASI KOMPOS GRANUL ELA SAGU DIPERKAYA PUPUK PONSKA TERHADAP SIFAT FISIK TANAH DAN HASIL JAGUNG MANIS DI INCEPTISOL." BIOPENDIX: Jurnal Biologi, Pendidikan dan Terapan 1, no. 2 (March 14, 2015): 126–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/biopendixvol1issue2page126-139.
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Background: the sago flour is the main result of the sago palm, while the byproduct or waste sago generally used for animal feed, compost in mushroom growing media, or as raw material for the plywood industry. Sago waste by the people of Maluku called ela sago can also play a role in improving soil fertility in this case improve the physical, chemical and biological soil after going through stages of processing into granules and granule enriched compost.
Methods: The study design used was a randomized block design with three replications. The treatment consists of: without fertilizer (KGES1), compost granule 8 t ha-1 (KGES2), inorganic fertilizers (Urea, SP-36 and KCl) recommended dosage (KGES3), inorganic fertilizer + compost granule 8 t ha-1 (KGES4), ½ x doses of inorganic fertilizer + compost granule (8 t ha-1) (KGES5), 2 doses of inorganic fertilizer + compost granule 8 t ha-1 (KGES6), ½ x doses of inorganic fertilizer + compost granule 12 t ha -1 (KGES7) and 2 doses of inorganic fertilizer compost + 4 t ha-1 (KGES8).
Results: Compost granules ela sago and inorganic fertilizer significantly affect the physical properties of soil that is heavy volume of land (0.80 g cm-3), a specific gravity of soil particle (2:30 g cm-3), soil porosity (7.77%), drainage pore fast (23:54%), slow drainage pores (8.83%), pore water is available (11.62%), and pore water is not available (11:31). While plant growth (plant height) and dry seed corn grain yield respectively by 249.17 cm and 7.85 tonnes ha-1. A combination of compost and inorganic fertilizer granule able to increase the yield of 30-47% compared with inorganic fertilizer or compost granule alone. Excessive inorganic fertilizer application did not show the result of increased dry seeds shelled corn is real. Based on these results, a reduction of half a dose of inorganic fertilizer combined with granulated compost 12 t ha-1 yield of dry shelled corn grain yield highest (7.79 t ha-1) or increase the yield of 32% of inorganic fertilizer application.
Conclusion: Compost granules ela sago and inorganic fertilizer significantly affect soil physical properties ie soil bulk density (0.80 g cm-3), soil particle density (2:30 g cm-3), soil porosity (7.77%), soil macropore (23:54%), mesopore (8.83%), and micropore (11.62%). While plant growth (plant height) and dry seed corn grain yield respectively by 249.17 cm and 7.79 tonnes ha-1. A combination of compost and inorganic fertilizer granule able to increase the yield of 30-47% compared with inorganic fertilizer or compost granule alone. Excessive inorganic fertilizer application did not show the result of increased dry seeds shelled corn is real.
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Linch, Stefanie N., Ann M. Kelly, Erin T. Danielson, Ralph Pero, James J. Lee, and Jeffrey A. Gold. "Mouse Eosinophils Possess Potent Antibacterial Properties In Vivo." Infection and Immunity 77, no. 11 (August 24, 2009): 4976–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00306-09.
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ABSTRACT Eosinophils are best known as the predominant cellular infiltrate associated with asthma and parasitic infections. Recently, numerous studies have documented the presence of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on the surfaces of eosinophils, suggesting that these leukocytes may participate in the recognition and killing of viruses and bacteria. However, the significance of this role in the innate immune response to bacterial infection is largely unknown. Here we report a novel role for eosinophils as antibacterial defenders in the host response. Isolated mouse eosinophils possessed antipseudomonal properties in vitro. In vivo, interleukin-5 transgenic mice, which have profound eosinophilia, demonstrated improved clearance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa introduced into the peritoneal cavity. The findings of improved bacterial clearance following adoptive transfer of eosinophils, and impaired bacterial clearance in mice with a congenital eosinophil deficiency, established that this effect was eosinophil specific. The data presented also demonstrate that eosinophils mediate this antibacterial effect in part through the release of cationic secondary granule proteins. Specifically, isolated eosinophil granules had antibacterial properties in vitro, and administration of eosinophil granule extracts significantly improved bacterial clearance in vivo. These data suggest a potent yet underappreciated antibacterial role for eosinophils in vivo, specifically for eosinophil granules. Moreover, the data suggest that the administration of eosinophil-derived products may represent a viable adjuvant therapy for septic or bacteremic patients in the intensive care unit.
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Dhenge, Ranjit M., Richard S. Fyles, James J. Cartwright, David G. Doughty, Michael J. Hounslow, and Agba D. Salman. "Twin screw wet granulation: Granule properties." Chemical Engineering Journal 164, no. 2-3 (November 1, 2010): 322–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2010.05.023.
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Tyagi, Preeti, Thomas Schrinner, Steffen Richter, Amiya Ray, and Harlad Grossmann. "Factors influencing polymeric granule-assisted dispersion of ultraviolet ink." January 2017 15, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj15.1.19.
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The objective of this research is to identify and evaluate the factors influencing polymeric granuleassisted dispersion of ultraviolet (UV) ink particles. First time, granule-assisted alternative dispersion was observed during adsorption deinking. By optimizing and combining this alternative dispersion process with pulping, we aim to minimize the energy consumption in the dispersion process and thus reduce the environmental impact of the paper recycling process on carbon footprint. For experimental confirmation, a combination of printed paper and polymeric granules was selected such that ink detached from the fibers would not be adsorbed onto the surface of polymeric granules. Factors that affect the mechanical dispersion process were chosen and varied for optimization of the newly developed dispersion method. Results show that at 15% consistency, temperature 45°C, and mass ratio of oven dry pulp and granules of 1:1.5 (200 g pulp and 300 g granules), the granule-assisted dispersion process gives optimum results for reduction of specks size. All experiments were carried out at rotor speed 2 of Hobart pulper (INGEDE Method 11 “Assessment of print product recyclability–Deinkability test”). These optimized parameters are similar to the optimized parameters of adsorption deinking, which give a further option to combine both of the steps (adsorption deinking and granule assisted dispersion) into one. We also demonstrated that the polymeric granule-assisted dispersion method is a viable replacement for the conventional dispersion process by assuring no alteration in fiber length, water retention value of pulp, and strength properties of the handsheets.
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Forestryana, Dyera, Yunitha Hestiarini, and Aristha Novyra Putri. "FORMULASI GRANUL EFFERVESCENT EKSTRAK ETANOL 90% BUAH LABU AIR (Lagenaria siceraria) SEBAGAI ANTIOKSIDAN DENGAN VARIASI GAS GENERATING AGENT." Jurnal Ilmiah Ibnu Sina (JIIS) Ilmu Farmasi dan Kesehatan 5, no. 2 (October 27, 2020): 220–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.36387/jiis.v5i2.457.
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Water pumpkin (Lagenaria siceraria) is a vegetable that contains secondary metabolites that are beneficial to health. Its use as a vegetable is less attractive to the people so that to increase its utilization, dosage forms are made that can attract public interest, one of which is effervescent granules. Effervescent granules are the most popular dosage form because they can serve in fresh drinks. This study aims to determine the effect of variations in the concentration of acids (citric acid-tartaric acid) and base (sodium bicarbonate) on the physical properties of the formula. The water pumpkin effervescent granules made with various ratios of citric acid, tartaric acid, and sodium bicarbonate consisting of FI (2: 1: 2.5); F II (1: 2: 2,5); F III (2: 1: 3,52); F IV (1: 2: 3,44). The granule made by the wet granulation method. The physical properties of the formula included organoleptic, moisture content, flow properties, compressibility index, pH, solubility time, and acceptability test. Based on the results of the evaluation of physical properties, the granule formula of the water pumpkin effervescent meets the standard requirements with a moisture content of 1.26% -2.26%, flow properties from 6.33 to 7.0 seconds, angle of repose 31.14˚-33.69 ˚, compressibility index 13.61% -17.08%, pH 6.1-7.1 and dissolving time 191-223.33 seconds. Variations of citric acid-tartaric acid and sodium bicarbonate affect the physical properties and taste of the effervescent granules. Based on the acceptability test showed that the panelists liked the water pumpkin effervescent granules in FII.
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Pokrovskaya, Irina D., Smita Joshi, Michael Tobin, Rohan Desai, Maria A. Aronova, Jeffrey A. Kamykowski, Guofeng Zhang, Sidney W. Whiteheart, Richard D. Leapman, and Brian Storrie. "SNARE-dependent membrane fusion initiates α-granule matrix decondensation in mouse platelets." Blood Advances 2, no. 21 (November 6, 2018): 2947–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances.2018019158.
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Abstract Platelet α-granule cargo release is fundamental to both hemostasis and thrombosis. Granule matrix hydration is a key regulated step in this process, yet its mechanism is poorly understood. In endothelial cells, there is evidence for 2 modes of cargo release: a jack-in-the-box mechanism of hydration-dependent protein phase transitions and an actin-driven granule constriction/extrusion mechanism. The third alternative considered is a prefusion, channel-mediated granule swelling, analogous to the membrane “ballooning” seen in procoagulant platelets. Using thrombin-stimulated platelets from a set of secretion-deficient, soluble N-ethylmaleimide factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) mutant mice and various ultrastructural approaches, we tested predictions of these mechanisms to distinguish which best explains the α-granule release process. We found that the granule decondensation/hydration required for cargo expulsion was (1) blocked in fusion-protein-deficient platelets; (2) characterized by a fusion-dependent transition in granule size in contrast to a preswollen intermediate; (3) determined spatially with α-granules located close to the plasma membrane (PM) decondensing more readily; (4) propagated from the site of granule fusion; and (5) traced, in 3-dimensional space, to individual granule fusion events at the PM or less commonly at the canalicular system. In sum, the properties of α-granule decondensation/matrix hydration strongly indicate that α-granule cargo expulsion is likely by a jack-in-the-box mechanism rather than by gradual channel-regulated water influx or by a granule-constriction mechanism. These experiments, in providing a structural and mechanistic basis for cargo expulsion, should be informative in understanding the α-granule release reaction in the context of hemostasis and thrombosis.
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Bryniarska, Anna. "Mathematical Models of Diagnostic Information Granules Generated by Scaling Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets." Applied Sciences 12, no. 5 (March 2, 2022): 2597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12052597.
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The paper presents a certain class of the mathematical models of diagnostic information granules describing the fuzzy symptoms-faults relationship. A certain fuzzy diagnostic information retrieval system is described as an application of an expert diagnostic system. Symptoms and faults are fuzzy, and with some scaling of the symptom-fault concept pair values. These value pairs can be considered as intuitionistic fuzzy sets for the space of diagnosed objects. In this article, for scaling intuitionistic fuzzy sets (n-ScIFS), the deductive theory is formulated. There the intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IFSs) and the Pythagorean fuzzy sets (PFSs) are generalized to the n-ScIFS objects. The membership and non-membership values, as standard, can be described by the 1:1 scale or the quadratic function scale. However, any power scale n>2 can be used. In this paper, any n-Sc scaling functions retaining the IFSs properties are considered. The n-ScIFS theory introduces a conceptual apparatus analogous to the classical theory of Zadeh fuzzy sets and Yager PFSs, consistently striving, for the first time, to formulate the relational structure of n-ScIFSs as a model of a certain information granule system called here the diagnostic granule system. In addition, power- and linear-repeatable diagnostic granules are defined in the n-ScIFSs structure for serial or parallel diagnosis processes. The information granule base is determined and a diagnostic granule system model produced by this information granule base is shown. Certain algorithms have been given to establish the semantic language of diagnosis describing the system of diagnostic information granules.
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Tsusué, M., S. Kuroda, and H. Sawada. "Localization of Sepiapterin Deaminase and Pteridines In the Granules In Epidermal Cells of the Silkworm, Bombyx mori." Pteridines 2, no. 3 (September 1990): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pteridines.1990.2.3.175.
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Summary A new method for assay of sepiapterin deaminase (3.5.4.24) activity by use of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed. By this sensitive method the enzyme activity in the cell organelle was assayed. After cell fractionation, the enzyme was extracted with deoxycholate from pteridine granules of epidermal cells of the lemon mutant silkworm. On stepwise sucrose gradient centrifugation, most of the enzyme activity localized in the aggregated pteridine granules fraction, while the soluble fraction contained only one fourth of the total enzyme activity. The enzyme in the granule fraction had the same properties as the previously reported sepiapterin deaminase. These data show that the enzyme is localized in pteridine granules in the living cells. The attachment of the enzyme to the granule membrane is rather loose and previous papers studied the enzyme released from the granules. Cell fractionation and morphological observation showed that sepiapterin, sepialumazine and other pteridines were also localized in the granules together with uric acid.
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Mezzina, Mariela P., and M. Julia Pettinari. "Phasins, Multifaceted Polyhydroxyalkanoate Granule-Associated Proteins." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, no. 17 (June 10, 2016): 5060–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01161-16.
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ABSTRACTPhasins are the major polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) granule-associated proteins. They promote bacterial growth and PHA synthesis and affect the number, size, and distribution of the granules. These proteins can be classified in 4 families with distinctive characteristics. Low-resolution structural studies andin silicopredictions were performed in order to elucidate the structure of different phasins. Most of these proteins share some common structural features, such as a preponderant α-helix composition, the presence of disordered regions that provide flexibility to the protein, and coiled-coil interacting regions that form oligomerization domains. Due to their amphiphilic nature, these proteins play an important structural function, forming an interphase between the hydrophobic content of PHA granules and the hydrophilic cytoplasm content. Phasins have been observed to affect both PHA accumulation and utilization. Apart from their role as granule structural proteins, phasins have a remarkable variety of additional functions. Different phasins have been determined to (i) activate PHA depolymerization, (ii) increase the expression and activity of PHA synthases, (iii) participate in PHA granule segregation, and (iv) have bothin vivoandin vitrochaperone activities. These properties suggest that phasins might play an active role in PHA-related stress protection and fitness enhancement. Due to their granule binding capacity and structural flexibility, several biotechnological applications have been developed using different phasins, increasing the interest in the study of these remarkable proteins.
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Liu, Jia, and Grant McFadden. "SAMD9 Is an Innate Antiviral Host Factor with Stress Response Properties That Can Be Antagonized by Poxviruses." Journal of Virology 89, no. 3 (November 26, 2014): 1925–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02262-14.
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We show that SAMD9 is an innate host antiviral stress response element that participates in the formation of antiviral granules. Poxviruses, myxoma virus and vaccinia virus specifically, utilize a virus-encoded host range factor(s), such as a member of the C7L superfamily, to antagonize SAMD9 to prevent granule formation in a eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α)-independent manner. When SAMD9 is stimulated due to failure of the viral antagonism during infection, the resulting antiviral granules exhibit properties different from those of the canonical stress granules.
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Diniyah, Nurud, Pradiska Gita Vindy Ganesha, and Achmad Subagio. "Pengaruh Perlakuan pH dan Suhu Terhadap Sifat Fisikokimia Mocaf (Modified Cassava Flour)." Jurnal Penelitian Pascapanen Pertanian 16, no. 3 (July 1, 2020): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jpasca.v16n3.2019.147-158.
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<p>Peningkatan sifat fungsional pati dapat dilakukan dengan mengubah struktur pati menjadi lebih banyak pada bagian amorf dengan cara perlakuan fermentasi pada umbi singkong terlebih dahulu sehingga dihasilkan Mocaf. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perubahan karakteristik pati Mocaf dengan perlakuan panas dan pengaturan tingkat keasaman (pH) agar dapat digunaan dalam aplikasi yang lebih luas. Perlakuan dalam penelitian ini meliputi variasi suhu pemanasan (60, 70, 80, 90, dan 120 °C) dan pH (3, 4, 5, 6, dan 7) dan diulang sebanyak 3 kali dengan parameter pengukuran meliputi daya kembang, kelarutan, kekeruhan, viskositas pasta, bentuk granula pati, dan sineresis. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa suhu pemanasan mempengaruhi nilai daya kembang, kelarutan, viskositas, bentuk granula pati, dan sineresis Mocaf, tetapi menyebabkan penurunan tingkat kekeruhan. Sedangkan penambahan asam dapat mempengaruhi viskositas dan granula pati Mocaf.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Effect of pH and Temperature Treatment on Physicochemical Properties of Mocaf (Modiffied Cassava Flour) </strong></p><p>The changes in the starch’s structure to amorphous can increase the functional characteristics of starch using the fermentation process of cassava to be known as Mocaf. The aim of this study was to determine the physicochemical properties of Mocaf’s starch due to temperature and pH processing. Treatment in this research including various of temperature (60, 70, 80, 90, and 120 °C) dan pH (3, 4, 5, 6, dan 7) in three replications with analysis of swelling power, solubility, viscosity, starch granule, and syneresis. The results of this study indicate that the heating temperature affects the value of swelling power, solubility, viscosity, starch granule, and syneresis of Mocaf, but it causes a decrease of Mocaf’s turbidity. The addition of acid may affect the viscosity and granules of Mocaf’s starch.</p>
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Rasulov, Oybek, Abdurasul Мamataliyev, Dilnavoz Rasulova, Uktam Temirov, and Shafaat Namazov. "Physico-chemical properties lime-ammonium nitrate based on chalk, nitrate and ammonium sulphate." E3S Web of Conferences 264 (2021): 04012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126404012.
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For the granulation of nitrate-sulfate-carbonate melt, the prilling method is applied using a granulation tower. The composition and properties of new types of fertilizers were studied. It is shown that with the ratio NH4NO3: СаСО3: (NH4)2SO4 = 100: 24: 1 the product contains 28,03% - N, 0,50% - SO3, 10% - СаО and has a granule strength of 6.03 MPa, which is much higher than the strength of pure NH4NO3 granules (1.32 MPa). The absorption of pure AN granules is 4.82 g. With an increase in the proportion of chalk and ammonium sulfate to the NH4NO3: СаСО3: (NH4)2SO4 = 100: 24: 1 ratio, the absorbency of the LAN granules is 2.57g.
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Saraswati, Allysa Puspa, S. Sutopo, and Syahrul Kurniawan. "Effect of Organic Fertilizer Form and Dosage on Soil Chemical Properties, Leaf Macro Nutrient Content and Vegetative Growth of Siamese Orange (Citrus nobilis Lour) seedlings." Jurnal Tanah dan Sumberdaya Lahan 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jtsl.2022.009.1.4.
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Orange is a national superior commodity that has an important role in increasing foreign exchange for the country. However, the development of citrus cultivation in Indonesia is still relatively low, probably due to soil fertility degradation. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the effect of differences in the application of organic fertilizer (form and dose) and their interaction on soil chemical properties, nutrient concentration in the leaf (i.e. N, P, K), and growth in Siamese citrus seedlings. The treatments included the application of a combination of forms and doses of organic fertilizer, namely SD1 (powder dose 2 t ha-1), SD2 (powder dose 4 t ha-1), SD3 (powder dose 6 t ha-1), SD4 (powder dose 8 t ha-1), SD5 (powder dose 10 t/ha), GD1 (granule dose 2 t ha-1), GD2 (granule dose 4 t ha-1), GD3 (granule dose 6 t/ha), GD4 (granule dose 8 t ha-1) and GD5 (granule dose 10 t ha-1). The results showed that there was a significant difference in the interaction between form and dose of organic fertilizer only in the number of primary branches at 4 WAP (weeks after application) with the highest values was found in powder organic fertilizer at a dose of 8 t ha-1 and granules organic fertilizer at a dose 10 t ha-1. In addition, the application of powder organic fertilizer application had a higher plant height at 10-12 WAP as compared to the application of granule organic fertilizer.
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Updike, Dustin L., Stephanie J. Hachey, Jeremy Kreher, and Susan Strome. "P granules extend the nuclear pore complex environment in the C. elegans germ line." Journal of Cell Biology 192, no. 6 (March 14, 2011): 939–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201010104.
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The immortal and totipotent properties of the germ line depend on determinants within the germ plasm. A common characteristic of germ plasm across phyla is the presence of germ granules, including P granules in Caenorhabditis elegans, which are typically associated with the nuclear periphery. In C. elegans, nuclear pore complex (NPC)–like FG repeat domains are found in the VASA-related P-granule proteins GLH-1, GLH-2, and GLH-4 and other P-granule components. We demonstrate that P granules, like NPCs, are held together by weak hydrophobic interactions and establish a size-exclusion barrier. Our analysis of intestine-expressed proteins revealed that GLH-1 and its FG domain are not sufficient to form granules, but require factors like PGL-1 to nucleate the localized concentration of GLH proteins. GLH-1 is necessary but not sufficient for the perinuclear location of granules in the intestine. Our results suggest that P granules extend the NPC environment in the germ line and provide insights into the roles of the PGL and GLH family proteins.
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Kusuma, Sri Agung Fitri, Soraya Ratnawulan Mita, and Ratna Fitria Ermawati. "EFFECT OF MALTODEXTRIN RATIO TO KLUTUK BANANA FRUIT EXTRACT (MUSA BALBISIANA COLLA) COMBINED WITH ITS PSEUDOSTEM EXTRACT ON ANTI-DYSENTERY GRANULE PERFORMANCE AND EFFECTIVITY." International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics 10, no. 6 (November 22, 2018): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2018v10i6.29305.
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Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the best ratio of maltodextrin and extract concentration on performance of anti-dysentery granule containing Klutuk banana fruit extract (Musa balbisiana Colla) as an effective antimicrobial to treat dysentery caused by Shigella dysenteriae and combined with its pseudostem extract to supply potassium needed for supporting dehydration impact caused by dysentery.Methods: The dried fruit and pseudostem of the Klutuk banana plant were each extracted by maceration method. Each granule formula was optimized in different ratio of extract and maltodextrin concentration (1:2 (F1); 1:3 (F2); and 1:4 (F3) respectively. Then, the anti-shigellosis granule were formulated using the wet granulation method and evaluated for 30 d. The appearance of the granule, weight variation, loss on drying value, flowability, granule solubility, disintegration time, pH, and anti-dysentery activity of each formula was observed. The potassium content determination of each granule formula was done using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer method. Results: All formulated granules showed good flow properties and antidysentery activity. Concerning to the solubility, maltodextrin addition showed the increasing solubility of all formulated granule. The F3 achieved the best-improved granule characteristic and had good anti-dysentery effectivity, but had the lowest potassium content (0.362 g/l) among all formulas. The potassium content of F1 and F2 were 0.625 g/l and 0.444 g/l, respectively. Conclusion: Maltodextrin can improve the usefulness of granule that containing the Klutuk banana fruit and its pseudostem extracts in dysentery treatment and the dehydration impact.
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Howitt, Crispin A., Sadequr Rahman, and Matthew K. Morell. "Expression of bacterial starch-binding domains in Arabidopsis increases starch granule size." Functional Plant Biology 33, no. 3 (2006): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp05277.
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Starch is a readily renewable resource that is very widely used for food and industrial purposes; however, greater variation in the functional properties of starch would further extend the use of this biodegradable polymer. Genetic engineering may provide a way to produce designer starches that have the desired properties. Starch-binding domains (SBD) from bacterial enzymes that catabolise starches have the ability to bind two helices of starch and thus have the potential to crosslink starch and / or to be used as anchors for other enzymes that can modify starch properties. In a first step towards novel modification of starch we have investigated the effect of expressing SBDs, singly and in tandem, in planta, and targeting them to the chloroplast in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Transgenic plants that contained the SBD from the cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) of Thermoanaerobacterium thermosulfurigenes in the chloroplast were produced in both the wild type and the starch excess mutant (sex 1-1) backgrounds. Analysis of starch isolated from the chloroplasts of these lines revealed no significant changes in the amylose : amylopectin ratio, the chain-length distribution of debranched amylopectin or the gelatinisation temperature when compared to the parental line. However, significant changes were observed in the starch granule size with the plants expressing the construct having larger granules. The effect was more pronounced in the sex 1-1 background, and expression of two starch-binding domains linked in tandem had an even greater effect. Despite the starch granules being larger in lines expressing the starch-binding domain, no difference was seen in the starch content of the leaves when compared to parental lines. As the presence of the SBDs in the starch granule only altered granule size, and not other granule properties, they may provide an ideal anchor for targeting starch-modifying enzymes to the site of starch synthesis. This will allow the development of novel modifications of starch during synthesis.