Academic literature on the topic 'Granular biomasses'
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Journal articles on the topic "Granular biomasses"
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Zhang, Xiufang, Yongqiang Liu, Jun Li, Zhuo Wei, Wenyan Duan, and Fangyuan Chen. "Enhancing Effects of Sludge Biochar on Aerobic Granular Sludge for Wastewater Treatment." Processes 10, no. 11 (November 14, 2022): 2385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10112385.
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Sludge biochar can be used as bio-carrier to enhance aerobic granular sludge, however, its impact on the formation and especially long-term stability of aerobic granules has not been fully investigated. In this paper, aerobic granular sludge was cultivated in two parallel sequencing batch reactors (SBRs), R1 and R2, with and without sludge biochar addition in the activated sludge inoculum, respectively. The sludge characteristics, wastewater treatment performance, and microbial community structure of granular sludge were examined on a 240-day operation, during which aerobic granular sludge in the two reactors experienced dynamic changes including granule formation, maturation, breakage, filamentous proliferation, and recovery. Aerobic granules in R1 with biochar formed two weeks earlier than that in R2, presenting a larger mean size, and higher settling ability and biomass retention in the granule maturation period. Concurrently, aerobic granules in R1 showed higher denitrification ability with over 80% removal efficiency throughout the whole operation period. During the maturation period, the ratio of food to biomass (F/M) in R1 was below 0.5 gCOD/gVSS d while it ranged between 0.5 and 1.0 gCOD/gVSS d in R2 due to lower biomass retention. The elemental analysis showed more Ca and P accumulation in aerobic granular sludge from R1, with 3% Ca and 2.75% P in sludge from R1 and 0.91% Ca and 0.75% P in sludge from R2, respectively. The microbial community in R1 had higher richness, diversity, excretion of extracellular polymer substances (EPSs) and abundance of denitrifying genera than that in R2, supporting its higher stability and denitrification performance. These results demonstrated that aerobic granular sludge formed by using sludge biochar as a carrier for granulation can speed up granule formation, improve denitrification performance, and enhance the long-term stability of aerobic granules. The findings disclosed the enhancing effects of biochar for wastewater treatment by aerobic granular sludge, suggesting the potential of practical application of biochar in aerobic granular sludge-based reactors.
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Vlaeminck, S. E., L. F. F. Cloetens, M. Carballa, N. Boon, and W. Verstraete. "Granular biomass capable of partial nitritation and anammox." Water Science and Technology 58, no. 5 (September 1, 2008): 1113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.731.
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A novel and efficient way of removing nitrogen from wastewater poor in biodegradable organic carbon, is the combination of partial nitritation and anoxic ammonium oxidation (anammox), as in the one-stage oxygen-limited autotrophic nitrification/denitrification (OLAND) process. Since anoxic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria grow very slowly, maximum biomass retention in the reactor is required. In this study, a lab-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was used to develop granular, rapidly settling biomass. With SBR cycles of one hour and a minimum biomass settling velocity of 0.7 m/h, OLAND granules were formed in 1.5 months and the nitrogen removal rate increased from 50 to 450 mg N L−1 d−1 in 2 months. The granules had a mean diameter of 1.8 mm and their aerobic and anoxic ammonium-oxidizing activities were well equilibrated to perform the OLAND reaction. Fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH) demonstrated the presence of both β-proteobacterial aerobic ammonium oxidizers and planctomycetes (among which anoxic ammonium oxidizers) in the granules. The presented results show the applicability of rapidly settling granular biomass for one-stage partial nitritation and anammox.
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Nor-Anuar, A., Z. Ujang, M. C. M. van Loosdrecht, M. K. de Kreuk, and G. Olsson. "Strength characteristics of aerobic granular sludge." Water Science and Technology 65, no. 2 (January 1, 2012): 309–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.837.
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Aerobic granular sludge has a number of advantages over conventional activated sludge flocs, such as cohesive and strong matrix, fast settling characteristic, high biomass retention and ability to withstand high organic loadings, all aspects leading towards a compact reactor system. Still there are very few studies on the strength of aerobic granules. A procedure that has been used previously for anaerobic granular sludge strength analysis was adapted and used in this study. A new coefficient was introduced, called a stability coefficient (S), to quantify the strength of the aerobic granules. Indicators were also developed based on the strength analysis results, in order to categorize aerobic granules into three levels of strength, i.e. very strong (very stable), strong (stable) and not strong (not stable). The results indicated that aerobic granules grown on acetate were stronger (high density: >150 g T SSL−1 and low S value: 5%) than granules developed on sewage as influent. A lower value of S indicates a higher stability of the granules.
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Zhou, Jun, Hongyu Wang, Kai Yang, Fang Ma, and Bin Lv. "Optimization of operation conditions for preventing sludge bulking and enhancing the stability of aerobic granular sludge in sequencing batch reactors." Water Science and Technology 70, no. 9 (September 24, 2014): 1519–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.406.
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Sludge bulking caused by loss of stability is a major problem in aerobic granular sludge systems. This study investigated the feasibility of preventing sludge bulking and enhancing the stability of aerobic granular sludge in a sequencing batch reactor by optimizing operation conditions. Five operation parameters have been studied with the aim to understand their impact on sludge bulking. Increasing dissolved oxygen (DO) by raising aeration rates contributed to granule stability due to the competition advantage of non-filamentous bacteria and permeation of oxygen at high DO concentration. The ratio of polysaccharides to proteins was observed to increase as the hydraulic shear force increased. When provided with high/low organic loading rate (OLR) alternately, large and fluffy granules disintegrated, while denser round-shape granules formed. An increase of biomass concentration followed a decrease at the beginning, and stability of granules was improved. This indicated that aerobic granular sludge had the resistance of OLR. Synthetic wastewater combined highly and slowly biodegradable substrates, creating a high gradient, which inhibited the growth of filamentous bacteria and prevented granular sludge bulking. A lower chemical oxygen demand/N favored the hydrophobicity of granular sludge, which promoted with granule stability because of the lower diffusion rate of ammonia. The influence of temperature indicated a relatively low temperature was more suitable.
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Nguyen, Phuong Thi Thanh, Phuoc Van Nguyen, and Anh Cam Thieu. "Study on aerobic granular sludge formation in sequencing batch reactors for tapioca wastewater treatment." Science and Technology Development Journal 16, no. 1 (March 31, 2013): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v16i1.1386.
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Aerobic granular sludge has attracted extensive interest of researchers since the 90s due to the advantages of aerobic granules such as good settling ability, high biomass accumulation, being resistant to high loads and being less affected by toxic substances. Studies, however, which have mainly been carried out on synthetic wastewater, cannot fully evaluate the actual ability of aerobic granules. Study on aerobic granular sludge was performed in sequencing batch reactors, using seeding sludge taken from anaerobic sludge and tapioca wastewater as a substrates. After 11 weeks of operation, the granules reached the stable diameter of 2- 3 mm at 3.7 kgCOD/m3.day organic loading rate. At high organic loads, in range of 1.6 - 5 kgCOD/m3.day, granules could treat effectively COD, N, P with performance of 93 – 97%; 65 – 79% and 80 – 95%, respectively.
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Dong, Chun Juan, Qing Ye Pan, Hong Yu Lu, and Ya Quan Sun. "Rapidly Start-Up and Performance of the EGSB Reactor Treating Actual Coking Wastewater when Seeded with Digestion Sludge." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 2567–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.2567.
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To accomplish rapidly the granulation process of digestion sludge for the treatment of actual coking wastewater and meanwhile achieve high COD, phenol, SCN- and CN- removal, the EGSB reactor was employed with two operation stages. StageI: Granular sludge was formed from digestion sludge using brewery wastewater as substrate in the anaerobic way (meanwhile adding little granules, which were 1/7 of the total biomass). StageII: Granular sludge was acclimatized with the actual coking wastewater through continuous micro-oxygenation way. The experimental results showed that the granular sludge could quickly form in 10d in the EGSB reactor seeded with digestion sludge and little loose granules. It took only about 6 months for the successful micro-aerobic acclimating of the granular sludge by the actual coking wastewater. The removal efficiencies of COD, phenol, SCN- and CN- were 72.9, 99.5, 95.7 and 97.5%, respectively, at 12.1h hydraulic retention time (HRT) and for 631-922, 12.8-37.7, 66.7-232.7 and 0.3-57.8mg.L-1 influent COD, phenol, SCN- and CN- concentration.
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Zahra, S. A., L. D. A. Purba, and N. Abdullah. "Development and characteristics of microalgae-bacteria aerobic granules treating low strength municipal wastewater." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1091, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): 012052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1091/1/012052.
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Abstract This study aims to assess the feasibility of cultivating microalgae-bacteria aerobic granular sludge using low-strength municipal wastewater (<200 mg COD/L) as a substrate. A laboratory-scale photo-sequencing batch reactor was inoculated with activated sludge and fed with municipal wastewater. The development and characteristics of microalgae-bacteria aerobic granular sludge were observed for 90 days. The average COD removal efficiency of this system was 71%. The granulation process was observed to occur on day 28, indicated by a high biomass accumulation and decreasing sludge volume index (SVI). After 90 days of cultivation, MLSS value was found to be 3.7 g/L and SVI30 at 18.9 mL/g. In addition, the diameter of the granules was significantly increased. Mature microalgae-bacteria aerobic granules were developed with an average and a maximum diameter of 0.65 mm and 6 mm, respectively. Moreover, cocci-shaped bacteria and microalgae cells were observed to reside on the granular surface during observation using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The granules exhibited an excellent settling velocity at 80 m/h. The findings suggest the possibility of using low-strength wastewater to develop microalgae-bacteria aerobic granular sludge.
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Pedrouso, A., A. Val del Río, J. L. Campos, R. Méndez, and A. Mosquera-Corral. "Biomass aggregation influences NaN3 short-term effects on anammox bacteria activity." Water Science and Technology 75, no. 5 (December 15, 2016): 1007–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.587.
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The main bottleneck to maintain the long-term stability of the partial nitritation-anammox processes, especially those operated at low temperatures and nitrogen concentrations, is the undesirable development of nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB). When this occurs, the punctual addition of compounds with the capacity to specifically inhibit NOB without affecting the process efficiency might be of interest. Sodium azide (NaN3) is an already known NOB inhibitor which at low concentrations does not significantly affect the ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) activity. However, studies about its influence on anammox bacteria are unavailable. For this reason, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of NaN3 on the anammox activity. Three different types of anammox biomass were used: granular biomass comprising AOB and anammox bacteria (G1), anammox enriched granules (G2) and previous anammox granules disaggregated (F1). No inhibitory effect of NaN3 was measured on G1 sludge. However, the anammox activity decreased in the case of G2 and F1. Granular biomass activity was less affected (IC50 90 mg/L, G2) than flocculent one (IC50 5 mg/L, F1). Summing up, not only does the granular structure protect the anammox bacteria from the NaN3 inhibitory effect, but also the AOB act as a barrier decreasing the inhibition.
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Li, J., K. Garny, T. Neu, M. He, C. Lindenblatt, and H. Horn. "Comparison of some characteristics of aerobic granules and sludge flocs from sequencing batch reactors." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 8-9 (April 1, 2007): 403–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.284.
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Physical, chemical and biological characteristics were investigated for aerobic granules and sludge flocs from three laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactors (SBRs). One reactor was operated as normal SBR (N-SBR) and two reactors were operated as granular SBRs (G-SBR1 and G-SBR2). G-SBR1 was inoculated with activated sludge and G-SBR2 with granules from the municipal wastewater plant in Garching (Germany). The following major parameters and functions were measured and compared between the three reactors: morphology, settling velocity, specific gravity (SG), sludge volume index (SVI), specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR), distribution of the volume fraction of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and bacteria, organic carbon and nitrogen removal. Compared with sludge flocs, granular sludge had excellent settling properties, good solid–liquid separation, high biomass concentration, simultaneous nitrification and denitrification. Aerobic granular sludge does not have a higher microbial activity and there are some problems including higher effluent suspended solids, lower ratio of VSS/SS and no nitrification at the beginning of cultivation. Measurement with CLSM and additional image analysis showed that EPS glycoconjugates build one main fraction inside the granules. The aerobic granules from G-SBR1 prove to be heavier, smaller and have a higher microbial activity compared with G-SBR2. Furthermore, the granules were more compact, with lower SVI and less filamentous bacteria.
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Tarre, S., R. Armon, G. Shelef, and M. Green. "Effects of water characteristics on granular sludge formation in a USB reactor for denitrification of drinking water." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 9 (November 1, 1994): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0463.
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The effects of water chemical composition on granular sludge formation in a denitrifying USB reactor was studied. The mineral fraction and sludge volume index (SVI) of the granular sludge in the reactor were found to be closely related to the composition of the influent water. Groundwater and simulated ‘hard’ water produced granules with good settling characteristics and high reactor VSS concentrations. Sludge granules from the reactor fed with surface water, which had lower concentrations of calcium and alkalinity, had a low mineral content and high SVI values resulting in biomass washout and reactor instability. The mineralization process, as expressed by the sludge's ash content (mainly CaCO3), is due to an increase in the pH and alkalinity during denitrification thereby changing the reactor's precipitation potential.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Granular biomasses"
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Sguanci, Sara [Verfasser], and Dr Ing Dockhorn Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Prof. "Granular biomasses for biological treatment of breeding wastewater / Sara Sguanci ; Betreuer: Thomas Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dockhorn." Braunschweig : Technische Universität Braunschweig, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1175818178/34.
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Dai, Jianjun. "Biomass granular feeding for gasification and combustion." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31282.
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Successful feeding is critical to biomass utilization processes, but is difficult due to the heterogeneity, peculiar physical characteristics and moisture content of the biomass particles. The objectives of this project were to define what limits screw feeding in terms of the mechanisms of blockage and to examine the effects of key properties like mean particle size, size distribution, shape, moisture content (10-60%), density and compressibility on screw feeding of biomass. Wood pellets, ground wood pellets, sawdust, hog fuel, ground hog fuel and wood shavings were used in a screw feeder/lock hopper system previously employed to feed biomass to a circulating fluidized-bed gasifier. Three hopper levels (0.3, 0.45, 0.6 m), five casing configurations (common straight, tapered and extended sections) and two screws with different configurations were investigated. Experimental results showed that large particles, wide size distributions, irregular shapes, rough particle surfaces, large bulk densities and high moisture contents, as well as higher hopper levels and special casing configurations, generally led to large torque requirements for screw feeding. The "choke section" and seal plug play important roles in determining torque requirements for biomass fuels. The unique characteristics of biomass and system requirements of biomass processes create special challenges for biomass feeding. A fundamental study on a Particulate Flow Loop was also conducted to investigate the probability of blockage/bridging as a function of particle size, shape, density, hardness, flexibility and compressibility. Experimental results showed that large particle size, irregular shape, and large ratio of particle to constriction dimension can all increase the blockage tendency. Reynolds number based on water mean velocity and hydraulic diameter of duct, constriction dimensions and shape, particle density, particle hardness, flexibility and compressibility are also important factors affecting blockage probability. The present study developed a new theoretical model with consideration of compression, aimed to understand the mechanism of biomass screw feeding and to predict torque requirements to turn the screw feeder instead of being blocked. Boundaries around the bulk material within a pocket were considered, and forces acting on these surfaces were analyzed. Two parameters are employed in this model to describe stress in screw pockets in the hopper and to analyze compression in the choke section. The model extends previous models by considering effects of all boundaries on torque, and allowing for compression in the choke section. The torque requirement is approximately proportional to the vertical stress exerted on the hopper outlet by the bulk material in the hopper and to the third power of the screw diameter based on the theoretical analysis. This indicates that large screws and high feed loads require large torque. The starting torque and volumetric efficiency of screw feeding with consideration of compression in the choke section were also estimated with reasonable success based on this model. Special casing configurations (e.g. tapered and extended sections) are also considered in the model, leading to better understanding of blockage in the choke section and approximate prediction of torque requirements for screw feeders of special casing configurations. The choke section length, screw and casing configurations were closely related to plug formation and plug sealing of the reactor, while also affecting the torque requirements. The new theoretical model successfully predicted torque requirements and efficiencies for both compressible and incompressible materials for certain screw configuration. The present experiments and model are expected to be very useful for biomass utilization.Applied Science, Faculty of
Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of
Graduate
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Isanta, Monclús Eduardo. "Towards granular biomass implementation for urban wastewater treatment." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/284924.
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Una alternativa al tratamiento de aguas residuales urbanas mediante lodos activos son los sistemas de biomasa granular. Las características morfológicas de la biomasa granular le confieren, principalmente, dos ventajas sobre la biomasa floculenta: (i) la habilidad de sedimentar más rápido, y (ii) la posibilidad de realizar simultáneamente procesos aerobios, anóxicos y anaerobios dentro. Dos sistemas basados en biomasa granular han demostrado potencial en el tratamiento de aguas urbanas. En primer lugar, los reactores secuenciales granulares (GSBR), donde se llevan a cabo los mismos procesos biológicos que en los sistemas de lodos activos, pero con las ventajas de la biomasa granular. En segundo lugar, un tratamiento de aguas residuales urbanas basado en tecnología anammox, el cual permitiría una depuración de aguas sin aporte o incluso productora de energía. Esta tesis busca incrementar el conocimiento de estos sistemas de biomasa granular, con el objetivo último de confirmar si la biomasa granular puede ser una alternativa real al tratamiento de aguas residuales urbanas con lodos activos.
Para el tratamiento de aguas residuales urbanas con GSBRs, se realizaron dos estudios diferentes. En primer lugar, se estudió el tratamiento un agua residual de baja carga en un GSBR a escala piloto operado durante 11 meses. Se obtuvieron y mantuvieron gránulos maduros durante 5 meses. La eliminación biológica de nitrógeno fue principalmente vía nitrito. La eficacia de nitrificación fue del 75% y se obtuvo desnitrificación simultánea a la nitrificación durante las fases aerobias del GSBR. Se observó una acumulación progresiva de sales de fósforo (probablemente apatita) entre los días 150 y 300, que pudo influir negativamente en desestabilización de los gránulos al final del periodo experimental. En segundo lugar, se llevó a cabo un estudio mediante modelización matemática para determinar estrategias de control automático que permitan mejorar la eliminación biológica de nitrógeno en un GSBR. Se diseñaron simulaciones específicas para elucidar el efecto sobre la eficacia de nitrificación-desnitrificación de la concentración de oxígeno disuelto, el tamaño de gránulo, la ratio C/N del afluente y la carga volumétrica de nitrógeno. Los resultados de las simulaciones mostraron que se pueden obtener altas eficacias de eliminación de nitrógeno simplemente fijando la consigna de oxígeno disuelto apropiada. Esa consigna apropiada se puede encontrar fácilmente en función de la concentración de amonio en el efluente. Se usaron estos resultados para proponer una estrategia de control que mejorara la eficacia de eliminación de nitrógeno.
Respecto al tratamiento de aguas residuales urbanas basado en tecnología anammox en un sistema de 2 etapas, se realizaron dos estudios adicionales. En el caso de la nitritación parcial, se operó un reactor granular de 2.5L trabajando en continuo, tratando un agua residual con una concentración de nitrógeno baja y a bajas temperaturas. Se obtuvo, durante más de 450 días, un efluente adecuado para alimentar un reactor anammox posterior, incluyendo más de 365 días a temperaturas iguales o menores a 15 ºC. Se usó un modelo matemático ya existente para explorar las razones que permitieron obtener nitritación parcial a temperaturas tan bajas. Finalmente, se usó la técnica de la pirosecuenciación para explorar cambios en la estructura de la comunidad microbiana de un reactor granular anammox tras un choque térmico. Tras el choque térmico, la capacidad de eliminación de amonio se redujo un 92%. Los resultados de la pirosecuenciación indicaron que la diversidad microbiana en el reactor aumentó a medida que el reactor se recuperaba del choque térmico. En general, los resultados de la pirosecuenciación fueron acordes con los resultados de eliminación de nitrógeno y con los test de actividad anammox realizados durante el proceso de recuperación. Se usó un primer anammox específico para determinar con precisión las especies anammox en el reactor.Granular biomass has been proposed as an alternative to activated sludge for the sewage treatment. The morphological characteristics of granular biomass, provides granules two main advantages over flocular biomass: (i) the ability of settling faster, and (ii) the possibility of performing aerobic, anoxic and anaerobic processes simultaneously. Two different granular systems have a demonstrated potential for the treatment of urban wastewater. First, aerobic granular sequencing batch reactors (GSBR), which perform the same nutrient removal process occurring in activated sludge systems, but taking advantage of the abovementioned granular sludge properties. Second, an anammox-based sewage treatment, which could allow obtaining a more sustainable (energy-neutral or even energy-positive) wastewater treatment. This thesis is focused in improving the knowledge of these granular biomass systems towards confirming granular biomass as a real alternative to urban wastewater treatment with activated sludge. For urban wastewater treatment with GSBRs, two different studies were done. First, the stability of granules and their performance at pilot scale were first studied in a 100 L GSBR treating low-strength wastewater for simultaneous carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus removal was operated for eleven months. Mature granules prevailed in the GSBR during a period of five months. The biological nitrogen removal with mature granules was mainly performed via nitrite. Nitrification efficiency was higher than 75% and occurred simultaneously with denitrification during the aerobic phase of the GSBR. A progressive accumulation of P-salts (probably apatite), was found from days 150 to 300, which could enhance the destabilization of granules at the end of the experimental period. Second, a model-based study was carried out to determine the guidelines to design an automatic control strategy with the final aim of enhancing biological N-removal in a GSBR. Specific simulations were designed to elucidate the effect of DO concentration, granule size, influent C/N ratio and NLR on the nitrification-denitrification efficiency. Simulation results showed that, in general, high N-removal efficiencies (from 70 to 85 %) could be obtained only setting the appropriate DO concentration. That appropriate DO concentration could be easily found based on effluent ammonium concentration. Those results were used to propose a control strategy to enhance N-removal efficiencies. Regarding the anammox-based sewage treatment in a two-step system, two additional studies were carried out. For the partial nitritation step, a bench-scale granular sludge bioreactor was operated in continuous mode with a low nitrogen concentration wastewater at low temperatures. An effluent suitable to feed a subsequent anammox reactor was maintained stable during more than 450 days, including more than 365 days at temperatures equal or lower than 15ºC. A previously existing mathematical model was used to determine why partial nitritation was feasible. Simulations showed that NOB was only effectively repressed when their oxygen half-saturation coefficient was higher than that of AOB. Simulations also indicated that a lower specific growth rate of NOB was maintained at any point in the biofilm due to the bulk ammonium concentration imposed through the control strategy. Finally, pyrosequencing technique was used to explore the microbial community structure changes during the recovery process of an anammox granular reactor after a temperature shock. The temperatures shock reduced the nitrogen removal rate up to 92% compared to that just before the temperature shock, and it took 70 days to recover a similar nitrogen removal rate to that before the temperature shock. Pyrosequencing results indicated that microbial diversity in the reactor decreased as the reactor progressively recovered from the temperature shock. In general, pyrosequencing results were in agreement with N-removal performance results and SAA measured in the reactor during the recovery process. An anammox specific primer was used to precisely determine the anammox species in the biomass samples.
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Woolley, Sylvia. "Aerobic granular biomass using municipal primary effluent : a comparative monitoring study." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/63114.
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The full abstract for this thesis is available in the body of the thesis, and will be available when the embargo expires.Applied Science, Faculty of
Civil Engineering, Department of
Graduate
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Salmistraro, Marco. "Mainstream deammonification reac-tor at low DO values and employing granular biomass." Thesis, KTH, Mark- och vattenteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-180284.
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Nitrogen removal from wastewater has been exstensively addressed by scientific literature in recent years; one of the most widely implemented technologies consists of the combination of partial nitritation and anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX). Compared to traditional nitrification and denitrification techniques such solution eliminates the requirement for an external carbon source and allows for a reduced production of excess sludge; furthermore, it brings down the costs associated to aeration by 60-90% and the emissions of CO2 by 90%. Similar techniques can turn out to be particularly interesting when stringent environmental regulations have to be met. At present, most of the dedicated research dwells on wastewater at high temperatures, high nitrogen loads and low organic content, as it is typical of sidestream effluents; this project, instead, is focused on mainstream wastewater, characterized by lower temperatures and nitrogen content, but higher COD values. At the center of the thesis is the application of a one-stage reactor treating synthetic mainstream municipal wastewater. The chosen approach consisted in maintaining low DO values, allowing for both for the establishment of a proper reaction environment and for the out-selection of nitrite oxidizers; granular biomass was employed for the experiment, aiming at effective biomass retention. The HRT value was gradually decreased, with a minimum at 6 hours. Resulting nitrogen removal rates proved to be satisfactory, with a maximum TN removal efficiency of 54%. Retention of biomass was also positively enhanced throughout the experiment, and yielded a final SRT value of 15.6 days. The whole process was then inserted into a more complete framework, accounting for possible energetic optimizations of similar treatment plants. Employing COD fractionation as a primary step paves the way for anaerobic digestion side processes, which can produce methane and ultimately provide energy for the main nitrogen removal step. Therefore, envisioning energy-sufficient water treatment processes seems a more and more feasible and realistic possibility.
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Piednoir, Brice. "Comportement en combustion de résidus de biomasse : mise en évidence de synergies par mélange sous forme de granulés." Thesis, Perpignan, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PERP0066/document.
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La combustion de résidus de biomasse, généralement peu valorisés, pourrait apporter une solution d’approvisionnement intéressante pour la production d’énergie, allégeant la pression sur les ressources forestières. Toutefois, la composition chimique de ces résidus est à l’origine de problèmes techniques autant qu’environnementaux dans les procédés de combustion existants, ce qui limite leur utilisation. Deux de ces problèmes ont été traités dans cette thèse : les émissions de NOX et la quantité de potassium volatilisée lors de la combustion de différents résidus. Des essais de combustion ont été menés dans des réacteurs à l’échelle du laboratoire, sur des granulés de biomasse pure ou en mélange. Contrairement à la volatilisation du potassium, qui est liée à la teneur en différents éléments inorganiques, une relation linéaire forte (R² = 0,98) entre les émissions de NOX et la teneur en azote du combustible a été établie pour les granulés de biomasse pure. Des écarts par rapport à cette relation linéaire ont été observés dans le cas des essais menés sur des granulés de mélange, mettant en relief que la teneur en azote n’est pas le seul paramètre impliqué. Les travaux menés ont ainsi permis d’établir de manière originale que des synergies peuvent exister dans les granulés de mélange de résidus de biomasse, conduisant à des comportements différant de l’additivité directe des comportements des biomasses prises séparément. Ces synergies permettraient d’atténuer les problèmes causés par l’utilisation de ces résidus dans des chaudières en agissant de manière ingénieuse directement sur les propriétés des combustibles sans modification du procédéCombustion of biomass residues, which are generally poorly valued, could provide an attractive supply solution for energy production, alleviating pressure on forest resources. However, the chemical composition of these residues is causing both technical and environmental problems in existing combustion processes, which limits their use. Two of these problems have been addressed in this thesis: the amount of volatilized potassium and NOX emissions, when burning different residues. Combustion tests have been conducted in laboratory-scale reactors on pure and mixed biomass pellets. Variations in the amount of volatilized potassium was found to be linked to the content of multiple chemical elements for pure biomass pellets. In the case of NOx emissions, a strong correlation (R² = 0.98) with the nitrogen content of the fuel was found for pure biomass pellets. However, deviations from this linear relationship were observed for trials conducted on mixed biomass pellets, highlighting that the nitrogen content is not the only parameter involved. The work carried out thus made it possible to establish in an original way that synergies can exist in the pellets made of a mixture of biomass residues, leading to beneficial behaviors differing from the direct additivity of the biomass behaviors taken separately. These synergies could allow to mitigate the problems caused by the use of these residues in boilers by ingeniously acting directly on the properties of the fuels without modification of the process
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Zimmer, Thiago Ruiz. "Influência da carga orgânica e do tempo de enchimento sobre o desempenho do reator anaeróbio em batelada seqüencial com biomassa granulada tratando soro de queijo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-14092006-222626/.
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Avaliou-se a influência da carga orgânica volumétrica (COV) aplicada e do tempo de enchimento sobre a estabilidade e a eficiência do ASBR com biomassa granulada, operado em batelada e batelada alimentada seqüenciais, tratando soro de queijo diluído. Os ensaios foram realizados a 30 'graus' C com volume total de meio de 5,0 litros e tempo de ciclo de 8 horas. Na primeira etapa realizou-se a operação em batelada com tempo de enchimento ('T IND.alim') de 10 min e freqüência de agitação de 150 rpm. A cada ciclo foram alimentados 2,0 litros de meio com concentração afluente ('C IND.AF') de 1000, 2000, 4000 e 6000 mg/L, em termos de DQO. A suplementação de alcalinidade foi gradualmente otimizada partindo-se da proporção de 1 a 0,25 da razão 'NA'H'CO IND.3'/DQO. Nestas condições foi possível operar o reator com estabilidade a COV aplicada de 4,8 g/L.d , com suplementação de alcalinidade de 25% e eficiência em remoção de matéria orgânica de 96,0% e 98,4% em termos de DQO filtrada e total, respectivamente. Na segunda etapa devido a problemas operacionais desenvolveram-se dispositivos para assegurar a retenção da biomassa a fim de viabilizar a operação em batelada alimentada. Os dispositivos testados foram ASBR híbrido, sistema de agitação com 2 impelidores, hélice e pá-inclinada (a) e hélice e turbina inclinada (b). A solução utilizada foi hélice e turbina inclinada. Para essa configuração, diminuiu-se a freqüência de agitação para 75 rpm e reduziu-se o volume de biomassa para 1,0 L. Dessa forma foi possível avaliar a influência das estratégias de alimentação ('T IND.alim') de 360, 180 e 10 minutos a COV aplicada constante de 2,4 g/L.d, para 'C IND.AF' de 4000 mg/L e 'V IND.alim' de 1,0 L e para 'C IND.AF' de 8000 mg/L e 'V IND.alim' de 0,5 L. Para a 'C IND.AF' de 4000 mg/L o aumento de 'T IND.alim' resultou em diminuição da eficiência, em termos de DQO solúvel, sendo de 97,8 , 96,7 e 94,5% para os 'T IND.alim' de 10, 180 e 360 minutos, respectivamente. Para a 'C IND.AF' de 8000 mg/L o aumento do 'T IND.alim' resultou em menores valores de DQO total no efluenteThe effect of volumetric organic load (VOL) and fill time on the stability and efficiency of an ASBR was assessed. The ASBR containing granular biomass was operated in batch and fed-batch mode and treated diluted cheese whey. Assays were performed at 30 'degrees' C with total medium volume of 5.0 liters and 8-h cycle lengths. In a first stage the reactor was operated batch-wise with fill time ('T IND.feed') of 10 min and agitation frequency of 150 rpm. At each cycle 2.0 liters of medium were fed at influent concentration ('C IND.infl') of 1000, 2000, 4000 and 6000 mg/L, in terms of COD. Alkalinity supplementation was gradually optimized from 100% to 25% of 'NA'H'CO IND.3'/COD ratio. At these conditions the reactor attained stability at applied VOL of 4.8 g/L.d, alkalinity supplementation of 25% and organic matter removal efficiency of 96.0% and 98.4% in terms of soluble and total COD, respectively. In a second stage due to operational problems devices were developed to assure biomass retention and hence make fed-batch operation feasible. The tested devices included hybrid ASBR, agitation system with two impellers: helix and inclined blade impeller (a) and helix and inclined turbine impeller (b). The system chosen was the helix and inclined turbine. With this configuration agitation frequency and biomass volume were reduced to 75 rpm and 1.0 L, respectively. This way, it was possible to assess feed strategies ('T IND.feed') of 360, 180 and 10 minutes at constant applied VOL of 2.4 g/L.d, for 'C IND.infl' of 4000 mg/L at 'V IND.feed' of 1.0 L and for 'C IND.infl' of 8000 mg/L at 'V IND.feed' of 0.5 L. At 'C IND.infl' of 4000 mg/L increase in 'T IND.feed' resulted in decrease in efficiency in terms of soluble COD, which amounted to 97.8, 96.7 and 94.5% for 'T IND.feed' of 10, 180 and 360 minutes, respectively. At 'C IND.infl' of 8000 mg/L the increase in 'T IND.feed' resulted in lower values for COD effluent
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Michelan, Rogério. "Influência do tipo de impelidor sobre o desempenho do reator anaeróbio em batelada seqüencial com biomassa granulada tratando esgoto sintético." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-13092006-092030/.
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Em um reator de fundo redondo e volume útil de 5 L tratando esgoto sintético com carga orgânica de 800 mgDQO.'L POT.-1' com biomassa granulada a influência do tipo de escoamento e velocidade rotacional foi investigada com o uso de cinco impelidores sendo eles turbina e pá de seis pás planas verticais, turbina e pá de seis pás planas inclinadas 45 graus e hélice, comumente aplicados em processos biológicos. Foi também investigada a viabilidade de implementação de tubo de tiragem ao reator em conjunto com os impelidores tipo hélice e tipo pá de pás planas inclinadas alternadamente, com vistas a melhorar a mistura e conseqüente transferência de massa no meio reacional. Os resultados mostram que a alteração do tipo de impelidor e as variações da velocidade rotacional não exerceram influência significativa sobre a estabilidade e desempenho dos sistemas estudados. Entretanto a análise das constantes do modelo cinético de primeira ordem mostrou que a alteração na velocidade rotacional exerceu influência de aumento dos valores das constantes, demonstrando com isto que o aumento da velocidade rotacional melhora a transferência de massa sólido-líquido no meio reacional. A análise das constantes cinéticas também demonstrou que a promoção de escoamento axial em reatores agitados mecanicamente é preferível ao escoamento radial quando comparados os impelidores tipo pá de pás planas verticais e de pás planas inclinadas. A presença do tubo de tiragem demonstrou incrementar significativamente a transferência de massa, através do aumento dos valores numéricos das constantes utilizadas no ajuste do modelo cinético de primeira ordem aos valores experimentais. A potência consumida foi inferior a 1,6.'10 POT.-3' HP/'M POT.3' com rotações abaixo de 200 rpm e os impelidores axiais consumiram 75% a menos de potência do que os radiaisThe effect of flow type and rotor speed were investigated in a round-bottom reactor with 5 L useful volume containing granular biomass and treating synthetic wastewater with organic load of 800 mgCOD.'L POT.-1'. Five impellers have been used to this end, namely: turbine and paddle with six-vertical-flat blade, turbine and paddle with six-45 degrees-inclined-flat-blade and helix, commonly used in biological processes. Utilization of a draft tube together with the helix and six-alternately-inclined-flat-blade impellers was also assessed as a means to improve mixing and consequently mass transfer in the reaction medium. Results showed that altering impeller type and variation in rotor speed did not exert significant effect on the stability and performance of the investigated systems. However, analysis of the first order kinetic model constants showed that alteration in rotor speed resulted in increase in the values of the constants, demonstrating that increase in rotor speed improves solid-liquid mass transfer in the reaction medium. Analysis of the kinetic constants also showed that axial flow in mechanically stirred reactors is preferable over radial flow when the vertical flat blade impeller is compared to the inclined flat blade impeller. The presence of the draft tube showed significant improvement in mass transfer, which could be seen by the increase in the values of the constants used in the fit of the first order kinetic model to the experimental values. The power consumed was less than 1.6.'10 POT.-3' HP/'M POT.3' at rotor frequency below 200 rpm and the axial impellers consumed 75% less power than the radial ones
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Manas, Llamas Angela. "Immobilisation du phosphore par précipitation induite dans un procédé aérobie à biomasse granulaire." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INPT0122/document.
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Depuis une dizaine d'années, les procédés de granulation aérobie sont apparus comme une technologie prometteuse pour le traitement des effluents fortement chargés en azote, phosphore et carbone, tels que ceux issus de l'agro-industrie. La complexité microbienne de ces granules et les mécanismes qui leur donnent des propriétés exceptionnelles de décantation et de cohésion, constituent encore des axes de recherche importants. Dans cette thèse, le travail s'est axé sur un mécanisme encore non étudié : les processus de précipitation des phosphates au cœur des granules microbiennes. Différentes techniques d'analyses spectrales, parfois adaptés pour la première fois à ce type de systèmes, comme la spectroscopie Raman, ont permis de caractériser la nature de ces minéraux formés au cœur des granules. L'analyse menée sur des réacteurs de laboratoires a démontré la présence des phosphates de calcium sous forme d'hydroxyapatite [Ca5(PO4)3(OH)]. Cette précipitation est potentiellement induite par les variations locales de pH et de sursaturation provoqués par les réactions microbiennes à l'intérieur des granules. L'étude des phénomènes de biominéralisation à été étendu aux granules anaérobies issus des réacteurs de type UASB de l'industrie laitière. Un modèle physico-chimique sur les processus de précipitation sous forme matriciel sur AQUASIM®, couplé avec des bases de calcul de sursaturation (PHREEQC®), ont permis d'avancer des hypothèses sur les mécanismes influençant ces processus de biominéralisation, tels que la formation d'un précurseur amorphe de l'hydroxyapatite (ACP), ainsi que d'identifier les constantes de précipitation thermodynamiques (pKsp|20ºC=28.07±0.58) et cinétiques dans différentes conditions opératoires. Grâce au suivi d'un système biologique GSBR (Granular Sludge Sequenced Batch Reactor) pendant plus de 900 jours, la contribution de ce phénomène aux processus de déphosphatation a été estimé (46% dans les conditions testées). L'utilisation de ce processus pour immobiliser efficacement le phosphore et apporter des propriétés physiques stables aux granules a été également discutée. Une évaluation des performances et de la stabilité du réacteur à été mis en œuvre en alternant des cycles anoxies/aérobies ou anaérobies/aérobies vis-à-vis d'une future application industrielle. L'induction locale de la précipitation par les variations de pH et par le relargage des phosphates par les réactions microbiennes, nécessite une modélisation appropriée, qui a été également initiée dans cette thèseOver the last decade, aerobic granulation processes have araised as a promising technology for treating wastewater effluents containing high nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon concentrations. The microbial complexity of granules and the mechanisms by which they acquire excellent settleability properties, still constitute important research goals to investigate. This thesis is focused on a mechanism that has been little addressed in literature, that is, phosphate precipitation in the core of aerobic granules. Different analytical techniques, sometimes adapted for the first time to this type of systems, like Raman spectroscopy, have let an exhaustive characterization of biominerals in the core of granules. Analyses performed on aerobic granules grown with synthetic fed in a lab-scale SBR (Sequential Batch Reactor), revealed a calcium phosphate core made of hydroxyapatite [Ca5(PO4)3(OH)]. This precipitation phenomenon is induced by local pH and supersaturation gradients issued of biological reactions inside granules. The study of the biomineralization phenomenon has been extended into anaerobic granules coming from UASB reactors at different cheese wastewater treatment plants. A physico-chemical model has been described in a form of matrix with AQUASIM® software, and coupled with a thermodynamic database (PHREEQC®), in an attempt to hypothesize the mechanisms that influence the biomineralization phenomena. It has been proposed the formation of an amorphous precursor (ACP) prior hydroxyapatite precipitation in the core of granules, suggesting the thermodynamic constant (pKsp|20ºC=28.07±0.58) and kinetic constants at different operating conditions. It has been also estimated the contribution of the biomineralization to the overall phosphorus removal process (up to 46% at the operating conditions tested), thanks to the development and study of a GSBR (Granular Sludge Batch Reactor) in labscale, for more than 900 days. The fate of the biomineralization process in granules, regarding the contribution to their stabilization and physical properties, has been also dealt in this thesis. The reactor stability and performances have been assessed by alternating anoxic/aerobic and anaerobic/aerobic cycles, in sights of a future industrial application. The induction of precipitation by local variation of pH and supersaturation issued of biological reactions has been here introduced, although it will need further investigation
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Matos, Talita de Santana. "Avalia??o da efici?ncia agron?mica de novos fertilizantes nitrogenados granulados baseados no uso da ureia." Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2011. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/1272.
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A study was conducted to evaluate the agronomic efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer with slow-release urea, measuring their losses by volatilization of NH3-N, N2O emission and recovery of fertilizer nitrogen applied as top dressing compared with commercioal urea to corn crop. All experiments were conducted at Embrapa Agrobiology. Firstly, the experiments were performed under controlled conditions in a greenhouse using soil layer of 0-10 cm of a haplic planosol. In the first experiment, the plastic trays were used as experimental units for evaluation of losses due to volatilization chambers with the aid of semi-open static free (SALE). Commercial urea was applied (UC), urea + KCl (UK), humic acid + urea (UH), urea + zeolitic sandstone (UZ) and urea + gypsum (UG) in two conditions of pH (5.4 and 6,5). Secondly, the other experiment was conducted using plastic pots containing the same soil samples as experimental units where they were planted three plants of Brachiaria decumbens. In this case, fertilizers were enriched with 15N, in two pH conditions too (pH 5,4 and 6,5). Treatments UZ and UK were more efficient in retaining N in the soil than the UC, with smaller losses through volatilization of NH3-N, and 20,2 and 15,8% on condition of lime and 22 and 17,2% when Liming did not occur, respectively. The UK fertilizer and UG showed overall increase of about 149 and 146% on dry biomass production at the end of the cycle on condition of pH 5,4. At pH 6,5 UG fertilizer showed yield increases of 149,3%. The accumulation of N in the plant and was 279,2 and 270,3 mg N.vaso-1 when no lime was applied to the UK and UG treatments, respectively, and the limed, 207.4 and 200,6 mg N. vaso-1 for the treatments UG and UH, respectively. Treatments UZ and UK had the highest recovery of applied N by plants, with values of 65,5 and 61,9% without lime, 60,2 and 45,7% with lime, respectively. Thirdly, other experiment was conducted at the experimental field at Embrapa Agrobiology in order to quantify the PNV, N2O emissions and efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer use (NFUE) slow-release by a corn crop on N balance Treatments consisted of field application of nitrogen fertilizers in coverage along the rows and a control treatment. Emissions of N2O were evaluated using static chambers closed. Was used fertilizers enriched with 15N in little plots for the assessment of NFUE. The treatments UZ and UK reduced the losses of N-NH3 by volatilization in approximately 18 and 14%, respectively. These losses corresponded to 32,3 and 35,7% of total N applied to soil. For N2O emissions the UK treatment showed the largest emission of N2O losses reaching values of 2.02 kgN.ha-1. The highest yield of grain were obtained by treatments that UG and UZ had a better response of grain production reaching values of 9666 and 9940 kg ha-1 respectively. To NFUE treatment UZ showed the highest values of N recovered reaching 67% of the total N applied system soil plant.
O trabalho objetivou avaliar a efici?ncia agron?mica de fertilizantes nitrogenados de libera??o lenta baseados no uso da ureia, quantificando suas perdas por volatiliza??o de NNH3 (PNV), emiss?o de N2O e a recupera??o do N-fertilizante aplicado em cobertura em compara??o com a ureia comercial na cultura de milho. Todos os esperimentos foram conduzidos na Embrapa Agrobiologia. Os primeiros experimentos foram realizados em condi??es controladas em casa de vegeta??o, utilizando solo da camada de 0-10 cm de um Planossolo H?plico. No primeiro experimento foram usadas bandejas pl?sticas como unidades experimentais para avalia??o das perdas por volatiliza??o com aux?lio de c?maras semi-aberta livre est?tica (SALE). Aplicou-se ureia comercial (UC), ureia + KCl (UK), ureia + ?cido h?mico (UH), ureia +arenito zeol?tico (UZ) e ureia +gesso agr?cola (UG) em duas condi??es de pH (5,4 e 6,5). O outro experimento utilizou vasos pl?sticos contendo amostras do mesmo solo como unidades experimentais onde foram plantados 3 plantas de Brachiaria decumbens. Neste caso os fertilizantes foram enriquecidos com 15N, tamb?m em duas condi??es de pH (pH 5,4 e 6,5). Os tratamentos UZ e UK foram mais eficientes na reten??o do N no solo do que a UC, apresentando menores perdas por volatiliza??o de N-NH3 de 20,2 e 15,8% sob condi??o de calagem e 22 e 17,2% quando sem calagem, respectivamente. Os fertilizantes UK e UG apresentaram aumento total de aproximadamente 149 e 146% na produ??o de biomassa seca ao final do ciclo da cultura em condi??o de pH 5,4. Em pH 6,5 o fertilizante UG apresentou aumento de rendimento de 149,3%. O ac?mulo de N na planta foi de 279,2 e 270,3 mg N.vaso-1 quando n?o foi aplicado calagem para os tratamentos UK e UG, respectivamente e quando com calagem, 207,4 e 200,6 mg N.vaso-1 para os tratamentos UG e UH, respectivamente. Os tratamentos UZ e UK apresentaram maior recupera??o pelas plantas do N aplicado, com valores de 65,5 e 61,9% sem calagem e 60,2 e 45,7% com calagem, respectivamente. O outro experimento foi realizado no campo na ?rea experimental da Embrapa Agrobiologia com objetivo de quantificar as perdas por volatilza??o de am?nio, as emiss?es de N2O e a efici?ncia do uso de fertilizantes nitrogenados (EUFN) de libera??o lenta pela cultura de milho, no balan?o de N. Os tratamentos consistiram da aplica??o no campo em cobertura dos fertilizantes nitrogenados ao lado da linha de plantio e um tratamento controle. As emiss?es de N2O foram avaliadas utilizando-se c?maras est?ticas fechadas. Foi utilizado fertilizantes enriquecidos com 15N em microparcelas para a avalia??o da EUFN. Os tratamentos UZ e UK reduziram as perdas de N-NH3 por volatiliza??o em aproximadamente 18 e 14%, respectivamente. Estas perdas corresponderam a 32,3 e 35,7% do total de N aplicado no solo. Para as emiss?es de N2O o tratamento UK foi o que apresentou maiores perdas por emiss?o de N2O atingindo valores de 2,02 kg N.ha-1. As maiores produtividades de gr?o foram obtidas pelos tratamentos UG e UZ que apresentaram melhor resposta de produ??o de gr?os atingindo valores de 9.666 e 9.940 kg.ha-1, respectivamente. Para EUFN o tratamento UZ apresentou o maior valor de N recuperado chegando a 67% do total do N aplicado no sistema solo-planta.
Books on the topic "Granular biomasses"
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Obernberger, Ingwald, and Gerold Thek. Pellet Handbook: The Production and Thermal Utilization of Biomass Pellets. Taylor & Francis Group, 2012.
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Obernberger, Ingwald, and Gerold Thek. Pellet Handbook: The Production and Thermal Utilization of Biomass Pellets. Taylor & Francis Group, 2012.
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Obernberger, Ingwald, and Gerold Thek. Pellet Handbook: The Production and Thermal Utilization of Biomass Pellets. Taylor & Francis Group, 2012.
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Obernberger, Ingwald, and Gerold Thek. Pellet Handbook: The Production and Thermal Utilization of Biomass Pellets. Taylor & Francis Group, 2012.
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Pellet Handbook: The Production and Thermal Utilization of Biomass Pellets. Routledge, 2012.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Granular biomasses"
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Dulekgurgen, Ebru, Nazik Artan, and Derin Orhon. "Morphological and Physiological Features of an Aerobic Granular EBPR Biomass Fed with Propionate." In Survival and Sustainability, 1327–41. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-95991-5_125.
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Corsino, S. F., M. Capodici, M. Torregrossa, and G. Viviani. "Biokinetic Behaviour of Autochthonous Halophilic Biomass at Different Salinity: Comparison Between Activated Sludge and Granular Sludge Systems." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 73–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58421-8_12.
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Muda, Khalida, Azmi Aris, Mohd Razman, and Zaharah Ibrahim. "Sequential Anaerobic-Aerobic Phase Strategy Using Microbial Granular Sludge for Textile Wastewater Treatment." In Biomass Now - Sustainable Growth and Use. InTech, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/54458.
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Val del Río, Ángeles, Alba Pedrouso Fuentes, Elisa Amanda Giustinianovich, José Luis Campos Gomez, and Anuska Mosquera-Corral. "Anammox Process." In Technologies for the Treatment and Recovery of Nutrients from Industrial Wastewater, 264–89. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1037-6.ch010.
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Application of anammox based processes is nowadays an efficient way to remove nitrogen from wastewaters, being good alternative to the conventional nitrification-denitrification process. This chapter reviews the possible configurations to apply the anammox process, being special attention to the previous partial nitritation, necessary to obtain the adequate substrates for anammox bacteria. Furthermore a description of the main technologies developed and patented by different companies was performed, with focus on the advantages and bottlenecks of them. These technologies are classified in the chapter based on the type of biomass: suspended, granular and biofilm. Also a review is presented for the industrial applications (food industry, agricultural wastes, landfill leachates, electronic industry, etc.), taking into account full scale experiences and laboratory results, as well as microbiology aspects respect to the anammox bacteria genera involved. Finally the possibility to couple nitrogen removal, by anammox, with phosphorus recovery, by struvite precipitation, is also evaluated.
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Shikuku, Victor Odhiambo, George Oindo Achieng', and Chrispin O. Kowenje. "Removal of Dyes From Wastewater by Adsorption Onto Low-Cost Adsorbents." In Impact of Textile Dyes on Public Health and the Environment, 239–57. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0311-9.ch011.
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This chapter describes an up-to-date critique of the use of adsorption as a wastewater treatment technique for the removal of dyes. The topics range from the classification of dyes, their occurrence in water and toxicity, various treatment methods, and dye adsorption dynamics onto agricultural wastes and inorganic adsorbents such as clay and metal oxides and adsorption onto microbial biomass under varying operational conditions. It is demonstrated that the discussed materials form alternative adsorbents for dye adsorption from aqueous solutions with comparable or better removal efficiencies relative to the non-renewable coal-based granular activated carbons; they are cheap and abundant. The relative performance of the adsorbents under different environmental parameters for dye removal has also presented. The deductions made and alluded to from various kinetic and adsorption isotherm models are also discussed. The chapter presents the past, present, and suggestions for future considerations in search of non-conventional adsorbents for dye sequestration from aqueous solution.
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İsmail Tosun, Yildirim. "Concentration and Microwave Radiated Reduction of Southeastern Anatolian Hematite and Limonite Ores—Reduced Iron Ore Production." In Iron Ores [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95231.
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The concentration of low grade iron ore resources was evaluated by washing and reduction. The advanced concentration methods for low grade limonite and hematite iron ores of South Eastern Anatolian resources required such specific methods. The followed column flotation and magnetic separation, microwave radiated reduction of hematite slime and limonite sand orewere investigated on potential reducing treatment. The bubling fluidized bed allows more time to the heat radiation and conduction for reducing to the resistive ıron compounds. Furthermore, heavy limonite and iron oxide allowed sufficient intimate contact coal and biomass through surface pores in the bubbling fluidized bed furnace due to more pyrolysis gas desorption. Bubbling bath porosity decreased by temperature decrease. This research was included reduction in microwave of poor hematite and limonite ores in the microwave ovens, but through smaller tubing flows as sintering shaft plants following column flotation and scavangering operation. Two principle stages could still manage prospective pre reduction granule and pellet production in new sintering plants. There is a lack of energy side which one can produce reduced iron ore in advanced technology plants worldwide. However, for the low grade iron ores such as limonite and sideritic iron ores it was thought that microwave reduction technique was assumed that this could cut energy consumption in the metallurgy plants.
Conference papers on the topic "Granular biomasses"
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Ghosh, Sayanti, and Saswati Chakraborty. "Bioremediation of hydrocarbon-rich wastewater by aerobic granules of oil degrading bacterial strains in salinity influence." In International Web Conference in Civil Engineering for a Sustainable Planet. AIJR Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.112.23.
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Granulation of sewage and brewery sludge isolated oil degrader Brevibacterium and Staphylococcus were investigated in hydrocarbon-rich wastewater with 280 mg/L of hydrocarbon at 10-25 g/L NaCl salinity influence. Brevibacterium and Staphylococcus cultures were inoculated in aerobic granular reactors (AGRs) R1 and R2 which were operated with 24 h cycle time and 2 L/min air flow rate. Yellowish matured granules appeared within 15 days. R1 granules achieved stability till 15 g/L NaCl concentration but faced disintegration between 15-20 mg/L NaCl exposure which reduced granule size and hydrocarbon removal from 2.15-1.7 mm and 78-73%. R2 granules were more salt tolerant providing 2.5±0.5 mm granule size with 4±1 g/L volatile suspended solids (VSS) and 201±1 mg/g VSS extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) content achieving 81±0.7% hydrocarbon removal in 30 days. High granule stability and biomass concentration ensured less biomass washout from reactors. Granule settling velocity (GSV) in R1 and R2 reached 20±1 and 32±0.8 m/h which corresponded with granule size profiles. Kinetics analysis showed that at steady state, R1 and R2 were capable of 72 and 91% phenol removals in 30 and 24 h, respectively. Hence, the study provided salt tolerant oil degrading granules for refinery wastewater treatment.
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Safitri, Anissa Sukma, and Roald Kommedal. "Effect of temperatures on anaerobic granulated biofilm modelling." In 63rd International Conference of Scandinavian Simulation Society, SIMS 2022, Trondheim, Norway, September 20-21, 2022. Linköping University Electronic Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/ecp192030.
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Anaerobic granulated biomass-based treatment is a sustainable alternative for municipal wastewater treatment. Each granule in the system is comprised of a complex community of anaerobic microorganisms embedded in a biofilm matrix. The aim of this work was to implement a biofilm model for simulation of biogas production and COD removal as observed in an experimental up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor system. Additionally, selected scenario simulations were carried out to assess the effect of temperatures (25, 16, and 12 °C) on granulated anaerobic reactor performance at different organic loading rates. The two main model components used are: Dynamic biochemical and physicochemical conversion processes (Anaerobic Digestion Model No. 1) and diffusive mass transfer within the granule (biofilm). The model was implemented in AQUASIM 2.1. Simulations gave insight into non-observables, especially intragranular biomass distribution and substrate profiles, which help our understanding of granule formation and evolution. Results reflected observed effluent COD concentrations and methane production rates at variable temperatures and reactor loadings. Simulations also confirmed observed steady-state reductions in COD removal efficiencies and methane fraction in biogas at increasing organic loading rate. Model simulations also showed intra-granular alkaline pH depth profiles with increasing organic loading rate which may explain calcium-based mineral core formation. The biomass composition and active regions in granules were not significantly affected by organic loading rate. At steady state, organic substrates especially monosaccharides and volatile fatty acids were predicted to degrade approximately within the outer 100 μm. In general, the model can be used as a tool to predict and simulate anaerobic granulated biofilm system performances in UASB reactor.
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Kruggel-Emden, Harald, Siegmar Wirtz, Erdem Simsek, and Viktor Scherer. "Discrete Element Simulation (DEM) for Coupled Description of Material and Energy Flow Within Moving Granular Media." In ASME 2005 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2005-71360.
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The discrete element method (DEM) can be used for modeling moving granular media in which heat and mass transport takes place. In this paper the concept of discrete element modeling with special emphasize on applicable force laws is introduced and the necessary equations for heat transport within particle assemblies are derived. Possible flow regimes in moving granular media are discussed. The developed discrete element model is applied to a new staged reforming process for biomass and waste utilization which employs a solid heat carrier. Results are presented for the flow regime and heat transport in substantial vessels of the process.
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PEKARSKAS, Juozas, Algirdas GAVENAUSKAS, Anželika DAUTARTĖ, and Aida STIKLIENĖ. "RECYCLING OF MINERAL SERPENTINITE WASTE FROM MINING INDUSTRY AND ITS USE IN AGRICULTURE TO IMPROVE SOIL AGROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.102.
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The influence of processing the serpentinite quarry from the Caucasian mountains at the foot of the Mount Elbrus crushed waste on soil agrochemical properties, phytotoxicity of spring barley, influence on barley plant biomass and its chemical composition were investigated. Ground and granular serpentinite had a different effect on soil and plants. Application of serpentinite fertilizers significantly increased the content of calcium, iron, 227.95-376.75 and 5.05-9.62 mg kg-1, total and plant-derived magnesium 0.34-0.52 and 1.19-2.16 mg kg-1, lead and nickel, while the amount of copper dropped substantially; the soil was becoming more alkaline. Application of ground serpentinite lead to alkalizing of the soil much more compared to the granular, with a significant increase in plant-derived magnesium. The influence of serpentinite increased the yield of spring barley plants in green and dry mass by 0.049-0.256 and 0.011-0.046 g or 0.65-3.41 and 1.19-2.59% out of the growing vessel, and dry matter increased by 0.12-0.26 % units, the yield of spring barley green and dry mass under the influence of ground serpentinite was higher than of granular serpentinite fertilizer, and the dry matter was found to be significantly higher than that of unfertilized spring barley plants. Ground and granular serpentinite was not phytotoxic to spring barley. An application of ground serpentinite increased an amount of calcium, potassium and magnesium in the barley dry matter compared to the granular serpentinite. Ground and granular serpentinite reduced the amount of trace elements copper and manganese in the dry mass of the plant, and the amount of zinc decreased only after fertilization with granular serpentinite. An application of serpentinite significantly decreased content of lead, chrome and cadmium while nickel content significantly increased in the dry matter of barley plants.
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Yulianto, Andik, Prayatni Soewondo, Marissa Handajani, and Herto Dwi Ariesyady. "Preliminary study on aerobic granular biomass formation with aerobic continuous flow reactor." In PROCEEDINGS FROM THE 14TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THERAPEUTIC ULTRASOUND. Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4978186.
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Nuutinen, Laura H., Minna S. Tiainen, Mika E. Virtanen, and Risto S. Laitinen. "Coatings on Bed Particles From FB-Combustion of Different Biomasses." In 17th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2003-008.
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The FB-combustion of several biomass fuels (bark, wood in different forms, biosludge, chicken litter, REF and forest residue) with different bed materials (quartz, natural sand, and recently introduced GR Granule) has been studied in this work. The bed samples have been collected during the laboratory, pilot, and full scale tests. The chemical composition of the coating layers and agglomerates were characterized by SEM-EDX. Line scans, point analyses, and X-ray maps were used to characterize the coating layers further. It was observed that the chemical composition of the coating of the bed particles depends both on the fuel type and on the bed material. The thickness of coating layers was also dependent on fuel and combustion history. The coatings were often seen to contain several superimposed layers. The innermost layer mainly contained alkali silicates, whereas the outermost layer was calcium-rich or magnesium-rich. In some cases the coating layers seem to protect the bed particles from agglomeration.
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Ali Uzair, Muhammad, Francesco Fornarelli, Sergio Mario Camporeale, and Marco Torresi. "Detailed Description of the Fluidized Bed Mixing and Heat Transfer by Means of Eulerian Multi-Fluid Numerical Simulations." In ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-14993.
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Abstract The hydrodynamics and heat transfer of a binary mixture of sand and biomass in a fluidized bed have been numerically investigated. The Eulerian multi-fluid model MFM incorporating kinetic theory of granular flow was used to numerically investigate fluidized bed. A commercial code has been used together with user-defined functions to correctly predict the hydrodynamics and the heat transfer. Numerical results were validated against the experiment in terms of pressure drop across the bed and concentration of biomass at different heights of the bed. Influence of additional parameters, such as superficial gas velocity and sand sizes on hydrodynamics were investigated. Additionally, heat transfer in the fluidized bed was also studied highlighting the influence of the temperature dependent properties of air on the results. The present results reveal that better mixing is achieved for smallest sand size, also promoting more uniform temperature of biomass.
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Leja, Laura, and Uldis Strautins. "Network model for thermal conversion of heterogeneous biomass granules." In 20th International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2021.20.tf161.
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Dimter, Sanja, Martina Zagvozda, Branimir Milovanović, and Miroslav Šimun. "Usage of wood ash in stabilization of unbound pavement layers." In 6th International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/cetra.2020.1016.
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Unbound base layers are an important part of the pavement, which consume a considerable amount of granular stone material. Favorable grain size distribution of materials, necessary for the construction of unbound base layers, is achieved by selecting a suitable material from nature or favorable material composition is achieved through mechanical stabilization. The basic principle of mechanical material stabilization is the addition of finer or larger granular material to the material of unfavorable, uniform granulometric composition, which is inherently unstable. In designing economical pavement structures, the availability of local materials of natural or industrial origin is of great importance. From natural local materials for the road construction in the area of Slavonia and Baranja, the Drava sand, a material of uniform granulometric composition of medium grain size D50 = 0.3 mm, is interesting and often in use. With the increasing number of biomass power plants in eastern Croatia, waste local material, wood ash, is also being created. Wood biomass ash, which is generated as a residue of biomass burning for electricity and heat production, is one of the newer and less explored alternative materials, which finds its application in construction as evidenced by the results of previous foreign studies. One possibility of using wood bio ashes in mixtures for unbound base layers is to modify / repair the granulometric composition of the base material. By combining the aforementioned local materials, that is, by designing a mixture of Drava sand and wood ash in appropriate proportions, it would be possible to obtain a mechanically stable mixture of increased load-bearing capacity for construction of unbound base layers. In this paper testing of mixtures composed from different proportions of Drava sand and wood ash for unbound base layers is described with the purpose of proving the stabilizing effect of wood ash.
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Rodrigues Ramos, Lucas, and Edson Luiz Silva. "EFEITO DO TEMPO DE DETENÇÃO HIDRÁULICA NA PRODUÇÃO DE HIDROGÊNIO ATRAVÉS DE FERMENTAÇÃO ACIDOGÊNICA DE SORO DE LEITE EM REATOR ANERÓBIO DE LEITO GRANULAR EXPANDIDO." In Simpósio Nacional de Bioprocessos e Simpósio de Hidrólise Enzimática de Biomassa. Campinas - SP, Brazil: Galoá, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.17648/sinaferm-2015-33331.
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