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Academic literature on the topic 'Granule properties'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Granule properties"

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Rice, WG, JM Jr Kinkade, and RT Parmley. "High resolution of heterogeneity among human neutrophil granules: physical, biochemical, and ultrastructural properties of isolated fractions." Blood 68, no. 2 (August 1, 1986): 541–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v68.2.541.541.

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Abstract Previous studies on the fractionation of human neutrophil granules have identified two major populations: myeloperoxidase (MPO)-containing azurophil, or primary, granules and MPO-deficient specific, or secondary, granules. Peripheral blood neutrophils from individual donors were lysed in sucrose-free media by either hypotonic shock or nitrogen cavitation. Using a novel two-gradient Percoll density centrifugation system, the granule-rich postnuclear supernatant was rapidly (ten minutes) and reproducibly resolved into 13 granule fractions (L1 through L8 and H1 through H5). Granule flotation and recentrifugation experiments on both continuous, self-generated and multiple-step gradients using individual and mixed isolated fractions demonstrated that the banding patterns were isopycnic and nonartifactual. Isolated granules were intact based on the findings that biochemical latency of several granule enzymes was greater than 95%, and thin-sectioned electron micrographs demonstrated intact granule profiles. Biochemical analyses of the granule marker proteins MPO, beta-glucuronidase, lysozyme, and lactoferrin indicated that a number of the fractions were related to the major azurophil and specific granule populations. Lactoferrin was found in ten of 13 fractions (L1 through L8, H1 to H2), whereas MPO was found in every fraction. Consistent with these biochemical data, all fractions exhibited varying degrees of heterogeneity based on ultrastructural morphology and cytochemistry, including diaminobenzidine (DAB) reactivity for peroxidase and periodate-thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate (PA-TCH-SP) staining for complex glycoconjugates. A variable but significant percentage (23% to 70%) of the granules in fractions L1 through L8 and H1 and H2 showed DAB reactivity, while about 90% of the granules in fractions H3 through H5 were peroxidase positive. These results demonstrated that DAB-reactive granules spanned the entire range of granule size and density. Ultrastructural PA-TCH-SP staining of isolated granule fractions revealed patterns similar to those of granules in intact neutrophils at different stages of development. Granules from human acute promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60) exhibited a surprisingly low density compared with typical azurophil granules from normal, mature neutrophils. The data suggest that both functional and maturational differences contribute to granule heterogeneity, and provide a new practical and conceptual framework for further defining the phenomenon of neutrophil granule heterogeneity.
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2

Rice, WG, JM Jr Kinkade, and RT Parmley. "High resolution of heterogeneity among human neutrophil granules: physical, biochemical, and ultrastructural properties of isolated fractions." Blood 68, no. 2 (August 1, 1986): 541–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v68.2.541.bloodjournal682541.

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Previous studies on the fractionation of human neutrophil granules have identified two major populations: myeloperoxidase (MPO)-containing azurophil, or primary, granules and MPO-deficient specific, or secondary, granules. Peripheral blood neutrophils from individual donors were lysed in sucrose-free media by either hypotonic shock or nitrogen cavitation. Using a novel two-gradient Percoll density centrifugation system, the granule-rich postnuclear supernatant was rapidly (ten minutes) and reproducibly resolved into 13 granule fractions (L1 through L8 and H1 through H5). Granule flotation and recentrifugation experiments on both continuous, self-generated and multiple-step gradients using individual and mixed isolated fractions demonstrated that the banding patterns were isopycnic and nonartifactual. Isolated granules were intact based on the findings that biochemical latency of several granule enzymes was greater than 95%, and thin-sectioned electron micrographs demonstrated intact granule profiles. Biochemical analyses of the granule marker proteins MPO, beta-glucuronidase, lysozyme, and lactoferrin indicated that a number of the fractions were related to the major azurophil and specific granule populations. Lactoferrin was found in ten of 13 fractions (L1 through L8, H1 to H2), whereas MPO was found in every fraction. Consistent with these biochemical data, all fractions exhibited varying degrees of heterogeneity based on ultrastructural morphology and cytochemistry, including diaminobenzidine (DAB) reactivity for peroxidase and periodate-thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate (PA-TCH-SP) staining for complex glycoconjugates. A variable but significant percentage (23% to 70%) of the granules in fractions L1 through L8 and H1 and H2 showed DAB reactivity, while about 90% of the granules in fractions H3 through H5 were peroxidase positive. These results demonstrated that DAB-reactive granules spanned the entire range of granule size and density. Ultrastructural PA-TCH-SP staining of isolated granule fractions revealed patterns similar to those of granules in intact neutrophils at different stages of development. Granules from human acute promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60) exhibited a surprisingly low density compared with typical azurophil granules from normal, mature neutrophils. The data suggest that both functional and maturational differences contribute to granule heterogeneity, and provide a new practical and conceptual framework for further defining the phenomenon of neutrophil granule heterogeneity.
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3

Liu, Ai Jun, Gang Li, Ning Liu, Ke Bei Chen, and Hai Dong Yang. "Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, Sintering and Fracture Behavior of Ti(C, N) Based Cermets Granules/Ti(C, N) Based Cermets Composite." Key Engineering Materials 837 (April 2020): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.837.139.

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Effect of Ti (C,N) based cermets granule on the microstructure, mechanical properties, sintering and fracture behavior of Ti (C,N) based cermets was investigated. Results show that the Ti (C,N) based cermets granules distribute in the matrix homogeneously. A nanoindentation study was performed on hard phase and binder phase in the matrix and granule. With the increase of granules content, sintering properties is worse. With the increase of granules content, transverse rupture strength (TRS) and relative density decrease gradually, while the hardness has an opposite trend. The fracture toughness increases firstly with increasing granule, and then decreases with the further increase of granules. Higher fracture toughness of the cermets is mainly owing to the crack branch and higher fracture energy of coarse granule.
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4

Žurauskienė, Ramunė, Marina Valentukevičienė, and Raminta Žurauskaitė. "Filter Medias from Granulated Foam-glass, Properties Investigated for Water Treatment Possibilities." Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 9, no. 4 (September 11, 2017): 419–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2017.1056.

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Inorganic material – granulated foam-glass produced from glass breakage in small porous granule shape. Foam-glass is gotten by connecting thoroughly grounded glass with foamers, later this composition is heated in the furnace in especially high temperature and is turned into various diameter greyish granules. Granulated foam-glass is a unique ecological material of which inner structure pores are arranged in such a way that air is trapped inside. Foam-glass production technology is one of the most advanced since the product is made from secondary raw materials, not leaving any third row waste. From granule surface images it can be seen that granule surface has pores and voids, some of these pores are closed, others are connected with granule’s inner pores, all pore walls are smooth, and the wall material is vitrified. Pores and voids are arranged chaotically in smaller granules, bigger granules inner space structure is tidy, bigger part is occupied by correctly arranged bigger pores and space between them is filled with smaller pores. Granules are composed of amorphous phase, in mineralogical composition can emit one material cristobalite. In the work were researched two fraction granules: 0/2 and 2/4 as well as determined 0/4 fraction granular-metric composition. Researched and determined main physical granule properties and properties related to water effect to the material, shown in micro-structural granule surface and inner structure images. According to explored properties it can be noted that granules can be adapted in water cleaning technologies.
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Eckhard, Susanna, and Manfred Fries. "Influence of Different Suspension Properties on Internal Structure and Deformation Behavior of Spray Dried Ceramic Granules." Advances in Science and Technology 62 (October 2010): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.62.157.

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Three different batches of ceramic alumina granules were produced using a spray dryer in laboratory scale. The suspensions containing identical solid contents and amounts of binders were modified by adding nitric acid to get different stabilized conditions. The granules were analyzed concerning micro and macro structural properties by image analysis on specially prepared granule cross-sections. The investigated structure parameters were correlated with the studied mechanical properties using a commercially granule strength tester. Different measured fracture forces were explained by varied macro structures (parameter H, amount of hollow and homogeneous granules and average shell thickness) as a result of modified suspension properties.
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Nazarian-Firouzabadi, Farhad, Luisa M. Trindade, and Richard G. F. Visser. "Production of small starch granules by expression of a tandem-repeat of a family 20 starch-binding domain (SBD3-SBD5) in an amylose-free potato genetic background." Functional Plant Biology 39, no. 2 (2012): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp11150.

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Starch exists typically as semicrystalline granules of varying size. Granule size plays an important role for many industrial starch applications. Microbial non-catalytic starch binding domains (SBD) exhibit an affinity for starch granules on their own. Three different constructs were introduced in the amylose-free potato cultivar (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. amf) to investigate whether it is possible to produce smaller starch granules by an engineered, high-affinity, tandem-repeats of a family 20 starch-binding domain (SBD3, SBD4 and SBD5). A significant reduction in the size of starch granule was achieved in transgenic potato plants. Furthermore, it was shown that the SBDn expression can affect physical processes underlying granule assembly and the poorly understood granule formation. Expression of multiple linked SBDs resulted in amalgamated starch granules that consisted of many smaller granules. No significant alterations were observed with regard to rheological properties of starch granules.
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Etterer, T., and P. A. Wilderer. "Generation and properties of aerobic granular sludge." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 3 (February 1, 2001): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0114.

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A sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was used to investigate the generation of different granules cultured under aerobic and alternating anaerobic/aerobic conditions. The reactor was fed with synthetic wastewater. A substrate loading rate of 3.6 kg COD/ (m3 day) was applied. Granules of heterotrophic microorganisms were formed. After the first experimental period of 8 weeks the average granule diameter was 3.2 mm. In the second period, alternating anaerobic/aerobic conditions were applied to form granular sludge with an average diameter of 3.0 mm. An isopycnic centrifugation procedure was used to determine the characteristic density of the aerobic granular sludge. The average density of the granular sludge was 1.044 g/ml and 1.048 g/ml, respectively. In free-settling tests the final settling velocity of single aggregates was examined to estimate porosity. Settling velocities up to 2.0 cm/s could be measured. Calculations based on the experimental results showed an average granula porosity of 72% for the first run and 65% average porosity for the second run. This paper indicates the validity of general assumptions in free-settling tests.
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Won, Ji Hwan, and Seung Gu Kang. "Physical Properties and Microstructure of the Fly Ash Based-Geopolymer/Granule Composites." Applied Mechanics and Materials 680 (October 2014): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.680.54.

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In this research, the fly ash (F/A) discharged from a thermal power plant was recycled to manufacture geopolymer containing granules instead of sand. Several types of granules using fly ash were assessed. The properties of the geopolymer/granule composites were analyzed as a function of the crystalline phase and size of the granules, as well as the molding pressure. The compressive strength and density of the geopolymer composites containing the hydrated granules fabricated by hand-tapping were 5.7 MPa and 1.47 g/cm3, respectively, while composites created by pressure molding were 15.6 MPa and 1.73 g/cm3. These results are comparative or superior to those of commercial cement bricks (8 MPa according to KS F 4004). Therefore, the geopolymer/granule composites fabricated in this study can be applied to cement bricks and can be a base for the enhancement of the recycling rate of fly ash.
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9

Li, Wenyang, Peijin Wu, Dongping Zhang, and Shuhui Yan. "Granule size distribution and pasting properties of starch in normal, waxy and sweet maize kernels." Bangladesh Journal of Botany 49, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 949–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v49i4.52504.

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The granule size and pasting properties of starch and their relationship with quality of maize (Zea mays L.) was investigated. A clear bimodal distribution of granule sizes was found in six cultivars of maize. A number of starch granules were made up of small starch granules in kernels. Normal maize had a smaller proportion of granules <12 μm and a greater proportion of granules >12 μm, whereas sweet maize had a greater proportion of granules <12 μm and a smaller proportion of granules >12 μm. The peak, trough and breakdown viscosities were found higher in waxy maize and lower in sweet maize. The final and setback viscosities were found higher in normal maize and lower in sweet maize. The peak, trough, final and setback viscosities were significantly and negatively correlated to volume percentage of granules <12 μm and significantly positively correlated with the volume percentage of granules >12 μm.
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Garcia-Montero, A. C., I. De Dios, A. I. Rodriguez, A. Orfao, and M. A. Manso. "Adrenalectomy induces a decrease in the light scatter properties and amylase content of isolated zymogen granules from rat pancreas as analyzed by flow cytometry." Journal of Endocrinology 147, no. 3 (December 1995): 431–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1470431.

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Abstract The effect of glucocorticoid deprivation induced in male rats by adrenalectomy on the pancreatic zymogen granules was studied. Zymogen granules were purified from control, sham-operated and adrenalectomized animals studied 1, 3 and 7 days after surgery. The zymogen granules were characterized by flow cytometry, and in each granule the size (based on the forward or low angle light scatter (FSC) parameter), membrane complexity (based on side or 90° light scatter (SSC) parameter) and amylase content were evaluated. Amylase content/DNA ratio in pancreatic homogenates was also analyzed. The zymogen granules of the control rats were found to be distributed in two populations: a major one – R1 (95·45 ± 1·21%) – containing zymogen granules with a smaller mean size and complexity, and a minor population - R2 (4·45 ± 0·24%) – the granules of which had a mean size which was larger and more complex. At day +1 after adrenalectomy the zymogen granules were significantly (P<0·05) smaller than those of control animals. The R2 zymogen granules were similar to those from R1 as regards their size, but were more complex, suggesting that the immediate effect of glucocorticoid deprivation is to induce a depletion of the larger granules presumably belonging to the R2 population. The amount of amylase per granule did not vary at day +1 after adrenalectomy, although the amylase content/size ratio per granule was significantly (P<0·001) increased. This mechanism could be explained in terms of the existence of a bypass defined in the adrenalectomized animals between the granular content and cytosolic enzymes. Prolongation of the adrenalectomy period to 3 and 7 days resulted in a progressive increase in zymogen granule size and complexity, both parameters showing similar characteristics to those of the controls at day +7 after adrenalectomy. However, the percentage of zymogen granules within the R1 and R2 populations was clearly different from that of controls since the R2 population was much more numerous (11·25 ± 0·75% and 15·25 ± 1·15% (adrenalectomized rats at days +3 and +7 respectively) versus 4·45 ± 0·24% (controls)). An increase in the content of amylase per DNA was observed in adrenalectomized rats at day +1 although this transient effect cannot be related to glucocorticoid deprivation because it was also observed in sham-operated rats (day +1). However, a significant reduction, nearly 64%, in the amylase content/DNA ratio is produced by the absence of glucocorticoids 7 days after adrenalectomy and this is associated with a reduction in the content of amylase in each individual zymogen granule which reaches a minimum 3 days after adrenalectomy. It should be noted that, despite this, the enzyme concentration in each granule remains constant as there is a parallel decrease in the zymogen granule amylase content and size. Journal of Endocrinology (1995) 147, 431–440
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Granule properties"

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Heinze, Karsta. "From grain to granule : the biomechanics of wheat grain fractionation with a focus on the role of starch granules." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTS072/document.

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La culture du blé est l’une des plus importantes au monde. Le grain de blé est un matériau composite naturel dont la majeure partie est constituée d’albumen amylacé formé d’un assemblage compact de granules d’amidons (glucides) enchâssés dans une matrice protéique (gluten). Pour obtenir des produits comme la farine, la structure de l'albumen doit être fragmentée en broyant les grains sous des fortes contraintes. La quantité et la qualité des produits obtenus dépendent du comportement de l’albumen à la fragmentation. En raison de sa nature composite, le comportement rhéologique du grain est tributaires des propriétés mécaniques des phases qui le composent (granules, gluten, pores), de leurs interactions, ainsi que de leur distribution spatiale. Les granules d’amidons sont de formes relativement sphériques et de tailles micrométriques, tandis que les protéines sont organisées en un réseau entourant les granules. L'interaction entre l'amidon et ce réseau protéique est influencée par certaines protéines, les puroindolines, dont la présence et le type d’allèle sont contrôlées génétiquement. Si les gènes codant pour les puroindolines sont présents sous forme sauvages, la dureté meunière, c’est à dire l’aptitude à la fragmentation du grain est faible. L’origine de ce comportement est liée à une adhérence limitée entre matrice protéique et amidon. L'absence totale de puroindolines chez le blé dur conduit au contraire à une dureté très élevée des grains et à une forte adhérence. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier, à partir d’une approche multidisciplinaire, la biomécanique du fractionnement du grain de blé en mettant l'accent sur le rôle des granules d'amidon. Des échelles de taille différentes sont considérées : échelle micrométrique du granule et de la matrice protéique; agencement complexe de ces composants dans l'albumen et échelle millimétrique du grain. Ainsi, des expériences de broyage à l'échelle du grain ont été combinées avec des mesures nano-mécaniques par microscopie à force atomique (AFM) et des simulations numériques.Le comportement au broyage a été étudié en utilisant un micro-moulin instrumenté. Une comparaison a été effectuée entre des essais réalisés sur une variété de blé dur et sur la même variété dans laquelle ont été introduits les gènes codant pour les puroindolines. Un changement significatif du comportement mécanique des grains transformés, attribuable uniquement à la présence de puroindolines, a été observé - en termes d'énergie consommée, - de productivité en farine et - de taux d'amidon endommagé. Ces changements sont compatibles avec l'hypothèse d'une faible adhérence, entre granules d'amidon et matrice protéique, induite par la présence des puroindolines et montrent l'effet significatif de celles-ci sur le comportement à la fragmentation. Ces modifications de comportement mécanique peuvent être étudiées par des mesures AFM nano-mécaniques. Pour compléter des travaux antérieurs ayant permis la mesure des propriétés de l'amidon et du gluten, une méthode basée sur des mesures AFM en mode résonance de contact (CR-AFM) a été développée. Celle-ci permet de cartographier les propriétés directement à l'intérieur des granules d’amidon et prend en compte à travers un modèle théorique les variations importantes de topographie observées dans les sections de grains. Ces études CR-AFM de l'albumen ont ensuite porté sur les propriétés mécaniques des granules d'amidon d'origines botaniques différentes (céréales et légumineuses).Enfin, le rôle de la distribution bimodale en taille des granules d'amidon sur la fragmentation de l'albumen a été précisé à partir d’une étude numérique paramétrique détaillée. Les propriétés mécaniques élastiques et à la rupture ont été analysées en détail, ainsi que le rôle dominant de la ténacité des granules et de l'adhérence à l'interface sur l’endommagement de l’amidon
The wheat grain is a natural composite material of worldwide importance. The major part of the grain is the starchy endosperm. To obtain food products, such as flour, the endosperm’s compact structure needs to be disintegrated, which is achieved by milling the grains under high forces. The quantity and quality of the milling products notably depend on the fragmentation behaviour of the endosperm.Due to the endosperm’s composite nature, this behaviour depends strongly on the mechanical properties of its components and their interaction. The main components of the endosperm are carbohydrates and proteins. The carbohydrates are deposited as starch in the form of granules of micro-meter size, whereas proteins form a network (gluten), which surrounds the starch granules. The interactions between starch and proteins is believed to be influenced by certain non-gluten proteins (puroindolines), whose presence and allelic state are genetically controlled. If puroindoline genes are present in the wild-type form, grain hardness is low, which have been related to low starch-protein adhesion. The complete absence of puroindolines in the durum wheat species leads to very high grain hardness and indicates a strong adhesion.The aim of this thesis was to investigate the biomechanics of wheat grain fractionation with a focus on the role of the starch granules therein, which was pursued with a multi-disciplinary approach. Different size scales were considered, from the micro meter-sized structures of starch and protein, the complexity of their arrangement in the endosperm, up to the millimeter-sized grains. In this work, grain-scale milling experiments were combined with nano-mechanical measurements by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and numerical simulations.The milling behaviour of a transgenic durum wheat line, which contained puroindoline genes, was determined by grain scale milling experiments and compared to the milling behavior of non-modified durum wheat. A significant change of milling behavior of the transformed durum wheat grains was observed in terms of milling energy, flour yield and starch damage, which was solely attributable to the presence of puroindolines. The observed changes were consistent with the hypothesis of a lower adhesion between starch granules and protein matrix due to the presence of puroindolines and confirmed the significant effect of puroindolines on the fragmentation behaviour, independent of the grain’s genetic background.The change of fragmentation behaviour is a result of modifications of the mechanical properties of the endosperm’s components and/ or their interaction. Such modifications can be investigated by AFM nano-mechanical measurements. Based on previous work illuminating the global nano-mechanical properties of starch and gluten, contact-resonance AFM (CR-AFM) was applied to obtain maps of the nano-mechanical properties inside the grains. Due to the high topography variations of grain section surfaces and the non-trivial correlation between surface slope and contact resonance-frequency, which hindered a straight-forward interpretation of CR-AFM measurements, a practical method based on existing analytical models of the cantilever vibration was developed to correct the measurements. CR-AFM studies of the endosperm were then focused specifically on the mechanical properties of starch granules and the link to starch structure, and applied to the study of starches from wheat in comparison to plants from different botanical origin (other cereals and legumes).Finally, the role of starch granules, their size distribution, and mechanical properties on endosperm fragmentation was analysed by parametric numerical studies. The influence of the bi-modal size distribution of granules on the mesoscale mechanical properties was shown, as well as the governing role of granule toughness and interface adhesion on the granule damage
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2

Sims, Robert. "On the transmission properties of synapses made between granule cells and cerebellar Purkinje cells." Thesis, Aston University, 2003. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/11071/.

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In the cerebellar cortex, forms of both long-term depression (LTD) and long-term potentiation (LTP) can be observed at parallel fibre (PF) - Purkinje cell (PC) synapses. A presynaptic variant of cerebellar LTP can be evoked in PCs by raised frequency stimulation (RFS) of parallel fibre at 4-16Hz for 15s. This form of LTP is dependent on protein kinase A (PKA) and nitric oxide (NO), and can spread to distant synapses. Application of an extracellular NO scavenger, cPTIO, was found to prevent the spread of LTP to distant PF synapses in rat cerebellar slices. G-substrate may be an important mediator of the NO-dependent pathway for LTD. 8-16Hz RFS of PFs without a high concentration of calcium chelator in the postsynaptic cell evokes LTD. In cerebellar slices from wild-type and transgenic, G-substrate knockout mice, 8Hz RFS was applied to PFs, with a low concentration of postsynaptic calcium chelator. In PCs from wild-type mice, LTD predominated, whereas in those from transgenic mice LTP predominated. The ascending axon (AA) segment of the granule cell axon forms synapses with PCs as well as the PF segment. PPF and fluctuation analysis of EPSCs in rat PCs confirmed that the release sites of AA synapses have a greater probability of transmitter release than PF synapses. Furthermore, AA release sites have greater mean quantal amplitude than PF synapses, which is not due to a different type of postsynaptic receptor. AA synapses were found to have limited capacity to undergo the presynaptic variant of LTP, and were potentiated less than PF synapses in the presence of the PKA activator, forskolin. AA synapses also did not undergo the postsynaptic form of LTP, nor LTD induced by conjunctive stimulation of climbing fibre and PF.
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Chan, Yuen Cheung. "Quality evaluation and anti-chronic glomerulonephritis properties of a patent herbal drug yi-shen-hua-shi granule." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2020. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/825.

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Yi-Shen-Hua-Shi (YSHS) granule is a Chinese patent drug for treating chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN). It was marketed in 2009. However, up to now, there is no report about the quality and pharmacological activities of this product. In this work，we evaluated the quality and anti-CGN effects of the drug. To evaluate the quality of the granule, a qualitative and quantitative HPLC-DAD analytical method was developed. For qualitative analysis, HPLC fingerprint of ten batches of YSHS granule was established. The fingerprints were analyzed using similarity evaluation, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), principal components analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) based on 15 characteristic fingerprint peaks. Similarity values of 10-batche samples were all above 0.960, indicating a stable quality. Minor differences were observed among batches by HCA and PCA. For quantification analysis, contents of six constituents in the granule were simultaneously measured. To establish the chemical profile of the granule, a HPLC-Q-TOF- MS/MS method was developed. A total of 105 peaks were detected using HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS in the granule, of which, 99 were tentatively identified as terpenoids, flavonoids, coumarins, alkaloids, phenols and other types of compounds, and 15 were further validated with reference substances. HPLC fingerprint chromatogram establishment, quantification analysis of 6 constituents and compound identification should improve the quality control of YSHS granule. To study the pharmacological activities of the granule, we investigated its anti-CGN effects and TGFβ signaling-related mechanism of action. A CGN rat model was established by injection of cationization-bovine serum albumin (C-BSA) for five weeks. After C-BSA injection, drugs were intragastrically administered to the rats once daily for four weeks. Clinical signs were recorded daily. Urine and serum biochemical parameters were analyzed using respective kits. Protein levels were examined by Western blotting. Pathological changes of renal tissues were evaluated using HE and Masson's trichrome staining. No significant differences in body weights and clinical signs were found among normal, model and drug treatment groups. Proteinuria; albuminuria; increased urine volume; elevated creatinine, urea nitrogen, triglyceride levels and total cholesterol in serum; decreased serum total protein and albumin; as well as renal pathological damages and fibrosis were observed in CGN model rats. YSHS granule ameliorated all the abnormal behavioral and biochemical changes in the model rats. Mechanistic investigations revealed that YSHS granule down-regulated proteins levels of TGFβ1, phospho-Smad2/3 (Thr 8) and Smad4 in rat renal tissues. These findings indicate that the drug has anti-CGN effects in rats, and inhibiting TGFβ signaling contributes to the underlying mechanisms. In summary, our chemical analytical studies will help in improving the quality control of YSHS granule. Our bioactivity and mechanistic studies provide a pharmacological basis for the clinical use of the granule in treating CGN.
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Liu, Jing. "EFFECT OF AMYLOSE AND PROTEIN OXIDATION ON THE THERMAL, RHEOLOGICAL, STRUCTURAL, AND DIGESTIVE PROPERTIES OF WAXY AND COMMON RICE FLOURS AND STARCHES." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/animalsci_etds/23.

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The effects of oxidation by sodium hypochlorite (0, 0.8, 2, and 5%, NaOCl), the presence of endogenous proteins, and amylose content on waxy and common rice flours (WF, CF) and starches (WS, CS) were investigated in terms of in vitro starch digestibility, morphology and surface properties, and thermal and rheological characteristics. The concentration of NaOCl had an effect on all the samples including WF, CF, WS, and CS. The carbonyl and carboxyl group contents increased up to 25 and 10 folds (P < 0.05) of oxidized starches (WS, CS), respectively. Only mild oxidation (P < 0.05) occurred in flours (WF, WS). In addition, endogenous proteins were oxidized according to amino acid analysis and SDS–PAGE results. Glu+Gln, Gly, His, Arg, Tyr, and Lys were more sensitive to NaOCl oxidation. Disulfide bonds, hydrophobic force, and hydrogen bonds were involved in protein polymerization after NaOCl oxidative modification. In granular state, the in vitro starch digestibility of WF, WS, and CS decreased by 5% NaOCl oxidation. After gelatinization, only 2 and 5% oxidized WS had lower digestibility. Scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy further demonstrated that protein existed on the surface of starch granules and had aggregation by oxidation. X-ray diffraction patterns showed the crystallinity of 5% oxidized flours and starches was reduced compared with all their non-oxidized samples. Thermal and rheological properties were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry and rheometer, respectively. Starch gelatinization peak temperature of flours (WF, RF) was increased by 3 °C, but starches (WS, CS) had a significantly decrease by 8 °C. Viscoelastic patterns were dramatically changed by oxidation. Oxidized WF and CF had increased in both viscosity and elasticity by oxidation, whereas both WS and CS had significantly lower viscoelasticity after oxidative modification.
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Jayakody, J. A. Luckshman Priyadharshana. "The effect of acid hydrolysis on granular morphology and physicochemical properties of native cereal starch granules." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ62392.pdf.

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Paine, A. C. "Elastic properties of granular materials." Thesis, University of Bath, 1998. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245957.

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Stewart, James Alexander. "Engineering the properties of spray-dried detergent granules." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.548673.

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Griffith, J. D. "The drying and absorption properties of surfactant granules." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.599715.

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The work in this thesis contributes to an understanding of the evolution of the drying kinetics and internal microstructure of a model detergent paste (called a crutcher mix) during the spray drying stage in the manufacture of washing powders in order that the physical and cleaning properties of the final dried detergent powder can ultimately be more easily controlled and manipulated. Regularisation algorithms were developed and employed in conjunction with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and relaxometry techniques to characterise both the bulk and individual constituent components of crutcher mix. In addition, novel 2-D relaxation methods were applied and used to characterise the sizes of the different phase domains within crutcher mix. The in-situ drying of crutcher mix has been investigated using NMR. Large samples have been studied to identify the changes in bulk properties, whilst studies on individual 10 µl droplets mimic the material geometry in an industrial spray dryer. Quantitative imaging and relaxometry experiments have been used to show that the drying is in the failing rate regime throughout and to deduce that there is preferential drying of the water-rich phase over the surfactant-rich phase. Novel rapid pulsed field gradient (PFG) experiments have been destroyed and then used to probe the dynamic evolution of the internal microstructure during drying. A parameter free model describing the drying of single detergent pate droplets has been established and compared favourably to experimental data. The model has been expanded to provide very preliminary simulations of the drying conditions within industrial spray dryers. A feasibility study looking into the use of NMR to study the absorption properties of the dried granular detergent product was also conducted.  The ingress of water into a compacted detergent tablet has been monitored through the acquisition of 1-D image profiles of the water content and shown to exhibit Case II diffusion characteristics.
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Uthus, Lillian. "Deformation Properties of Unbound Granular Aggregates." Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-1628.

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This thesis discusses the resilient and permanent deformation properties of unbound granular aggregates for use in road structures. One of the objectives of the thesis is to identify the influence of the physical properties of the aggregate grains, such as grain size, grain shape, surface texture, mineralogy and mechanical strength through cyclic load triaxial testing. A second objective is to study the effect of water on the deformation properties of materials as well as their frost susceptibility. The third objective is to study the effect of micromechanical properties using a discrete element model (DEM).

Deformation in unbound granular materials under cyclic loading is divided into a resilient (recoverable) part and a plastic part that does not recover. The elastic strain represents the denominator in the resilient modulus and the non-recoverable strain results in permanent deformations over time. As the resilient response is non-linear, the resilient deformations may be interpreted using several models for curve fitting. Two of the simplest models are the k-θ model and Uzans model. The interpretation of the permanent deformation behaviour of unbound aggregates is complicated, as there is a need for a failure criterion to define when the material is at a failure stage. Two methods used for interpretation of the permanent deformations are mentioned in Chapter 3 of this thesis; the Shakedown approach and the “Coulomb approach”.

Many factors are known to affect the deformation properties in unbound materials. In this thesis the effect of most of these factors is investigated in the six papers. In Chapter 4 the influence of the different factors is discussed on the basis of the results from the papers and findings in the literature. Cyclic load triaxial testing has been the main method to test the deformation properties of the selected unbound materials. This is so far one of the best methods for laboratory simulation of traffic loading.

Discrete element modelling is performed to gain a better understanding of the deformation properties of unbound aggregates tested in a triaxial apparatus under cyclic loading. This method provides useful information about the contact mechanics between neighbouring particles and the interaction of the grains. In addition, unbound spherical aggregates have been tested in the laboratory using a triaxial apparatus.

The main factors studied in this thesis are the influence of grain shape, grain size distribution, fines content, mineralogy, dry density and water content. Useful information about these key factors has been obtained. However, there is still work to do in order to utilize the conclusions directly in a pavement design system.

The dry density, degree of saturation and stress level seem to be key parameters for determining the deformation behaviour, but mineralogy, fines content and grain size distribution are also of importance. Regarding the practical consequences, the results show that mineralogy, fines content and grain size distribution must be given more attention in the pavement design manuals. More effort should also be placed on the compaction control phase in situ, in order to avoid initial rutting in the road structure.

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Diaz, Begoña Ruiz. "Magnetic properties of granular magnetic materials." Thesis, University of York, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.428429.

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Books on the topic "Granule properties"

1

Cullen, Nora. The effects of acetate on the membrane properties of rat hippocampal dentate granule cells and its interaction with adenosine. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1990.

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Technology, Canada Centre For Mineral and Energy Technology Mineral and Energy. Anisotropic Properties Study of Lac du Bonnet Granite Specimens. S.l: s.n, 1986.

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A, Otooni Monde, ed. Grain size and mechanical properties: Fundamentals and applications : symposium held November 27-December 2, 1994, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Pittsburgh, Pa: Materials Research Society, 1995.

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Produkteigenschaften ultrafeiner Partikel: Mikromechanik, Fliess- und Kompressionsverhalten kohäsiver Pulver. Leipzig: Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2009.

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Marre, Jacques. The structural analysis of granitic rocks. New York: Elsevier, 1986.

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William, Leith, and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Composition and physical properties of granitic rocks from the NRDC/SAS seismic station sites, Eastern Kazakh SSR. [Reston, VA]: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1991.

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Ross, Donald Clarence. Magnetic susceptibilities of modally analyzed granitic rocks from the southern Sierra Nevada, California. [Menlo Park, Calif.]: U.S. Geological Survey, 1989.

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Ross, Donald Clarence. Magnetic susceptibilities of modally analyzed granitic rocks from the southern Sierra Nevada, California. [Menlo Park, Calif.]: U.S. Geological Survey, 1989.

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Bernard, Cambou, Jean Michel, and Radjai Farhang, eds. Micromechanics of granular materials. London: ISTE, 2009.

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Tejchman, Jacek. Finite element modeling of shear localization in granular bodies in hypoplasticity with enhancements. Gdańsk: Gdańsk University of Technology Publishers, 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "Granule properties"

1

Jambhekar, Sunil S. "Bioavailability and Granule Properties." In Handbook of Pharmaceutical Granulation Technology, 641–56. 4th ed. Fourth edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, 2021. | Series: Drugs and the pharmaceutical sciences: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429320057-22-26.

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Moorthy, S. N., M. S. Sajeev, R. P. K. Ambrose, and R. J. Anish. "Sweet potato." In Tropical tuber starches: structural and functional characteristics, 61–84. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781786394811.0061.

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Abstract This book chapter outlines the extraction and purification, physiochemical properties (i.e. biochemical characteristics, amylose and amylopectin content), structural properties (i.e. granule morphology, XRD and starch crystallinity, structure of amylose and amylopectin), functional properties (i.e. swelling pattern and solubility, viscosity, rheological property, retrogradation), thermal properties (i.e. DSC), and digestibility of sweet potatoes.
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Hori, Muneo, Jian Chen, Supprasert Sument, Lalith Wijerathne, and Tsuyoshi Ichimura. "Effects of Local Spin on Overall Properties of Granule Materials." In Micromechanics and Nanomechanics of Composite Solids, 371–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52794-9_13.

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Andersson, Karin M., and Lennart Bergström. "Aqueous Processing of WC-Co Powders: Suspension Preparation and Granule Properties." In Ceramic Transactions Series, 93–107. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118406861.ch10.

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Eckhard, Susanna, Sören Höhn, and Manfred Fries. "Correlations Between Suspension Formulation, Drying Parameters, Granule Structure, and Mechanical Properties of Spray Dried Ceramic Granules." In Process-Spray, 383–448. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32370-1_11.

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Furukawa, Makoto, Tadashi Hotta, Hiroya Abe, Makio Naito, and Kenji Okamoto. "Effects of Slurry Preparation Conditions on Granule Properties and the Strength of Alumina Ceramics." In Ceramic Transactions Series, 73–79. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118406038.ch10.

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Hamaguchi, C., T. Matsuoka, and K. Taniguchi. "Optical Properties of Short Period Superlattices." In Granular Nanoelectronics, 463–89. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3689-9_29.

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Garzó, Vicente. "Transport Properties for Driven Granular Gases." In Granular Gaseous Flows, 361–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04444-2_10.

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Lourenço, Sérgio D. N., Yunesh Saulick, Zheng Shuang, Xin Xing, Lin Hongjie, Yang Hongwei, Yao Ting, Liu Deyun, and Qi Rui. "Hydrophobized Granular Materials for Ground Infrastructure." In Materials with Extreme Wetting Properties, 153–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59565-4_7.

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Lafait, J., and S. Berthier. "Optical Properties of Granular Solids." In Nanophase Materials, 449–69. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1076-1_49.

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Conference papers on the topic "Granule properties"

1

Artyukhov, Artem, Andrii Ivaniia, Roman Galenin, Jan Krmela, and Liudmyla Batsenko. "Modification of the Porous Ammonium Nitrate Granules: Impact of the Modifier Type on the Granule Nanoporous Structure." In 2019 IEEE 9th International Conference Nanomaterials: Applications & Properties (NAP). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nap47236.2019.216984.

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Artyukhov, Artem, Andrii Ivaniia, and Andrii Voznyi. "The meso- and macropores generating process via modification of NH4NO3 granules: Thermodynamic regime impact on the granule structure." In 2017 IEEE 7th International Conference "Nanomaterials: Application & Properties" (NAP). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nap.2017.8190240.

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Rahmanian, Nejat, Mojtaba Ghadiri, Yulong Ding, Xiaodong Jia, Masami Nakagawa, and Stefan Luding. "Effect of Primary Particle Size on the Granule Properties." In POWDERS AND GRAINS 2009: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 6TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MICROMECHANICS OF GRANULAR MEDIA. AIP, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3179906.

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Maddox, John F., Roy W. Knight, and Sushil H. Bhavnani. "Non-uniform thermal properties of an alumina granule/epoxy potting compound." In 2010 12th IEEE Intersociety Conference on Thermal and Thermomechanical Phenomena in Electronic Systems (ITherm). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itherm.2010.5501342.

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Somton, K., K. Dateraksa, P. Laoratanakul, and R. McCuiston. "Shrinkage and properties of die pressed alumina produced from different granule sources." In THE SECOND MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY OF THAILAND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE. AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0023313.

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KANG, KI-WEON, HEE-JIN SHIM, JUNG-KYU KIM, and JONG-BU PARK. "AN ANALYSIS FOR MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF RUBBER GRANULE LAYER OF SYNTHETIC SURFACED TRACK." In Proceedings of the International Conference on ANDE 2007. World Scientific Publishing Company, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812790194_0116.

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Pamungkas, Regawa Bayu, Bakti Jos, Mohammad Djaeni, and Ken Arus Dwi Saputri. "Granulation processing variables on the physical properties of granule slow release urea fertilizer." In PROCEEDINGS OF 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CHEMICAL PROCESS AND PRODUCT ENGINEERING (ICCPPE) 2019. AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5140952.

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Artyukhov, Artem, Andrii Ivaniia, Andrii Ol'khovyk, and Jan Krmela. "Investigation of 3D Nanoporous Structure Formation Process Controlling Mechanisms on the Surface and Inside the Granule of Ammonium Nitrate." In 2018 IEEE 8th International Conference Nanomaterials: Application & Properties (NAP). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nap.2018.8915119.

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Maklusova, Marina Sergeevna, Maria Konstantinovna Kosheleva, and Olga Roaldovna Dornyak. "Modeling of kinetics of drying process of polycaproamide granules considering its sorption properties." In 21st International Drying Symposium. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ids2018.2018.7553.

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The object of research is a fiber-forming polymer - polycaproamide. The process of drying of polycaproamide granules, after aqueous extraction of low-molecular compounds from them, is an important stage of producing of polyamide fiber nylon and largely determines the quality of the target product. To obtain a high-quality fiber, the drying of the granules should provide a sufficiently high degree of its dehydration. The average final moisture content of the material should be no more than 0.1%. With a low moisture content, the drying process slows down, so the calculation of the kinetics of dewatering of granules can not be carried out using a constant effective mass-transfer coefficient (moisture diffusion). In this paper we present a calculation technique for determining two local parameters of mass transfer: the water diffusion coefficient in polycaproamide (as a liquid) and the so-called criterion for phase transitions, which depend on the moisture content of the material and are determined by its sorption properties. The report presents the results of numerical calculations illustrating the development of two-dimensional fields of moisture content, temperature, pressure and vapor concentration in the vapor-gas phase for cylindrical granules in convective drying. To describe the processes of heat and mass transfer during the drying of granules, a nonstationary nonlinear 2D model is used that includes transport equations averaged over the microvolume of the material: the liquid phase transfer equation; heat equation; equation for vapor-gas phase pressure; equation for the concentration of the vapor component. The nonstationary nonlinear conjugate mathematical model is studied numerically. A feature of the presented model is the possibility of an analytical calculation of the local mass transfer coefficients of a liquid, taking into account the sorption properties of the material, the permeability coefficient and the local values ​​of humidity and temperature. Determination of the local coefficients of moisture transfer is carried out on the basis of the formulas obtained in the analysis of a more general mathematical model of heat and mass transfer carried out based on the mechanics of multiphase systems developed in the works of R.I. Nigmatulin, and S. Whitaker. The structure of the samples was investigated by three independent methods in order to obtain the most complete idea of ​​it and to compare the obtained characteristics. The isotherms of the sorption of polycaproamide were obtained experimentally on a vacuum sorption plant with Mac-Ben-Bakr weights. Comparison of the results of mathematical modeling of heat and mass transfer in the granule and data of the laboratory experiment on the kinetics of polycaproamide granule drying showed good agreement between the calculated and experimental data. The constructed mathematical model allows to form energy-efficient resource-saving regimes for drying granules of polycaproamide.Keywords: convective drying, mathematical modeling, polycaproamide.
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Sánchez, E., C. Felíu, P. Carpio, E. Bannier, R. Moreno, M. C. Alcázar, M. D. Salvador, R. Benavente, and V. Bonache. "Reconstitution of Yttria-Stabilised Zirconia Nanopowders to Obtain Coatings by Atmospheric Plasma Spraying." In ITSC2011, edited by B. R. Marple, A. Agarwal, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, C. J. Li, R. S. Lima, and A. McDonald. DVS Media GmbH, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2011p0662.

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Abstract Yttria-stabilised zirconia (YSZ) coatings were deposited on austenitic stainless steel coupons from nanostructured powders using atmospheric plasma spraying (APS). Two suspensions of YSZ nanoparticles were used as starting material: a diluted commercial suspension and a highly concentrated in-house prepared suspension (obtained by adding an YSZ submicronic powder to the diluted suspension). Both suspensions were reconstituted into sprayable micrometric granules. The reconstitution process was performed by spray drying, followed by a thermal treatment in order to reduce porosity and enhance agglomerate sinterability. The reconstituted powders were characterised by XRD, SEM, granule and pore sizing techniques, and a flowability evaluation. The effect of suspension characteristics on granule morphology and porosity was examined. The reconstituted powders were successfully deposited, yielding well-bonded coatings. The coating microstructure was characterised by XRD and SEM. Mechanical properties and erosion resistance were also determined. Coating microstructure consisted of semi-molten feedstock agglomerates surrounded by fully molten areas that acted as binders. The influence of feed powder characteristics on coating microstructure and properties was also studied.
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Reports on the topic "Granule properties"

1

Jackson, R. Anisotropic properties study of Lac du Bonnet granite specimens: report #4. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/325971.

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Jackson, R. Anisotropic properties study of Lac du Bonnet granite specimens: report #6. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328603.

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Jackson, R. Anisotropic properties study of Lac du Bonnet granite specimens: report #7. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328602.

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Jackson, R. Anisotropic properties study of Lac du Bonnet granite specimens: report #5. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/325744.

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Olsson, W. A. Quasi-static and dynamic mechanical properties of a granite and a sandstone. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5644326.

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Lau, J. S. O., and B. Gorski. Effect of water saturation on some mechanical properties of the Lac du Bonnet pink granite. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328715.

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Matsushima, Takashi. Effect of Grain Scale Properties on Bulk Deformation of Granular Deposits Due to High Speed Projectile Impact. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada574534.

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Fresquez, P. R., W. R. Velasquez, and L. Jr Naranjo. Effects of the Cerro Grande Fire (Smoke and Fallout Ash) on Soil Chemical Properties Within and Around Los Alamos National Laboratory. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/775835.

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Friedman, Shmuel, Jon Wraith, and Dani Or. Geometrical Considerations and Interfacial Processes Affecting Electromagnetic Measurement of Soil Water Content by TDR and Remote Sensing Methods. United States Department of Agriculture, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580679.bard.

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Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) and other in-situ and remote sensing dielectric methods for determining the soil water content had become standard in both research and practice in the last two decades. Limitations of existing dielectric methods in some soils, and introduction of new agricultural measurement devices or approaches based on soil dielectric properties mandate improved understanding of the relationship between the measured effective permittivity (dielectric constant) and the soil water content. Mounting evidence indicates that consideration must be given not only to the volume fractions of soil constituents, as most mixing models assume, but also to soil attributes and ambient temperature in order to reduce errors in interpreting measured effective permittivities. The major objective of the present research project was to investigate the effects of the soil geometrical attributes and interfacial processes (bound water) on the effective permittivity of the soil, and to develop a theoretical frame for improved, soil-specific effective permittivity- water content calibration curves, which are based on easily attainable soil properties. After initializing the experimental investigation of the effective permittivity - water content relationship, we realized that the first step for water content determination by the Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) method, namely, the TDR measurement of the soil effective permittivity still requires standardization and improvement, and we also made more efforts than originally planned towards this objective. The findings of the BARD project, related to these two consequential steps involved in TDR measurement of the soil water content, are expected to improve the accuracy of soil water content determination by existing in-situ and remote sensing dielectric methods and to help evaluate new water content sensors based on soil electrical properties. A more precise water content determination is expected to result in reduced irrigation levels, a matter which is beneficial first to American and Israeli farmers, and also to hydrologists and environmentalists dealing with production and assessment of contamination hazards of this progressively more precious natural resource. The improved understanding of the way the soil geometrical attributes affect its effective permittivity is expected to contribute to our understanding and predicting capability of other, related soil transport properties such as electrical and thermal conductivity, and diffusion coefficients of solutes and gas molecules. In addition, to the originally planned research activities we also investigated other related problems and made many contributions of short and longer terms benefits. These efforts include: Developing a method and a special TDR probe for using TDR systems to determine also the soil's matric potential; Developing a methodology for utilizing the thermodielectric effect, namely, the variation of the soil's effective permittivity with temperature, to evaluate its specific surface area; Developing a simple method for characterizing particle shape by measuring the repose angle of a granular material avalanching in water; Measurements and characterization of the pore scale, saturation degree - dependent anisotropy factor for electrical and hydraulic conductivities; Studying the dielectric properties of cereal grains towards improved determination of their water content. A reliable evaluation of the soil textural attributes (e.g. the specific surface area mentioned above) and its water content is essential for intensive irrigation and fertilization processes and within extensive precision agriculture management. The findings of the present research project are expected to improve the determination of cereal grain water content by on-line dielectric methods. A precise evaluation of grain water content is essential for pricing and evaluation of drying-before-storage requirements, issues involving energy savings and commercial aspects of major economic importance to the American agriculture. The results and methodologies developed within the above mentioned side studies are expected to be beneficial to also other industrial and environmental practices requiring the water content determination and characterization of granular materials.
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Shmulevich, Itzhak, Shrini Upadhyaya, Dror Rubinstein, Zvika Asaf, and Jeffrey P. Mitchell. Developing Simulation Tool for the Prediction of Cohesive Behavior Agricultural Materials Using Discrete Element Modeling. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7697108.bard.

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The underlying similarity between soils, grains, fertilizers, concentrated animal feed, pellets, and mixtures is that they are all granular materials used in agriculture. Modeling such materials is a complex process due to the spatial variability of such media, the origin of the material (natural or biological), the nonlinearity of these materials, the contact phenomenon and flow that occur at the interface zone and between these granular materials, as well as the dynamic effect of the interaction process. The lack of a tool for studying such materials has limited the understanding of the phenomena relevant to them, which in turn has led to energy loss and poor quality products. The objective of this study was to develop a reliable prediction simulation tool for cohesive agricultural particle materials using Discrete Element Modeling (DEM). The specific objectives of this study were (1) to develop and verify a 3D cohesionless agricultural soil-tillage tool interaction model that enables the prediction of displacement and flow in the soil media, as well as forces acting on various tillage tools, using the discrete element method; (2) to develop a micro model for the DEM formulation by creating a cohesive contact model based on liquid bridge forces for various agriculture materials; (3) to extend the model to include both plastic and cohesive behavior of various materials, such as grain and soil structures (e.g., compaction level), textures (e.g., clay, loam, several grains), and moisture contents; (4) to develop a method to obtain the parameters for the cohesion contact model to represent specific materials. A DEM model was developed that can represent both plastic and cohesive behavior of soil. Soil cohesive behavior was achieved by considering tensile force between elements. The developed DEM model well represented the effect of wedge shape on soil behavior and reaction force. Laboratory test results showed that wedge penetration resistance in highly compacted soil was two times greater than that in low compacted soil, whereas DEM simulation with parameters obtained from the test of low compacted soil could not simply be extended to that of high compacted soil. The modified model took into account soil failure strength that could be changed with soil compaction. A three dimensional representation composed of normal displacement, shear failure strength and tensile failure strength was proposed to design mechanical properties between elements. The model based on the liquid bridge theory. An inter particle tension force measurement tool was developed and calibrated A comprehensive study of the parameters of the contact model for the DEM taking into account the cohesive/water-bridge was performed on various agricultural grains using this measurement tool. The modified DEM model was compared and validated against the test results. With the newly developed model and procedure for determination of DEM parameters, we could reproduce the high compacted soil behavior and reaction forces both qualitatively and quantitatively for the soil conditions and wedge shapes used in this study. Moreover, the effect of wedge shape on soil behavior and reaction force was well represented with the same parameters. During the research we made use of the commercial PFC3D to analyze soil tillage implements. An investigation was made of three different head drillers. A comparison of three commonly used soil tillage systems was completed, such as moldboard plow, disc plow and chisel plow. It can be concluded that the soil condition after plowing by the specific implement can be predicted by the DEM model. The chisel plow is the most economic tool for increasing soil porosity. The moldboard is the best tool for soil manipulation. It can be concluded that the discrete element simulation can be used as a reliable engineering tool for soil-implement interaction quantitatively and qualitatively.
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