Journal articles: 'Granulation'

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Kusuma, Maria Asel Pranoto, Feni Mutiara Lasniroha Sagala, Tutuk Djoko Kusworo, and Satrio Dwi Laksono. "Performance Evaluation of Rotary Dryer and Granulator in NPK Steam Granulation Plant Production Department of IIB PT Petrokimia Gresik." Jurnal Global Ilmiah 1, no. 5 (February 3, 2024): 287–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.55324/jgi.v1i5.44.

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PT. Petrokimia Gresik, a subsidiary of Indonesian fertilizer company PT. Indonesian Fertilizer, has three main plants: Production I, II, and III. Production IIB consists of production units Phonska IV, NPK Granulation II, III, and IV and ZK. Granulated NPK II Fertilizer is a processing unit that meets quality standards. The process involves feeding raw materials, preparing slurries, granulating, drying, screening, cooling, and screening. Supporting materials include powder coating, oil coating, and pigment. The granulation stage is crucial, where raw materials are agglomerated. The NPK Granulation Department of IIB uses various equipment, including a rotary dryer with a thermal efficiency of 79.997%. The total mass balance for the granulator, dryer, cooler, screen, and coater in NPK Granulation II for 15-15-15 fertilizer formula is 1058,096 tons/day.

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TAKEBAYASHI, Kei H. "Granulation and Granulator." Journal of the Japan Society of Colour Material 66, no. 6 (1993): 361–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4011/shikizai1937.66.361.

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Ławińska, Katarzyna, Remigiusz Modrzewski, and Andrzej Obraniak. "Comparison of Granulation Methods for Tannery Shavings." Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe 28, no. 5(143) (October 31, 2020): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.2396.

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The work presents a comparison of methods of granulating waste – tannery shavings – from the leather industry. This waste is often used for the production of leather composites, but it creates a number of problems in transport and storage. It seems that granulation of this waste together with mineral additives needed in their further processing is a solution. However, the traditional method of granulation involving the gradual moistening of a loose deposit on a moving surface of the granulator does not give the desired results for the granulation of material with such unusual physical properties. Therefore, new methods have been proposed to eliminate the disadvantages and limitations of traditional granulation. The methods proposed differ in the way the binder liquid and mineral material are applied. They consist in soaking the shavings with binding liquid beforehand, removing excess liquid, and then granulating the wet pulp with the addition of selected fine-grained mineral material. Analysis of the results was based on a comparison of the granulometric compositions and compressive strength of the agglomerates obtained.

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Leszczuk, Tomasz. "Evaluation of the Fertilizer Granules Strength Obtained from Plate Granulation with Different Angle of Granulation Blade." Acta Mechanica et Automatica 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ama-2014-0025.

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Abstract The goal of the paper was to assess the strength of the fertilizer granules obtained by non-pressure granulation method. The granulation process was carried out in plate granulator, according to the three-level experiment plan. A mixture of raw materials prepared in a Polish factory of agrochemicals for agriculture and horticulture was used as a study material and water was used as a wetting liquid. Granulator design parameters and process parameters were treated as entrance sizes of the experiment. Three different angles of granulation blade were used in experiments. This paper presents: the results of study of equivalent diameter size and the impact of changes in the angle of granulating blade on the strength of obtained granulate. Pfost apparatus and a set of sieves used in granulometric sieve were utilized in this study. A relation was suggested P∞ = f(α, ϰ, n, ww, t). The results were presented in the form of graphs and tables. Conclusions were presented.

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Nadhem, Al-Khyatt Muhamad, Vsevolod Sklabinskyi, Ruslan Ostroha, Maksym Skydanenko, Mykola Yukhymenko, Jozef Bocko, Denys Ostroha, Dmitry Zabitsky, Oleksii Moskalchuk, and Andrii Serhiienko. "Study of temperature changes in mineral fertiliser granules after contact with air in a granulation tower." Technology audit and production reserves 4, no. 3(72) (August 31, 2023): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2706-5448.2023.286693.

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The object of research is the process of granulation of nitrogen mineral fertilizers by the method of sprinkling. One of the most problematic areas is the lack of certainty regarding the dynamics of the temperature change of the granule when it is cooled by air in the granulation tower. The paper considers the process of urea granulation using a rotating vibrating granulator. The scheme of the rotating vibrating granulator as part of the experimental stand for granulating liquid urea is presented, the method of conducting experimental studies and the design parameters of the granulator are described. It is indicated that in the process of experimental research, the temperatures of the melt, granules and cooling air were recorded. It is emphasized that the contact of the cooling air with the flow of hot granules leads to a constant increase in air temperature due to the heat transferred from the granules, which makes it necessary to determine the final temperature of the air leaving the granulation tower. For this purpose, a mathematical model was developed and calculation equations were obtained to determine the temperature of the air in contact with the surface of the pellet and the temperature profile inside the pellet. Numerical calculations of the calculation equations made it possible to obtain temperature profiles of the granule along its radius. It is emphasized that the theoretically obtained temperature profile cannot be an accurate indicator of the real temperature of the pellet when it falls in the granulation tower. Analysis of the calculated results shows that the temperature of the granules in the lower part of the granulation tower is 60–62 °C. This temperature corresponds to the practically confirmed final temperature of the granule, which was measured on the experimental stand.

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Rodrigues, Laís Maia, Ricardo Francisco Pires, and Davi Leonardo de Souza. "Study of Granulated Gypsum Hardness Coming from the Granulation Process in Rotating Disk." Materials Science Forum 899 (July 2017): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.899.160.

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The granulation process is a unit operation with broad application in the fertilizer industry. The granular fertilizer has a better physical appearance, facility of agricultural application and elimination of fugitive dust in the production and bagging units. Phosphogypsum is a residue from the production of phosphate fertilizers. It known that for every 1 t of phosphate fertilizer produced, about 4 t of phosphogypsum are obtained, causing problems in storage and risks to the environment. Such problems may be minimized by granulating the waste phosphogypsum and using it in agriculture. This work aims at the construction of a laboratory-scale rotating disk granulator with a pre-established combination of reagents to promote granulation of the waste from phosphate fertilizer production. For construction of the equipment a theoretical study was performed in order to establish the principal variables influencing the granulation technique and the dimensions required for building the granulator. The equipment attained the expected results and the disc speed (22 to 250 rpm) and disc inclination (0 to 90 degrees) can be manipulated. In this paper three binders used were: Manioc starch, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), each at three different concentrations. The tests were conducted using a rotating disk granulator and hardness tests on a universal mechanical testing machine. The figures of merit used in this study were percentage particle size, hardness and sphericity of the granules obtained. With the analysis of the data, it can be concluded that the granulation process was adequate, considering the settings employed.

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Upton, Margaret L., and Roy O. Weller. "The morphology of cerebrospinal fluid drainage pathways in human arachnoid granulations." Journal of Neurosurgery 63, no. 6 (December 1985): 867–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1985.63.6.0867.

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✓ Arachnoid granulations and villi from 23 brains from subjects aged 9 to 84 years were examined post mortem by serial sections with the light microscope and as whole or fractured preparations in the scanning electron microscope. The object of the study was to investigate the pathways within the arachnoid granulations by which cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drains from the subarachnoid space to the sinus endothelium. At the base of each granulation, a thin neck of arachnoid projects through an aperture in the dural lining of the sinus and expands to form a core of collagenous trabeculae and interwoven channels. An apical cap of arachnoid cells, about 150 µm thick, surmounts the collagenous core, and channels extend through the cap to reach subendothelial regions of the granulation. Channels within the granulation are lined by compacted collagen and may contain macrophages. Following recent subarachnoid hemorrhage, erythrocytes are found in the channels, suggesting that the channels are in continuity with the subarachnoid space and are CSF drainage pathways. The cap region of the granulation is only attached to the endothelium over an area 300 µm in diameter; the rest of the granulation core is separated from the endothelium by a subdural space and a fibrous dural cupola. Scanning electron microscopy reveals an intact endothelial surface to the granulations with small perforating venous channels present on the apex of some granulations. The differences between human arachnoid granulations and arachnoid villi in animals are discussed, together with preliminary observations regarding the transition of villi into granulations in man.

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Handayani, Dian Purnami, Wahyudi Budi Sediawan, Daniel Timotius, and Mitha Puspitasari. "Distribusi Ukuran Granul dari Tepung Singkong dengan Tepung Tapioka sebagai Pengikat pada Rotary Drum Granulator." Eksergi 20, no. 2 (July 3, 2023): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31315/e.v20i2.9170.

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Granulation is a process of monoparticle attachment with a particular mechanism to form a bigger and compact particle which is called granule. Granulation application has been used on many industries like pharmacy and agriculture industries. Research about granulation has been done continuously to get predictive models for various cases. The model which is only applicable to the specific material used in this research is expected to be useful to optimize the perfomances of the granulator in the industries. This research aims to develop the kinetics model of granule size distribution of cassava flour and its connection to granulation time by varying the mass of tapioca starch as the binder in rotary drum granulator. 2 grams of Cassava flour and tapioca starch were mixed in the rotary drum granulator and then water was sprayed during the granulation process. The duration of granulation were 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 minutes. The variations of mass of the binder used in this research were 1, 1,5, and 2 gram. The granules were dried in the oven at 80°C until 30 minutes, and afterwards the granules were screened through various screen layers with different mesh size. The results of this research show that binder mass variations do not influence the layering rate of granule, and the increase of binder mass will decrease the birth rate.

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Dhari Jawad, Alaa, Ibrahim Richeh, and Ahmed Saleh. "DETERMINATION OF THE OPTIMUM OPERATING CONDITIONS IN THE GRANULATION OF GAMMA ALUMINA CATALYST SUPPORT." Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 11, no. 4 (December 30, 2010): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31699/ijcpe.2010.4.1.

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Granulation Technique for Gamma Alumina Catalyst Support was employed in inclined disk granulator (IDG), rotary drum granulator (RD) and extrusion – spheronization equipments .Product with wide size range can be produced with only few parameters like rpm of equipment, ratio of binder and angle of inclination. The investigation was conducted for determination the optimum operating conditions in the three above different granulation equipments.Results reveal that the optimum operating conditions to get maximum granulation occurred at ( speed: 31rpm , Inclination:420 , binder ratio:225,300% ) for the IDG,( speed: 68rpm , Inclination: 12.50 , binder ratio: 300% ) for the RD and ( speed:1200rpm , time of rotation: 1-2min )for the Caleva spheronizer used in the extrusion spheronization method. These results are compatible with similar works on granulation of different materials [1, 2, and 3].

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Ren, Yi, Zehao Zhang, Biwei Jiang, Igor Soszyński, and Tharindu Jayasinghe. "Granulation in Red Supergiants: The Scaling Relations." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 18, S376 (December 2022): 195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921323003319.

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AbstractThe evolution of granulation is an important mechanism of the light variations of red supergiants (RSGs). Based on pure and complete samples of RSGs in the Magellanic Clouds, the mechanisms and characteristics of the granulation of RSGs are investigated based on time-series data. As predicted by the basic physical process of granulation and previous works, there are tight relations between granulation and stellar parameters of RSGs (i.e., the scaling relations). The scaling relations of RSGs provide a new method to infer stellar parameters by using the characteristic timescale and amplitude of granulations. Some faint sources deviate from the scaling relations, which may be due to the difference in the properties of the granulation of the RSGs before and after the blue loop or contamination by Mira variables. However, both of these possibilities suggest that the scaling relations of granulation is different among different types of stars.

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Han, Fengguang, Yongbin Yang, Lin Wang, Peiyao Tang, Qiang Zhong, Qian Li, and Tao Jiang. "Strengthening Granulating and Sintering Performance of Refractory Iron Concentrate by Pre-Pelletizing." Metals 13, no. 4 (March 30, 2023): 679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13040679.

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May Concentrate Iron ore, as a refractory iron concentrate, deteriorates the permeability of the sintered layer during the sintering process due to its fine particle size and poor granulating performance. Therefore, it cannot be widely used in iron ore sintering. In this study, the strengthening granulation of May Concentrate Iron ore using pre-pelletizing to expand its utilization ratio was proposed. The experiments of conventional granulation, pre-pelletizing granulation and sinter pot test were carried out. Increasing May Concentrate Iron ore (a refractory iron concentrate) proportion was detrimental to conventional granulation, reducing the quasi-particle particle size and strength. May Concentrate Iron granulating and sintering performances were improved by pre-pelletizing. The quasi-particle average size at 36% May Concentrate Iron proportion jumped to 4.92 mm of pre-pelletizing granulation from 3.22 mm of conventional granulation. Meanwhile, the permeability index rose to 0.33 from 0.11, while the falling and drying pulverization ratio fell to 7.05% and 6.11% from 22.59% and 15.88%, respectively. The consolidation mode of matrix materials was liquid phase consolidation, while that of May Concentrate Iron pellets was solid phase consolidation, forming the structure of the pellets embedded in the matrix materials. Furthermore, the partial alkalinity of the matrix materials was increased because of the separation of May Concentrate Iron, generating a large amount of acicular calcium ferrite with better consolidation strength than conventional granulation sintering.

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Abrosimova, O. N., and M. A. Burakova. "Scaling of the Granulation Process in the Conditions of GMP Training Center and Assessment of Possible Risks." Drug development & registration 10, no. 3 (August 28, 2021): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33380/2305-2066-2021-10-3-131-137.

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Introduction. The stage of wet granulation is often used in the technology of solids. The method of wet granulation in a mixer-granulator with high shear force can be regarded as the most complicated method of its implementation from the engineering and technological point of view. The mixer-granulator has two mixers located in mutually perpendicular planes. Using an impeller, dry components are mixed, and the chopper, turning on when spraying a humidifier, ensures the formation of granules. By setting different chopper rotational speed, granules of different sizes can be obtained. This granulator has the following advantages: it provides a high product yield (≥ 99 %), takes up small workspaces, and the closed design ensures environmental protection.Aim. The aim of the research is to scale the granulation process, on the example of the solids production technology, using the wet granulation stage - in a mixer-granulator with high shear force.Materials and methods. Dry extract «N» and auxiliary substances were used as a pharmaceutical substance: lactose monohydrate, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) (MICROCEL® MC-102), potato starch, povidone (Plasdone™ K-29/32), calcium stearate. Granulate under scaling conditions was produced in a mixer-granulator with high shear force. Technological properties of dry extract «N» and granulate were determined by the methods described in National pharmacopeia XIV.Results and discussion. On the basis of experimental studies, it was found that the resulting granulate, both when obtained under laboratory conditions and under scaling conditions, has good flowability, and also has a homogeneous fractional composition. The presence of a grinder in the mixer-granulator made it possible to obtain a more uniform fractional composition of the granulate. A 10-fold increase in loading did not affect the composition of the granulate. When scaling the pelletizing process, a risk analysis was carried out, factors influencing the technological process were identified and structured. It turned out that the most important stages are mixing and the actual granulation. To obtain a homogeneous mixture, additional equipment was used - a mixer.Conclusion. As a result of scaling up the granulation process, the parameters of wet granulation in the mixer-granulator (optimal loading, impeller and grinder rotation frequency), technological properties of the resulting granulate, and risks affecting the technological process were selected. were evaluated and a causal diagram (Ishikawa diagram) was drawn.

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Rodrigues, Rafaella F., Sergio Leite, Juliana G. Oliveira, Carlos Henrique Ataíde, and Marcos A. S. Barrozo. "Process Variable Influence on Fertilizer Drum Granulation Performance." Materials Science Forum 727-728 (August 2012): 1734–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.727-728.1734.

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The main purpose of this study was to determine the influence of process variables on granulation of ordinary super phosphate. The experiments were performed in a drum with an internal volume of 25 l and the evaluated variables were rotation speed, liquid phase, granulation time and fill level of the drum granulator. Central Composite Design (CCD) was used to choose the experimental conditions. The correlation between data and process variables was established using Multiple Regression. The granulation products were analyzed using standard separators and the Haver CPA photo-optical particle size measurement system. The tendency toward granulation and formation of coarse or fines could be predicted according to the specific surface of the granulation product and the granulation size distribution was found to be greatly dependent on the variable studies.

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Liao, Zheng Gen, Zhe Li, Juan Luo, Liang Shan Ming, Qie Ying Jiang, Zhi Wei Xiong, and Rong Gui Zeng. "Mechanistic Basis for the Role of Binary Mixtures Flowability and Related Factors in the Processability and Performance of High Shear and Extrusion Granulation." Advanced Materials Research 1033-1034 (October 2014): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1033-1034.247.

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The purpose of this study was to establish a relationship between the raw material properties and granulation behavior in extrusion wet granulation (WEG) and high shear wet granulation (HSWG). moisture content (MC), Carr index (CI), angle of repose (AOR), and mean size distribution (MSD) of binary mixtures were examined. The effect of these variables on the processibility and performance of the granulations was evaluated by monitoring such response along with granule growth. The prominent involved findings were that moisture content and Carr index had significant impacts on granule growth, followed by particle size, while angle of repose showed a minimal correlation. These results were physically interpreted by the previous wet granulation theories. The granule growth was linked to the properties of primary mixture. And in the process of high shear and extrusion granulation process, flowability showed an important effect on critical attributes of final product. Understanding the impact of primary properties of raw materials will be useful in mapping a new material to predict its performance in these two different granulation methods.

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Chiaranairungroj, Muthita, Montira Nopharatana, Annop Nopharatana, and Suvaluk Asavasanti. "Development of an Oscillating Drum Granulator Prototype for Cassava Pearl." Applied Mechanics and Materials 619 (August 2014): 145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.619.145.

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This paper presents an oscillating drum granulator prototype for cassava pearl. Effects of filling degree and oscillating speed on cassava pearl granulation were investigated. A stainless steel drum granulator with 50 cm diameter and 16 cm length was developed. The stainless steel joints with a cotton-transmitting belt were used to connect the drum to an oscillator arm to simulate the flexibility of a traditional cloth cradle granulator. The filling degree and oscillating speed were varied from 1, 2 and 3 kg and from 87 and 100 rpm, respectively. During granulation, samples were taken at 4, 8, 12 and 16 minutes to determine the particle size distribution, mass mean diameter, granule density, hardness and sphericity. The results indicated that both the filling degree and oscillating speed played an important role on cassava pearl granulation. The filling degree of 3 kg and oscillating speed of 100 rpm was suggested since it yielded similar properties of cassava pearls to those obtained from the traditional process. This prototype granulator could successfully produce 2.4-mm pearls with comparable characteristics to the standards. Comparing to a traditional granulator, the oscillating drum granulator is easier to clean and more GMP compliant.

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Vesjolaja, Ludmila, Bjørn Glemmestad, and Bernt Lie. "Comparison of Feedback Control Strategies for Operation of Granulation Loops." Information Technology and Control 50, no. 4 (December 16, 2021): 736–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.itc.50.4.28104.

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Granulation is a particle enlargement process during which fine particles or atomizable liquids are converted into granules via a series of complex granulation mechanisms. In this paper, two feedback control strategies are implemented to make granulation loop processes more steady to operate, i.e., to suppress oscillatory behavior in the produced granule sizes. In the first control strategy, a classical proportional-integral (PI) controller is used, while in the second, a double-loop control strategy is used to control the median diameter of the granules leaving the granulator. The simulation results showed that using the proposed control design for the granulation loop can eliminate the oscillatory behaviour in the produced granule median diameter and make granulation loop processes more steady to operate. A comparison between the two proposed control strategies showed that it is preferable to use the double-loop control strategy.

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Consiglieri, Vladi Olga, Samanta Mourão, Mauricio Sampaio, Patricia Granizo, Pedro Garcia, Valeska Martinello, Rodrigo Spricigo, and Humberto Gomes Ferraz. "Improvement of fluconazole flowability and its effect on dissolution from tablets and capsules." Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 46, no. 1 (March 2010): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-82502010000100013.

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The aim of this work was to improve fluconazole flowability by wet granulation and to study the effect of granulation on drug dissolution from tablets and capsules. Fluconazole was submitted to a process of wet granulation in a high-speed granulator using Plasdone® K29/32 or K90. Flow properties of granules and dissolution profiles for tablets and capsules produced with them were determined. Fluconazole granules demonstrated better flowability, calculated by angle of repose and compressibility index data, compared with powder. Additionally, it was observed that the granulation process improved the dissolution efficiency (ED) of fluconazole from tablets and capsules, which could also suggest an increase in bioavailability. Higher dissolution efficiencies were achieved with Plasdone® K29/32.

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Artyukhov, Artem, Jan Krmela, Vladimíra Krmelová, and Dastan Ospanov. "Vortex-Type Granulation Machines: Technological Basis of Calculation and Implementation Roadmap." Acta Mechanica et Automatica 16, no. 4 (November 1, 2022): 347–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ama-2022-0041.

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Abstract This work is devoted to describing the technological foundations and the main stages of calculating granulation machines with active hydrodynamic modes. The optimisation criterion is substantiated when choosing the design of the granulation machine. The work uses methods of analysis and synthesis, search for cause-and-effect relationships, theoretical and computer modelling, and experimental studies. The nodes of the vortex granulator directly influence the formation of a vortex fluidised bed, and the directional movement of granules of various sizes are determined. A technique for carrying out a computer simulation of the hydrodynamic operating conditions of a granulation machine in various operating modes with an assessment of the quality of granulated products (e.g., the production of porous ammonium nitrate) is proposed. The results of a computer simulation of the process of formation of a vortex fluidised bed are presented. A variant of the solution for developing an automation scheme for a vortex-type granulation machine is shown. A roadmap for introducing granulation technology in vortex-type granulation machines is described with details of the main stages. The prospects for improving the design of a vortex-type granulation machine and optimising the operation of a granulation plant to produce porous ammonium nitrate are outlined.

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Sakwanichol, Jarunee, Satit Puttipipatkhachorn, Gernot Ingenerf, and Peter Kleinebudde. "Roll compaction/dry granulation: Comparison between roll mill and oscillating granulator in dry granulation." Pharmaceutical Development and Technology 17, no. 1 (August 23, 2010): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10837450.2010.508078.

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Shentsova, E. S., E. E. Kurchaeva, A. V. Vostroilov, and L. A. Esaulova. "Determination of technological parameters of the granulation of mixed fodders for young rabbits and the evaluation of their effectiveness." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 80, no. 3 (December 17, 2018): 176–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2018-3-176-184.

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The composition of all-mashes for young rabbits when granulating liquid grain molasses was introduced as a binder. To find the optimal parameters of the process of granulation of all-mashes containing grain molasses, studies were conducted on an experimental setup. To improve the nutritional value and digestibility of all-mashes in the recipes were introduced probiotic feed additive "Sportermin", "Prostor" sorbents "Carbitoks" and "Fungistat-GPK". To find the optimal parameters of the process of granulation of all - mashes, studies were conducted on an experimental setup,including a press granulator, using the method of statistical planning of a multifactorial experiment. Mathematical models of the process of granulation of mixed fodders with grain molasses, establishing the dependence of granularity and energy consumption of the selected factors: as a result of granulation of loose feed under optimal conditions of good quality granules. As a result of a comprehensive evaluation of the quality of complete granulated all-mashwe found that the resulting all-mash, investigated by physico-chemical, organoleptic, microbiological and safety indices, meet the requirements for all-mash for feeding young rabbits. It is established that the rabbits of the experimental groups receiving a balanced, prepared in accordance with the detailed rules of the diet arebetter digested nutrients of the feed compared with the control peers, which further had a positive impact on the performance of their meat productivity. Enrichment of mixed fodders for feeding livestock calves rabbits probiotic microorganisms comprising the probiotic used preparations has a positive influence on meat efficiency, preservation and increase of biological value of rabbit meat.The developed recipes of complete feed with the introduction of feed probiotic additives will increase their digestibility by 10-15%.

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Tanaka, Ryoma, Supisara Osotprasit, Jomjai Peerapattana, Kazuhide Ashizawa, Yusuke Hattori, and Makoto Otsuka. "Complete Cocrystal Formation during Resonant Acoustic Wet Granulation: Effect of Granulation Liquids." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 1 (January 4, 2021): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13010056.

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The manufacturing of solid pharmaceutical dosage forms composed of cocrystals requires numerous processes during which there is risk of dissociation into parent molecules. Resonant acoustic wet granulation (RAG) was devised in an effort to complete theophylline–citric acid (THPCIT) cocrystal formation during the granulation process, thereby reducing the number of operations. In addition, the influence of granulation liquid was investigated. A mixture of anhydrous THP (drug), anhydrous CIT (coformer), and hydroxypropyl cellulose (granulating agent) was processed by RAG with water or ethanol as a granulation liquid. The purposes were to (i) form granules using RAG as a breakthrough method; (ii) accomplish the cocrystallization during the integrated unit operation; and (iii) characterize the final solid product (i.e., tablet). The RAG procedure achieved complete cocrystal formation (>99%) and adequately sized granules (d50: >250 μm). The granulation using water (GW) facilitated formation of cocrystal hydrate which were then transformed into anhydrous cocrystal after drying, while the granulation using ethanol (GE) resulted in the formation of anhydrous cocrystal before and after drying. The dissolution of the highly dense GW tablet, which was compressed from granules including fine powder due to the dehydration, was slower than that of the GE tablet.

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Arthur, Tony Bediako, and Nejat Rahmanian. "Process Simulation of Twin-Screw Granulation: A Review." Pharmaceutics 16, no. 6 (May 24, 2024): 706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16060706.

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Twin-screw granulation has emerged as a key process in powder processing industries and in the pharmaceutical sector to produce granules with controlled properties. This comprehensive review provides an overview of the simulation techniques and approaches that have been employed in the study of twin-screw granulation processes. This review discusses the major aspects of the twin-screw granulation process which include the fundamental principles of twin-screw granulation, equipment design, process parameters, and simulation methodologies. It highlights the importance of operating conditions and formulation designs in powder flow dynamics, mixing behaviour, and particle interactions within the twin-screw granulator for enhancing product quality and process efficiency. Simulation techniques such as the population balance model (PBM), computational fluid dynamics (CFD), the discrete element method (DEM), process modelling software (PMS), and other coupled techniques are critically discussed with a focus on simulating twin-screw granulation processes. This paper examines the challenges and limitations associated with each simulation approach and provides insights into future research directions. Overall, this article serves as a valuable resource for researchers who intend to develop their understanding of twin-screw granulation and provides insights into the various techniques and approaches available for simulating the twin-screw granulation process.

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Desai, U. S., P. D. Chaudhari, D. B. Bhavsar, and R. P. Chavan. "MELT GRANULATION: AN ALTERNATIVE TO TRADITIONAL GRANULATION TECHNIQUES." INDIAN DRUGS 50, no. 03 (March 28, 2013): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.53879/id.50.03.p0005.

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Melt granulation is a size enlargement process in which the addition of a binder that melts or softens at relatively low temperatures (about 60o C) is used to achieve agglomeration of solid particles in the formulation. The process utilizes materials that are effective as granulating agents when they are in the softened or molten state. This process can be used for the preparation of sustained released dosage forms by using lipophilic polymers, such as glycerol monostearate, a combination of a hydrophobic material such as a starch derivative and stearic acid. It also can be used to prepare fast release melt granules by utilizing water-soluble polymers and surfactants, such as PEG and poloxomers. Melt granulation is one of the most widely applied processing techniques in the array of pharmaceutical manufacturing operations.

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Artyukhov, Artem, Viktor Obodiak, and Pavlo Boiko. "Development of Software for Calculating of the Vortex Fluidized Bed Granulator." Journal of Software Engineering: Theories and Practices 2, no. 1 (December 15, 2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21174/josetap.v2i1.61.

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The article is devoted to the development of software for calculating the hydrodynamic conditions and kinetic characteristics of granulation process in vortex devices. In the basis software Vortex Granulator© and Classification in vortex flow© original mathematical model for calculating the flow rate of gas and granules classification and separation processes of granules in a vortex granulator, kinetics of granules heating and removing moisture from the granules was put. The structure of software and algorithm of their work is shown. In the article, an algorithm for calculation of the granulation process in the vortex granulator using the developed software is shown. Software designed in JavaFx platform. Vortex Granulator© and Classification in vortex flow© allow to conduct an optimization calculation of vortex granulator according the criteria of minimum required residence time of granules in device workspace.

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Vesjolaja, Ludmila, Bjørn Glemmestad, and Bernt Lie. "Double-Loop Control Structure for Rotary Drum Granulation Loop." Processes 8, no. 11 (November 8, 2020): 1423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8111423.

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The operation of granulation plants on an industrial scale is challenging. Periodic instability associated with the operation of the granulation loop causes the particle size distribution of the particles flowing out from the granulator to oscillate, thus making it difficult to maintain the desired product quality. To address this problem, two control strategies are proposed in this paper, including a novel approach, where product-sized particles are recycled back to maintain a stable granulation loop process. A dynamic model of the process that is based on a population balance equation is used to represent the process dynamics. Both of the control strategies utilize a double-loop control structure that is suitable for highly oscillatory systems. The simulation results show that both control strategies, including the novel approach, are able to remove the oscillating behaviour and stabilize the granulation plant loop.

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Royce, Alan, Jiwaji Suryawanshi, Udayan Shah, and Krishna Vishnupad. "Alternative Granulation Technique: Melt Granulation." Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy 22, no. 9-10 (January 1996): 917–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03639049609065921.

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Kasmadi, Kasmadi, Budi Nugroho, Atang Sutandi, and Syaiful Anwar. "Filter Cake Utilization as Filler of 15-15-15+5S Compound Fertilizer: Particle Size Distribution and Granule Crushing Strength Properties." Reaktor 19, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.19.4.145-151.

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Compound fertilizer which combining organic-inorganic materials need to be developed to improve the effectivness of fertilizers in the soil. Filter cake as a material has highly potential to be used as a filler in physical process granulation of compound fertilizer. In this study, the particle size distribution and granule crushing strength properties were tested using 15-15-15 + 5S fertilizer compound formula, which are varied in the filler composition and K sources. Potassium sources consisted of 2 (two) types of fertilizers i.e KCl and K2SO4. Filler composition as a binder in fertilizer granulation consists of 5 combination filter cake and clay ratios (60:40, 70:30, 80:20, 90:10 and 100:0). Granulation carried out by the granulation method using pan granulator of 2 kg/batch capacity, 23 rpm rotation speed and 50o pan slope. The results of the research showed that statistically the combination of filter cake and clay 70:30 had a size distribution and hardness of granules not significantly different from standard fertilizer (100% clay). Keywords: crushing strength; filler; filter cake; granulation; size distribution

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Zhalehrajabi, Ehsan, Kok Keong Lau, Ku Zilati Ku Shaari, Seyed Mojib Zahraee, Seyed Hadi Seyedin, Babar Azeem, and Azizah Shaaban. "Effect of Biodegradable Binder Properties and Operating Conditions on Growth of Urea Particles in a Fluidized Bed Granulator." Materials 12, no. 14 (July 20, 2019): 2320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12142320.

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Granulation is an important step during the production of urea granules. Most of the commercial binders used for granulation are toxic and non-biodegradable. In this study, a fully biodegradable and cost-effective starch-based binder is used for urea granulation in a fluidized bed granulator. The effect of binder properties such as viscosity, surface tension, contact angle, penetration time, and liquid bridge bonding force on granulation performance is studied. In addition, the effect of fluidized bed process parameters such as fluidizing air inlet velocity, air temperature, weight of primary urea particles, binder spray rate, and binder concentration is also evaluated using response surface methodology. Based on the results, binder with higher concentration demonstrates higher viscosity and higher penetration time that potentially enhance the granulation performance. The viscous Stokes number for binder with higher concentration is lower than critical Stokes number that increases coalescence rate. Higher viscosity and lower restitution coefficient of urea particles result in elastic losses and subsequent successful coalescence. Statistical analysis indicate that air velocity, air temperature, and weight of primary urea particles have major effects on granulation performance. Higher air velocity increases probability of collision, whereby lower temperature prevents binder to be dried up prior to collision. Findings of this study can be useful for process scale-up and industrial application.

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Ławińska, Katarzyna, Szymon Szufa, Remigiusz Modrzewski, Andrzej Obraniak, Tomasz Wężyk, Andrzej Rostocki, and Tomasz P. Olejnik. "Obtaining Granules from Waste Tannery Shavings and Mineral Additives by Wet Pulp Granulation." Molecules 25, no. 22 (November 19, 2020): 5419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25225419.

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This paper presents the results of research on the granulation process of leather industry waste, i.e., tanning shavings. It is economically justified to granulate this waste together with mineral additives that are useful in the processes of their further processing. Unfortunately, the granulation of raw, unsorted shavings does not obtain desired results due to their unusual properties. In this study, the possibilities of agglomeration of this waste were examined by a new method consisting of the production and then the granulation of wet pulp. During granulation, no additional binding liquid is added to the granulated bed. As part of this work, the specific surface of granulated shavings, the granulometric composition of the obtained agglomerates, and their strength parameters were determined. The use of a vibrating disc granulator, the addition of a water glass solution (in the pulp), dolomite, and gypsum made it possible to obtain durable, mechanically stable granules.

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Muddu, Shashank, Ashutosh Tamrakar, Preetanshu Pandey, and Rohit Ramachandran. "Model Development and Validation of Fluid Bed Wet Granulation with Dry Binder Addition Using a Population Balance Model Methodology." Processes 6, no. 9 (September 1, 2018): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr6090154.

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An experimental study in industry was previously carried out on a batch fluid bed granulation system by varying the inlet fluidizing air temperature, binder liquid spray atomization pressure, the binder liquid spray rate and the disintegrant composition in the formulation. A population balance model framework integrated with heat transfer and moisture balance due to liquid addition and evaporation was developed to simulate the fluid bed granulation system. The model predictions were compared with the industry data, namely, the particle size distributions (PSDs) and geometric mean diameters (GMDs) at various time-points in the granulation process. The model also predicted the trends for binder particle dissolution in the wetting liquid and the temperatures of the bed particles in the fluid bed granulator. Lastly, various process parameters were varied and extended beyond the region studied in the aforementioned experimental study to identify optimal regimes for granulation.

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Kotamarthy, Lalith, Subhodh Karkala, Ashley Dan, Andrés D. Román-Ospino, and Rohit Ramachandran. "Investigating the Effects of Mixing Dynamics on Twin-Screw Granule Quality Attributes via the Development of a Physics-Based Process Map." Pharmaceutics 16, no. 4 (March 25, 2024): 456. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16040456.

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Twin-screw granulation (TSG) is an emerging continuous wet granulation technique that has not been widely applied in the industry due to a poor mechanistic understanding of the process. This study focuses on improving this mechanistic understanding by analyzing the effects of the mixing dynamics on the granule quality attributes (PSD, content uniformity, and microstructure). Mixing is an important dynamic process that simultaneously occurs along with the granulation rate mechanisms during the wet granulation process. An improved mechanistic understanding was achieved by identifying and quantifying the physically relevant intermediate parameters that affect the mixing dynamics in TSG, and then their effects on the granule attributes were analyzed by investigating their effects on the granulation rate mechanisms. The fill level, granule liquid saturation, extent of nucleation, and powder wettability were found to be the key physically relevant intermediate parameters that affect the mixing inside the twin-screw granulator. An improved geometrical model for the fill level was developed and validated against existing experimental data. Finally, a process map was developed to depict the effects of mixing on the temporal and spatial evolution of the materials inside the twin-screw granulator. This process map illustrates the mechanism of nucleation and the growth of the granules based on the fundamental material properties of the primary powders (solubility and wettability), liquid binders (viscosity), and mixing dynamics present in the system. Furthermore, it was shown that the process map can be used to predict the granule product quality based on the granule growth mechanism.

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Forster, Seth P., Erin Dippold, Abbe Haser, Daniel Emanuele, and Robin Meier. "Integrated Continuous Wet Granulation and Drying: Process Evaluation and Comparison with Batch Processing." Pharmaceutics 15, no. 9 (September 14, 2023): 2317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15092317.

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The pharmaceutical industry is in the midst of a transition from traditional batch processes to continuous manufacturing. However, the challenges in making this transition vary depending on the selected manufacturing process. Compared with other oral solid dosage processes, wet granulation has been challenging to move towards continuous processing since traditional equipment has been predominantly strictly batch, instead of readily adapted to material flow such as dry granulation or tablet compression, and there have been few equipment options for continuous granule drying. Recently, pilot and commercial scale equipment combining a twin-screw wet granulator and a novel horizontal vibratory fluid-bed dryer have been developed. This study describes the process space of that equipment and compares the granules produced with batch high-shear and fluid-bed wet granulation processes. The results of this evaluation demonstrate that the equipment works across a range of formulations, effectively granulates and dries, and produces granules of similar or improved quality to batch wet granulation and drying.

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Pasmar, Dasyri, Noor Endah Mochtar, and Ali Altway. "The effect of lime Ca(OH)2 to the constant of granulation rate (k) of Sidoarjo mud (LuSi) and its grain size distribution." MATEC Web of Conferences 276 (2019): 05010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927605010.

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Sidoarjo mud (LuSi) is very hot and sticky mud-like substance produced by eruption of Kujung, Kalibeng, and Pucangan formations caused by well exploration for gas in Porong, Sidoarjo, East Java, Indonesia. LuSi submerged villages, industrial areas, and rice fields in Porong. The eruption is still taking place so that it needs more area and higher dike surrounded to retain the mud. Therefore, it is very urgent to use LuSi in huge volumes such as for borrowed materials. LuSi grain size and its strength, however, do not meet the borrowed materials requirement. Therefore, the grain size was improved using granulator drum and lime Ca(OH)2 was used to increase its strength. The grain size produced by granulator was affected by length, diameter, and rotation rate of granulator drum, and also by constant of granulation rate ‘k’ that was function of other parameters, inclination angle of granulator drum (S), moisture content (W), and water temperature (T). The results show that lime needed for stabilization is 10% of LuSi dry weight. The “k” is affected by lime where parameters (S) and (W) become smaller and (T) is higher. Lime also produces dryer granular, higher water resistance, and shorter granulation process. Besides, higher water temperature during granulation process is needed to develop bigger grain size for granular stabilized-LuSi.

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Schwartz, Joseph B. "Granulation." Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy 14, no. 14 (January 1988): 2071–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03639048809152003.

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Sirame, Prathmesh, Rajeshwari Khairnar, and Rupali Tasgaonkar. "Granulation." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 1 (January 31, 2023): 347–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.48564.

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bstract: Granulation is one of the most important unit operations in the production of pharmaceutical oral dosage form. It is the process in which primary powder particles are made to adhere to form larger multiparticle entities called granules. the Granulation process will improve flow and compression characteristics, reduce segregation, improve content uniformity, improve density and eliminate excessive amounts of particles. Improved yields, decreased tablet defects, higher productivity, and decreased downtime will be the outcomes. All across the world, pharmaceutical products are processed utilising the direct compression, wet granulation, or dry granulation techniques. The process is determined by the properties and capacity of each element to appropriately compress, expel, and disintegrate. The review article provides the most recent technological breakthroughs. This review provides an overview of them along with a brief explanation of each development’s importance and limits. Each drug material provides a different problem during formulation creation, which the scientists working on the process must take into account at the process selection stage.

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Kim, Kang Min, and Jae Sung Pyo. "A STUDY OF FLUID BED GRANULATION OF PRAVASTATIN TABLET USING DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 10 (October 7, 2018): 410. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i10.27356.

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Objective: The objective of this study was to reduce size and weight of pravastatin tablet through quality by design approach; potential factors (spray rate, atomizing pressure, and inlet temperature) which could influence on the production process for critical process parameters of wet granulation using fluid-bed granulator were examined.Methods: The manufacturing process of the reduced weight and size formulation pravastatin tablet involves wet granulation, drying, granulate screening, blending, and tableting. Design of experiments study for wet granulation of the reduced weight/size pravastatin tablet was produced on 11 combinations of three factors (spray rate, atomizing pressure, and inlet temperature), which were chosen through initial risk assessment. The process of wet granulation was rated by measuring four responses: loss on drying (LOD) (%), bulk density (g/ml), product temperature (°C), and dissolution similarity (f2).Results: It was measured that LOD varied from 1.46 to 3.24%, bulk density from 0.34 to 0.51 g/ml, product temperature from 40.12 to 51.69°C, and dissolution (f2) of pravastatin from 52.14 to 58.91. Control strategy for wet granulation production of the reduced weight and size pravastatin tablet by our results demonstrated that the most optimized condition of three factors for wet granulation is spray rate (3–5 g/min), atomizing pressure (about 1 bar), and inlet temperature (65–90°C), respectively. Updated risk assessment and justification by all experimental data safely existed within the range of acceptance criteria were presented.Conclusion: It can be concluded that the ideal ranges of three factors (spray rate, atomizing pressure, and inlet temperature) in wet granulation were successfully identified.

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Sharma, Samit, Biraj Pokhrel, Sangam Rayamajhi, Jayan M. Shrestha, and Ishwor Lohani. "Split Thickness Skin Grafting With and Without Surgical Removal of Granulation Tissue in Granulating Wounds: A Single Blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial." Journal of Institute of Medicine Nepal 43, no. 2 (August 31, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.59779/jiomnepal.1162.

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Introduction: Split thickness skin graft (STSG) is a commonly carried out procedure in granulating wounds. The graft may be applied directly on the granulation tissue (without scrapping) or it may be applied after complete removal of the granulation tissue (after scrapping). Surgeons are divided on this issue. Methods: A single blinded, randomized, controlled trial was carried out between November 2017 and December 2018 in the Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. The study consisted of 62 patients who were divided into two groups. Group A consisted of patients undergoing removal of granulation tissue and Group B included patients on whom the skin graft was directly applied on the granulation tissue. On the 10th post-operative day, assessment of the graft take was done. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in graft take between group A and group B (p=0.59). The average drop in hemoglobin levels after the surgery was 1.6 gm% in group A and 0.4 gm% in group B and this difference was statistically significant. Also, the drop of serum protein after surgery was 8.6% gm/dl in group A and 1.0 gm/dl in group B and this difference was significant. Conclusion: There was no significant difference in the take of skin graft with or without removal of granulation tissue in our study. However, with lesser blood loss, lesser protein loss and lesser operative time, this study favours skin grafting without the removal of granulation tissue.

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Gohel, M. C., S. A. Mansuri, V. T. Thakkar, L. H. Baldania, and T. R. Gandhi. "FABRICATION AND EVALUATION OF LABORATORY SCALE MINIGRANULATOR USING THE CONCEPT OF DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS." INDIAN DRUGS 51, no. 08 (August 28, 2014): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.53879/id.51.08.10123.

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The main objective of the present work was to design, fabricate and evaluate a laboratory scale mini granulator for applications in the research and development department. The Box and Behnken design was adopted to identify the critical parameters in the wet granulation process. The granules and tablets were characterized. The spherical granules obtained by using the fabricated mini granulator were of size 600 to 750 μ. On the other hand, the manual method (mortar and pestle) resulted in the formation of larger granules (800-950 μ). Recovery of granules by both the manual method and laboratory scale mini granulator were 71 and 90%, respectively. From the Box and Behnken design, an optimized formula was achieved with granulation time of 10 min, binder concentration 2.35 % and impeller speed 3000 rpm. Use of the mini granulator is recommended for screening of various formulations at R&D centers and also at colleges where the availability of drug is a few grams.

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Siuda, Robert, Jerzy Kwiatek, Szymon Szufa, Andrzej Obraniak, Piotr Piersa, Łukasz Adrian, Remigiusz Modrzewski, Katarzyna Ławińska, Krzysztof Siczek, and Tomasz P. Olejnik. "Industrial Verification and Research Development of Lime–Gypsum Fertilizer Granulation Method." Minerals 11, no. 2 (January 26, 2021): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11020119.

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This work concerns non-pressure granulation of mineral materials used for the production of agricultural fertilizers for soil deacidification. In order to expand the product range of Nordkalk Poland sp. z o. o. located in Poland, the granulation conditions of the gypsum–lime mix were examined with the use of various granulation methods. The processed mixture was Jurassic lime flour mined in the Sławno mine (Poland) and waste gypsum (sulfogypsum) obtained from the largest coal-fired power plant in the EU, Bełchatów Power Plant (Poland). This paper presents the results of the optimization of the gypsum–lime fertilizer granulation process. The results of the study of granulation of gypsum–lime mixture realized in one-stage technology in a disc granulator were compared with the effects of two-stage agglomeration. During the research, a mixture (in a 1:1 ratio) of waste sulfogypsum and lime flour was used. Such a weight ratio provides maximum use of the sulfogypsum waste while maintaining good mechanical properties of the granulate. The granulated bed was moistened with a lignosulfonate solution. The process was carried out periodically. After the experiment, the grain composition of the granulate obtained was determined and tests were performed to determine the strength of the product. The test results were compared with analogous ones obtained during granulation with the use of molasses (waste from sugar production). The results obtained were verified during a trial carried out on an industrial scale.

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Yermukanova, Alma, Podobed Leonid, Stankevych Georgii, Saule Zhiyenbayeva, and Eva Mrkvicová. "Mathematical modelling and optimization of the granulation process of loose compound feed for broilers." Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences 18 (January 9, 2024): 20–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5219/1925.

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The article presents the results of studying the indicators of the crumbling of granules and the specific energy costs of experimental batches of granulated feed for broilers. The process of granulation of compound feed for broilers was studied using the statistical planning method of a multifactorial experiment using a granulation line, including a granulator press. The dependence of the crumbling of granules and the energy consumed on the selected factors has been established. The moisture content of the feed mixture W (%) and steam pressure P (MPa) were chosen to optimise the granulation process. A matrix plan of the experiment was compiled. With the optimal values of the factors obtained in the study using the experimental planning method, an experimental batch of granulated feed was developed. At the selected levels of factors, the calculated value of the crumbling of granules was 20.11%, which fits into the optimum according to the standard of the crumbling of granulated feed for poultry (no more than 22%). The specific electricity consumption was 9.23 kWh/ton. Experiments have shown that the discrepancies between the experimental and calculated data are insignificant and within these indicators' experimental error determination. Mathematical modelling of the granulation process of loose compound feed for broilers made it possible to solve an important practical problem – to optimize the granulation mode, which ensures the production of good quality granules with minimal energy consumption. The obtained optimal granulation parameters can serve as the basis for producing granulated feed for broilers.

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Hasan, Masroor, Shafquat Hussain Khundkar, Md Enamul Kabir, and SM Shakwat Hossain. "A comparative study of split thickness skin graft take on chronic wounds with and without surgical removal of granulation tissue from the recipient bed." Journal of Armed Forces Medical College, Bangladesh 9, no. 2 (February 2, 2015): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jafmc.v9i2.21826.

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Introduction: In most of the patients with chronic granulating wounds split skin grafting is the preferred option for coverage of the wounds. Split skin grafts may be applied directly on the granulation tissue or it may be applied after complete removal of granulation tissue. Opinions are divided on this issue. Objectives: To compare the skin take between the split thickness skin grafting on chronic wounds after removal and without removal of granulation tissue in the same patient. Methods: This is a longitudinal type of follow up and comparative study and was carried out in the Department of Plastic Surgery of Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka between the periods of January 2008 up to December 2009. The study population included the patients with chronic wounds attending the Department of Plastic Surgery of Dhaka Medical College Hospital and in the Plastic Surgery Department of Combined Military Hospital, Dhaka. In this study a total of 57 patients with clinically non infected chronic granulating wounds requiring skin graft were selected. Among which 50 patients were from Dhaka Medical College Hospital and 7 patients were from Combined Military Hospital, Dhaka. In the same patient wounds were divided into Group A and B. In Group A granulation tissue were removed before skin grafting and in Group B the granulation tissues were not removed before skin grafting and skin graft was applied directly on the granulation tissue. 49 JAFMC Bangladesh. Vol 9, No 2 (December) 2013 Results: In the final skin take assessment it was found that in Group A, 49 (86.0%) patients had a take between 91-100% and 8 (14.0%) patients had a take between 81-90%. None of the patients in this group had a take <80%. In Group B, 30(52.6%) patients had a take between 91-100% and 18(31.6%) patients had a take between 81-90%. There were 9 (15.8%) patients who had a take of <80% and among them 02 patients had a take <70%. Statistically this was significant. Conclusion: Whenever the granulation tissue is removed, the recipient bed has a better chance of skin take as far as infection is concerned. But it must be ensured that haemostasis is achieved before application of the graft. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jafmc.v9i2.21826 Journal of Armed Forces Medical College Bangladesh Vol.9(2) 2013

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42

Lee, Yong Seong, Jae Seon Kang, Kang Min Kim, and Jae Sung Pyo. "Optimization of ticagrelor tablet for gastro-retentive drug delivery using full factorial design." Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 23, no. 2 (March 12, 2024): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v23i2.1.

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Purpose: To identify the optimized region of formulation using quality by design for developing ticagrelor gastro-retentive (GR) tablets. Methods: A 23 + 3 full factorial design of experiments study was used to identify three factors (polyethylene oxide (PEO), compression, and volume of granulating fluid) involved in the wet granulation and compression process of ticagrelor GR tablets. Hardness, friability, content, dosage unit uniformity, and pH 1.2 dissolution rate (at 4, 8, and 12 h) were evaluated as critical quality attributes via analysis of variance using Design Expert software. Results: All seven models were significantly influenced based on analysis of variance results (p < 0.05). Hardness and friability were significantly affected by compression (p < 0.0001). Content uniformity was significantly affected by the interaction between compression and granulating water volume for wet granulation (p < 0.05), and dosage unit uniformity was significantly affected by the volume of granulating fluid for wet granulation (p < 0.05). However, all results were within acceptable ranges. Polyethylene oxide (PEO) (4 h, p < 0.05; 8 h, p < 0.05; 12 h, p < 0.05) and compression (4 h, p < 0.05; 8 h, p < 0.05; 12 h, p < 0.05) had negative effect on pH 1.2 dissolution rate. Conclusion: Design of experiment (DoE) approach has been used to optimize region of PEO, compression, and volume of granulating fluid for formulation development. This outcome is expected to be a basis for further research to develop TCG GR tablets on a large production scale.

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Flisyuk, O. M., N. A. Martsulevich, and T. N. Shininov. "Granulation of powdered materials in a high-speed granulator." Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry 89, no. 4 (April 2016): 603–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1070427216040133.

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Kawaguchi, Takeshi, Hisakazu Sunada, Yorinobu Yonezawa, Kazumi Danjo, Masaki Hasegawa, Tadashi Makino, Hiroshi Sakamoto, Kanji Fujita, Tadatsugu Tanino, and Hiroyasu Kokubo. "Granulation of Acetaminophen by a Rotating Fluidized-Bed Granulator." Pharmaceutical Development and Technology 5, no. 2 (January 2000): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/pdt-100100529.

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45

Flisyuk, O. M., V. F. Frolov, and T. N. Shininov. "Mathematical simulation of granulation process in a speed granulator." Theoretical Foundations of Chemical Engineering 51, no. 4 (July 2017): 432–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0040579517040182.

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Grishaev, I. G., and V. A. Grinevich. "Granulation of diammonium phosphate in a drum granulator-drier." Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 43, no. 5-6 (May 2007): 312–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10556-007-0055-3.

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47

TERASHITA, KEIJIRO, MASAO YASUMOTO, KEI MIYANAMI, and ATSUO OH'IKE. "Process and End-Point of Granulation in Agitating Granulator." YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 106, no. 10 (1986): 930–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/yakushi1947.106.10_930.

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48

Kristensen, H. Gjelstrup, and T. Schaefer. "Granulation: A Review on Pharmaceutical Wet-Granulation." Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy 13, no. 4-5 (January 1987): 803–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03639048709105217.

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49

Talybly, I. A., G. M. Samedzade, L. F. Masyeva, A. N. Mammadov, A. M. Gasimova, and G. B. Shadlinskaya. "MODELING THE PROCESS OF GRANULATION OF DUSTY-TYPE CLAY WITH DIPPER METHOD ON A PELLETIZING GRANULATOR." Chemical Problems 18, no. 1 (2020): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.32737/2221-8688-2020-1-68-77.

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50

Zhang 张, Zehao 泽浩, Yi 逸. Ren 任, Biwei 碧沩 Jiang 姜, Igor Soszyński, and Tharindu Jayasinghe. "Modeling of Granulation in Red Supergiants in the Magellanic Clouds with the Gaussian Process Regressions." Astrophysical Journal 969, no. 2 (July 1, 2024): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad46fe.

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Abstract The granulation of red supergiants (RSGs) in the Magellanic Clouds is systematically investigated by combining the latest RSG samples and light curves from the Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment and the All-Sky Automated Survey for Supernovae. The present RSG samples are first examined for foreground stars and possible misidentified sources, and the light curves are sequentially checked to remove the outliers by white noise and photometric quality. The Gaussian process (GP) regression is used to model the granulation, and the Markov Chain Monte Carlo is applied to derive the granulation amplitude σ and the period of the undamped oscillator ρ, as well as the damping timescale τ. The dimensionless quality factor Q is then calculated through Q = π τ/ρ. RSGs around Q = 1 / 2 are considered to have significant granulation signals and are used for further analysis. Combining granulation parameters with stellar parameters, robust scaling relations for the timescale ρ are established, while the scaling relations for amplitude σ are represented by a piecewise function, possibly related to the tendency of amplitudes in faint RSGs to converge toward a certain value. Comparing results between the Small Magellanic Cloud and the Large Magellanic Cloud confirms that amplitudes and timescales become larger with metallicity. In examining the scaling relations between the two galaxies, it is found that ρ is nearly independent of metallicity, whereas σ is more significantly affected by metallicity. The GP method is compared with the periodogram fitting of the granulations, and the advantages of either are discussed.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Granulation'

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