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1
Lee, In-Keun. "Mechanical behaviour of compacted decomposed granite soil." Thesis, Online version, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.292710.
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Yan, Wai Man. "Experimental study and constitutive modelling of re-compacted completely decomposed granite /." View Abstract or Full-Text, 2003. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?CIVL%202003%20YAN.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2003.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 168-177). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.
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Chan, Man Yiu. "The influence of wetting on the dynamic properties of completely decomposed granite in Hong Kong /." View Abstract or Full-Text, 2002. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?CIVL%202002%20CHANM.
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Thesis (M. Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2002.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 131-136). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.
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To, Chiu-yin. "A unified elasto-plastic model for saturated loosely compacted completely decomposed granite." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/b40203554.
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Maribeng, Lebea. "The influence of parent material (granite and schist) on physical and chemical properties of soils on the Syferkuil Experimental Farm." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/606.
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Thesis (M.Sc. (Soil Science)) --University of Limpopo (Turfloop campus), 2007The influence of parent material on physical and chemical properties of soil was studied on granite and schist derived soils on the Syferkuil Experimental Farm, situated in the Mankweng area of the Limpopo Province of South Africa. A total of 49 samples of virgin soils were collected, where granite soils constituted 26 samples and schist soils 23. The study design that was used is cross-sectional. The samples were analysed for physical and chemical properties. The physical properties of granite and schist soils were determined as percentages coarse sand, percentages medium sand, percentages fine sand, percentages very fine sand, percentages silt and percentages clay, whilst the chemical properties were determined as concentrations (cmol (+) kg-1) of Na, Mg, Ca, K ,ESP, CEC and P (mg kg-1), as well as pH. Statistical analysis of the results was performed by application of the Unpaired Student’s T Test, with the level of significance at p<0.05. The results showed that soils derived from granite had significantly higher coarse and medium sand fractions than schist soils; whereas schist soils were significantly higher in fine sand, very fine sand, silt and clay. The concentrations of Na, Ca, ESP and P, as well as CEC and pH in schist derived soils were higher than in granite derived soils although the differences were insignificant. However, significant differences occurred in K and Mg concentrations where schist derived soils had higher concentrations than granite derived soils. However, the concentrations of nutrient elements were found to be insufficient for proper production in agriculture. The sodium concentration was found to be low enough to not lead to sodic soil conditions. It was concluded that both granite and schist soils can be used for agriculture but require careful management because both soils indicated poor nutritional status.
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Gildenhuys, Nanine. "The occurrence and extent of collapse settlement in residual granite in the Stellenbosch area." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5214.
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Thesis (MScEng (Civil Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Large areas of the earth’s surface are covered by soils that are susceptible to large decreases in bulk volume when they become saturated. These soils are termed collapsing soils and are very common in parts of the USA, Asia, South America and Southern Africa. This study is concerned with the occurrence of these collapsible soils in the residual granites of the Stellenbosch area. The study was undertaken as relatively little is known about the collapse phenomenon in the problematic weathered granites of the Western Cape. The majority of research thus far has been carried out on the deep residual soils formed on basement-granite in the Transvaal areas, whereas little attention has been paid to the Cape granites. The aim of the study was achieved through the experimental work which included double oedometer testing, indicator analyses and shear strength testing. Double oedometer tests were performed to quantify the potential collapse settlement of the soils from the demarcated study area. To provide a better understanding of the collapse behaviour of the soils, indicator analysis, which included Atterberg limits and particle size distributions, were performed. Direct shear tests were further carried out on saturated and natural moisture content specimens to establish the effect of collapsibility on shear strength and whether substantial additional settlement of the saturated soils would occur during shear. It was found that collapsible soils are prevalent in the demarcated study area as the majority of soils showed a potential collapse settlement of 1% or more. Collapse exceeding 5% were calculated in a few instances proving some soils to be highly collapsible. The double oedometer and indicator analysis results were used in an attempt to obtain a relationship between collapse settlement and a combination of easily determined properties such as dry density (void ratio), moisture content and grading, but no meaningful conclusions have emerged. The shear strength tests indicated that a clear correlation does not exist between collapsibility and shear strength. It was further established that a relationship between collapse settlement determined during the double oedometer testing and the volume change during shear strength testing cannot be assumed. It can thus be concluded that soils can be very unpredictable and further research on the collapse phenomenon is indicated.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Groot dele van die aarde se oppervlakte is bedek deur grondtipes wat geneig is tot ‘n afname in volume as dit deurweek word. Hierdie gronde word swigversakkende gronde genoem en dit word algemeen teëgekom in dele van die VSA, Asië, Suid-Amerika en Suider-Afrika. In hierdie studie word die voorkoms van swigversakkende gronde in die residuele graniet in die Stellenbosch area ondersoek. Die studie is onderneem aangesien relatief min i.v.m. die swigversakking-verskynsel in die problematiese verweerde graniet van die Weskaap bekend is. Die meeste van die navorsing sover is onderneem op die diep residuele gronde wat gevorm is op die Argaïese graniet in die Transvaal gebied, en betreklik min aandag is geskenk aan die Kaapse graniet. Tydens die studie is eksperimente wat dubbele oedometer toetse, indikator analises, en skuifsterkte toetse insluit, uitgevoer. Dubbele oedometer toetse is uitgevoer om die potensiële swigversakking van die grond in die afgebakende studiegebied te kwantifiseer. In ‘n poging om die swigversakking-verskynsel van die grond beter te verstaan, is indikator analises wat Atterberg grense en partikel grootte verspreiding insluit, uitgevoer. Direkte skuiftoetse is ook uitgevoer op deurweekte grondmonsters en op monsters wat natuurlike vog bevat, om sodoende die effek van swigversakking op skuifsterkte vas te stel en om uit te vind of aansienlike addisionele sakking van die deurweekte gronde tydens skuif plaasvind. Daar is gevind dat swigversakkende gronde die oorheersende grondtipe in die afgebakende studiegebied is waar meeste van die gronde ‘n potensiële swigversakking van meer as 1% toon. ‘n Swigversakking van meer as 5% is in ‘n paar gevalle bereken, wat bewys dat sommige grondtipes hoogs versakkend is. Die resultate van die dubbele oedometer en indikator analises is gebruik in ‘n poging om te bewys dat daar ‘n verhouding bestaan tussen swigversakking en ‘n kombinasie van kenmerke wat maklik vasgestel kan word soos droë digdheid (ruimte verhouding), voginhoud en gradering, maar daar kon nie tot ‘n sinvolle slotsom gekom word nie. Die skuifsterkte toetse toon dat daar nie ‘n duidelike korrelasie bestaan tussen swigversakking en skuifsterkte nie. Daar is verder vasgestel dat dit nie moontlik is om te aanvaar dat daar ‘n verhouding bestaan tussen swigversakking soos vasgestel tydens die dubbele oedometer toetsing, en die verandering in volume tydens skuifsterkte toetsing nie. Daar is dus tot die slotsom gekom dat grond baie onvoorspelbaar kan wees en dat verdere navorsing na die swigversakking-verskynsel nodig is.
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To, Chiu-yin, and 杜昭彥. "A unified elasto-plastic model for saturated loosely compacted completely decomposed granite." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B40203554.
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Agenbach, G. "Experiments to modify grape juice potassium content and wine quality on granite derived soils near Paardeberg /." Link to the online version, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/488.
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Agenbach, G. "Experiments to modify grape juice potassium content and wine quality on granite derived soils near Paardenberg." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/3035.
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Thesis (MScAgric (Soil Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006.High potassium content in grape juice and wine are associated with low quality red wine in warm wine producing countries. In an attempt to reduce the potassium content of juice, must and wine, a field experiment was laid out on the farms Meerlus and Kersfontein in the Paardeberg area near Wellington in 1998 on granite derived soils to investigate the effect of canopy management and fertiliser applications on berry K accumulation and wine quality. Four fertiliser applications, three canopy treatments and a MgSO4 foliar spray were studied. The three fertiliser treatments being: none (control), CaSO4, Ca(OH)2, and MgSO4 applications. The canopy treatments were: thin to two shoots per bearer, tip, vertical shoot positioning (VSP) and the removal of yellow leaves and lateral shoots (canopy 1), thin to three shoots per bearer, top after véraison and VSP (canopy 2) and VSP with top after véraison (canopy 3/control). Magnesium sulfate sprays were applied at véraison for two seasons (1999/00 and 2000/01). Seasonal effects produced the most significant differences in this experiment. Canopy treatments did not affect juice K concentration at harvest. Canopy 1 and 2 produced significantly lower wine pH values at Kersfontein. Fertiliser treatments had no effect on juice K concentration nor did it affect wine quality. Magnesium sulphate foliar sprays did not affect juice K concentration at harvest but significantly lowered juice and wine pH, improved wine colour density and total phenolic content. It appears for this experiment that soil K content before véraison, shoot growth at and after véraison and water stress after véraison were the main factors determining juice K concentration at harvest.
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Shi, Liangyu. "Influence of artificial weak cementation on loose silty sand behavior /." View abstract or full-text, 2004. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?CIVL%202004%20SHI.
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Thesis (M. Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2004.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 163-170). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.
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Shin, Jong Ho. "Numerical analysis of tunnelling in decomposed granite soil." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368048.
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Shimoyae, Akitsu. "Soil Erosion and Human Impacts in Hilly Devastated Granite Mountains." Kyoto University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/148964.
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Kyoto University (京都大学)0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第10235号
農博第1307号
新制||農||862(附属図書館)
学位論文||H15||N3756(農学部図書室)
UT51-2003-H656
京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻
(主査)教授 水山 高久, 教授 野渕 正, 教授 谷 誠
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Want, Kay F. "Factors affecting soil erosion in weathered granite hills at Tai Lam, Hong Kong." Thesis, View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B30109097.
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Pradhan, Bandana. "Study of pullout behaviour of soil nails in completely decomposed granite fill." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B29324944.
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Zhang, Jiajie, and 张家杰. "Laboratory investigation of loosely compacted completely decomposed granite for slope design." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B47055601.
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Ngai, Yuen-yi Helen, and 魏婉儀. "Soil genesis and vegetation growth in pulverized fuel ash and refuse landfills capped by decomposed granite." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31219780.
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Ngai, Yuen-yi Helen. "Soil genesis and vegetation growth in pulverized fuel ash and refuse landfills capped by decomposed granite /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19471166.
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HAVERLAND, RAYMOND LOUIS. "SOIL DEVELOPMENT ON A GRANITIC CATENA IN SOUTHEASTERN ARIZONA (WEATHERING)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184144.
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Chemical input-output analyses were used to evaluate the rate of rock weathering and soil development on a granitic inselberg of the Dragoon Mountains in southeastern Arizona. Soil genesis relationships were investigated through field and laboratory study of the soil profile, parent rock, microclimate and vegetation, on different catena positions and hillside aspects. Precipitation and runoff water qualities were determined, with increased summer acidity. Precipitation volume was estimated by extrapolating data from a nearby recording station. Runoff volume was estimated by the U.S.D.A.-S.C.S. Curve Number Method (1972). These data enabled the quantitative determination of cationic solution loss. The indicated decreasing order of cation mobility is calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium. Cations of higher mobility are relatively depleted in the hillcrest soils, while transported to the footslope or beyond. Calcium, and to a lesser extent sodium, have experienced more extensive off-site removal. Differences resulting from the transformation of parent material to soil were analyzed by field morphology, X-ray analysis, laser light-scattering particle size analysis, and chemical analyses. The study site was surveyed, mapped and the spatial arrangement of soil taxa and their compositional variation were studied. Nearly all pedons on the crest or transport slope are Lithic Ustic Torriorthents; whereas footslope soils show greater development, as exemplified by the occurrence of various Haplargids, Haplustolls and Argiustolls. Weathering rates were calculated using a methodology similar to that of F. W. Barth (1961). Potassium and magnesium provided the most reasonable data of 350 and 430 Kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, respectively. (equivalent to 13.5 and 16.5 mm of rock weathered per 1000 years). Two serrated projectile points were found inbedded on the clayey soil surface of an adjacent ancient pond site. These artifacts resemble another projectile point found in southeastern Arizona which has been radiocarbon dated ~7,000 yr B.P. A minimum age for the pond and immediate surrounding topography is suggested to correspond with the end of the western subhumid pluvial period. The assessment of the geochemical budget provided a valuable framework for quantification of the various processes which interactively determine the rates of weathering and soil formation.
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SILVA, Ygor Jacques Agra Bezerra da. "Influence of geochemical signature and mineralogy of granites on the pedogenesis and geochemistry of soils across a climosequence." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2016. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/7349.
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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
Granites underlie large land areas and play a key role in global weathering patterns. This study provides insights into the effects of I- and S-type granites on weathering, pedogenesis, mineralogy and soil geochemistry of major, trace and rare earth elements across a climosequence in a tropical environment. We hypothesized that soils derived from I-type granites lead to huge differences in weathering, pedogenesis, mineralogical and geochemical patterns in comparison to those derived from S-type granites. The study was carried out in Borborema Province, NE Brazil, using petrological, mineralogical, geochemical and soil standard analyses; multivariate analysis and geographic information system approaches were used to evaluate such data. In general, results showed that the highest major, trace and rare earth element concentrations in soils derived from I-type granites are related to their higher proportion of accessory minerals: allanite, titanite, apatite, amphibole and opaque minerals. Bastnaesite and monazite seems to the major sources of rare earth elements in soils derived from I- and S-type granites, respectively. Geophysical field measurements show different magnetic susceptibilities, whereby I-type granites have substantial higher magnetic properties than S-type granites. Soils originated from I-type granites are quantitatively more significant carbon pools. Multivariate statistical techniques are useful to guide and support environmental management decisions not only to understand soils variability but also to contribute to agriculture production and soil-related environmental issues. Spatial distribution maps are suitable for supportting soil fertility management and crop specific fertilization. These results highlight the following issues: i) The importance of detailed characterization of granite types to understand the weathering patterns and carbon stocks in tropical settings; ii) Granitic composition and climate-related weathering processes are soil formation key factors to understanding major, trace and rare earth element distributions in soils; iii) The geologic factor on soil formation cannot be neglected in climosequence studies aiming to allow the understanding of environmental issues such as pedogenesis, soil geochemistry and carbon stocks. In addition, our findings provide wider implications in large parts of the tropics (S-America, sub-Saharan Africa, India, SE and East Asia, Australia) which are underlying by igneous rock types including I- and S-type granites and where effective management tools are needed to increase nutrient use efficiencies for increased productivity of food, fodder and energy crops.
Os granitos são a base de grandes áreas de terra e desempenham um papel fundamental nos padrões globais de intemperismo. Este estudo fornece insights sobre os efeitos dos granitos do tipo I e S sobre o intemperismo, a pedogênese, a mineralogia e a geoquímica do solo de elementos principais, traços e terras raras, em uma escala climática em um ambiente tropical. Nossa hipótese é que os solos derivados de granitos do tipo I levam a enormes diferenças nos padrões de intemperismo, pedogênese, mineralogia e geoquímica, em comparação àqueles derivados de granitos tipo S. O estudo foi realizado na Província de Borborema, nordeste do Brasil, utilizando análises petrológicas, mineralógicas, geoquímicas e de padrões de solo; análise multivariada e abordagens do sistema de informações geográficas foram utilizadas para avaliar tais dados. Em geral, os resultados mostraram que as maiores concentrações de elementos principais, traços e terras raras em solos derivados de granitos do tipo I estão relacionadas à maior proporção de minerais acessórios: allanita, titanita, apatita, anfibólio e minerais opacos. Bastnaesita e monazita parecem ser as principais fontes de elementos terras raras em solos derivados de granitos tipo I e tipo S, respectivamente. As medições geofísicas do campo mostram diferentes susceptibilidades magnéticas, pelo que os granitos do tipo I têm propriedades magnéticas substancialmente mais altas do que os granitos do tipo S. Solos originados de granitos tipo I são conjuntos de carbono quantitativamente mais significativos. As técnicas estatísticas multivariadas são úteis para orientar e apoiar as decisões de gestão ambiental, não apenas para entender a variabilidade dos solos, mas também para contribuir para a produção agrícola e questões ambientais relacionadas ao solo. Mapas de distribuição espacial são adequados para apoiar o manejo da fertilidade do solo e adubação específica da cultura. Esses resultados destacam as seguintes questões: i) A importância da caracterização detalhada dos tipos de granito para entender os padrões de intemperismo e os estoques de carbono em ambientes tropicais; ii) A composição granítica e os processos de intemperismo relacionados ao clima são fatores-chave na formação do solo para entender as distribuições de elementos principais, traços e terras raras nos solos; iii) O fator geológico na formação do solo não pode ser negligenciado estudos de climosequência visando a compreensão de questões ambientais como pedogênese, geoquímica do solo e estoques de carbono. Além disso, nossas descobertas fornecem implicações mais amplas em grandes partes dos trópicos (América do Sul, África Subsaariana, Índia, sudeste e leste da Ásia, Austrália) que são subjacentes por tipos de rochas ígneas, incluindo granitos do tipo I e S e onde São necessárias ferramentas de gestão eficazes para aumentar as eficiências de uso de nutrientes para aumentar a produtividade de alimentos, forragem e culturas energéticas.
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Maître, Véronique. "Geochimie des eaux libres extraites de sols hydromorphes sur granite dans le masif armoricain. Mobilite du fer et dynamique saisonniere." Paris 6, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA066222.
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Ce travail porte sur l'etude du fonctionnement geochimique des sols hydromorphes, plus particulierement sur la dynamique du fer en solution. Pour cela, nous avons effectue un suivi de la composition chimique d'eaux libres extraites in situ, de differents horizons de sols hydromorphes sur granite dans le massif armoricain. Le premiere partie de ce travail est consacree a des mises au point methodologiques; toutes les etapes de manipulation des solutions (extraction, transport, filtration, speciation du fer) mettent en jeu des materiaux chimiquement inertes, se deroulent en systeme ferme par rapport a l'oxygene atmospherique et a l'abri de la lumiere, afin d'assurer la validite des resultats obtenus. Les resultats montrent que le fer existe a des niveaux de concentration variables et sous differentes formes dans les solutions du sol. A fougeres, les eaux de la nappe sont bien oxygenees, le fer existe en solution essentiellement sous forme e suspensions colloidales et la mobilite du fer depend de phenomenes s'apparentant au lessivage. A quintin, le fer existe en solution a des niveaux de concentration plus eleves, essentiellement sous forme ferreuse aqueuse; la mobilite du fer temoigne d'une dynamique saisonniere marquee, qui reflete bien les conditions locales de deficience en oxygene regnant dans les horizons ou les eaux sont prelevees. Dans tous les cas, l'activite du fer en solution est controlee par l'equilibre avec l'hydroxyde ferrosoferrique fe#3(oh)#8. Les solutions sont sur-saturees par rapport aux phases solides ferriques, qui peuvent donc egalement se former
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Depner, Joseph Scott. "Estimation of the three-dimensional anisotropic spatial covariance of log permeability using single-hole and cross-hole packer test data from fractured granites." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_e9791_1985_407_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.
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Almeida, Alexandre D'ávila de. "Uso da camada superficial de solo na revegetação do estéril de extração de granito." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2006. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/5529.
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Previous issue date: 2006-02-24Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
The present study evaluated the efficacy of using a soil surface layer (topsoil) to cover deposits of waste-rock piles from granite extraction in order to enable the substratum to establish a plant community. With this objective, a greenhouse experiment was conducted with seven treatments (waste-rock, waste-rock + 5.0 cm topsoil, waste-rock + 10,0 cm topsoil, waste-rock + 20.0 cm topsoil, waste-rock + 10.0 cm B horizon, waste-rock + 4 L of incorporated manure, and waste-rock + 10.0 cm topsoil stored in the previous year). The experimental units consisted of a pot holding 32 dm3 substratum where one Joannesia princeps Vell. seedling was planted as indicator plant. The experiment was monitored over the course of 120 days. In the end of this period the indicator plants were evaluated biometrically, and the dry matter of the spontaneously germinated vegetation in each pot was analyzed. Substratum samples from each pot were also collected for analyses of microbiological aspects (CBM and qMic), of total organic carbon (COT) and of total nitrogen (NT). The results did not show any significant difference between thicknesses of 5, 10 or 20 cm, or even when no topsoil at all was used, regarding the establishment of an initial community of herbaceous plants by means of spontaneous germination. Topsoil (10 cm) addition proved effective, however, to establish tree vegetation, resulting in a significant growth increment of Joannesia princeps Vell. In both situations, the treatment of incorporated manure (4 L) resulted in strongest plant growth. No positive effect was verified by the substitution of topsoil by an equally thick layer of material derived from the soil B horizon. In the case of previously stored topsoil, no quality reduction was verified after a storage time of 12 months. The chemical and microbiological analyses were not able to detect significant alterations in the microbiota of the waste-rock substratum samples, but evidenced a tendency of increased COT and NT contents of the samples with the increasing thickness of the topsoil layers.
O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a eficiência de utilização da camada superficial do solo (topsoil) como cobertura de depósitos de estéril da extração de granito de modo a proporcionar a este substrato condições para o estabelecimento de uma comunidade vegetal. Para tanto, foi executado um experimento em casa de vegetação com sete tratamentos (estéril, estéril + 5,0 cm topsoil, estéril + 10,0 cm topsoil, estéril + 20,0 cm topsoil, estéril + 10,0 cm horizonte B, estéril + 4 L de esterco de curral incorporado e estéril + 10,0 cm topsoil armazenado no ano anterior). As unidades experimentais foram constituídas por um vaso com capacidade de 32 dm3 de substrato onde foi realizado o plantio de uma muda de Joannesia princeps Vell. como planta indicadora. O experimento foi acompanhado durante 120 dias. Ao fim deste período foram realizadas as avaliações biométricas das plantas indicadoras, bem como análise da matéria seca da vegetação germinada espontaneamente em cada vaso. Também foram coletadas amostras do substrato de cada vaso para análises microbiológicas (CBM e qMic), de carbono orgânico total (COT) e de nitrogênio total (NT). Os resultados não evidenciaram diferença significativa entre as espessuras de 5, 10 e 20 cm, ou mesmo ao não uso do opsoil, para o estabelecimento de uma comunidade inicial de herbáceas através da germinação espontânea. A adição do topsoil (10 cm) mostrou-se eficiente, porém, na etapa de estabelecimento da vegetação arbórea, ao propiciar um incremento significativo no crescimento de Joannesia princeps Vell. Em ambas as situações, a incorporação de esterco de curral (4 L) foi o tratamento que acarretou maior crescimento das plantas. Não foi verificado efeito positivo na substituição do topsoil por camada de igual espessura formada por material oriundo do horizonte B do solo. Quanto à utilização de topsoil já armazenado anteriormente, não foi comprovada diminuição de sua qualidade para o tempo do armazenamento de 12 meses. As análises químicas e microbiológicas utilizadas não foram capazes de detectar significativas alterações na microbiota das amostras do substrato estéril, porém evidenciaram uma tendência de aumento dos teores de COT e NT das amostras ao aumento da espessura da camada de Topsoil.
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Fichter, Jörg. "Minéralogie quantitative et flux d'éléments minéraux libéré par altération des minéraux des sols dans deux écosystèmes sur granite (bassin versant du Strengbach, Vosges)." Nancy 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997NAN10016.
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Dans le cadre de ce travail, la minéralogie quantitative et le flux de cations alcalins et alcalino-terreux (Ca, Mg, K, Na) libéré par altération de minéraux ont été étudiés dans deux sols granitiques sous épicéa et hêtre dans le bassin versant du Strengbach (Vosges). Sur cette roche pauvre en Ca et Mg, les épicéas montrent des symptômes typiques de carence magnésienne. Le substratum pauvre en réserves alcalines subit des pertes relativement élevées en Ca et Mg. Ceci est notamment dû à l'exportation de biomasse et à l'acidification des sols renforcée par l'aménagement et par les dépôts acides ou acidifiants. Il est donc nécessaire de savoir si les pertes peuvent être équilibrées par libération de cations alcalino-terreux au cours de l'altération. La prise en compte de l'altération permet d'établir un bilan d'éléments nutritifs fiable pour ces écosystèmes. Pédogenèse et évolution de minéraux ont été fortement prédéterminées par l'altération hydrothermale du granite du Brézouard. Dans le sol sur matériau fortement hydrothermalisé, le taux d'argile a doublé, notamment par l'abondance de micas blancs de petite taille et de smectites néoformées dans des microsites représentant des milieux localement confinés. Le sol brun ocreux qui s'est formé révèle un caractère intrazonal. Sur le matériau moins hydrothermalisé, un sol ocre podzolique s'est formé. Il est plus typique de la distribution des sols dans le paysage vosgien. [. . . ]
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Blavet, Didier. "Hydro-pédologie d'un versant représentatif d'un paysage sur socle granito-gneissique d'Afrique de l'Ouest (Togo) : Relations avec le comportement d'une plante cultivée." Montpellier 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON20281.
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Diatta, Sitapha. "Les sols gris de bas versant sur granito-gneiss en région centrale de la Côte d'Ivoire : organisation toposéquentielle et spatiale, fonctionnement hydrologique : conséquences pour la riziculture." Nancy 1, 1996. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1996_0043_DIATTA.pdf.
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En Afrique de l'Ouest, les vallées intérieures constituent un potentiel très important pour la production agricole en général et rizicole en particulier. L'utilisation rationnelle de cet écosystème passe nécessairement par la compréhension de son organisation pédologique et de son fonctionnement hydrologique. Les deux toposéquences étudiées sur granitogneiss. Dans la zone de transition forêt-savane de la région centre de la Côte d'Ivoire montrent trois couvertures pédologiques bien distinctes : en amont, une couverture pédologique ferrallitique, constituée par les sols rouges de plateua épais, plus ou moins gravillonnaires s'indurant à leur limite aval, le biseau cuirassé. Le profil altero-pédologique à plus de 10 m d'épaisseur, l'altération des minéraux primaires y est progressive. Ce profil comprend : 1) Un matériau pédoturbé et monosiallitique à altération totale (A et Bt) ; 2) Un matériau altéritique tacheté, non pédoturbé quasi-monosiallitique (IIBG), contenant de la kaolinite, de rares feldspaths et de micas dans les limons ; 3) Un matériau non pédotirbé, bisiallitique (IIC). C'est l'horizon "pistache" ou arène micacée de la lithomarge des régions tropicales à saisons contrastées. Notre étude montre que la limite sud de l'altération "pistache" smectitique, décrite au Burkina Faso semble se situer dans la zone de transition forêt-savane de Côte d'Ivoire. En aval, une couverture pédologique hydromorphe. Celle des sols gris du bas versant, est constituée par deux matériaux dont l'un superficiel, très sableux et pédoturbé, l'autre pédoturbé, smectitique, argileux et compact. C'est l'"horizon vert pistache" (HVP). Une arène micacée lui fait suite en profondeur. Dans le bas-fond, une couverture pédologique colluvio-alluviale à sols hydromorphes smectitiques est constituée par un matériau pédoturbé allochtone et un matériau pédoturbé en surface et non pédoturbé en profondeur, autochtone. L'étude du fonctionnement hydrologique des sols gris de bas versant révèle la présence de deux nappes phréatiques dont l'une est perchée et repose sur HVP, tandis que l'autre est localisée dans l'altérité profonde. Les deux nappes s'écoulent d'amont en aval en transportant des éléments fins (smectite, kaolinite, goethite, feldspaths, quartz) provenant de HVP et IIC. Les oscillations de la nappe perchée sont fortement influencées par le régime bimodal des pluies. Cette nappe est affleurante en zone aval et profonde en zone médiane. La nappe profonde est plutôt liée au cumul des précipitations. Les relevés pédologiques ont montré que HVP a une surface ondulée dans un site et régulière dans un autre. Lorsque la surface est régulière l'écoulement se fait de façon uniforme et l'épaisseur de l'eau augmente d'amont en aval. Lorsque cette surface est ondulée, l'écoulement se fait dans les dépressions de HVP où la lame d'eau est épaisse et perdure. La forme de HVP a une influence sur l'alimentation hydrique du riz dans les zones médiane et amont, où la nappe est trop profonde pour permettre la culture du riz. D'autres cultures pérennes à enracinement puissant peuvent mettre en valeur la nappe perchée.
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Santos, Ana Carolina Oliveira dos. "Avaliação da espessura do manto de intemperismo sobre o granito Santana (Porto Alegre, RS) por gamaespectrometria." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/105070.
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O mapeamento geológico-geotécnico de áreas vulneráveis aos movimentos de massa, naturais ou induzidos pela ação antrópica, requer investimentos consideráveis, na medida em que há a necessidade de detalhamento das variáveis (condições) controladoras de tais processos. Dentre essas variáveis, encontram-se as características físicas e químicas das rochas e dos solos, e a espessura total do manto de intemperismo que é uma variável fundamental para a avaliação de áreas vulneráveis aos movimentos de massa, principalmente quando associada à declividade do terreno e ao grau de saturação em água. A gamaespectrometria, como método geofísico não invasivo, pode ser usada como ferramenta para avaliação regionalizada das características físicas e químicas das rochas e dos solos, diminuindo os custos para levantamentos em grandes áreas. A gamaespectrometria, além das possiblidades conhecidas de discriminar tipos de rochas e de solos, tem sido recentemente aplicada na avaliação da espessura e da composição dos horizontes mais superficiais dos solos. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar o potencial da gamaespectrometria na determinação da espessura total do manto de intemperismo de solos autóctones (eluvios), a levemente alóctones (colúvios). Para o desenvolvimento desse trabalho, foi selecionado um corpo granítico textural e composicionalmente pouco variado (Granito Santana) que mostra grandes gradientes topográficos, localizado no município de Porto Alegre (RS). Os dados de gamaespetrometria constituem parte do Projeto Aerogeofísico Extremo Sudeste do Brasil (1978) da CPRM. A metodologia empregada neste trabalho é baseada na correlação entre a espessura de solo verificada em campo e os conteúdos de Kd (K normalizado pelo Th) e da razão Kd/Ud (K e U normalizados pelo Th) verificados ponto a ponto nos mapas regionalizados dessas variáveis. A estimativa da espessura média dos solos sobre o Granito Santana é dada pela média das estimativas de solo a partir do parâmetro Kd e da razão Kd/Ud. O resultado geral do mapa de espessura média dos solos mostra uma boa correlação entre a espessura verificada em campo e a espessura estimada, principalmente no Morro da Apamecor, Morro da Polícia, Morro da Tapera, Morro Pelado, Morro do Osso e Aberta Morros. Foi verificado que as faces voltadas para sudeste dos morros apresentam as maiores espessuras estimadas, o que confere com a realidade de campo, na medida em que são nessas zonas que se encontram as principais jazidas de saibro do município. O caráter preliminar dessa investigação mostrou que a gamaespectrometria e a metodologia empregada podem fornecer boas respostas na estimativa da espessura total do manto de intemperismo em determinadas condições geológicas e geomorfológicas. A principal conclusão, que fundamenta a aplicação da gamaespectrometria para essa finalidade, é que o manto de intemperismo sobre o Granito Santana, antes de constituir uma barreira de atenuação para os raios gama, é a própria fonte da radiação. As variações de conteúdo de rádio-elementos dentro dos domínios do Granito Santana são função predominantemente dos processos de hidrólise do K-feldspato e remoção do K, e secundariamente da erosão do grãos decompostos de k-feldspatos e dos minerais portadores de Th e U. Esse indicativo requer, no entanto, que sejam aprofundadas as investigações com a incorporação de mais dados de campo.The geological and geotechnical mapping o f the vulnerable areas to mass movements, natural or induced by human action, require substantial investments, to the extent that it is necessary to detail the variables (conditions) controlling such processes. Among these variables are the physical and chemical properties o f rocks and soils, and the total thickness o f the weathering mantle that is essential for the assessment o f vulnerable areas to mass movements, especially when associated with land slope and degree ofwater saturation. The gamma spectrometry, as non-invasive geophysical method, can be used as a tool for regionalized assessment ofphysical and chemical properties o f rocks and soils, reducing costs for surveying large areas. The gamma spectrometry, in addition to the known possibilities to discriminate types of rocks and soil, has recentl y been applied in assessing the thickness and composition o f the surface horizons o f soil. The objective of this work is to evaluate the potential of gamma spectrometry in determining the total thickness o f the weathered mantle o f na tive soils ( eluvios ), the slightly alien (colluvium). To develop this work, has selected an textural granitic body and compositionally varied little (Granite Santana) showing large topographic gradients, located in the municipality ofPorto Alegre (RS). The data ofthe gamma spectrometry are part ofProject Aerogeophysical Far Southeast Brazil ofthe CPRM (1978). The methodology used in this work is based on the correlation between the thickness of soil in the field and verified the contents of Kd (K normalized by Th) and reason Kd!Ud (K and U normalized by Th) scanned point by point in these maps regionalized variables. The estimated average thickness o f the soil o ver the Santana Granite is given by the average of the estimates of soil from parameter Kd and reason Kd/Ud. The overall result for the average thickness o f the soil map shows a good correlation between the thickness observed in the field and the estimated thickness, especially in Morro da Apamecor, Morro da Polícia, Morro da Tapera, Morro Pelado, Morro do Osso and Aberta Morros. It was found that the face-southeast o f the hills have the highest estimated thicknesses, which confers with the field reality, insofar as these are areas that are major deposits o f clay in the municipality. The preliminary nature of this investigation showed that the gamma spectrometry and methodology can provi de good answers to estima te the total thickness o f the weathered mantle in certain geological and geomorphological conditions. The main conclusion, which underlies the application of gamma spectrometry for this purpose, is that the weathering mantle on Granite Santana, before constitute a barrier easing to gamma rays is the very source of radiation. Changes in content of radionuclides within the fields of Granite Santana are function predominantly processes ofhydrolysis ofK-feldspar and K removal, and secondarily erosion grains decomposed k-feldspar and bearing minerais of the Th and U. This target requires, however, that the investigations with the incorporation of more field data are deepened.
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El, Merabi Bassel. "Comportement mécanique des joints cohésifs de béton-granite au niveau de l'interface barrage-fondation : influence géométrique et mécanique des aspérités." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAI008/document.
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La résistance au cisaillement de l'interface béton-roche est un facteur clé dans l'évaluation de la stabilité contre le glissement des barrages en béton construits sur une fondation rocheuse. Alors que plusieurs études ont montré que la rugosité de la surface rocheuse ainsi que la cohésion initiale contribuent à la résistance au cisaillement de l’interface béton-roche, la plupart des recommandations pour l'évaluation de stabilité des barrages proposent des valeurs conventionnelles pour les paramètres mécaniques de cette interface. De plus, la plupart des critères proposés dans la littérature pour déterminer la résistance au cisaillement des joints rugueux sont basés sur des essais de cisaillement direct réalisés sur des joints sans cohésion initiale. Une autre difficulté majeure réside dans la quantification de la rugosité de surface par un paramètre objectif permettant de décrire l'aspect tridimensionnel ainsi que l'anisotropie observée expérimentalement. Dans ce contexte, l'un des principaux objectifs de cette thèse est de mieux comprendre le comportement en cisaillement des joints cohésifs rugueux de béton-granite et de relier la résistance au cisaillement aux paramètres morphologiques de l'interface.En raison de la complexité du comportement en cisaillement des joints cohésifs et du fait que peu d'études ont été réalisées sur des échantillons cohésifs, il a été décidé de réaliser plusieurs campagnes expérimentales sur différents types de rugosité de surface (joints lisses, bouchardés, joints avec aspérités triangulaires et surfaces naturelles). À cette fin, plus de trente essais de cisaillement direct ont été effectués sur des échantillons cohésifs et à trois niveaux de contrainte normale. L'influence de la vitesse de cisaillement sur le comportement mécanique a également été étudiée. Avant la réalisation des essais, un outil morphologique a été développé afin de fournir une quantification objective de la rugosité de surface basée sur des mesures de surface obtenues avec un profilomètre laser.Sur la base des résultats des essais de cisaillement, deux comportements différents ont été observés pour les joints naturelles en fonction de la rugosité de surface et du niveau de la contrainte normale. Ainsi, une expression analytique a été proposée afin de quantifier la contribution des différents modes de rupture à la résistance au cisaillement. Il est montré que cette expression est capable de bien prédire la résistance au cisaillement des joints naturels. De plus, un nouveau paramètre de rugosité a été proposé afin de quantifier la morphologie des joints naturels et de prendre en compte les différents niveaux de rugosité de surface impliqués dans le mécanisme de cisaillement. Ce paramètre s'est avéré être bien corrélé avec la résistance au cisaillement dans le cas des joints cisaillés à une contrainte normale inférieure à 0.6MPa.D'autre part, une modélisation en 3D des essais de cisaillement direct a été proposée par la méthode des éléments finis en incorporant la surface reconstruite des joints obtenue à partir du profilomètre laser. Deux modèles de comportement différents ont été utilisés: un modèle cohésif-frottant pour la phase de pré-pic et une loi de contact pour modéliser la phase résiduelle de cisaillement. Les paramètres mécaniques de l'interface béton-granite ont été obtenus à partir des résultats des campagnes expérimentales sur des échantillons bouchardés. La comparaison entre les résultats numériques et les données expérimentales a montré un bon accord dans la phase résiduelle et une reproduction de la forme globale de la courbe de contrainte de cisaillementThe shear strength of the concrete-rock interface is a key factor in assessing the stability against sliding of concrete dams founded on rock. While several studies have shown that both surface roughness and the initial cohesion contribute to the shear strength, most of the recommendations for the stability assessment of dams propose conventional values for the mechanical parameters of the dam-foundation interface (i.e. friction angle and cohesion). Moreover, most of the criteria proposed in the literature in order to determine the shear strength of rough joints are based on direct shear tests conducted on joints without initial bonding. Another major difficulty lies in the quantification of surface roughness by means of an objective parameter able to describe the three dimensional aspect of surface roughness as well as the anisotropy observed experimentally. In this context, one of the primary objectives of this thesis is to better understand the shear behavior of bonded rough joints and to relate the shear strength to the morphological parameters of the concrete-rock interface.Due to the complexity of the shear behavior of bonded joints and because few studies have been carried out on cohesive samples, it was decided to perform several experimental campaigns on different types of geometries with an increasingly complex roughness (smooth, bush-hammered, tooth-shaped asperities and natural surfaces). For this purpose, more than thirty direct shear tests were performed on bonded samples at three levels of normal stress. The influence of the shear displacement rate on the shear behavior of joints was also investigated. Prior to the shear tests, a morphological tool was developed in order to provide an objective quantification of surface roughness based on surface measurements obtained with a laser profilometer.Based on the shear test results, two different shear behaviors were observed for the natural joints according to surface roughness and the level of normal stress. Thus, an analytical expression was proposed in order to quantify the contribution from the different modes of failure to the shear strength. It is shown that this expression is able to well predict the shear strength of natural joints. Furthermore, a new roughness parameter was proposed in order to quantify the morphology of natural joints and to account for the different levels of surface roughness involved in the shearing mechanism. This parameter was found to be well correlated with the shear strength of joints sheared at a normal stress less than 0.6MPa.On the other hand, numerical simulations of the direct shear tests were conducted by using a 3D finite element code and by incorporating the reconstructed joint surface obtained from the laser profilometer. Two different models were used: a cohesive-frictional model for the pre-peak phase and a contact law for modeling the residual shear behavior. The mechanical parameters of the concrete-granite interface were obtained from the results of the experimental campaigns on bush-hammered samples. The comparison between the numerical results and the experimental data showed a good agreement in the residual phase. The use of a cohesive-friction model, on the other hand, allowed to mimic the overall shape of the shear stress curve
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Rabassa, Camila Mendonça. "Monitoramento geotécnico da obra de ampliação dos molhes do Rio Grande, Brasil." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/49292.
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O presente trabalho apresenta um estudo das condições geotécnicas e do monitoramento da obra de ampliação dos molhes, proteção da entrada do canal de navegação do Porto de Rio Grande-RS/ Brasil, assente em solos moles. Atenção é dada a problemas associados à capacidade de carga e recalque das fundações. Investigações indicaram que o solo de fundação é constituído de uma camada de areia com 3 a 5 m de espessura abaixo do piso marinho, seguida de camada de argila mole, com índice NSPT de 2 a 4 e espessura média de 15 m. Somente abaixo dessa profundidade ocorrem solos de maior resistência. Deste modo, antecipou-se no projeto que as camadas do subsolo marinho iriam sofrer recalques e deslocamentos significativos quando submetidas às cargas decorrentes do alteamento dos molhes, havendo a necessidade de garantir as condições de estabilidade a partir da construção de bermas de equilibrio. Devido aos riscos, a obra foi concebida como observacional, sendo acompanhada de instrumentação de controle do processo construtivo, incluindo a observação das poro-pressões, recalques e deslocamentos horizontais na camada de argila mole, compressível e de baixa resistência. A instrumentação implantada na obra inclui inclinômetros, medidores do tipo aranha e piezômetros, sendo tal instrumentação pioneira no Brasil em obras nearshore, pois devido às condições marítimas adversas, parte dos instrumentos envia os dados via rádio, com monitoramento contínuo em tempo real. Este trabalho apresenta relatos das etapas da obra, incluindo a investigação das condições do subsolo e a instalação da instrumentação, constituindo-se igualmente em um desafio devido à profundidade, às restrições de acesso, ventos, impacto de ondas e correntes. Os resultados da instrumentação foram analisados e sistemas de alerta foram implantados para garantir as condições de segurança durante todas as etapas construtivas dos molhes.The present work presents the study of the geotechnical conditions and the monitoring of the breakwaters enlargement work in Rio Grande-RS/Brazil. The breakwaters are the protection for the Rio Grande harbor channel, based on soft soils. Focus is given to problems associated to the load and settlements of the foundations. Investigations have indicated that the soil is constituted of a 3 to 5 meter thick sand layer under the sea floor, followed by a soft clay layer with NSPT between 2 and 4 and 15 meter average thick. Only under this depth soils with larger strength occur. Therefore, it was predicted in the project that the layers from the sea subsoil would experience considerable settlements and displacements when they undergo the loads from the breakwaters heightening, existing the need to ensure stability conditions with the construction of balance berms. Due to risks, the work was conceived as observational and it has been accompanied by a control instrumentation of the constructive process, including pore water pressure observations as well as horizontal and vertical displacements in the clay layer. The implemented instrumentation includes inclinometers, spider magnet meters and piezometers. The use of these instrumentations has been considered pioneer in nearshore works in Brazil because, due to the adverse sea conditions, part of them send data by radio signal, with continuous monitoring on real time. This work presents reports from the steps taken in the work, including the investigation of the subsoil conditions and the installation of the instrumentation, which had constituted a challenge due to the depth, access restriction, wind, wave impact and the sea flow. Instrumentation results were analyzed and alert systems were deployed to ensure safety conditions during all the constructive steps of the breakwaters.
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Watakabe, Takuma. "Controlling Factors for Hillslope Denudation by Soil Formation and Shallow Landsliding in Low-relief Landscapes under Contrasting Lithological Conditions." Kyoto University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/253100.
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Acaba, Joseph Michael. "Primary Sediment Production from Granitic Rocks in Southeastern Arizona." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/231212.
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Isolated granitic rock bodies (granites, granodiorites, quartz monzonites) in the vicinity of Benson in southeastern Arizona were studied to trace the behavior of rock weathering. Thin sections of fresh granites were examined to characterize the original mineralogy which consisted mainly of quartz, feldspars, and micas. The weathering products show up on the granites as grus and soil profiles as well as down slope in the basin deposits. X -ray diffraction studies of the < 2 micrometers fraction of the weathering products proved illite, smectite, illite-smectite mixed layer, and kaolinite to be the dominant clays; quartz and feldspar also persisted into this size fraction. Silt sized material produced similar results. The quartz monzonite of Texas Canyon afforded a special study of the initial weathering stages of feldspars and micas. In the < 2 micrometers fraction obtained from granitic material placed in an ultra sonic bath, the feldspars weathered to a Na-montmorillinite while biotite weathered to vermiculite.
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Mansuy, Daniel. "Les granites et la couverture pédologique dans le bassin du rouge rupt : leurs participations au contrôle de l'acidification des eaux (Cornimont-Vosges méridionales)." Nancy 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992NAN10399.
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Deux principaux types de granites forment le substratum du bassin du rouge Rupt: le granite des crêtes et ses altérites forment des sols brun acides; les granites acides de Bramont-Ventron sont à l'origine de sols ocre podzoliques. Une altération hydrothermale le long de couloirs de fracturations entraine localement une episyenitisation. Une formation superficielle siliceuse le grassin parfois imperméable recouvre ces granites et favorise le développement de sols hydromorphes. L'action conjuguée des formations granitiques et des sols dérivés confère aux eaux de surface des niveaux d'acidification variables: eaux proches de la neutralité pour le granite des crêtes, alors que les granites de Bramont-Ventron sont à l'origine d'une acidification importante. L'accord entre physicochimie des eaux, nature des sols et des granites semble indiquer que l'altération par hydrolyse des espèces minérales du substratum contrôle globalement l'acidification dans le bassin du rouge Rupt. Les épisodes pluvieux sont à l’ origine de crises brutales d'acidification. Elles peuvent être interprétées comme la manifestation des dépôts acides sur le bassin. Certaines anomalies locales dans l'acidification résultent de faits géologiques particuliers (fracturations et episyenitisation dans le bassin du rouge Rupt). Toutes ces observations permettent de proposer une méthodologie pour l'évaluation des risques d'acidification de bassins versants
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Surma, Fabrice. "Détermination de la porosité des zones endommagées autour des failles et rôle de l'état du matériau sur les propriétés d'échange fluides-roches : Minéralogie, structures de porosité, caractéristiques mécaniques." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003STR13169.
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Ce travail de thèse montre que la structure d'une zone de faille (une gouge entourée par une zone endommagée) est la même dans deux sites différents malgré leur mode de formation : le premier en extension (Soultz-sous-Forêts, projet HDR, France) et le second en compression (faille de Nojima, Kobe, Japon). A partir des observations pétrographiques, une étude de la porosité et des propriétés physiques, un modèle de circulation de fluide dans un granite altéré et fracturé prenant en compte l'évolution de la pression fluide et les processus de dissolution-précipitation au cours d'un séisme est proposé. Dans le cas du contexte en extension, la période intersismique est associée à l'ouverture des fractures dans la zone endommagée de la faille et à une augmentation de la porosité due à l'altération du matériau. Au cours du séisme, les fractures se ferment et le fluide est expulsé. Dans le cas de la compression, la période intersismique est associée à la fermeture des fractures dans la matrice et l'expulsion des fluides vers la faille alors qu'au cours du séisme les fractures s'ouvrent à cause de l'augmentation de la pression fluide. Ainsi, il existe une constante compétition entre les processus qui permettent de créer de fortes perméabilités dans un système et ceux qui tendent à réduire la perméabilité. Ces processus (contraintes, précipitation de minéraux, variation de la pression fluide. . . Etc) sont les mêmes dans les deux contextes, mais ils n'interviennent pas au même moment pendant un séismeFault zone structure is characterized by a fault core (gouge, cataclasite, mylonite), a damage zone (small faults, fractures, veins fold) and a protolith. We can clearly describe these structures in the Soultz-sous-Forêts granite (HDR Project, France) and in the Nojima Fault zone (Kobe, Japan). This work shows us that the structures are the same ones in the two sites in spite of their different deformation mode : one in extension and the other in compression. We propose, starting from the petrographic observations, a study of porosity and physical properties, a fluid flow model in a altered and fractured granite, taking into account the evolution of the fluid pressure and the processes of dissolution-precipitation during an earthquake. In the case of extension, the intersismic period is associated to an opening of the fractures in the fault damaged zone and an increase in porosity due to the rock alteration. During the earthquake, the fractures are closed and the fluid is expelled. In the case of compression, the intersismic period is associated to the closing of the fractures in the matrix and the expulsion of the fluids towards the fault whereas during the earthquake the fractures open because of the fluid pressure increase. Thus, there is a constant competition between the processes which enhance permeability and those which tend to reduce it. These processes (stresses, mineral precipitation, fluid pressure variation. . . Etc) are the same ones in the various contexts, but they do not interfere at the same time during an earthquake
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Pareilh-Peyrou, Mathias. "Optimisation des méthodes à induction électromagnétique pour l'ingénierie des sols." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF22781/document.
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Le travail de recherche présenté dans ce mémoire de thèse, qui s’est déroulée dans le cadre d’un dispositif CIFRE (Conventions Industrielles de Formation par la Recherche) en collaboration avec le pôle géophysique du CEBTP à clermont-ferrand et le laboratoire Magmas et Volcans de l’UCA. Ce travail porte sur l’amélioration du rendement de la méthode géophysique électromagnétique de sub-surface. L’idée est de parvenir à extraire plus d’informations à partir des données électromagnétiques en gardant une méthode de prospection proche des méthodes classiques actuelles. Les techniques électromagnétiques (EM) sont des méthodes géophysiques fondées sur la mesure des variations de champs magnétiques et sont utilisé pour réaliser des mesures des caractéristiques électriques des sols. Ces appareils EM sont dits inductifs et ne nécessitent donc pas de contact avec le sol. Ils peuvent donc être mis en œuvre avec une vitesse d’acquisition plus importante que la plupart des autres méthodes géophysiques (profils électriques, gravimétrie, sismique...).Dans le cadre de ce travail, différents développements ont été effectués pour répondre à la problématique de l’amélioration des outils de prospection EM. La prospection sur le terrain a été améliorée grâce au développement d’un prototype de système d’acquisition automatisé. Celui ci est composé d’un conductivimètre (EM-31), d’un chariot support en fibre de verre, d’un GPS et d’un ordinateur assurant un enregistrement continu et géo-référencé des données à l’aide d’un programme spécialement conçu en Python.Ce mémoire présente également une procédure de correction des valeurs du conductivimètre EM-31, notamment la correction des effets de la hauteur de l’appareil par rapport au sol.Un programme Matlab a également spécifiquement été conçu pour le traitement automatisé de données EM. Ce programme permet de disposer rapidement des outils de base pour le traitement et la bonne visualisation des données.Deux études de cas ont été réalisées dans le cadre de ce travail doctoral.La première concerne une prospection linéaire d’une centaine de kilomètres sur des digues de protection contre les crues le long du fleuve Loire. Cette étude met en évidence les difficultés rencontrées lors d’une prospection de grande envergure et permet d’identifier les problématiques d’une étude géophysique à grande échelle, notamment la gestion du grand nombre de données. Cela contraint le choix de la méthodologie de prospection et permet de mettre en place les procédures d’automatisation des traitements.La seconde étude concerne la mise en œuvre des outils EM sur des terrains de nature volcanique. La prospection EM a su s’avérer très efficace pour la cartographie de nombreux sites archéologiques. Cependant les sols et les roches en région volcaniques sont connus pour avoir des effets magnétiques forts. Il s’agit ici dans le cadre d’une prospection archéologique, de déterminer plus précisément les effets magnétiques du sous-sol sur la mesure EMThis study has been conducted in the framework of the CIFRE doctoral contract, in collaboration with the Ginger CEBTP Geophysics pole and the “Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans”. The main objective of this work is to improve the performance of the sub-surface electromagnetic induction method.The principle is to retrieve more information from electromagnetic data keeping a prospecting method close to current field methods. Electromagnetic (EM) methods are based upon magnetic fields variations in order to to measure electrical characteristics of soils. EM devices are inductive and so don’t need contact with the ground. Thus they can be implemented faster than most of others geophysical methods (seismic, electrical profiles, gravimetry). In this framework, several developments have been performed to respond to the improvement of EM prospecting methods. The field survey was improved by the development of an automated acquisition system including a conductivimeter (EM-31) mounted on a fibreglass cart with a GPS receiver and a computer running a special Python program which ensure continuous data recording and geo-reference. In this thesis we present a correction procedure for the EM-31 conductivimeter values, in particular the device height above the ground. A Matlab program was also specifically conceived for automated EM data processing. It combines basic data processing and visualization tools. Two case studies was conducted during this doctoral work. The first one is about a hundred kilometers of linear prospecting along the Loire protection dykes (France). This study highlights the difficulties of large scale geophysical prospecting and allows to identify specific issues such as management of large data number. This influence the prospecting methodology and allows implementation of adapted automatized data processing. The second case study is about the implementation of EM devices on volcanic fields. Several archaeological sites has been mapped using EM methods. However in volcanic regions, soils and rocks are known to have strong magnetic effects. In this specific case of an archaeological study the purpose is to determine precisely the magnetic effects of soils on EM measures
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Dienstmann, Gracieli. "Projeto interativo dos molhes da Barra do Rio Grande-RS." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/32005.
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O presente trabalho detalha o conceito de Projeto Interativo aplicado à obra de ampliação dos Molhes da Barra do Rio Grande-RS, uma das maiores obras de infraestrutura portuária do Brasil, a qual se desenvolve em substrato argiloso de baixa capacidade de suporte e elevada compressibilidade, com espessura média de 10m. A obra de ampliação dos molhes e sua estratigrafia são detalhados após a revisão de critérios de alerta aplicados à aterros sobre solos moles. Posteriormente com o intuito de aferir modelos, fez-se uma análise da sensibilidade dos parâmetros de projeto, através da aplicação dos conceitos de segurança segundo o Método dos Volumes Deslocados, a qual definiu que a relação de volumes deslocados (dVv/dVh - razão de volume vertical deslocado, dVv, por volume horizontal deslocado, dVh) é suscetível às condições de drenagem, aos parâmetros de resistência e compressibilidade do solo de fundação, da geometria da área carregada e dos locais onde as leituras são realizadas. A dependência das leituras a este conjunto de fatores reforça a necessidade de análises numéricas específicas para definição de níveis de alerta. A análise paramétrica observou também que a aferição de parâmetros deve ser feita distintamente entre parâmetros de resistência e compressibilidade. De posse destas observações foram aferidos os parâmetros de projeto. Sequencialmente fez-se a reavaliação das seções de simulação numérica através de uma retroanálise quando do alteamento dos molhes à cota +2m. Observou-se que as simulações conseguiram capturar o comportamento em campo, em termos de deslocamentos horizontais e verticais, distorções e poro pressão. Este procedimento foi repetido até a fase de fechamento dos molhes, retroanalisando-se etapas anteriores de construção para refinar a estimativa das etapas subsequentes, garantindo-se as condições de segurança da obra. Com base neste estudo apresenta-se uma discussão quanto à postulação de critérios de segurança em obras geotécnicas, observando que estes devem ser abrangentes, de acordo com as características da obra, definindo deformações máximas e controle de taxas de deformação e, em particular, a taxa de distorção que cresce linearmente próximo à ruptura e diminui quando do aumento da estabilidade durante o período de adensamento.The concept of Interactive Design applied to a marine breakwater in Rio Grande-RS, southern Brazil, is described in the present paper. Besides a literature review concerning constructions control methods applied in soft soil embankments, the characteristics of the site and construction work are presented and, the stratigraphy is detailed, which is characterized by a soft foundation substrate of low capacity and high compressibility, with a thickness about 10m. Based on the need to postulate security levels in geotechnical projects, according the soft layer that support the current construction, the first steep was to perform a parametric evaluation of the breakwater using the Displaced Volume Method, a field stability control for embankments on soft soil. This parametric analyses shows that dVv/dVh (ratio of vertical volume displaced, dVv, per horizontal volume displaced, dVh) is a function of drainage conditions, strength and compressibility parameters, loaded area geometry, and location of measured points. The analysis is shown to be particularly sensitive to friction angle and compressibility .Given the sensitivity of the security analysis to several different parameters and geometrical conditions, it has been stressed that specific numerical analysis should be performed for every geotechnical problem. Using these observations, soil foundation parameters, obtained in the breakwater region, were checked, and recalibrated. After that, some back analysis to verify the models was made in all instrumentation sections. It was observed that the simulations were able to capture the measured behavior of horizontal and vertical displacements, distortions, and pore pressures. The analysis was repeated for different construction phases, so that a back-analysis of a previous stage could refine the predictions of the following stage. Finally, a field control is presented according to acceptable ranges of displacements, distortion and specially distortions rates, which increases linearly near the failure and decreases when increasing stability due to consolidation effects.
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Ihout, Sophia. "Approche comparative des soins psychiatriques et des libertés individuelles des patients en droit français et anglo-américain." Thesis, Paris 8, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA080034.
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Santé publique. Près d’une personne sur quatre dans le monde est exposée à l’apparition de troubles psychiatriques au cours de son existence. Les soins peuvent être dispensés en hôpital psychiatrique ou en ville. L’hospitalisation du malade peut être volontaire ou réalisée sous contrainte mais elle doit respecter un certain nombre de critères afin de préserver l’exercice de ses droits et libertés fondamentales. En effet, il ne peut y avoir aujourd’hui de soins psychiatriques sans respect des droits du patient. La psychiatrie n’a pas toujours eu cependant bonne réputation. Accusée d’être inutile voire dangereuse pour les patients, la psychiatrie hospitalière ne semblait-elle pas indissociable de la pratique de la contrainte ? Son histoire est marquée par l’insalubrité des asiles et les mauvais traitements aux XIXe et XXe siècles : malades enchaînés, battus, brimés, mal nourris, mise à l’isolement, recours à la sédation chimique et aux sangles de contention, rigidité du règlement intérieur du service hospitalier, etc. Dans le but de rompre avec les pratiques asilaires antérieures sont nés en réaction la psychothérapie institutionnelle puis l’antipsychiatrie qui ont permis d’apporter des réflexions pertinentes sur les améliorations dont l’hôpital psychiatrique pourrait bénéficier. De nos jours, il s’agit surtout de mettre en adéquation les modalités de soins en psychiatrie avec le respect des droits et de la dignité du patient. Les établissements de santé mentale ne doivent plus constituer un lieu de relégation et d’enfermement. La qualité des soins est désormais indissociable de certaines libertés qui doivent leur être accordées : liberté d’aller et venir hors des murs de l’hôpital, droit à la correspondance, au refus de soins, etc. Mais la diminution des budgets alloués aux hôpitaux n’est pas sans poser des difficultés précisément sur la qualité des soins et le respect des droits et libertés des malades : diminution du nombre de soignants, installation de la vidéosurveillance, enfermement des patients dans leur chambre, etc. Les législations française, britannique et américaine feront ainsi l’objet d’une approche comparative afin d’étudier les différents régimes de l’hospitalisation psychiatrique sous contrainte. Leurs différences et possibles points communs permettront d’apporter un éclairage sur la pratique psychiatrique au-delà de nos frontières. Nos questionnements s’étendront aussi aux détenus et aux sans-abris souffrant de troubles mentaux dont la prise en charge médicale sera exposée et analysée. L’accès aux soins de ces populations est en effet particulièrement difficile en raison de la précarité de leur situation ou des résistances opposées par l’administration pénitentiaire. L’innocuité des psychotropes et leur efficacité entreront enfin dans le champ de nos réflexions puisqu’elles constituent avec l’hôpital psychiatrique le premier vecteur de soinsToday, the quality of psychiatric care represents a public health issue. More than one person in four is exposed to mental disorders throughout his / her life. Care can be provided in mental institutions (inpatient care) or in the city through medical consultations (outpatient care). Psychiatric hospitalization can be voluntary or forced but it must respect some important criteria in order to enforce his fundamental rights and civil liberties. Indeed, psychiatric care cannot be separated from the exercise of the patient’s rights. Yet psychiatry did not always have a good reputation. Accused of being useless and dangerous to the sick, psychiatric care is deeply associated with the use of contention. Poor health conditions in mental institutions and physical abuse have undermined the standing of psychiatric care throughout the 19th and 20th centuries: enchainment, molestation, humiliation, malnourishment of the “insane”, use of seclusion, sedation and physical contention (restraint straps), etc. The institutional psychotherapy and the antipsychiatric movements have emerged in order to put an end to these forms of abuse and improve the quality of care and health conditions in mental institutions. Nowadays, the purpose of these currents of thoughts is to ensure the patient’s fundamental rights and improve the standard of care. Mental institutions must not constitute a place of confinement and segregation. Quality of care must be associated with the exercise of rights such as the freedom of movement in and out of the hospital, the right to correspondence or to refuse a treatment, etc. However, recent cuts in the financial resources of hospitals create great difficulties regarding the quality of care and the respect of patients’ rights: staff reduction, CCTV implementation, patient seclusion in their own room, etc. French, British and American laws will be compared in order to tackle their resemblances and differences regarding involuntary hospitalization. Our subject will also include inmates and homeless people suffering from mental disorders and their medical care when available. Access to care is especially difficult for these patients due to their precarious situation or the resistance of prison authorities. Then, medication safety and efficiency will be addressed: indeed, it constitutes the first source of psychiatric care along with mental institutions
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Quesada, Marvin E. "Territorial dynamics in land use and the hydrological regime: Central Region, Costa Rica." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Centro de Investigación en Geografía Aplicada, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/119710.
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It analyzes the relationship between territorial dynamics in land use and changes in the hydrological regime in the Central region of Costa Rica. A comparison is made between two years and the results showed that this process has been intense from one year to another. The urban and industrial heavy pressure on the most fertile soils of the country, has led to changes inthe hydrological regime of the two major sub-basins: Virilla and Grande de San Ramón, both of which constitute the Basin of Grande de Tarcoles River. The sub-basin of the Virilla Rivercan not store rainfall, especially considering that a large percentage of its area is covered byland uses of urban type. In contrast, the sub-basin of the Grande de San Ramón River retains a higher percentage of water, having land uses dominated by pasture, crops, and forests. In synthesis, several land uses increase their area, especially urban areas, with the major exception of the forest area which was reduced considerably.Se analiza la relación entre la dinámica territorial en el uso de la tierra con respecto a los cambios en el régimen hidrológico en la región central de Costa Rica. Se hace una comparación entre dos años y se encontró que tal proceso ha sido muy intenso de un año al otro. La fuerte presión urbanística e industrial sobre los suelos más fértiles del país, ha provocado modificaciones en el régimen hidrológico de las dos principales subcuencas hidrográficas: Virilla y Grande de SanRamón, ambas conforman la cuenca del río Grande de Tárcoles. La subcuenca del río Virilla no logra almacenar el agua pluvial, especialmente si se considera que un alto porcentaje de su área está cubierta por usos de tierra de tipo urbano. Por el contrario, la subcuenca del río Grande de San Ramón logra retener un mayor porcentaje de aguas, al tener usos de la tierra dominados por pastos, cultivos y bosque. En síntesis, varios de los usos de la tierra incrementan su área, en especial el área urbana, con la gran excepción del área de bosques que se redujo considerablemente.
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Deligny, Claire. "The "Borderlands of insanity" : folie et pauvreté dans les asiles de Lancaster, Prestwich et Rainhill, Lancashire (1845-1914)." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC109.
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A la fin du XVIII'me siècle, l'émergence d'une série de nosologies tentant de délimiter la maladie mente classiquement la naissance de la psychiatrie moderne qui se développe aux côtés de la neurologie. Ce qui a était qualifié de « médicalisation » de la folie s'accompagne dès te début du X1Xème siècle en Angleterre d'une redéfit l'institutionnalisation des aliénés. En 1845, la législation asilaire publique se précise en imposant la construction d'asiles dans chaque comté (county) et municipalité (borough) financés par les impôts locaux. Cette thèse s'intéresse au développement de trois asiles du Lancashire : celui de Lancaster d'abord, l'un des premiers asiles publics du pays établi en 1816 et réformé dans les années 1840, puis ceux de Prestwich et Rainhill, tous deux ouverts en 1851 mouvance de la loi de 1845. Le choix d'un échelon régional nous permet d'évaluer les fonctionnements parfois divers de ces institutions, mais aussi leurs interactions. Ces dernières se renforcent avec le passage d'une loi collectivités locales en 1888 qui transfère l'autorité des asiles du Lancashire à l'échelle du comté avec la création du Comité des asiles du Lancashire (Lancashire Asylums Board). Ce changement d'échelle modifie considérablement la définition d'un asile local et participe à un discours de désillusion qui entoure l'institution asilaire à la fin du siècle. De façon plus large, cette thèse démontre la difficile intégration de l'institution asilaire dans un discours de santé qui s'élargit et se modifie à la fin du XIXème siècle. Jusqu'à la Première Guerre mondiale et une loi de contourne la crise asilaire pour s'intéresser à la déficience mentale, le système asilaire est comme bloqué dans son évolution par sa dépendance à la loi sur l'indigence. A la même période, des discours de la santé publique faisant des emprunts marqués à l'eugénisme soulignent la nécessité de davantage systématiser l'internement et le contrôle des malades mentauxAt the end of the 18t1' century, the émergence of a series of nosological classifications which attempted to deleneate insanity is usually regarded as signifying the beginnings of modern psychiatry, which developed alongside neurology. This process, which has been designated as the "medicalisation" of insanity, coincided with the redefinition institutionalisation of the insane. In 1845, a series of Acts made it compulsory for the local authorities to county and borough asylums financed by the local taxes. This thesis focuses on the development of three count asylums in Lancashire: the Lancaster asylum, one of the first public asylums to be opened in Great Britain and in the 1840s, and the Prestwich and Rainhill asylums which both opened in 1851 in the wake of the 1845 legislation Working on a regional scale not only allows us to explore the differences between the three institutions but also on their interactions. Such interactions greatly expanded in the wake of the 1888 Local Government Act which transferred the government of lunatic asylums to the county through the Iiancashire Asylums Board. This change in scale dramatically altered the contemporary definitions of local asylums and arguably reinforced the disillusionment surrounding those institutions in fin-de-siècle Britain. More generally, this thesis demonstrates the struggles to integrate the asylum into the public health system, the definition of which was getting more a inclusive by the end of the 19" century. Until WW1 and a 1913 law on mental deficiency which failed to address the issue at stake, the asylum system was somehow trapped in its dependence to the 1834 New Poor Law and its definition of pauperism, while a collusion in the discourse of the reformers of public health and eugenicists stressed the necessity of turning asylums into a more systernatic institutions of control
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Vassy, Carine. "Le travail en équipe à l'hôpital : comparaison de l'organisation de six services de neurologie en Allemagne, France et Grande-Bretagne." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997IEPP0036.
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L'analyse sociologique de l'organisation de six services hospitaliers en Allemagne, France et Grande-Bretagne fait apparaitre des différences nationales dans les modes de coopération parmi le personnel. Nous avons montré que leur origine réside dans des facteurs institutionnels propres à chaque pays, réfutant ainsi les interprétations fonctionnalistes et culturalistes de la comparaison internationale. Nous avons également constate des similarités dans le travail en équipe d'un pays à l'autre. Ainsi la qualité de la coopération parmi les médecins est fonction d'enjeux de carrière, tandis que chez les soignants elle dépend de la création d'un consensus autour de l'organisation du travail. De plus les relations entre médecins et soignants se cristallisent toujours autour de la division du travail et du type de patients admis. Ces similitudes découlent de l'application d'un ensemble de connaissances techniques semblables, de relations similaires de subordination hiérarchique entre médecins et infirmières, et de perspectives de carrières différentes selon les métiers, mais identiques dans les trois pays. Il est donc essentiel d'étudier l'articulation entre professions et organisation hospitalières pour comprendre le travail en équipe. L'examen des principaux facteurs qui influencent le travail en équipe, que sont la dimension nationale et le mode d'articulation professions-organisation, n'épuise pas l'explication de la diversité des modes de coopération constates. La qualité du travail en équipe est aussi tributaire des choix faits par les acteurs, en particulier le chef de service et la surveillante, qui créent un ordre local spécifique. Sur le plan théorique, ce travail va au-delà de l'analyse stratégique classique qui privilégie l'étude des facteurs endogènes à l'organisation, et met en évidence les variables exogènes qui influencent aussi le travail en équipe, qu'elles soient d'ordre macrosocial (institutionnel) ou microsocial (environnement local)A cross-national comparison of the organisation of six hospital wards in Germany, France and Great-Britain presents many national differences. These differences have been analyzed as the result of national institutions and norms. Functionalist and culturalist interpretations of cross-national comparison are criticized. Some similarities in teamwork in the three countries are highlighted. The quality of the relations between physicians depends on their respective career trajectories. On the other hand cooperation among nursing staff is good if there is a general agreement on the organisation of nursing work. Lastly the quality of relations between doctors and nurses depends on the results of negotiations of the division of work and the kinds of patients who are admitted to the wards. These cross-national similarities stem from the use of the same technical knowledge, identical hierarchical subordination between physicians and nurses, and career patterns which vary from one profession to another, but are the same in the three countries. The study of the links between professions and organisation is of the highest importance in order to understand teamwork. It is impossible, however, to explain the variety of cooperation and conflict observed by the sole analysis of national institutions and links between professions and organisations. The quality of teamwork depends also on the choices of the members of the team (for example which patients are admitted for treatment), especially the chief of service and the head-nurse. On a theoretical level, our research has gone beyond the classical stategic analysis of organisations, which gives the priority to the study of endogenous variables of the organisation, and it has shown that exogenous variables (national institutions, local environment) also influence teamwork in hospitals
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Lino, Jane Siqueira. "Evolução do sistema plantio direto e produção de sedimentos no Rio Grande do Sul." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-17092010-181206/.
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Conciliar as crescentes demandas da produção agrícola com a garantia da produtividade do solo exige decisões rápidas e apoiadas em informação confiável acerca de impactos esperados. Compreender o efeito de grandes dinâmicas de alteração do uso do solo sustenta decisões futuras quanto à implementação de práticas sustentáveis de manejo. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a dinâmica da produção de sedimentos no Rio Grande do Sul em conseqüência da evolução do plantio direto a partir da modelagem em larga escala de dados secundários acesso público. Primeiramente, a validade da aplicação de um modelo de predição de erosão em larga escala foi testada no estado de São Paulo com variáveis exógenas relativas a bacias hidrográficas. À exceção da adoção de práticas de conservação, os demais fatores da Equação Universal de Perda de Solo foram calculados e espacializados em Sistemas de Informações Geográficas. Os dados de perda de solo foram combinados com parâmetros ligados a forma das bacias hidrográficas, sua declividade, a ocorrências de represamentos e matas ciliares; e usados como variáreis explicativas da carga de sedimentos nos rios através de modelos de regressão multivariada. A produção de sedimentos foi correlacionada à perda de solo estimada e à presença de grandes reservatórios nos terços inferiores das bacias (R²=0,55). Na aplicação do modelo testado, a perda de solo esteve diretamente relacionada ao uso da terra, concentrando altas taxas de erosão nas áreas ocupadas por agricultura de cultivos anuais. A partir da comprovação do método, este pôde ser utilizado na avaliação do efeito da mudança no manejo do solo em larga escala ocorrida no Rio Grande do Sul a partir da década de 80. Impulsionado por uma complexa estrutura social favorável, o Sistema Plantio Direto (SPD) foi amplamente adotado no estado. O fator cobertura do solo, que engloba uso e manejo foi obtido através dos Censos Agropecuários e monitoramentos estaduais da área de SPD dos anos de 1985, 1996 e 2006. Vinte e nove bacias hidrográficas foram determinadas a partir de estações sedimentométricas e separadas em agrícolas e de pastagem. A proporção de área agrícola determina o efeito do SPD no controle da erosão na bacia. A produção de sedimentos não variou nas áreas com pastagem e foi menor que a produção nas bacias agrícolas nos anos de 1985 e 1996. Nas áreas agrícolas, a produção de sedimentos diminuiu em 1996 e em 2006, quando se igualou à produção das bacias com pastagem. A adoção do SPD apresentou uma redução média na carga de sedimentos de 82%, valor próximo da redução das taxas de erosão testada em experimentos com plantio direto. O método sugerido permitiu a compreensão da distribuição espacial da erosão e sua dinâmica temporal em função do uso da terra. Modelos como este podem subsidiar a tomada de decisão, com potencial para avaliação de serviços ambientais fornecidos pelos agricultores, ferramentas determinantes na disseminação de práticas conservacionistas.Reconcile the increasing demands of agricultural production with the assurance of soil productivity requires quick decisions and supported by reliable information about the expected impact. Understand the effect of large dynamic change of land use maintains future decisions regarding the implementation of sustainable agricultural management practices. This study aimed to evaluate the dynamics of sediment production in Rio Grande do Sul in consequence of the no-till evolution by large scale modeling with easily accessible data. First, the validity of applying a predictive model of erosion on a large scale was tested in the state of Sao Paulo with exogenous variables related to watersheds. Except for the adoption of conservation practices, all factors of Universal Equation of Soil Loss (USLE) were calculated and spatialized in Geographic Information Systems. The soil loss data were combined with parameters related to the shape of river basins, its slope, the occurrence of dams and riparian areas, and used as explanatory variables of the load of sediment in rivers through multivariate regression models. The sediment yield was correlated with the estimated soil loss and the presence of large reservoirs in the lower thirds of the basins (R² = 0.55). In applying the model tested, the soil loss was directly related to land use, focusing high rates of erosion in areas occupied by annual crops. From the proof of the method, this might be used in evaluating the effect of large scale changes in soil management occurred in Rio Grande do Sul from the 80s. Driven by a complex social structure, the no-till system (NT) has been widely adopted in the state. The soil cover factor, which includes the use and management, was obtained through the state Agricultural Censuses and monitoring of the area of SPD of the years 1985, 1996 and 2006. Twenty-nine watersheds were determined from sediment stations and separated into agricultural and pasture. The proportion of agricultural area determines the effect of the NT to control erosion in the basin. The sediment yield did not vary in areas with pasture and was lower than production in the agricultural basin in the years 1985 and 1996. In agricultural areas, the sediment production declined in 1996 and 2006, when it equaled the production of watersheds with pasture. The adoption of the NT showed an average reduction in sediment load of 82%, a value close to the reduction of soil erosion rates tested in experiments with tillage. The suggested method allowed the spatial understanding of the spatial distribution of erosion and its temporal dynamics as a function of land use. Models like this can support the decision-making, with potential for assessing environmental services provided by farmers, determinant tools in the spread of conservation practices.
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Hoang, Minh Tam. "Frottement saccadé dans les matériaux granulaire modèles." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00743550.
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Cette étude a pour objectifs la caractérisation expérimentale des frottements saccadés dans les matériaux granulaires modèles constitués des billes de verre monodisperses en compression triaxiale drainée et l'identification des paramètres de contrôle. Cinq paramètres macroscopiques caractérisent ces frottements saccadés : la chute de déviateur et la contraction volumique, l'intermittence de déformation axiale, le module d'Young et le coefficient de Poisson. Les frottements saccadés affectent simultanément le déviateur et la déformation volumique. Le comportement macroscopique est globalement contractant tandis que le matériau tend vers un état limite critique en grandes déformations, à la manière des sables lâches. Cependant il présente localement, dans les phases de blocage qui suivent immédiatement les ruptures temporaires, le comportement dilatant des sables denses, qui obéit à une relation contrainte-dilatance linéaire et unique. Les frottements saccadés disparaissent au-delà d'une vitesse critique d'écrasement axial, qui dépend de la contrainte de confinement et de la taille des grains. Le module d'Young dynamique par propagation d'ondes varie avec la contrainte de confinement selon une loi de puissance. Le module d'Young quasi-élastique au départ des phases de blocage est constant à l'intérieur du domaine élastique, de même que le coefficient de Poisson. Le suivi par granulométrie laser et par analyse d'images des matériaux après un ou plusieurs essais triaxiaux permet de suivre l'évolution de la taille moyenne et de la forme des grains. Tandis que les instabilités par saccade disparaissent suite à un certain nombre d'essais, on observe, simultanément à une légère diminution du volume moyen, l'apparition progressive de populations d'objets non sphériques par une fusion des grains analogue au frittage.
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Arlen-Pouliot, Yann. "Développement holocène et dynamique récente des tourbières minérotrophes structurées du haut-boréal québécois." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26202/26202.pdf.
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Bisso, Fernando Prates. "Espécies vegetais para o manejo biotécnico de taludes e aspectos ambientais associados." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2013. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/3755.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e TecnológicoThis study aimed to investigate the suitability of plant species for biotechnical management of slopes in oxisol soils. The studies began in March 2009, in the region of Cruz Alta-RS, South Brazil (28°23 28,14 S e 53°22 25,61 W), and it included a survey of the problems occurring in the embankments, establishing criteria for the selection of plant species, the search and selection of plant species with desirable traits, field testing the four selected species and observation of key environmental aspects. The main problems found were: laminar and furrow erosion and lack of slope stability, caused mainly by the lack of vegetation cover, excessive slope of the ramp, excessive runoff, desiccation, use and maintenance of inadequate techniques. The criteria for species selection involved biotechnical, biological, ecological and socioeconomic aspects, prioritized according to the needs of each case. The species Ipomea cairica, Pyrostegia venusta, Hedera canariensis, Mikania glomerata, Baccharis trimera, Petunia integrifolia, Rhynchosia corylifolia, Acanthospermun australe, Sambucus australis, Ateleia glazioviana, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis and Lagerstroemia indica, for their occurrences, frequencies, forms and growths, showed potential for use in the biotechnical management of slopes. The slopes can vary in fertility, temperature and humidity at levels that can impair the development of natural or cultivated revegetation. The geographic orientation of the slope and the occurrence of trees can significantly influence these factors. Ateleia glazioveana, Baccharis trimera, Pyrostegia venusta e Cynodom plectostachyus, exhibited characteristics that make them suitable for uses in the biotechnical management of slopes in oxisol soils. According to the conditions under which the trials were conducted, it can be concluded that: the results confirmed the hypothesis that there are species in southern Brazil suitable for biotechnical management and restoration of degraded areas and slopes that are not conventionally used. For growing plants on the slope, it is recommended the use of seedlings, soil fertilization and planting in periods less stringent, as important practices to ensure good survival, accelerate vegetative growth and optimize the protective effects during early development. Further studies on the biotechnical management of these species in slopes, especially on the efficiency of different methods of propagation, and the best ways of deployment and use are suggested.
Este trabalho teve como objetivo geral investigar a aptidão de espécies de plantas para o manejo biotécnico de taludes em latossolo. Os estudos iniciaram em março de 2009, na região de Cruz Alta-RS, Sul do Brasil (28°23 28,14 S e 53°22 25,61 O), incluindo o levantamento dos problemas ocorrentes nos taludes, a fixação de critérios para a escolha de espécies vegetais, a busca e seleção de espécies vegetais com características desejáveis, o teste a campo de quatro espécies selecionadas e a observação de aspectos ambientais relevantes. Os principais tipos de problemas encontrados foram: erosão laminar e por sulcos e falta de estabilidade do talude, causados principalmente pela falta de cobertura vegetal, inclinação excessiva da rampa, escoamento de águas de montante, dessecação, uso e manutenção de técnicas deficientes. Os critérios de seleção de espécies envolveram aspectos biotécnicos, biológicos, ecológicos e socioeconômicos, priorizados de acordo com as necessidades de cada caso. As espécies Ipomea cairica, Pyrostegia venusta, Hedera canariensis, Mikania glomerata, Baccharis trimera, Petunia integrifolia, Rhynchosia corylifolia, Acanthospermun australe, Sambucus australis, Ateleia glazioviana, Hibiscus rosasinensis e Lagerstroemia indica, pelas suas ocorrências, freqüências, formas e crescimentos, apresentaram potencial de uso no manejo biotécnico de taludes. Os taludes podem apresentar variações de fertilidade, temperatura e umidade em níveis capazes de comprometer o desenvolvimento da revegetação natural ou cultivada. A orientação geográfica do talude e a ocorrência de arborização podem influenciar significativamente estes fatores. Ateleia glazioveana, Baccharis trimera, Pyrostegia venusta e Cynodom plectostachyus, apresentaram características que as tornam aptas para o emprego no manejo biotécnico de taludes em latossolo. De acordo com as condições em que os estudos foram realizados, pode-se concluir que os resultados obtidos permitem confirmar a hipótese de que há espécies vegetais no sul do Brasil aptas para o manejo biotécnico e recuperação de áreas degradadas em taludes e que ainda não são convencionalmente utilizadas; para o cultivo de plantas em talude, recomenda-se o emprego de mudas, a fertilização do solo e o plantio nos períodos menos rigorosos, como práticas importantes para garantir boa sobrevivência, acelerar o crescimento vegetativo e otimizar os efeitos protetores, durante o período inicial de desenvolvimento. Sugerem-se maiores estudos sobre o manejo biotécnico destas espécies em taludes, principalmente quanto à eficiência dos diferentes métodos de propagação e das melhores formas de implantação e utilização.
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Höfig, Pedro. "Mapeamento digital de solos e o mapa de solos como ferramenta para classificação de aptidão de uso das terras." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/97847.
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No Brasil, a execução de mapeamento de solos em todo o território nacional é uma demanda permanente das instituições de pesquisa e por órgãos de planejamento, dado que é uma importante ferramenta para o planejamento da ocupação racional das terras. O Mapeamento Digital de Solo (MDS) surge como alternativa para aumentar a viabilidade de execução de levantamentos de solos, utilizando-se de informações relacionadas ao relevo para mapear os solos. Este estudo objetiva testar metodologias de MDS com extrapolação para área fisiografimente semelhante e reclassificar o mapa pedológico gerado por MDS para criar um mapa de aptidão agrícola das terras e compará-lo com o mapa interpretativo gerado a partir do mapa convencional. Tendo em vista a escassez de dados existentes na Encosta do Sudeste do Rio Grande do Sul, o trabalho foi realizado em Sentinela do Sul e Cerro Grande do Sul. O MDS usou como modelos preditores um modelo geral de árvore de decisão (AD), testando-se um modelo para toda área e também o uso conjunto de dois modelos de predição. Uma vez que o MDS mapeia normalmente classes e propriedades dos solos e que desconhece-se o uso de tal técnica para gerar mapas de aptidão agrícola das terras, parte-se da hipótese que estes mapas possam ser criados a partir da reclassificação do mapa de solos gerados por MDS. O uso de modelos conjuntos de AD gerou modelos com mais acertos e maior capacidade de reprodução do mapa convencional de solos. A extrapolação para o município de Cerro Grande do Sul se mostrou eficiente. Ao classificar a aptidão agrícola das terras, a concordância entre o mapa convencional e os mapas preditos foi maior do que a concordância entre os mapas de solos.In Brazil, the implementation of soil mapping throughout the national territory is a constant demand of research institutions and planning organs, as it is an important tool for rational planning of land occupation. Digital Soil Mapping (DSM) is an alternative to increase the viability of the soil survey because plots the information based on the relief to draw the soil map. This study aims to test methodologies DSM applied to similar landscapes areas. It also aims to reclassify the pedological map generated by DSM to create a new land suitability classes map and compare it with the land suitability classes map generated from conventional maps. The study was conducted in South Sentinel and Cerro Grande do Sul considering the lack of data in that area. The MDS was generated using a global model of decision tree (DT) for the entire area and combined with the use of two predictive models. The use of DSM to land suitability classes map is unknown. Perhaps interpretive maps created from the reclassification of DSM can produce more accurate maps than the predictor model would generate of the pedological map. The use of set models of DT created models with greater hits and higher reproductive capacity of the conventional map. The extrapolation to Cerro Grande do Sul was efficient . The DSM was more efficient to classify land suitability classes than to classify pedological maps, but this system of land sutability needs adjustments to reflect the local reality.
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Bazzano, Marcos Gabriel Peñalva. "Erosividade, coeficiente de chuva, padrões e período de retorno das chuvas de Quaraí e Rio Grande, RS." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2005. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/5489.
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The rainfall specifics characteristics vary from one region to another. The knowledge of the rainfall potential to cause erosion is necessary to plan agricultural and civil engineering
activities. For Quarai and Rio Grande (RS, Brazil), were determined the rainfall erosivity and its relationship with precipitation and rainfall coefficient, rainfall patterns and rainfall return period. Were used rainfall data charts of 38 years of Quarai (1966-2003) and 23 years of Rio Grande (1957, 1959-1978 e 1980-1981). For each erosive rainfall were separated the segments of the rainfall chart with the same intensity and the data registered in worksheet.
With the software Chuveros were estimated the mean monthly and annual rainfall erosivity, the EI30 index in the International System of Units and the rainfall patterns. The mean monthly values of precipitation and erosivity index were expressed as percentages of the mean annual values of precipitation and erosivity index, respectively, to obtain the curve of accumulated distribution of precipitation and erosivity index in function of time. The rainfall coefficient (Rc) was calculated. Were performed Pearson correlations and linear regressions between the erosivity index EI30 and the mean annual values of precipitation and rainfall coefficient.. The rainfall return period were calculated for 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 e 100 years. The mean annual values of EI30 for Quarai and Rio Grande were 9292.1 e 5135.0 MJ mm ha-1 h-1
ano-1, respectively. Were obtained the equations EI30 = -754.37 + 13.50 p (r2 = 0.85) e EI30 = - 47.35 + 82.72 Rc (r2 = 0.84) for Quarai. For Rio Grande the equations were not significant. In relation to the total of the rainfalls studied for each place, 44.3% of the number and 90.4% of the volume were erosive in Quarai, and 32.6% of the number and 99.3% of the volume were erosive in Rio Grande. The method of extreme distribution type I was adequate for obtaining
the curves of intensity-duration-frequency. The rainfall return periods may be calculated by the equations using the values of the parameters found, or by the figures of intensity-durationfrequency.As características específicas das chuvas variam de uma região a outra. O conhecimento da potencialidade das chuvas em causar erosão é necessário para planejar atividades agrícolas e de engenharia civil. Para as localidades de Quarai e Rio Grande (RS), foram determinados a erosividade da chuva e a relação com a precipitação e o coeficiente de chuva, os padrões da chuva e o período de retorno da chuva. Utilizaram-se dados pluviográficos de 38 anos de Quarai (1966-2003) e 23 anos de Rio Grande (1957, 1959-1978 e 1980-1981). Para cada chuva erosiva foram separados os segmentos do pluviograma com a mesma intensidade e registrados os dados em planilha. Com o programa Chuveros foram calculadas a erosividade mensal, anual e média das chuvas pelo índice EI30 no Sistema Internacional de Unidades e os padrões de chuva. Os valores médios mensais da precipitação e do índice de erosividade foram expressos como percentagens do valor médio anual da precipitação e do índice de erosividade respectivamente, para obter a curva de distribuição acumulada da precipitação e do índice de erosividade em função do tempo. O coeficiente de chuva (Rc) foi calculado. Foram realizadas correlações de Pearson e regressões lineares simples entre o índice de erosividade EI30 e os valores médios anuais de precipitação e de coeficiente de chuva. O período de retorno foi calculado para 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 e 100 anos. Os valores médios anuais de EI30 para Quarai e Rio Grande foram 9292,1 e 5135,0 MJ mm ha-1 h-1 ano-1, respectivamente. Para Quarai, obtiveram-se as equações EI30 = -754,37 + 13,50 p (r2 = 0,85) e EI30 = -47,35 + 82,72 Rc (r2 = 0,84). Para Rio Grande as equações não foram significativas. Em relação ao total das chuvas estudadas em cada localidade, 44,3% do número e 90,4% do volume foram erosivas em Quarai, e 32,6% do número e 99,3% do volume foram erosivas em Rio Grande. O método da distribuição extrema tipo I foi adequado para obter as curvas de intensidade duração-freqüência. Os períodos de retorno da chuva podem ser calculados através das equações utilizando os valores dos parâmetros achados, ou pelos gráficos das curvas de intensidade-duração-freqüência.
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Lahmar, Rabah. "Les sols rouges lessives sur micaschites a chlorites ferriferes (grande kabylie, algerie). Organisation de la couverture pedologique d'un bassin versant. Alteration, pedogenese, morphogenese." Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066339.
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La premiere partie traite de l'analyse structurale de cete couverture. La carte en courbe de differenciation est discutee : le contenant et le contenu sont analyses; la stabilite de l'information sturcturale et de l'image cartographique lors d'une reduction de la maille ou de l'echelle est abordee. Ainsi la differenciation pedologique est marquee par le transfert de l'argile. Le profil d'eluviation-illuviation est d'autant plus lateral et net que la pente est forte; l'hydrochimie se declenche a l'aval quand la porosite est colmatee par l'argile illuviale. En revanche, la distribution des horizons organiques superficiels est regie par l'erosion. La stabilite de cette couverture epaisse sous des conditions climatiques mediterraneennes agressives est reliee au developpement d'une importante microagregation. L'etude de la stabilite et de la constitution des differentes classes d'agregats montre le role du fer amorphe et de sa liaison avec les acides humiques dans le developpement et la perennite de cette microagregation. Le fer provient en grande partie de l'alteration des chlorites qui aboutit en meme temps a la formation de mineraux a comportement intergrade dont les cales interfoliaires sont essentiellement ferriferes. Deux voies d'approche ont ete suivies pour l'etude de ces mineraux : -l'extraction chimique des amorphes externes et internes et le suivi du comportement a la diffraction rx des argiles traitees : - l'etude de l'alteration des chlorites ferriferes par voie microanalytique
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Sari, Vanessa. "Monitoramento e modelagem da produção de sedimentos em uma bacia hidrográfica no noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/172321.
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O entendimento da dinâmica hidrossedimentológica em uma bacia hidrográfica pode ser realizado pelo monitoramento das variáveis hidrossedimentológicas e pela modelagem desses processos. Nesse contexto, essa pesquisa analisou a eficiência do modelo Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) na previsão dos processos hidrossedimentológicos na bacia do Taboão (Pejuçara, RS), considerando as saídas (vazão e produção de sedimentos) em um passo de tempo mensal e diário. Para tal, foram utilizados dados de chuva horária dos anos 2008 a 2016, monitorada em quatro pluviógrafos instalados na bacia (PVGs 34, 40, 43 e 51), e dados climáticos da estação meteorológica de Cruz Alta. As informações de vazão, para os anos de 2011 a 2016, foram obtidas por meio da conversão dos dados de nível de água monitorados no exutório da bacia, utilizando uma curva-chave cota x vazão. A concentração de sedimentos suspensos (CSS), para os anos de 2013 a 2015, foi estimada por meio de modelos de redes neurais artificias (RNAs), empregando como entrada dados de turbidez e de nível de água, monitorados no exutório da bacia. O preenchimento das falhas dos registros de precipitação horária foi executado por meio de modelos de Combinações de RNAs (CRNAs) associados à média simples (MS) ou à média ponderada pelo inverso da distância (MP), utilizando como entrada dados pluviométricos dos postos vizinhos. As falhas nos dados de nível de água foram preenchidas por modelos de RNAs, que usaram como entrada níveis de água monitorados em sub-bacias embutidas ou adjacente à bacia do Taboão (bacias do Donato, Turcato, Alemão e Andorinhas), e dados de precipitação média dos quatro pluviógrafos utilizados nessa pesquisa Foram determinadas as defasagens temporais entre os níveis de água das diferentes bacias, e testados o uso da precipitação média com aplicação de filtro temporal linear e/ou exponencial. Os registros falhos nos dados de turbidez foram preenchidos por modelos de RNAs, que empregaram como entrada informações de nível de água monitoradas, de 10 em 10 minutos, no exutório da bacia. A calibração do modelo SWAT para a previsão dos processos hidrológicos foi realizada usando dados de vazão, diários e mensais, para os anos de 2013, 2014 e 2016 e; a etapa de verificação foi executada para os anos de 2011 e 2015. Considerou-se o Método de Green & Ampt para determinação da infiltração de água no solo e 2 anos (2008-2009) para período de aquecimento do modelo SWAT. A calibração do modelo para a produção de sedimentos foi realizada para os anos de 2013 e 2015 e o processo de verificação foi efetuado para o ano de 2014. A calibração e a análise de sensibilidade dos parâmetros foram realizadas com auxílio do SWAT-CUP, utilizando o algoritmo SUFI-2. O coeficiente de Nash–Sutcliffe (NS) das RNAs para preenchimento das falhas de precipitação variou entre 0,35, classificado como “Insatisfatório”, e 0,86, avaliado como “Muito Bom”, considerando critérios propostos por Moriasi et al. (2007). Das 13 RNAs desenvolvidas para preenchimento das falhas nos níveis de água, apenas uma delas foi classificada como de desempenho “Satisfatório” durante o treinamento e; as demais enquadraram-se como de desempenho “Muito Bom”. Na etapa de verificação, sete RNAs foram consideradas com desempenho “Muito Bom” e cinco com “Bom” desempenho No preenchimento das falhas de turbidez, das cinco RNAs desenvolvidas, quatro mostraram “Bom” desempenho durante o treinamento, e uma rede teve desempenho “Muito Bom”; enquanto que, no processo de verificação, duas RNAs tiveram desempenho “Muito Bom”, uma delas foi classificada com desempenho “Bom” e; duas RNAs foram consideradas com desempenho “Satisfatório”. As estatísticas de desempenho dos modelos de RNAs desenvolvidos para o preenchimento das falhas de nível de água, de turbidez e de precipitação também demonstraram que tais redes representam uma alternativa interessante para a obtenção de séries contínuas desses dados, possibilitando o uso posterior dos registros para a modelagem hidrossedimentológica. A calibração do modelo SWAT para estimativa da vazão mensal mostrou desempenho “Muito Bom” (NS=0,78), e para a determinação da vazão diária foi considerado “Bom” (NS=0,72). Na etapa de verificação, o modelo manteve o “Bom” desempenho (NS=0,68) para estimativa da vazão diária, decaindo para desempenho “Satisfatório” (NS=0,64) para a simulação em escala mensal. Para a estimativa da produção de sedimentos mensal, o desempenho do modelo foi considerado “Bom” tanto na calibração (NS=0,66) quanto na verificação (NS=0,70). Na escala diária o desempenho foi “Satisfatório” para a calibração (NS=0,64) e “Insatisfatório” para a verificação (NS=0,38) Tais resultados indicam que o modelo SWAT é uma ferramenta promissora para aplicações na previsão hidrossedimentológica na bacia do Taboão, especialmente em termos de simulações dos processos hidrológicos. No entanto, existem limitações para aplicações na estimativa da produção de sedimentos, sobretudo quando considerados os processos em escala diária. Essas limitações são consequência da presença de processos erosivos na bacia (voçorocas), que não são simulados pelas rotinas presentes no modelo SWAT, bem como pelo escoamento dominante ser do tipo subsuperficial, com ocorrência de pipping; indicando-se, portanto, adequações nas rotinas do modelo para melhor representatividade desses processos.The understanding of hydrosedimentological dynamics in a watershed can be obtained by monitoring the hydrossedimentological variables and by modeling these processes. In this context, this research analyzed the efficiency of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) in predicting the hydrosedimentological processes in the Taboão basin (Pejuçara, RS), considering the outputs (flow and sediment production) in a monthly and daily time step. For that, hourly rainfall data from 2008 to 2016 were monitored at four pluviographs installed in the basin (PVGs 34, 40, 43 and 51), and climate data were obtained from the Cruz Alta meteorological station. The flow information for the years 2011 to 2016 was obtained by converting the monitored water level data into flow by using a rating curve. The suspended sediment concentration (SSC), from 2013 to 2015, was estimated using artificial neural network (ANN) models, using as input turbidity and water level data, monitored in the basin. The filling of the hourly rainfall records was performed by models of Combinations of RNAs (CRNAs) associated with the simple mean (MS) or weighted mean to the inverse distance (MP), using as input rainfall data from the neighboring stations. Failures in the water-level data were filled by RNA models, which used as input water levels monitored in sub-basins adjacent or embedded to the Taboão basin (Donato, Turcato, Alemão and Andorinha basins), and mean precipitation data of the four pluviographs used in this research. The temporal lags between the water levels of the different basins were determined and the use of the average precipitation with linear and exponential temporal filters was tested The turbidity data records were filled by RNA models, using water level information monitored at every 10 minutes. The SWAT model calibration for predicting the hydrological processes was performed using daily and monthly flow data for the years 2013, 2014 and 2016 and the verification step was performed for the years 2011 and 2015; considering Green & Ampt Method for infiltration estimation and 2 years of warm-up period (2008-2009). The calibration of the model for sediment yield was performed for the years 2013 and 2015 and the verification process was carried out for the year 2014. The calibration and sensitivity analysis of the parameters were performed with the assistance of SWAT-CUP, using the SUFI-2 algorithm. The Nash-Sutcliffe Coefficient (NS) of the RNAs used to fill precipitation faults varied between 0.35, classified as "Unsatisfactory", and 0.86, evaluated as "Very Good", considering criteria proposed by Moriasi et al. (2007). Of the 13 RNAs developed to fill water level failures, only one of them was classified as a "Satisfactory" performance during training and; the others have been classified as "Very Good" performance. In the verification step, seven RNAs were considered to have "Very Good" performance and five had "Good” performance. In the fulfillment of the turbidity faults, of the five RNAs developed, four showed "Good" performance during the training, and one network had "Very Good" performance; while in the verification process two ANNs performed "Very Good", one of them was classified as "Good" and; two ANNs were considered to have "Satisfactory" performance The performance statistics of the ANN models developed to fill the water level, turbidity and precipitation failures also demonstrated that such networks represent an interesting alternative to obtain continuous series of these data, allowing the later use of the records for hydrossedimentological modeling. In the verification processes, the model maintained a “Good” performance (NS=0.68) to estimate the daily flow, decreasing to "Satisfactory" performance (NS=0.64) for the monthly scale simulation. For the estimation of sediment yield the model performance was considered "Good" for monthly calibration period (NS=0.66) and also for the verification (NS=0.70). In daily scale the performance was "Satisfactory" for calibration (NS=0.64) and “Unsatisfactory” in the verification (NS=0.38). These results indicate that the SWAT model is a promising tool for applications in the hydrosedimentological forecasting in the Taboão basin, especially in terms of hydrological processes simulations. However, there are limitations to applications in the estimation of sediment production, especially when considering daily scale processes. These limitations are due to the presence of erosive processes in the basin (gully erosion), which are not simulated by the routines present in the SWAT model, as well as by the existence of the lateral flow with occurrence of pipping; indicating, therefore, the need for adjustments in the routines of the model to better represent these processes.
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Quezada, Juan Carlos. "Mécanismes de tassement du ballast et sa variabilité." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20117.
Full textAbstract:
La dégradation géométrique de la voie ferrée sur les Lignes à Grande Vitesse (LGV) est un phénomène qui entraîne des coûts de maintenance importants pour assurer une qualité de circulation et de sécurité. Cette dégradation géométrique est imputable, en partie au tassement de la couche de ballast qui constitue l'une des parties de la voie ferrée.Le tassement du ballast est un phénomène difficile à estimer et à prédire car sa nature granulaire et ses caractéristiques particulières entraînent des variabilités de ses propriétés mécaniques. Ce travail de thèse est consacré à l'étude du comportement mécanique du ballast, pour le développement d'un modèle prédictif du tassement sur voie ferrée à partir de la caractérisation mécanique initiale du matériau (grâce à l'utilisation du pénétromètre léger Panda) et des sollicitations auxquelles la voie est soumise. Grâce à l'étude paramétrique développée sur un banc d'essais à échelle réelle, nous avons constitué et validé un modèle de prédiction qui est basé sur une loi de relaxation logarithmique.La modélisation numérique par éléments discrets en utilisant la méthode de la Dynamique des Contacts permet d'étudier les propriétés mécaniques du matériau ballast à l'échelle des grains. L'analyse des déformations transitoires montre une dépendance claire de la déformation moyenne par rapport à la contrainte appliquée et au rapport d'aspect en raison de l'action du frottement aux frontières. Les fluctuations de ces déformations, sont très importantes et semblent évoluer avec la déformation moyenne. Finalement, la pertinence de la caractérisation du ballast à partir de l'essai Panda a été vérifiée à partir d'une étude paramétrique sur les mécanismes d'enfoncement grâce à l'utilisation de cette approche numérique discrèteRailway track degradation on high-speed lines is a phenomenon which causes high maintenance costs to ensure quality traffic and safety.This geometric degradation is due in part to the vertical strain (settlement) of the ballast layer, which compose the track.The ballast settlement is a difficult phenomenon to estimate and predict because its granular nature and characteristics of this layer induces variability of its mechanical properties.This work is devoted to the study of the mechanical behavior of ballast, to develop a predictive model of track settlement from the initial mechanical characterization of the material (by means a light penetrometer Panda) and the loading on track. By means several test on a full-scale model of railway track, we established and validated a predictive model based on a logarithmic relaxation law. Numerical modeling by discrete element method using the Dynamic Contacts allows to study the mechanical properties of ballast at grain-scale.Transient deformation analysis shows a clear dependence of the average deformation with respect to the stress and aspect ratio as a result of the frictional feedback at the boundaries. Fluctuations of these deformations are significant and seem to evolve with the average deformation. Finally, the relevance of the ballast characterization using the Panda test has been verified by means a parametric study on mechanisms during the penetration process by discrete element method
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Kern-Coquillat, Françoise. "Les femmes dans le service de santé pendant la guerre de 1914-1918 en France." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON30008.
Full textAbstract:
Ce sujet concerne avant tout les infirmières, les femmes « les plus louangées » de l’époque, mais aussi les femmes médecins, nouvellement arrivées, à la fin du siècle dernier, dans la profession. Les premières, très nombreuses, sont en quelque sorte évidente, connues par tous mais finalement invisibles, la surreprésentation les effaçant. Les secondes, en petit nombre, sont oubliées ou plus exactement ignorées. Ce sujet semble proche, presque familier, mais il est plus complexe qu’il n’y paraît, se situant à la croisée de plusieurs champs de recherche. L’histoire militaire d’abord, la femme évolue dans un monde d’hommes et dans un univers militarisé. L’histoire de la naissance des professions médicales au féminin, avec une réflexion sur les techniques médicales et sur l’approche de la douleur. L’histoire du genre, on assiste à la construction d’un sexe social, qui met en avant des rapports de domination masculine. Une histoire des représentations, ces femmes, vues à travers différents prismes, sont imaginées, construites par une société d’hommes. Enfin une histoire de l’intime à travers la parole des femmes. C’est celle d’une dominée, exclue des savoirs, du pouvoir, de la sphère guerrière, confinée dans un cadre surveillé, hier le foyer, ici l’hôpital, épinglée par des obligations de conduites, d’apprentissages, de hiérarchie. Le travail se décline à travers un triptyque : les femmes telles qu’on les veut, c’est le point de vue de l’institution masculine, puis les femmes telles qu’on les voit, à travers le prisme des représentations, enfin, ce sont les femmes telles qu’elles se disent, à travers leurs témoignagesThis subject mainly concerns female nurses, « the most praised » women at that time, but also female doctors who had newly arrived in that profession at the end of the last century. The former, very numerous, are « evident » in a way, well known by everybody, but finally « invisible » owing to an over-representation that outshines them. The latter, in small numbers, are forgotten or more precisely ignored. This subject seems close to us, almost familiar, but it is more complex than we think it is, being at the crossroads of several fields of research. First, it has to do with the military history, as women evolve in a man's world, a militarized universe. Then, it is also the history of women entering medical professions for the first time, with a reflexion on medical techniques and the treatment of pain. It is the history of gender, as we witness the building of a social gender gap which highlights man's domination in his relationship with women. The history of the representation of women through different prisms, imagined and built by a male society. Lastly, it is the history of privacy through women's words too. It is the history of women who were dominated, excluded from knowledge, power, the war sphere, women confined to a watched environment - yesterday the home, here the hospital. Women tied by behavioral duties, training and hierarchical obligations. The work comes in a triptych : women such as we want them – and this is men's view - then women as we see them, through the prism of representations and lastly, women as they tell themselves through their testimonies
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"Effects of acacias on the physical and chemical properties of granitic soils in Hong Kong." Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5888447.
Full textAbstract:
by Fung, Chun-hong.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 111-123).
Abstract --- p.i
Acknowledgments --- p.iii
List of Tables --- p.v
List of Figures --- p.vii
Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction
Chapter 1.1 --- Reforestation in Hong Kong --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- Conceptual framework of the study --- p.2
Chapter 1.3 --- Objectives of the study --- p.5
Chapter 1.4 --- Significance of the study --- p.6
Chapter 1.5 --- Organization of the thesis --- p.6
Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review
Chapter 2.1 --- Vegetation and soils --- p.8
Chapter 2.2 --- Trees and soil physical properties --- p.9
Chapter 2.2.1 --- Aggregate stability --- p.9
Chapter 2.2.2 --- Organic matter and aggregate stability --- p.10
Chapter 2.2.3 --- Other factors affecting aggregate stability --- p.12
Chapter 2.2.4 --- Reforestation and bulk density --- p.12
Chapter 2.2.5 --- Reforestation and soil moisture --- p.13
Chapter 2.3 --- Trees and soil chemical properties --- p.14
Chapter 2.3.1 --- Exchangeable acidity --- p.14
Chapter 2.3.2 --- Exchangeable acidity and cation exchange capacity --- p.15
Chapter 2.3.3 --- Organic matter and cation exchange capacity --- p.15
Chapter 2.3.4 --- Clay and cation exchange capacity --- p.16
Chapter 2.3.5 --- Organic matter and nitrogen --- p.17
Chapter 2.3.6 --- Organic matter and phosphorus --- p.18
Chapter 2.4 --- Litter decomposition --- p.18
Chapter 2.4.1 --- Factor affecting litter decomposition --- p.19
Chapter 2.4.2 --- Effects of litter on soil nutrient reserve --- p.21
Chapter Chapter 3 --- The Study Area
Chapter 3.1 --- Location --- p.23
Chapter 3.2 --- Geology --- p.23
Chapter 3.3 --- Soils --- p.25
Chapter 3.4 --- Vegetation --- p.27
Chapter 3.4.1 --- Reforestation since the mid-1980s --- p.27
Chapter 3.4.2 --- Growth performance of the acacias --- p.28
Chapter 3.4.3 --- Undergrowth of the acacia woodlands --- p.29
Chapter Chapter 4 --- Effects on Soil Physical Properties
Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.31
Chapter 4.2 --- Methodology --- p.33
Chapter 4.2.1 --- Soil texture --- p.33
Chapter 4.2.2 --- Bulk density and porosity --- p.33
Chapter 4.2.3 --- Penetration resistance --- p.34
Chapter 4.2.4 --- Aggregate stability --- p.34
Chapter 4.2.5 --- Water characteristic curve --- p.35
Chapter 4.2.6 --- Infiltration rate --- p.35
Chapter 4.3 --- Statistical analysis --- p.35
Chapter 4.4 --- Results --- p.36
Chapter 4.4.1 --- Soil texture --- p.36
Chapter 4.4.2 --- "Bulk density, porosity and penetration resistance" --- p.36
Chapter 4.4.3 --- Aggregate stability --- p.38
Chapter 4.4.4 --- Infiltration --- p.39
Chapter 4.4.5 --- Water characteristic curve --- p.40
Chapter 4.5 --- Discussion --- p.42
Chapter 4.5.1 --- Inherent physical properties of granitic soil --- p.42
Chapter 4.5.2 --- Effects of acacias on the aeration of granite soil --- p.44
Chapter 4.5.3 --- Effects of acacias on the penetration resistance and aggregate stability of granitic soil --- p.46
Chapter 4.5.4 --- Effects of acacias on the water transmission property of granitic soil --- p.47
Chapter 4.5.5 --- Effects of acacias on the water retention property of granitic soil --- p.50
Chapter 4.6 --- Conclusion --- p.52
Chapter Chapter 5 --- Effects on Soil Chemical Properties
Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.54
Chapter 5.2 --- Methodology --- p.55
Chapter 5.2.1 --- Sampling --- p.55
Chapter 5.2.2 --- Soil reaction and conductivity --- p.55
Chapter 5.2.3 --- Organic carbon --- p.55
Chapter 5.2.4 --- Total Kjeldahl nitrogen --- p.56
Chapter 5.2.5 --- Total phosphorus --- p.56
Chapter 5.2.6 --- "Exchangeable K, Ca, Mg and Na" --- p.56
Chapter 5.2.7 --- Exchangeable A1 and H --- p.57
Chapter 5.2.8 --- Carbon : nitrogen ratio --- p.57
Chapter 5.3 --- Statistical analysis --- p.57
Chapter 5.4 --- Results --- p.58
Chapter 5.4.1 --- Conductivity --- p.58
Chapter 5.4.2 --- Soil pH and exchangeable acidity --- p.58
Chapter 5.4.3 --- Soil organic matter --- p.61
Chapter 5.4.4 --- Total Kjeldahl nitrogen --- p.62
Chapter 5.4.5 --- Total phosphorus --- p.63
Chapter 5.4.6 --- "Exchangeable K, Ca, Mg and Na" --- p.64
Chapter 5.5 --- Discussion --- p.67
Chapter 5.5.1 --- Inherent chemical properties of granitic soil --- p.67
Chapter 5.5.2 --- Effects of acacias on the acidity of granitic soil --- p.69
Chapter 5.5.3 --- "Effects of acacias on the organic matter, total nitrogen and phosphorus of granitic soil" --- p.71
Chapter 5.5.4 --- Effects of acacias on the exchangeable cations of granitic soil --- p.74
Chapter 5.6 --- Conclusion --- p.76
Chapter Chapter 6 --- Litter Decomposition
Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.78
Chapter 6.2 --- Methodology --- p.79
Chapter 6.2.1 --- Standing litter --- p.79
Chapter 6.2.2 --- Litter decomposition --- p.80
Chapter 6.2.3 --- Chemical analysis --- p.80
Chapter 6.3 --- Statistical analysis --- p.81
Chapter 6.4 --- Results --- p.81
Chapter 6.4.1 --- Standing litter --- p.81
Chapter 6.4.2 --- Chemical composition of fresh litters --- p.82
Chapter 6.4.3 --- Cumulative dry weight loss of litters --- p.82
Chapter 6.4.4 --- Cumulative weight loss of nutrients --- p.84
Chapter 6.4.5 --- C : element ratios --- p.88
Chapter 6.5 --- Discussion --- p.88
Chapter 6.5.1 --- Litter decomposition --- p.88
Chapter 6.5.2 --- Litter decomposition and soil organic matter --- p.93
Chapter 6.5.3 --- Nutrient release patterns --- p.94
Chapter 6 5 --- 4 Litter decomposition and soil nutrient reserves --- p.96
Chapter 6.6 --- Conclusion --- p.98
Chapter Chapter 7 --- Conclusion
Chapter 7.1 --- Summary of findings --- p.100
Chapter 7.2 --- Implication of the study --- p.103
Chapter 7.3 --- Limitations of the study --- p.106
Chapter 7.4 --- Suggestion for future study --- p.108
References --- p.111
Appendice --- p.124
50
"Nitrogen requirements of native tree species in degraded lands in Hong Kong." 2007. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5893468.
Full textAbstract:
Chan, Wing Shing.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 201-222).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Abstract --- p.i
Abstract (in Chinese) --- p.iv
Acknowledgements --- p.vi
Table of contents --- p.viii
List of tables --- p.xii
List of figures --- p.xiv
List of plates --- p.xvi
Chapter Chapter One --- Introduction
Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- Research background --- p.2
Chapter 1.3 --- Conceptual framework --- p.6
Chapter 1.4 --- Objectives of the study --- p.10
Chapter 1.5 --- Significance of the study --- p.11
Chapter 1.6 --- Organization of the thesis --- p.12
Chapter Chapter Two --- Literature Review
Chapter 2.1 --- Land degradation: an overview --- p.14
Chapter 2.2 --- Land degradation in Hong Kong --- p.17
Chapter 2.3 --- Ecological rehabilitation --- p.20
Chapter 2.4 --- Role of plantation in ecological rehabilitation --- p.22
Chapter 2.5 --- Reforestation history in Hong Kong and species selection --- p.25
Chapter 2.6 --- Nutrient requirements of native species --- p.31
Chapter 2.7 --- The geology and soils of Hong Kong --- p.35
Chapter 2.7.1 --- Geology --- p.35
Chapter 2.7.2 --- Soils --- p.35
Chapter 2.8 --- Greenhouse approach in nutrient requirement study --- p.37
Chapter 2.9 --- Nitrogen mineralization --- p.38
Chapter 2.10 --- Chlorophyll fluorescence --- p.40
Chapter 2.11 --- Summary --- p.41
Chapter Chapter Three --- Inherent Characteristics and Properties of Decomposed Granite and Fire-affected Soil
Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.42
Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.42
Chapter 3.2.1 --- Sources of soil and sampling --- p.43
Chapter 3.2.2 --- Soil pre-treatment --- p.44
Chapter 3.3 --- Laboratory analysis --- p.45
Chapter 3.3.1 --- Reaction pH and conductivity --- p.45
Chapter 3.3.2 --- Texture --- p.46
Chapter 3.3.3 --- Organic carbon --- p.46
Chapter 3.3.4 --- Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) --- p.47
Chapter 3.3.5 --- Carbon: nitrogen ratio --- p.47
Chapter 3.3.6 --- Total phosphorus (TP) --- p.47
Chapter 3.3.7 --- Exchangeable Al and H --- p.48
Chapter 3.3.8 --- "Exchangeable cations, base saturation percentage (BSP) and exchangeable Al percentage" --- p.48
Chapter 3.4 --- Results and discussion --- p.49
Chapter 3.4.1 --- Texture --- p.49
Chapter 3.4.2 --- Reaction pH and conductivity --- p.49
Chapter 3.4.3 --- "Soil organic matter, total Kjeldhal nitrogen and total phosphorus" --- p.51
Chapter 3.4.4 --- Exchangeable cations --- p.52
Chapter 3.4.5 --- DG as a representative soil of soil destruction sites --- p.54
Chapter 3.4.6 --- FAS as a representative soil of vegetation disturbance sites --- p.56
Chapter 3.5 --- Summary --- p.58
Chapter Chapter Four --- Nitrogen Fluxes of Decomposed Granite and Fire-affected Soil Amended with Urea
Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.59
Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.62
Chapter 4.2.1 --- Experimental design --- p.62
Chapter 4.2.2 --- Soil incubation and sampling --- p.63
Chapter 4.2.3 --- Analysis of mineral nitrogen (NH4-N and NO3-N) --- p.64
Chapter 4.2.4 --- Statistical analysis --- p.64
Chapter 4.3 --- Results and discussion --- p.64
Chapter 4.3.1 --- Variation of NH4-N in DG and FAS --- p.64
Chapter 4.3.2 --- Variation of N03-N in DG and FAS --- p.68
Chapter 4.3.3 --- Variation of mineral N in DG and FAS --- p.74
Chapter 4.3.4 --- NH4-N fluxes in DG and FAS --- p.78
Chapter 4.3.5 --- NO3-N fluxes in DG and FAS --- p.80
Chapter 4.3.6 --- Mineral N fluxes in DG and FAS --- p.82
Chapter 4.4 --- Summary --- p.86
Chapter Chapter Five --- Growth Performance of Native Species in Decomposed Granite and Fire-affected Soil
Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.88
Chapter 5.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.91
Chapter 5.2.1 --- Experimental design --- p.91
Chapter 5.2.2 --- Nitrogen treatments --- p.94
Chapter 5.2.3 --- Post-planting care --- p.95
Chapter 5.2.4 --- "Measurement of survival rate, height, basal diameter, aboveground biomass and foliar nitrogen" --- p.95
Chapter 5.2.4.1 --- Survival rate --- p.96
Chapter 5.2.4.2 --- Height and basal diameter --- p.96
Chapter 5.2.4.3 --- Aboveground biomass --- p.96
Chapter 5.2.4.4 --- Foliar sampling --- p.97
Chapter 5.2.4.5 --- Determination of foliar nitrogen --- p.97
Chapter 5.2.5 --- Statistical analysis --- p.97
Chapter 5.3 --- Results and discussion --- p.98
Chapter 5.3.1 --- Survival rate --- p.98
Chapter 5.3.2 --- Height growth of species in DG --- p.105
Chapter 5.3.3 --- Effect of nitrogen on species height growth in DG --- p.112
Chapter 5.3.4 --- Height growth of species in FAS --- p.117
Chapter 5.3.5 --- Effect of nitrogen on species height growth in FAS --- p.118
Chapter 5.3.6 --- Effect of DG and FAS on species height growth --- p.120
Chapter 5.3.7 --- Basal diameter growth of species in DG --- p.122
Chapter 5.3.8 --- Effect of N on basal diameter growth of species in DG --- p.124
Chapter 5.3.9 --- Basal diameter growth of species in FAS --- p.126
Chapter 5.3.10 --- Effect of N on basal diameter growth of species in FAS --- p.127
Chapter 5.3.11 --- Effect of DG and FAS on species basal diameter growth --- p.127
Chapter 5.3.12 --- Overall height and basal diameter growth of species in DG . --- p.129
Chapter 5.3.13 --- Overall height and basal diameter growth of species in FAS --- p.131
Chapter 5.3.14 --- Aboveground biomass of species in DG --- p.133
Chapter 5.3.15 --- Effect of N on aboveground biomass of species in DG --- p.135
Chapter 5.3.16 --- Aboveground biomass production in FAS --- p.138
Chapter 5.3.17 --- Effect of N on aboveground biomass of species in FAS --- p.139
Chapter 5.3.18 --- Effect of DG and FAS on aboveground biomass of species --- p.141
Chapter 5.3.19 --- Foliar nitrogen --- p.143
Chapter 5.3.19.1 --- Foliar N of species grown in DG --- p.143
Chapter 5.3.19.2 --- Effect of N amendment on foliar N of species in DG --- p.147
Chapter 5.3.19.3 --- Foliar N of species in FAS --- p.149
Chapter 5.3.19.4 --- Effect of N amendment on foliar N of species in FAS --- p.151
Chapter 5.3.19.5 --- Effect of DG and FAS on the foliar N of species --- p.152
Chapter 5.4 --- Summary --- p.155
Chapter Chapter Six --- Photosynthetic Efficiency of Native Species
Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.158
Chapter 6.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.160
Chapter 6.2.1 --- Measurement of chlorophyll fluorescence --- p.160
Chapter 6.2.2 --- Statistical analysis --- p.162
Chapter 6.3 --- Results and discussion --- p.162
Chapter 6.3.1 --- Photosynthetic efficiency of species in DG --- p.162
Chapter 6.3.2 --- Photosynthetic efficiency of species in FAS --- p.170
Chapter 6.3.3 --- Effect of DG and FAS on photosynthetic efficiency of Species --- p.172
Chapter 6.4 --- Summary --- p.175
Chapter Chapter Seven --- Conclusions
Chapter 7.1 --- Introduction --- p.178
Chapter 7.2 --- Summary of major findings --- p.179
Chapter 7.3 --- Implications of the study --- p.187
Chapter 7.3.1 --- Species selection for the rehabilitation of soil destruction sites --- p.187
Chapter 7.3.2 --- Species selection for the rehabilitation of vegetation disturbance sites --- p.191
Chapter 7.3.3 --- Fertilization practice in different degraded lands --- p.193
Chapter 7.3.4 --- The importance of soil test in ecological rehabilitation Planting --- p.195
Chapter 7.4 --- Limitations of the study --- p.197
Chapter 7.5 --- Suggestions for further study --- p.198
References --- p.201
Appendices --- p.223