Academic literature on the topic 'Granite New South Wales Broken Hill'

AbstractSpecimens of honey-brown to pinkish-brown globular carbonates encrusting concretionary goethite–coronadite from the oxidized zone at Broken Hill, New South Wales, have compositions in the rhodochrosite–smithsonite series. This may be the first extensive natural occurrence of this solid-solution series. Growth of the carbonates occurred in zones which have near uniform composition. The ratio MnCO3/(MnCO3 + ZnCO3) for each zone bears a linear relationship to the measured d spacing for the 104 X-ray reflections. Because cerussite is the only other mineral associated with the Zn-Mn carbonates and because of an absence of detailed locality information, the paragenetic significance of these minerals cannot be determined. The solutions depositing them may have been derived from the near-surface equivalents of the Zinc Lode horizons.

Abstract Microprobe analysis of marshite and miersite from Broken Hill, Australia, demonstrate extensive solid solution between the end-members CuI and AgI, indicating the possibility of a complete solid-solution series. Unit-cell parameters increase from 6.054 Å for marshite to 6.504 Å for miersite, closely following Vegard's Law. The Cu content of iodargyrite is generally below the limit of detection, but one zoned crystal contained 0.28 wt.% Cu. Crystallization of either miersite or iodargyrite at Broken Hill appears to be dependent upon the local availability and ratio of copper, silver and iodine ions.

The main objective of this study was to describe the psychiatric disorders seen in patients presenting for treatment in rural New South Wales. The patients were seen primarily in the community, in both public and private practice, but also in the local base hospital and prison. Seven hundred and seven patients were consecutively examined during the study period. The results of this study were compared with a previous Australia-wide study to identify specific disorders that were more prevalent in rural areas. Alcohol abuse and dependence stood out as being much more prevalent. Life problems such as domestic violence, sexual assault, and incest occurred commonly in women referred for psychiatric assessment. More than ten percent of the study patients were children aged under 17, who had similar prevalence rates of the various psychiatric disorders to a national comparison. It is concluded that alcohol abuse is very common in rural New South Wales, particularly in men, although there are also high rates in women, and this is probably related, in part at least, to the high rates of domestic violence, sexual assault and incest. It appears probable that there is a cycle of alcohol abuse in men leading to domestic violence and sexual abuse in women and children. This may contribute to the latter becoming anxious and depressed. The rates of the major functional psychiatric disorders were similar to those seen nationally. There is a great need for the maldistribution of psychiatrists between metropolitan and rural areas to be addressed.

This dissertation examines the evolution of the mining industry in three British dominions during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Adopting a case study approach, it describes the establishment and growth of mining in Rossland, British Columbia; Broken Hill, New South Wales; and Waihi, New Zealand. Separate chapters trace developments in each area, focussing on the emergence of organised labour, the growth of mining companies and the sophistication of mining operations. These underline the need to consider diverse themes, maintaining that the mining industry's pattern of growth can be understood only by adopting such a broad approach. Following the three case studies, the final chapters of the dissertation offer a comparative analysis of Rossland, Waihi and Broken Hill. The study emphasises the similarities of these three communities, especially the cycle of growth, and identifies a crucial common denominator. Despite differences in climate, in the type and nature of the ore deposit and in the scale of mining activity, all three areas experienced a common trajectory of initial boom followed by subsequent retrenchment. The changing character of the resource base forced this fundamental alteration of productive relations. In each region, the mineral content of the ore declined as the mines went deeper. In addition, with depth the ore tended to become more difficult to treat. Faced with a decline in the value of the product of their mines, companies had to adopt sweeping changes in order to maintain profitable operations. This re-structuring was accomplished in a variety of ways, but the most significant factors, common to Rossland, Broken Hill and Waihi, were the heightened importance of applied science and economies of scale. Both developments underlined the growing importance of the mining engineer and technological innovations, principally in milling and smelting operations. In addition, new non-selective extractive techniques reduced the significance of skilled underground labour. The re-structuring of the industry not only had similar causes but also had a similar effect. The comparative chapter on labour relations, for example, argues that these managerial initiatives were closely associated with militant episodes in each community. While the leading companies in Rossland, Waihi and Broken Hill successfully reduced their working costs, they all faced the same ultimate end. Their long-term success or failure reflected the skill with which they coped with the inevitable depletion of their ore body. The common experience of Rossland, Waihi and Broken Hill demonstrates the importance of placing colonial development within a larger context. Regional historians should make greater use of the comparative approach, rather than continuing to focus on the unique and the particular.
Arts, Faculty of
History, Department of
Graduate

This study reports the discovery of a suite of primary lead bromine-substituted chlorides and bromine-iodine substituted oxy-hydroxychlorides which have subsequently exsolved from a sulfogen melt. The implications are that halogens have substituted into sulfide ores at peak metamorphic conditions, during partial melting and exsolved.They provide a direct view of the chemical evolution of the Broken Hill partially melted ore system and may be used as an indicator of coeval melting. The presence of halogens and low melting point chalcophile elements (LMCEs) in these ores suggest that they were introduced together and are a protolith feature. It appears that halogens in the Broken Hill ore deposit were associated with the ores from the outset. Partial melting, melt residue fractionation, enrichment and subsequent mobilisation is predicted. Lead halide compounds have been found in other styles of mineralisation such as Cannington Pb-Zn-Ag ore deposit in NW Queensland and the magmatic Merensky Reef, Bushveld layered complex, South Africa. The highest halogen concentrations recorded in the Broken Hill ore deposit are also confined to the coarse-textured pegmatitic galena. This suggests, that the galena host and a suite of lead halides, represent a bulk composition or final fractionate of a sulfide melt preserved in the post-metamorphic ore deposit at Broken Hill. The halogens have affectively lowered the melting point of the ores at Broken Hill, allowing exsolution of lead halide exsolution lamellae and halide-bearing compounds. A high halogen solubility in galena at regional metamorphic temperatures of ~800{u00B0}C, is a prerequisite for a lowered eutectic. Observed eutectic intergrowth textures, globular textures and low dihedral angle relationships in the ores provide cogent evidence of melting and likely coexisted with an immiscible silicate melt at Broken Hill. Halogen fractionation and partitioning between silicates and sulfides is modeled. Remobilization of massive sulfide orebodies may result from the process of in situ partial melting and liquidus undercooling. Indeed, the lode pegmatite and sulfide ore lithologies at Broken Hill are considered coeval. Halogens are also recorded in the ores of the regional Thackaringa-type deposits of the Consols and Junction Mine lodes. This style of mineralisation is modelled as melt derived. Geochemical and isotopic links are made between the Broken Hill ore deposit and the Thackaringa-type deposits through mobilisation of (LMCEs) and halogens, via F{u2084} fault conduits. The economic implications for partial melting of both styles of mineralisation are profound. Previous experimental work by Mavrogenes et al. (200I), Frost et at. (2002), Kalinowski (2002), Sparks and Mavrogenes (2005) and Wykes and Mavrogenes (2005) provide evidence that partial melting of sulfides occurred. Experimental work in this thesis demonstrates that the solubility of galena in a lead sulfide-halide melt ' sulfogen melt' increases with temperature at a constant pressure of 5 kbar. The behaviour of PbCI{u2082}-PbI{u2082}-PbBr{u2082}-PbS mixtures under high Pressure Temperature define an identifiable eutectic, cotectic relationships as low as 200{u00B0}C, which are well below peak metamorphism conditions of 800{u00B0}C and 5 kbar at Broken Hill. This demonstrates that it is possible for halogen-bearing ore to partially melt and to persist to temperatures well below peak metamorphic conditions. One single experiment performed herein has determined significant melting point depression of pure galena. A general relationship between temperature increase and dissolution of galena into melt above the solidus is established. Melting the PbCl{u2082}-PbI{u2082}-PbBr{u2082}-PbS mixture experimentally suggests a general increase in grain size and in increase in halogen concentration within coarse-grained pegmatitic galena at Broken Hill. The coarse-grained pegmatitic galena is modeled as a product of fractionated and evolved high temperature melts. Thus sulfide melts will accumulate in areas of highest temperatures. A correlation between morphology, temperature and halogen content is established. The Pressure Temperature conditions which formed solid solutions of lead halide and galena phenocrysts in both natural and experimental systems are equivalent. Therefore metamorphic sulfide melting at Broken Hill is fundamentally and theoretically proven to have taken place.

Secondary minerals, formed at low temperature, are the product of the oxidation of primary sulphide ore bodies. The formation and mineralogy of oxidized zones, which phases are stable and which are not, and how toxic heavy metals become incorporated into the crystal structures of the constituent minerals have implications for the heavy metal mobility in the environment and in the disposal of heavy metal and the remediation of contaminated sites This thesis presents an inverstigation of the the crystal chemistry of a suite of Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Se and As oxysalt minerals from Broken Hill, NSW; the new mineral species plimerite, nyholmite, liversidgeite and edwardsite, as well as gartrellite, munakataite, osakaite and cadmian serpierite. Crystal structures were studied using single-crystal X-ray diffraction data, in conjunction with the results from electron microprobe analysis, powder X-ray diffraction, infrared absorption spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The crystal structures are classified according to the mode of polymerization of strongly bonded coordination polyhedra: chains, sheets or frameworks. The chemical compositions of the minerals and their stabilities are discussed in terms of a combinination of hierarchical ordering, bond-valence theory and the valence-matching principle. For the first time in natural minerals, extensive solid solutions involving cadmium have been observed. Solid solutions between Cd and Zn (in nyholmite), Cd and Ca (in serpierite), and Cd and (Pb+Ca) (in sampleite-lavendulan-zdenekite and conichalciteduftite) are examined. The minerals examined in this study have implications for the mobility of heavy metals in the environment and in remediation of heavy metal contaminated sites.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2010

Lead contamination is one of an extensive list of chronic environmental hazards which are being faced by an increasing number of communities worldwide. The potential biophysical effects of young children's exposure to relatively low levels of lead are widely recognised. In response to this awareness, policies and programs are being designed and implemented with the aim of reducing potential lead exposure. In addition to their significance for children's biophysical health, the success of these policies also have implications for the well-being of the children, families, and communities involved. This thesis argues that an understanding of the ways in which communities respond to environmental lead contamination is important for the development and implementation of appropriate interventions. This thesis examines community responses to chronic environmental lead contamination in Broken Hill, Australia, a community which is also dealing with mining industry retrenchments. It examines the nature of cognitive and behavioural coping responses, and the resulting effects on the health and well-being of the community and community members. It also examines how responses to the retrenchments interact with the community responses to lead contamination in a cumulative manner, and how mediating factors interact with the community response process. In order to shed light on this complex process, this interdisciplinary study draws together environmental stress and coping, social impact assessment, public health, and community responses to environmental contamination theory. Fieldwork conducted over nine months during six visits included the use of participant observation and in-depth interviews with parents with young children, retrenched workers and their families, and other Broken Hill residents. Interviews were also held with representatives of organisations. The research method proved to be useful for meeting the research aim, and for respecting research participants and the sensitive nature of the research topic. After becoming aware of the lead contamination, community members responded with cognitive minimisation of the lead contamination threat, containment of the threat to the family level, predominant use of private rather than public responses, and individual rather than collective coping strategies. The lead contamination, mediated by this coping process, had the effect of increasing stress and stigma for parents and families of young children most directly affected, reducing stress and stigma for other community members, increasing cooperation between local organisations, and weakening of community social networks. This process was mediated by the characteristics of the contaminant, characteristics of individuals, aspects of the social setting, and responses of organisations. The nature of the lead contamination, and individual residents' perceptions of its controllability interacted with the community response process. The aspects of the social setting which affected the community response process are cultural assumptions, beliefs and values, stigma, relationships between the mining company and the community, social support and undermining, social influence, and economic factors. Responses of organisations, including intervention programs, were also important. Responses to the mining retrenchments interacted within the community response process. A model of community responses to chronic environmental lead contamination in Broken Hill is developed. This thesis argues that health policy needs to focus on positive health and well-being, and should be guided by three principles- a focus on the community rather than individual and family levels, the aim of supporting parents, and communication. Such a reoriented approach will support the efforts of communities and community members to cope with chronic environmental lead contamination in an effective and equitable manner.

"Two independent geochronological techniques specifically targeting post-kinematic or late-stage growth of kyanite, staurolite and late-stage garnet in the southern Curnamona Province has found that these minerals grew during the Delamerian Orogeny (~530-500 Ma). Prograde metamorphism during the Delamerian Orogeny attained kyanite-staurolite-garnet grade (amphibolite-facies). Previous interpretations of an anticlockwise P-T path for the Olarian Orogeny need revising, as these interpretations have been shown in this study to be based on textural relationships spanning ~1100 million years. This highlights the importance of in situ geochronological techniques in defining robust P-T-t paths for a region." --p. 121 of source document.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2006.

Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Sulfur- and lead-isotope signatures for 64 deposits/systems located in the Central and Easternn Subprovinces of the Lachlan Orogen in eastern New South Wales were characterised in the present study. Here are presented four new ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dates, 644 new sulfur- and 105 new leadisotope analyses, plus a collation of 386 unpublished and 277 published sulfur isotope and over 560 unpublished and published lead isotope analyses for middle Silurian to Early Carboniferous mineralisation. Measured δ³⁴S values for 22 VHMS deposits range between -7.4‰ to 38.3‰. S-isotope values for Currawang East, Lewis Ponds, Mount Bulga, Belara and Accost (Group 1) range from - 1.7‰ to 5.9‰ with the ore-forming fluids for this group of deposits likely to have been reducing and sulfur derived largely from magmatic sources. By contrast, S-isotope signatures for sulfides from Black Springs, Calula, Captains Flat, Commonwealth, Cordillera, Gurrundah, Kempfield, Peelwood mine, Sunny Corner, The Glen, Wet Lagoon and Woodlawn (Group 2) have average δ³⁴S values between 5.4‰ and 8.1‰. These deposits appear to have formed from ore fluids that were more oxidising than those for Group 1 deposits, representing a mixed contribution of sulfur derived from partial reduction of seawater sulfate, in addition to sulfur from other sources. Four deposits, Elsinora, John Fardy, Mount Costigan and Stringers, have heavier average δ³⁴S signatures (10.1‰ to 13.2‰) than Group 2 deposits, suggesting that these deposits included a greater component of sulfur of seawater origin. The S-isotope data for barite from Black Springs, Commonwealth, Stringers, Gurrundah, Kempfield and Woodlawn range from 12.6‰ to 38.3‰. Over 80% of the δ³⁴S values are between 23.4‰ and 30.9‰, close to the previously published estimates for the composition of seawater sulfate during Late Silurian to earliest Devonian times, providing supporting evidence that these deposits formed concurrently with a Late Silurian volcanic event. New Pb isotope data for eleven VHMS deposits included in the present study support earlier Pb-isotope studies which indicate that lead was largely sourced from the host sequence. However, the data for Black Springs, Elsinora and Commonwealth indicate that some lead, included in these deposits, was sourced from units forming basement to the Silurian troughs. Sulfur isotope values for thirteen orogenic gold systems range between -7.5‰ and 16.1‰ (excluding outliers). The Wyoming One–Myall United system has an average δ³⁴S value of -5.5‰ and a primitive mantle-derived lead isotope signature implying that sulfur and gold were sourced from a fractionated mantle-derived intrusion. The δ-isotope data for Adelong, Bodangora, Calarie, Hargraves, Hill End, London–Victoria, Sebastopol, Sofala–Wattle Flat and Stuart Town are all very similar with average δ³⁴S values close to 0‰ (range -2.8 to 3.4‰). Sulfur in these deposits was derived from reduced fluids, sources from magmatic reservoirs either as a direct input or through dissolution and recycling of rock sulfide. For deposits hosted by the northern HET it is suggested that sulfur and gold were sourced from mantle-derived units located beneath the HET rather than the siliclastic fill of the trough itself. Windeyer and Napoleon Reefs have heavier S-isotope signatures suggesting a greater contribution of sulfur derived from reduced seawater sulfate reservoirs. Springfield, located adjacent to the northern HET, has the heaviest S-isotope signature (15.4 δ³⁴S‰) for orogenic gold deposits included in the present study. For this deposit it is suggested that HET-derived basinal fluids containing reduced seawater sulfate migrated along faults and leached gold from Ordovician mantle-derived units forming basement to that area. Seven sulfide-rich orogenic base metal deposits were included in the present study. Average δ³⁴S values for Currawang South, Frogmore, Montrose, Ruby Creek, Wallah Wallah vary between 3.5‰ and 6.0‰ (Group 1), with Kangiara, and Lucky Hit–Merrilla, having heavier average δ³⁴S values (10.0‰ and 8.2‰ respectively — Group 2). Group 1 deposits are small, and S-isotope signatures suggest significant sulfur was sourced from magmatic reservoirs; whereas, Group 2 deposits are larger and δ³⁴S signatures indicate a larger component of sulfur was derived from reduced seawater sulfate reservoirs. The Pb-isotope data for these deposits suggest that the majority of the lead was derived from older Ordovician and Silurian crustal reservoirs. The data for Mount Werong and Merrilla support a Middle Devonian Pb-model age; whereas, those for Wallah Wallah point to an Early Carboniferous Pb-model age. Browns Reef, in the Central Subprovince, is now interpreted to be a syn-deformational orogenic base metal deposit, for which the S-isotope data are similar to Group 2 orogenic base metal deposits and Pb-isotope data suggest lead was sourced from the fill of the Rast Trough. Five epithermal systems were included in the present study. Bauloora, Bowdens and those in the Yerranderie district are intermediate-sulfidation epithermal systems; whereas, Yalwal and Pambula are low sulfidation epithermal systems. Yerranderie, Yalwal, Pambula and Bauloora have δ³⁴S values close to 0‰. Sulfur in these deposits was derived largely from a magmatic reservoir. The Yerranderie system is zoned with respect to S-isotope distribution and shows mineralogical zonation along the Yerranderie Fault. Yalwal is zoned with 0‰ S-isotope values correlating with sericitic alteration assemblages and heavier S-isotope values (up to 17.9 δ³⁴S‰) correlating with assemblages that include minerals characteristic of argillic alteration. Sixteen middle Silurian to Early Devonian intrusion-related deposits were included in the present study. Collector, Dargues Reef, Mayfield, Ryans, Tallawang, Whipstick and Yambulla are located east of the I–S granite line, with Dargues Reef, Majors Creek, Mayfield, Whipstick and Yambulla hosted by or adjacent to their causative intrusion. These deposits have S-isotope signatures close to 0‰ (range -3.6‰ to 3.0‰) similar to that for granites east of the I–S line (range -1.5‰ to 4.9‰). The Pb-isotope data for these deposits includes both crustal- and mantle-derived lead. Deposits distal to their causative intrusions (Collector and Ryans) have heavier S-isotope signatures (7.7‰ and 4.3‰ respectively) indicating that some sulfur was probably sourced from the host sequence. The majority of lead, for these deposits, was sourced from the host sequence and/or older reservoirs. The S-isotope data for Tallawang suggest that the sulfur was largely sourced from the host sequence. Eight deposits are located to the west of the I–S line. Nasdaq, Phoenix, Tara, Rye Park and Mineral Hill have heavier S-isotope signatures (range: 2.6‰ to 7.3‰) which overlap with the range of values typical of granites located to the west of the I–S line (1.9 to 9.6‰) supporting the interpretation that the majority of sulfur was derived from the causative intrusion. The Pb-isotope data for Nasdaq, Mineral Hill and Tara suggest that lead originated from the host sequence or from older lead reservoirs; whereas, at Rye Park and Phoenix lead was probably sourced from the causative intrusion. Ardlethan and Browns Creek deposits have near 0‰ S-isotope signatures, lower than the range of δ³⁴S values for granites west of the I–S line which is accounted for by mantle-derived volatiles and a possible biogenic sulfur component. The Pb-isotope data for these two deposits are consistent with a lead sourced largely from the causative intrusion; although, some mantlederived lead is probably present. Red Hill has the highest S-isotope signature (13.7‰) indicating that the majority of sulfur was sourced from a seawater sulfate reservoir. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating showed that intrusion-related mineralisation at Tara formed at 420 ± 2 Ma; VHMS-related mineralisation at The Glen (Glen E deposit) formed at 418.2 ± 2.2 Ma; and that the Yerranderie and Bauloora intermediate sulfidation epithermal systems formed at 372.1 ± 1.9 Ma and 371 ± 13 Ma (respectively). New dating plus a review of timing constraints to Tabberabberan and Kanimblan cycle-related mineralisation highlighted metallogenic events at ~430 Ma (intrusion-related), ~420 Ma (intrusion- and VHMS-related) and a mid Devonian epithermal event. The timing of orogenic-related mineralisation is diachronous across the study area with the majority of orogenic gold systems in the west forming during the Middle Devonian Tabberabberan Orogeny; whereas, similar mineralisation in the northern HET formed during the Early Carboniferous Kanimblan Orogeny.