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Academic literature on the topic 'Granite genesis'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Granite genesis"

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Chappell, B. W. "Towards a unified model for granite genesis." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 95, no. 1-2 (March 2004): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263593300000870.

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ABSTRACTMost granites result from partial melting within the crust. Granite melts produced at the lowest temperatures of partial melting mainly comprise close to equal amounts of the haplogranite components Qz, Ab and Or, with H2O. Many felsic granites were formed by partial melting under such conditions and are low-temperature types, with crystals of zircon and other restite minerals present in the initial magma. Such magmas evolve in composition, at least initially, through fractionation of that restite. If one of the four haplogranite components either becomes depleted or too low in amount to contribute further to the melt, then melting may proceed to higher temperatures without a contribution from that component. Melting will advance to significantly higher temperatures if there is a critical deficiency in one or more components and a high-temperature granite magma forms, in which zircon is completely soluble. Such magmas are extracted from the source in a completely molten state and may evolve by fractional crystallisation. They are monzonitic, tonalitic or A-type, depending on whether the critical deficiency occurred in the Qz, Or or H2O component. If the Ab component is critically deficient, as in pelitic rocks, the rocks may be infertile for granite production. The control that source rock compositions exert on both the physical and chemical properties of granite magmas provides a unifying element in granite gen
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Brown, M. "Granite: From genesis to emplacement." Geological Society of America Bulletin 125, no. 7-8 (June 7, 2013): 1079–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b30877.1.

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Zhang, Dachun, Isaac R. Kaplan, and Robert N. Clayton. "Nitrogen isotopes in granite genesis." Chinese Science Bulletin 43, S1 (August 1998): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02891650.

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Dai, Hongzhang, Denghong Wang, Xin Li, Shanbao Liu, Chenghui Wang, and Yan Sun. "Genesis of the Wuzhutang Granite and Associated W–Sn–Be Mineralization in the Xuebaoding Mining Area, Sichuan Province, China." Minerals 12, no. 8 (August 5, 2022): 993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12080993.

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The Xuebaoding W–Sn–Be mining area, located in the Songpan–Garze orogenic belt in western China, is known for producing large, colorful, euhedral crystals of scheelite, cassiterite, and tabular beryl. Zircon LA-ICP-MS U–Pb dating of the Wuzhutang granite yields a concordia age of 218.96 ± 2.1 Ma, and a weighted mean 206Pb/238U age of 218.98 ± 1.12 Ma. Cassiterite LA-MC-ICPMS dating of the quartz vein bearing beryl, cassiterite, and scheelite, yields a concordant age of 213.5 ± 1.7 Ma. These observations indicate that magmatic activities and mineralization on the western side of the Zibaishan dome occurred during the late Indosinian, prior to their occurrence on the eastern side of the dome, reflecting the fact that the granite may have undergone two epochs of magmatic evolution and metallogenic processes. Geochemical analysis revealed that the Wuzhutang granite has relatively high A/CNK (average: 1.05) and differentiation index (DI; 81.16~85.88) values, and that they are enriched in W, Sn, Be, Li, and Cs. Unlike the Pukouling and Pankou granites, the Wuzhutang granite contains a certain amount of plagioclase and relatively high contents of Ba (633~1007 ppm) and Sr (334~411 ppm). Sr–Nd–Pb isotope values (87Sr/86Sr(t) = 0.70747–0.70865, εNd(t) = −6.35 to –4.34, 206Pb/204Pb = 18.186–18.3, 207Pb/204Pb = 15.556–15.592, and 208Pb/204Pb = 38.268–38.432) indicate a Mesoproterozoic basement origin for the Wuzhutang granite. We suggest the three granites belong to a peraluminous magma system and were derived by partial melting of the upper crust, the magma of the Wuzhutang granite originated from a deeper source and exhibits a lower degree of differentiation than that of the Pankou and Pukouling granites.
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Williams, Ian S., and Kenton S. W. Campbell. "Bruce William Chappell 1936–2012." Historical Records of Australian Science 28, no. 2 (2017): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hr17012.

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Bruce Chappell was one of the most distinguished geologists of his generation whose contributions to understanding the origins of granites are both insightful and profound. A pioneer in the application of X-ray fluorescence spectrography to the analysis of geological materials, his radical ideas about magma genesis, still the subject of vigorous debate, have dominated and largely determined the global directions of subsequent research on granites. His restite model, the recognition that most granite magmas move bodily away from their source regions as a mixture of melt and solid residual material, the progressive separation of which determines the magma composition, underlies his tenet that granites are images of their source. His consequent recognition, with Allan White, that there are two fundamentally different types of granite magma, I-type (derived from igneous sources) and S-type (derived from weathered sedimentary sources), each with its distinctive evolutionary path and associated mineralization, continues to underpin research into granites worldwide, and the search for granite-related mineral deposits.
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Clemens, J. D. "Preface." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 100, no. 1-2 (March 2009): v—vi. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175569100901620x.

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The Sixth Hutton Symposium on the Origin of Granites and Related Rocks was held on July 2–6, 2007 at the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, founded on granite, nestled at the feet of towering mountains and fringed by the rolling winelands of the Western Cape. This Special Issue opens with Master’s historical account of how the Cape granites influenced 18th and early 19th century thinking on the origins of these rocks. The fascinating fact is that the granites of the Western Cape were apparently the first intrusive granites recognised outside Britain. The balance of the volume contains a collection of research papers derived from the meeting and illustrates some of the important directions in which granite research may be evolving. One of the characteristics of the papers and talks presented at the meeting was that there seemed to be some shift in interest, away from the crust as a source of granitic magmas and towards mantle rocks that have been metasomatised by subduction-zone fluids or melts. Nevertheless, the crust still holds pride of place as the cradle of granite genesis.
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Liu, Shiyu, Yuping Liu, Lin Ye, Chen Wei, Yi Cai, and Weihong Chen. "Genesis of Dulong Sn-Zn-In Polymetallic Deposit in Yunnan Province, South China: Insights from Cassiterite U-Pb Ages and Trace Element Compositions." Minerals 11, no. 2 (February 13, 2021): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11020199.

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The Dulong Sn-Zn-In polymetallic deposit in the Yunnan province, SW China, hosts a reserve of 5.0 Mt Zn, 0.4 Mt Sn, and 7 Kt In. It is one of the most important polymetallic tin ore districts in China. Granites at Dulong mining area include mainly the Laojunshan granite (third phase), which occurs as quartz porphyry or granite porphyry dikes in the Southern edge of the Laojunshan intrusive complex. Granites of phases one and two are intersected at drill holes at depth. There are three types of cassiterite mineralization developed in the deposit: cassiterite-magnetite ± sulfide ore (Cst I), cassiterite-sulfide ore (Cst II) within the proximal skarn in contact with the concealed granite (granites of phases one to two and three), and cassiterite-quartz vein ore (Cst III) near porphyritic granite. Field geology and petrographic studies indicate that acid neutralising muscovitization and pyroxene reactions were part of mechanisms for Sn precipitation resulting from fluid-rock interaction. In situ U–Pb dating of cassiterite samples from the ore stages of cassiterite-sulfide (Cst II) and Cassiterite-quartz vein (Cst III) yielded Tera-Wasserburg U–Pb lower intercept ages of 88.5 ± 2.1 Ma and 82.1 ± 6.3 Ma, respectively. The two mineralization ages are consistent with the emplacement age of the Laojunshan granite (75.9–92.9 Ma) within error, suggesting a close temporal link between Sn-Zn(-In) mineralization and granitic magmatism. LA-ICPMS trace element study of cassiterite indicates that tetravalent elements (such as Zr, Hf, Ti, U, W) are incorporated in cassiterite by direct substitution, and the trivalent element (Fe) is replaced by coupled substitution. CL image shows that the fluorescence signal of Cst I–II is greater than that of Cst III, which is caused by differences in contents of activating luminescence elements (Al, Ti, W, etc.) and quenching luminescence element (Fe). Elevated W and Fe but lowered Zr, Hf, Nb, and Ta concentrations of the three type cassiterites from the Dulong Sn-Zn-In polymetallic deposit are distinctly different from those of cassiterites in VMS/SEDEX tin deposits, but similar to those from granite-related tin deposits. From cassiterite-magnetite ± sulfide (Cst I), cassiterite-sulfide ore (Cst II), to cassiterite-quartz vein ore-stage (Cst III), high field strength elements (HFSEs: Zr, Nb, Ta, Hf) decrease. This fact combined with cassiterite crystallization ages, indicates that Cst I–II mainly related to concealed granite (Laojunshan granites of phases one and two) while Cst III is mainly related to porphyritic granite (Laojunshan granites of phase three).
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Sun, Zhenjun, Guanghu Liu, Yunsheng Ren, Xi Chen, Xinhao Sun, Chengyang Wang, and Zuowu Li. "Age, Genesis and Tectonic Setting of the Sayashk Tin Deposit in the East Junggar Region: Constraints from Lu–Hf Isotopes, Zircon U–Pb and Molybdenite Re–Os Dating." Minerals 12, no. 9 (August 23, 2022): 1063. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12091063.

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The Sayashk tin (Sn) deposit is located within the southern part of the Eastern Junggar orogenic belt in Xinjiang Province and forms part of the Kalamaili alkaline granite belt. There are many Sn polymetallic deposits in the area. To constrain the age, genesis, and tectonic setting of the Sayashk tin deposit in the East Junggar region, we conducted a bulk-rock geochemical analysis of the granite porphyry (SR1) and medium- to fine-grained granite (SR2) hosts of the deposit, LA-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb dating and Lu–Hf isotopic analysis, as well as molybdenite Re–OS dating and combined our results with the metallogenic conditions and other geological characteristics of the deposit. The results show that the Sayashk Sn deposit is indeed spatially, temporally, and genetically closely related to the granite porphyry and medium-fine-grained granite. Both zircon U–Pb ages are 308.2 ± 1.5 Ma and 310.9 ± 1.5 Ma, respectively. The isochron age of molybdenite is 301.4 ± 6.7 Ma, which represents the crystallization age of the granite porphyry and medium-fine-grained granite. Therefore, all of them formed in the late Carboniferous epoch. The medium-fine-grained granites and granite porphyry are characteristically rich in Si and alkali, poor in Ca and Mg, rich in high field-strength elements (HFSE, e.g., Zr, Hf) and Ce, and deficient in Ba, Sr, Eu, P, and Ti. They are typical A-type granites, showing the characteristics of a mixed crustal mantle source. The εHf(t) values of the zircon from the granite porphyry (SR1) range from 10.27 to 16.17 (average 13.71), εHf(t) values of the zircon from the medium-fine-grained granites (SR2) are between 5.72 and 9.21 (average 7.08), and the single model ages (TDM1) and two-stage model ages (TDM2) of the granite porphyry (SR1) fall within the ranges of 319~535 Ma and 339~644 Ma. The single model ages (TDM1) and two-stage model ages (TDM2) of the medium-fine-grained granites (SR2) fall within the ranges of 346~479 Ma and 309~557 Ma. There is little difference between their two-stage model ages and zircon U–Pb ages, indicating that the Sayashk granite may be the product of partial melting of juvenile crustal. Combined with previous research results, the Sayashk Sn deposit formed in a post-collision extensional tectonic setting after the late Carboniferous in the Kalamaili area.
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Sandiford, Mike, John Foden, Shaohua Zhou, and Simon Turner. "Granite genesis and the mechanics of convergent orogenic belts with application to the southern Adelaide Fold Belt." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 83, no. 1-2 (1992): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026359330000777x.

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ABSTRACTTwo models for the heating responsible for granite generation during convergent deformation may be distinguished on the basis of the length- and time-scales associated with the thermal perturbation, namely: (1) long-lived, lithospheric-scale heating as a conductive response to the deformation, and (2) transient, localised heating as a response to advective heat sources such as mantle-derived melts. The strong temperature dependence of lithospheric rheology implies that the heat advected within rising granites may affect the distribution and rates of deformation within the developing orogen in a way that reflects the thermal regime attendant on granite formation; this contention is supported by numerical models of lithospheric deformation based on the thin-sheet approximation. The model results are compared with geological and isotopic constraints on granite genesis in the southern Adelaide Fold Belt where intrusion spans a 25 Ma convergent deformation cycle, from about 516 to 490 Ma, resulting in crustal thickening to 50–55 km. High-T metamorphism in this belt is spatially restricted to an axis of magmatic activity where the intensity and complexity of deformation is significantly greater, and may have started earlier, than in adjacent low-grade areas. The implication is that granite generation and emplacement is a causative factor in localising deformation, and on the basis of the results of the mechanical models suggests that granite formation occurred in response to localised, transient crustal heating by mantle melts. This is consistent with the Nd- and Sr-isotopic composition of the granites which seems to reflect mixed sources with components derived both from the depleted contemporary mantle and the older crust.
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Williamson, B. J., H. Downes, and M. F. Thirlwall. "The relationship between crustal magmatic underplating and granite genesis: an example from the Velay granite complex, Massif Central, France." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 83, no. 1-2 (1992): 235–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263593300007926.

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ABSTRACTThe Velay granite pluton (Massif Central, France) is the youngest (304 ± 5 Ma) and largest (∼6,900 km2) of the major Massif Central monzogranites/granodiorites and was formed nearly 50 Ma after the cessation of Hercynian continental collision (Pin & Duthou 1990). It is a highly heterogeneous pluton consisting of I-type, high-Sr granites (Sr = 500-900 ppm) with low (+35 to +41) and high (-3 to -5), at its centre, grading into S-type and mixed I-S-type heterogeneous granites of more normal Sr content (100–420 ppm) and higher (+40 to +210) and lower (-3·8 to -7.3) at its margins.The metasedimentary lower crust of the Massif Central was underplated/intruded by mafic mantle-derived magmas between 360 Ma and 300 Ma. From 300-280 Ma (Downes et al. 1991) underplating led to partial melting and granulite facies metamorphism of the underplated material (represented by felsic and mafic meta-igneous lower crustal xenoliths, = –11 to +112, = +2·2 to 8·2, Downes et al 1990). The partial melts assimilated mainly schist but also felsic gneiss and older granite country rock material ( = +100 to +300, = - 5 to -9) to produce the heterogeneous granites. Plagioclase and biotite were accumulated at the base of the intrusion which was intruded to high levels to form the high-Sr granites.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Granite genesis"

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Petersson, Jesper. "The genesis and subsequent evolution of episyenites in the Bohus granite, Sweden /." Göteborg : Earth sciences centre, Göteborg university, 2002. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb410815911.

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Linklater, Michael Anthony Leonard Flanders. "The exploration for and possible genesis of, some Archaean granite/gneiss-hosted gold deposits in the Pietersburg granite-greenstone terrane." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005557.

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Abstract The gold mineralization event within Archaean granite-greenstone terranes occurred during the late Archaean, and followed the intrusion of syn- to late-tectonic granitic plutons into previously deformed greenstone belts. An Archaean granite/gneiss-hosted gold deposit, in terms of this project, is classified as having a gold-assay cutoff of 1g/metric ton over widths of at least several metres, or higher grades over narrower widths and/or verbal descriptions that indicate such values. Fluid inclusion studies and isotopic data identify two possible origins for the auriferous fluids; namely magmatic and metamorphic. The exploration target according to the magmatic model, is a late-Archaean, hydrothermally altered, mineralized and fractured granitic intrusion preferably with a granodioritic or quartz-dioritic composition. The exploration target according to the metamorphic replacement model is a granitic stock that has intruded a zone of crustal weakness such as a shear zone, active during the late Archaean. Alternatively, the granitic intrusion should be affected by regionally extensive late-Archaean shearing. It should be hydrothermally altered, deformed and mineralized. Five areas within the Pietersburg granite-greenstone terrane were selected for the 'Regional Area Selection' phase of exploration for Archaean granite/gneiss-hosted gold deposits; namely Roodepoort, Waterval, Ramagoep, Moletsie and Matlala. Roodepoort contains a known granodiorite-hosted gold deposit; the Knight's Pluton, and served as an orientation survey for this project. The use and interpretation of LANDSAT images formed an integral part of exploration techniques; to assess their usefulness in the exploration of Archaean granite/gneiss-hosted gold deposits. Area selection criteria for granite/gneiss-hosted gold mineralization at Roodepoort are the major ENE-trending shear zone, the NNW-trending lineament and hydrothermal alteration, shearing, quartz-stockworks and sulphide mineralization within the Knight's Pluton. The origin of the gold within the Knight's Pluton is uncertain; both magmatic and metamorphic models are possibilities. Ongoing exploration is in progress at Roodepoort. The only area selection criterion for granite/gneiss-hosted gold mineralization at Waterval is the sericitized, subcropping granites located within trenches. Gold mineralization is insignificant. No area selection criteria for Archaean granite/gneiss-hosted gold mineralization were located at Ramagoep, Matlala and Moletsie. No further exploration is recommended for all these areas. The MES image interpretations were successful in identifying lineaments, granitic outcrops, greenstones, vegetation and soil cover. The Clay-iron images adequately differentiated betweeen iron-rich and clay-bearing areas. However, not all clay-bearing areas were associated with hydrothermal alteratian; field checks were necessary to discriminate between weathered granites and hydrothermally altered granites. The Wallis images served to locally enhance the contrasts of the MES and Clay-iron images.
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Dabrowski, Daniel. "Implications of Silurian granite genesis to the tectonic history of the Nashoba terrane, Eastern Massachusetts." Thesis, Boston College, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/3802.

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Thesis advisor: J. Christopher Hepburn
The Nashoba terrane is a highly metamorphosed and sheared Paleozoic tectonic block in eastern Massachusetts. The metamorphic rocks that compose the terrane are intruded by a series of diorites, tonalites, and granites. The Andover Granite is a complex multiphase granitic suite found in the northern part of the Nashoba terrane and is composed of both foliated and unfoliated granites as well as a granodiorite phase. The Sgr Group of granites is a series of unfoliated granites exposed along the Nashoba-Avalon terrane boundary. New crystallization ages for the foliated Andover Granite and the Sudbury Granite, southernmost body of the Sgr Group of granites, are presented. CA-TIMS U-Pb geochronology on zircons collected from these granites yielded 419.43 ± 0.52 Ma and 419.65 ± 0.51 Ma crystallization ages for the foliated Andover Granite and a 420.49 ± 0.52 Ma crystallization age for the Sudbury Granite. Geochemical and petrographic analysis of these granites indicate that the foliated Andover Granite is a high-K calc-alkaline, peralmuminous, S-type, biotite + muscovite granite and the Sudbury granite is high-K calc-alkaline, metaluminous to slightly peraluminous, I-type, biotite granite. These two granites are interpreted to have formed from the anatexis of either Nashoba terrane metasedimentary rocks and/or its underlying basement just prior to the Acadian orogeny. It is proposed that when Silurian diorite/tonalite magmas intruded into the Nashoba terrane, the influx of magmatic heat was sufficient to trigger crustal melting and promote granite genesis. This petrogenetic scenario fits well with regional tectonic models showing the Silurio-Devonian convergence of Avalonia towards Ganderia (which formed the eastern side of composite Laurentia at the time) in the northern Appalachians. Prior to the collision of Avalonia to composite Laurentia, mafic and intermediate composition arc magmas intruded the eastern Ganderian margin. The large amount of heat that accompanied these intrusions is believed to have contributed to Acadian metamorphism and influenced the formation of granitic plutons along the margin. It is therefore proposed that the plutonic record of the Nashoba terrane shows that by the Late Silurian - Early Devonian, Avalonia was still outboard of Laurentia in the vicinity of southern New England
Thesis (MS) — Boston College, 2014
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Earth and Environmental Sciences
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Ngai, Yuen-yi Helen, and 魏婉儀. "Soil genesis and vegetation growth in pulverized fuel ash and refuse landfills capped by decomposed granite." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31219780.

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Ngai, Yuen-yi Helen. "Soil genesis and vegetation growth in pulverized fuel ash and refuse landfills capped by decomposed granite /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19471166.

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Miles, Andrew James. "Genesis of zoned granite plutons in the Iapetus Suture Zone : new constraints from high-precision micro-analysis of accessory minerals." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/7751.

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The Trans-Suture Suite (TSS) of granitic plutons located in Northern Britain span the Iapetus Suture and represent a particularly enigmatic stage of post-Caledonian Devonian magmatism. Despite calc-alkaline affinities, proximity to the Iapetus Suture precludes a direct relationship to active subduction. Furthermore, the absence of inherited zircons distinguishes the TSS from plutons of a similar age throughout the Scottish Highlands, and is not easily reconciled with the abundance of peraluminous and S-type granites. Micro-analytical techniques are employed to analyse accessory zircon and apatite from three TSS plutons (Criffell, Fleet and Shap) in order to investigate connections between magmatic and tectonic processes within a continental suture zone. Accessory minerals contain a robust and accessible record of magma evolution. However, their trace element compositions are shown to document the final stages of pluton emplacement only, and are determined primarily by competitive crystallisation of other accessory phases at shallow crustal levels. By contrast, whole-rock compositions record an earlier stage of magma evolution that occurred in deeper and open-system crustal hot zones. The absence of inherited zircon in the final crystal assemblage reflects resorption during rapid and potentially adiabatic ascent of super-liquidus and water-rich magmas from the crustal hot zone. The concentrations of REE in apatite inclusions decrease with increasing crystallisation of other accessory minerals and in some samples have been distinguished on the basis of their host phase. In metaluminous granodiorites, no preferred crystallisation sequence is observed between host phases. In peraluminous samples, zircon-hosted apatite compositions appear more primitive compared to those hosted by other phases and reflects earlier saturation of zircon in these magmas. The isotopic record of zircon is shown to be biased towards earlier stages of magma evolution in peraluminous magmas and provides a means of assessing zircon isotope compositions in the context of often protracted histories during silicic magma evolution. The Mn content of apatite varies independently to whole-rock composition, correlating positively with decreasing oxygen fugacity and indices of increasing reduction. Apatite is proposed as a robust and effective redox proxy with application to magmatic, detrital and lunar studies of redox conditions. Zircon O-HfU- Th-Pb isotope compositions have identified increasing degrees of compositional heterogeneity in more silicic components of the TSS, including the involvement of more mafic magmas in the generation of the large S-type pluton of Fleet. Compositional trends between zircons from plutons emplaced on both sides of the Iapetus Suture are used to identify a common Avalonian component beneath the Southern Uplands and English Lake District related to Avalonian underthrusting beneath the Laurentian margin during the late Caledonian. New geochronological dating indicates that pluton emplacement occurred during periods of both pre- and post-Acadian transtension. The distinguishing characteristics of these plutons relative to other Caledonian plutons reflect their unique emplacement into the hydrated lithosphere of the Iapetus Suture Zone. Oxygen isotope disequilibrium between the magmatic compositions recorded by zircon and those of the whole-rock and some quartz crystals reflect hydrothermal alteration of the latter two archives. Hydrothermal alteration and exchange caused by 18O-rich magmatic fluids has elevated the 18O compositions of the whole-rock and some quartz crystals, with most disequilibrium observed around the outer margins of the plutons due to further fluid interaction with local 18O-rich sediments. The hydrothermal history of the TSS is markedly different from that of the British Tertiary Igneous Province where hydrothermal alteration resulted from circulation of meteoric water, reflecting significantly different magmatic and emplacement histories.
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Bullen, Warwick David. "Gold mineralization in an archaean granite-greenstone remnant west of Melmoth, Natal ore genesis and implications for exploration." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005579.

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The previously undifferentiated, "Melmoth Granite-Greenstone Remnant" (MGGR¹) crops out over an area of about 360 km² in northern Natal, South Africa. The greenstone sequence is comprised mainly of mafic metalavas with lesser serpentinite, talc schist, dacitic tuff, quartz-muscovite schist, quartzite and calc-silicate rocks. The greenstones are intruded by syntectonic trondhjemitic gneisses, late-tectonic granodioritic gneisses and post-tectonic granite dykes. Four phases of deformation and metamorphism are recognized. Epigenetic, disseminated and quartz vein-hosted gold mineralization is associated with D₂ shearing - a positive correlation existing between the intensity of the shearing, the thickness of the shear zone and the grade of ore it contains. Auriferous quartz veins are distinguished from an earlier generation of barren vein quartz on the basis of mineralogy, texture and relationship to the s-fabric. The mineralization occurs in zones of dilation associated with shear zone refraction. Associated wall rock alteration includes sericitization, argillization and chloritization. An ore genesis model based on the aforementioned parameters, is proposed. Finally, an exploration programme has been devised in order to locate undiscovered gold deposits in the MGGR. The programme could probably be applied, with minor modifications, to shear zone-hosted gold deposits in other granite-greenstone remnants in northern Natal. ¹- Name suggested by writer.
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Cock, B. J. "Aspects of granite genesis in the southern Adelaide fold belt : implications from case studies at Victor Harbor and Monarto /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1992. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SB/09sbc6639.pdf.

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Adams, Garry J. "Structural evolution and ore genesis of the granites gold deposits, Northern Territory /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09pha2128.pdf.

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Irving, Andrew John. "Neurotransmitter receptors and calcium homeostasis in cerebellar granule cells." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358503.

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Books on the topic "Granite genesis"

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Chen, Guo-Neng, and Rodney Grapes. Granite Genesis: In Situ Melting and Crustal Evolution. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5891-2.

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Chyrowicz, Barbara. Granice ingerencji w naturę. Lublin: Tow. Nauk. Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego, 2001.

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Cantini, Federico, and Francesco Salvestrini, eds. Vico Wallari – San Genesio ricerca storica e indagini archeologiche su una comunità del medio Valdarno inferiore fra alto e pieno medioevo. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-8453-598-6.

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Il volume raccoglie le relazioni presentate nel corso della giornata di studio tenutasi a San Miniato il primo dicembre 2007, dedicata all'indagine storiografica e ad un bilancio della lunga ricerca archeologica condotte sul sito di San Genesio nel Valdarno inferiore, villaggio che ebbe continuità insediativa dall'Antichità al pieno Duecento e che venne definitivamente abbandonato a seguito di una violenta distruzione da parte degli abitanti della vicina San Miniato al Tedesco. La località è nota dalle fonti scritte per alcune assemblee e incontri politici ad alto livello ivi tenutisi fra XI e XII secolo, incontri destinati a svolgere un ruolo significativo nel più ampio contesto della Toscana comunale. L'abitato è stato riportato alla luce nel corso di una quasi decennale campagna di scavo che ha fornito risultati di grande rilievo, tali da farne un interessantissimo case-study. Il volume si pone come momento di confronto fra metodologia storica e archeologica ed ha l'ambizione di evidenziare la grande utilità della collaborazione interdisciplinare sul terreno di realtà campione particolarmente propizie. Nel contempo esso fornisce un primo quadro complessivo circa la storia di un centro abbandonato ma dal passato ricco ed eccezionalmente documentato, proponendo un punto di riferimento per altre analoghe indagini destinate a far luce sulle vicende politiche, sulle istituzioni eclcesiastiche e sulle dinamiche del popolamento nell'Italia medievale.
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Stephen, Morse, Arthur Eddie, Bolton Susannah, and Mann Judy, eds. Science Agriculture and Research: A Compromised Participation. London: Earthscan, 2002.

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Collini, Dario, ed. Lettere a Oreste Macrí. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-776-4.

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Con questo libro curato da Dario Collini, che raccoglie il lavoro di giovani ricercatori guidati da Anna Dolfi («GREM» «NGEM») che si sono occupati dei 17.000 pezzi epistolari del Fondo Macrì, si offre uno straordinario strumento di lavoro a chi si interessa di Ermetismo, di critica e poesia del Novecento italiano. Ombre dal fondo o ‘luci intermittenti’ che siano, i bagliori mandati dagli epistolari sono segni della genesi umana della cultura, visto che conservano traccia di quanto è legato al quotidiano che contribuisce alla costruzione della ‘grande’ storia e della progettualità; intellettuale e politica che l’accompagna. Ecco allora che letture, libri, riviste, collaborazioni, amicizie, risentimenti, viaggi, passioni letterarie e private emergono da questi regesti, a dare voce a un’epoca e ai suoi protagonisti.
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DNA Grantees' Workshop (3rd 2002 Washington, D.C.). Third annual DNA Grantees' Workshop: Washington, D.C. June 24-26, 2002. Washington, D.C: National Institute of Justice, 2003.

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Granite Genesis: In-Situ Melting and Crustal Evolution. Springer, 2007.

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Grapes, Rodney, and Guo-Neng Chen. Granite Genesis: In-Situ Melting and Crustal Evolution. Springer London, Limited, 2007.

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Grapes, Rodney, and Guo-Neng Chen. Granite Genesis: In-Situ Melting and Crustal Evolution. Springer, 2010.

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Grapes, Rodney, and Guo-Neng Chen. Granite Genesis: In-Situ Melting and Crustal Evolution. Springer, 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "Granite genesis"

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Pitcher, Wallace Spencer. "The waning stages: the role of volatiles in the genesis of pegmatites and metal ores." In The Nature and Origin of Granite, 254–69. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3393-9_17.

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Pitcher, Wallace Spencer. "The waning stages: the role of volatiles in the genesis of pegmatites and metal ores." In The Nature and Origin of Granite, 299–315. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5832-9_17.

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Rossi, Ph, A. Cocherie, G. Meyer, A. M. Fouillac, and A. Autran. "Metallogenic W and Sn Granites: Genesis and Main Distinguishing Features." In Mineral Deposits within the European Community, 3–28. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-51858-4_1.

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Le Fort, Patrick. "Manaslu Leucogranite: A Collision Signature of The Himalaya A Model for Its Genesis and Emplacement." In 1989, Granites and Rhyolites, 10545–68. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118782057.ch25.

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Czamanske, Gerald K., Shunso Ishihara, and Steven A. Atkin. "Chemistry of Rock-Forming Minerals of the Cretaceous-Paleocen Beatholith in Southwestern Japan and Implications for Magma Genesis." In 1989, Granites and Rhyolites, 10431–69. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118782057.ch19.

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Pitcher, Wallace Spencer. "The categories of granitic rocks: the search for a genetic typology." In The Nature and Origin of Granite, 18–28. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3393-9_2.

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Pitcher, Wallace Spencer. "The categories of granitic rocks: the search for a genetic typology." In The Nature and Origin of Granite, 19–31. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5832-9_2.

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Jankowicz-Cieslak, Joanna, Ivan L. Ingelbrecht, and Bradley J. Till. "Mutation Detection in Gamma-Irradiated Banana Using Low Coverage Copy Number Variation." In Efficient Screening Techniques to Identify Mutants with TR4 Resistance in Banana, 113–27. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-64915-2_8.

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AbstractMutagenesis of in vitro propagated bananas is an efficient method to introduce novel alleles and broaden genetic diversity. The FAO/IAEA Plant Breeding and Genetics Laboratory previously established efficient methods for mutation induction of in vitro shoot tips in banana using physical and chemical mutagens as well as methods for the efficient discovery of ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) induced single nucleotide mutations in targeted genes. Officially released mutant banana varieties have been created using gamma rays, a mutagen that can produce large genomic changes such as insertions and deletions (InDels). Such dosage mutations may be particularly important for generating observable phenotypes in polyploids such as banana. Here, we describe a Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) approach in Cavendish (AAA) bananas to identify large genomic InDels. The method is based on low coverage whole genome sequencing (LC-WGS) using an Illumina short-read sequencing platform. We provide details for sonication-mediated library preparation and the installation and use of freely available computer software to identify copy number variation in Cavendish banana. Alternative DNA library construction procedures and bioinformatics tools are briefly described. Example data is provided for the mutant variety Novaria and cv Grande Naine (AAA), but the methodology can be equally applied for triploid bananas with mixed genomes (A and B) and is useful for the characterization of putative Fusarium Wilt TR4 resistant mutant lines described elsewhere in this protocol book.
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Rathod, Sandeep Kanak. "Patent Oppositions in India." In Access to Medicines and Vaccines, 151–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83114-1_6.

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AbstractPre-grant and post-grant oppositions filed in India by civil society and generic companies have been instrumental in visibly increasing access of drugs to the public—both in terms of earlier generic entry and also cheaper prices due to such generic competition. This paper looks at the significant pharmaceutical patent oppositions in India during the last 15 years. It focuses on some unique aspects connected to each of these oppositions and tracks how these oppositions helped in securing earlier access to generic drugs. The last part of the paper analyses patent opposition pendency statistics and notes that increasing pendency numbers, over the last few years, is a matter of deep concern as it could impact access to drugs, in future.
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Pollard, P. J. "Geologic Characteristics and Genetic Problems Associated with the Development of Granite-Hosted Deposits of Tantalum and Niobium." In Lanthanides, Tantalum and Niobium, 240–56. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-87262-4_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Granite genesis"

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Tessalina, Svetlana, Bryant Ware, Vitor Barrote, and Neal McNaughton. "Role of Granites in Genesis of Archean VHMS Systems, WA Examples." In Goldschmidt2020. Geochemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2020.2583.

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Smatti, Maria Khalid, Yasser Al-Sarraj, Omar Albagha, and Hadi Yassine. "Genetic Susceptibility to Infectious Diseases in the Qatari Population." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2021.0092.

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Background: Infectious diseases (IDs) account for 8% of deaths annually in Qatar, and therefore, represent a significant challenge for public health. Interestingly, the spread and severity of viral infections vary considerably between individuals and populations. The most recent example is SARS-CoV-2, which ranges from mild/asymptomatic to a severe respiratory syndrome. It has been previously reported that polymorphisms in genes linked to immunity can influence individuals’ responses to infections as observed in tuberculosis, influenza, and HIV; however, studies exploring causal host genetic variants in IDs are still limited and dramatically skewed with regard to population inclusion. In fact, the genetic susceptibility to IDs in the Qatari population is largely unknown. Aim: To perform a comprehensive genetic screening to investigate the presence and frequency of variants previously associated with various infections in the Qatari population. Methods: Whole-genome sequencing was previously performed for 18,000 QBB participants using Illumina HiSeq X Ten1 sequencers. The initial data processing and quality assessment of the raw data has also been performed and variant calling files (VCF) were created. We were granted the access to the VCF files of 6,218 sequenced samples. The genetic variant data was then converted to PLINK file format using PLINK-1.9. Standardized quality-assurance and quality control (QA/QC) methods were followed to generate high quality and confidence on both SNPs and sample levels. The final file used for calculating allele frequency contained 6,047 subjects. Additionally, list of infections-related SNPs that were previously reported in the literature and deposited in GWAS catalog was extracted and used to calculate and compare the allelic frequency in the Qatari genomes compared to other populations. Results: The frequency of infections-related SNPs in the Qatari population was significantly lower for most infections. Most variants (78%) showed negative fold change in the Qatari genomes. Only 22% of all variants were more prevalent in Qatari population compared to others. The most significant differences were observed in genes related to TB and HIV (200-940 and 160-710 fold change, respectively). Conclusion: This study reports a lower susceptibility of the Qatari population to IDs in general. Nonetheless, this might also indicate the presence of unknown Qatari-unique variants and hence, highlights the need for further investigation in future GWAS.
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Michel, Andrew, and Craig Dietsch. "ARE THE HARRISON GNEISS AND SISCOWIT GRANITE IN THE STAMFORD AND POUND RIDGE QUADRANGLES, CONNECTICUT, CO-GENETIC, NON-ARC MAGMAS?" In 54th Annual GSA Northeastern Section Meeting - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019ne-328556.

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Zang, Xijie, and Yanxia Niu. "The forecast model of patents granted in colleges based on genetic neural network." In 2011 International Conference on Electrical and Control Engineering (ICECE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceceng.2011.6057452.

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Harutyunyan, Albert V. "Dehydration of Rocks as the Main Source of Hydrocarbons and Diamond-Bearing Structures within the Earth's Crust in Various Regions of the Earth." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211711-ms.

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Abstract Annotation. The genesis of hydrocarbons has been debated for more than 300 years and continues to the present. The discussion of the problem led to the formation of organic and inorganic scientific schools. Over time, the hypothesis of polygenesis was also formed. With the development of engineering and technology, new concepts on the genesis of hydrocarbons and diamond-bearing structures were presented. One of these is the concept presented by us, according to which hydrocarbons and diamonds are formed not only at great depths of the mantle, but also at different depths of the Earth's crust in different regions of the Earth, due to the dehydration of serpentinized rocks. Dehydration of rocks occurs in both oceanic and continental crust. Under the continental slope, due to the collision of the continental and oceanic crust, the dehydration of serpentinized rocks of the 3rd layer of the oceanic crust occurs. Dehydration of rocks also occurs at various depths of the continental crust. Formed hydrocarbons and geofluids migrate to the upper horizons of the crust, differentiate and accumulate in fractured granites and sedimentary layers. Based on the proposed concept, the genesis of some giant deposits of the Earth, the Gulf of Mexico, the Caspian Depression, and Western Siberia is presented. According to laboratory studies, dehydration of rocks in the earth's crust causes ultra-high pressures. Kimberlites and explosive tubes are formed from carbon-containing components present in the medium. The proposed concept is characterized by more than 17 criteria that are set before prospecting and exploration in different regions of the Earth. The results obtained cover a wide range of issues of geology, geophysics and seismology. The results are presented to specialists for wide discussion. Further research is presented to the author in close cooperation with specialists from these fields of science from around the world.
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Banerjee, Meenakshi, and Upama Dutta. "GENESIS OF TWO DISTINCT TYPES OF CORONAE ASSEMBLAGES AT CLINOPYROXENE-PLAGIOCLASE CONTACT IN MAFIC DYKE FROM SOUTHERN GRANULITE TERRANE (SGT), INDIA." In GSA 2020 Connects Online. Geological Society of America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020am-357942.

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Danovskis, Edvīns. "Cietušā institūts administratīvo pārkāpumu procesā." In Latvijas Universitātes 80. starptautiskā zinātniskā konference. LU Akadēmiskais apgāds, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/juzk.80.40.

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The article analyses the institute of a victim in the administrative offence procedure by both examining genesis of the victim in administrative offence procedure and the legal consequences of the procedure for the victim. It is concluded in the article, that the Administrative Liability Law, adopted in 2018, quite rightly does not grant to the victim the right to demand commencement of administrative offence proceedings as well as to appeal the decision of authority not to commence proceedings. However, it is also argued that the victim should not be allowed to appeal also a decision not to impose a fine to an offender or ask for more severe punishment. It is even advised to consider the abolishment of the institute of a victim in administrative offence procedure.
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Zhang, Wenjie, Donglai Xu, and Jian Liu. "Research on optimization of dispensing process of a Chinese medicine granule dispensing equipment based on improved genetic algorithm." In 2021 4th World Conference on Mechanical Engineering and Intelligent Manufacturing (WCMEIM). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wcmeim54377.2021.00094.

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Oliveira, Érica Maria de, Nathaly Bruna de Oliveira Silva, and Ana Catarina de Souza Lopes. "OCORRÊNCIA DE blaKPC E blaVIM EM ISOLADOS DE Pseudomonas aeruginosa MULTIDROGA RESISTENTES PROVENIENTES DE INFECÇÃO EM PACIENTES DE UM HOSPITAL PÚBLICO EM RECIFEPE." In XXVII Semana de Biomedicina Inovação e Ciência. Editora IME, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51161/9786588884119/45.

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Introdução: Pseudomona aeruginosa é uma bactéria gram negativa oportunista considerada uma séria ameaça à saúde pública e são responsáveis por uma variedade de Infecções Relacionadas à Assistência à Saúde (IRAS), como pneumonias, infecções em tecidos moles, no trato urinário, e bacteremias(1).A emergência de P. aeruginosa resistentes aos carbapenêmicos, produtora de carbapenemases, dificulta ainda mais o tratamento e são associadas a altas taxas de mortalidade(2). Objetivos: O objetivo desse estudo foi analisar o perfil de susceptibilidade bem como detectar a presença dos genes de resistência para carbapenemases (blaKPC, blaNDM, blaVIM, blaIMP e blaGES) em dois isolados de P. aeruginosa (Ps1-A2 e Ps2-A2) provenientes de secreção traqueal e ponta de cateter respectivamente, de dois pacientes de um hospital público de Recife-PE no ano de 2021. Métodos: A identificação bioquímica e o perfil de susceptibilidade dos isolados foi realizada através do sistema automatizado BD PhoenixTM. O DNA total foi extraído utilizando o kit comercial Wizard genomic DNA Purification e a pesquisa dos genes de resistência foram realizadas por Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR). Resultados: O isolado Ps1-A2 foi resistente a todos os antibióticos testados, com exceção da polimixina B. Já o isolado Ps1-A2 apresentou sensibilidade a ampicilina, gentamicina e polimixina B. Os genes blaNDM, blaIMP e blaGES não foram detectados. O gene blaKPC foi detectado no isolado Ps2-A2, e o isolado Ps1-A2 apresentou simultaneamente os genes blaKPC e blaVIM. A concomitância desses genes merece destaque pelo acúmulo desses mecanismos genéticos de resistência em uma mesma espécie bacteriana. Conclusão: Os genes para carbapenemases detectados nos isolados de P. aeruginosa, revelam o grande potencial dessa espécie em adquirir e consequentemente disseminar esses mecanismos de resistência no ambiente hospitalar. Precisamos considerar isso como um grande problema de saúde pública, levando em conta as limitações terapêuticas para tratar as infecções causadas por essa espécie. Sendo assim, devemos ressaltar a importância da detecção dessas enzimas nos laboratórios de microbiologia para que sejam adotadas medidas de controle e prevenção da disseminação desses microrganismos multirresistentes(3).
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Mitsumori, Yaeko. "Analysis of the Socioeconomic Impact of a Voluntary License Granted by a Brand Name Manufacturer to Generic Manufacturers in India." In 2019 Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/picmet.2019.8893663.

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Reports on the topic "Granite genesis"

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Neyedley, K., J. J. Hanley, Z. Zajacz, and M. Fayek. Accessory mineral thermobarometry, trace element chemistry, and stable O isotope systematics, Mooshla Intrusive Complex (MIC), Doyon-Bousquet-LaRonde mining camp, Abitibi greenstone belt, Québec. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328986.

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The Mooshla Intrusive Complex (MIC) is an Archean polyphase magmatic body located in the Doyon-Bousquet-LaRonde (DBL) mining camp of the Abitibi greenstone belt, Québec, that is spatially associated with numerous gold (Au)-rich VMS, epizonal 'intrusion-related' Au-Cu vein systems, and shear zone-hosted (orogenic?) Au deposits. To elucidate the P-T conditions of crystallization, and oxidation state of the MIC magmas, accessory minerals (zircon, rutile, titanite) have been characterized using a variety of analytical techniques (e.g., trace element thermobarometry). The resulting trace element and oxythermobarometric database for accessory minerals in the MIC represents the first examination of such parameters in an Archean magmatic complex in a world-class mineralized district. Mineral thermobarometry yields P-T constraints on accessory mineral crystallization consistent with the expected conditions of tonalite-trondhjemite-granite (TTG) magma genesis, well above peak metamorphic conditions in the DBL camp. Together with textural observations, and mineral trace element data, the P-T estimates reassert that the studied minerals are of magmatic origin and not a product of metamorphism. Oxygen fugacity constraints indicate that while the magmas are relatively oxidizing (as indicated by the presence of magmatic epidote, titanite, and anhydrite), zircon trace element systematics indicate that the magmas were not as oxidized as arc magmas in younger (post-Archean) porphyry environments. The data presented provides first constraints on the depth and other conditions of melt generation and crystallization of the MIC. The P-T estimates and qualitative fO2 constraints have significant implications for the overall model for formation (crystallization, emplacement) of the MIC and potentially related mineral deposits.
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Vaughn, Palmer, Shaoping Chu, and Ralph Rogers. Generic Disposal System Model for Granite: Potential Application to Joint Fuel Cycles Studies. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1460156.

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Joel, Daniel M., Steven J. Knapp, and Yaakov Tadmor. Genomic Approaches for Understanding Virulence and Resistance in the Sunflower-Orobanche Host-Parasite Interaction. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7592655.bard.

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Oroginal Objectives: (i) identify DNA markers linked to the avirulence (Avr) locus and locate the Avr locus through genetic mapping with an inter-race Orobanche cumana population; (ii) develop high-throughput fingerprint DNA markers for genotypingO. cumana races; (iii) identify nucleotide binding domain leucine rich repeat (NB-LRR) genes encoding R proteins conferring resistance to O. cumana in sunflower; (iv) increase the resolution of the chromosomal segment harboring Or₅ and related R genes through genetic and physical mapping in previously and newly developed mapping populations of sunflower; and (v) develop high-throughput DNA markers for rapidly and efficiently identifying and transferring sunflower R genes through marker-assisted selection. Revisions made during the course of project: Following changes in O. cumana race distribution in Israel, the newly arrived virulent race H was chosen for further analysis. HA412-HO, which was primarily chosen as a susceptible sunflower cultivar, was more resistant to the new parasite populations than var. Shemesh, thus we shifted sunflower research into analyzing the resistance of HA412-HO. We exceeded the deliverables for Objectives #3-5 by securing funding for complete physical and high-density genetic mapping of the sunflower genome, in addition to producing a complete draft sequence of the sunflower genome. We discovered limited diversity between the parents of the O. cumana population developed for the mapping study. Hence, the developed DNA marker resources were insufficient to support genetic map construction. This objective was beyond the scale and scope of the funding. This objective is challenging enough to be the entire focus of follow up studies. Background to the topic: O. cumana, an obligate parasitic weed, is one of the most economically important and damaging diseases of sunflower, causes significant yield losses in susceptible genotypes, and threatens production in Israel and many other countries. Breeding for resistance has been crucial for protecting sunflower from O. cumana, and problematic because new races of the pathogen continually emerge, necessitating discovery and deployment of new R genes. The process is challenging because of the uncertainty in identifying races in a genetically diverse parasite. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: We developed a small collection of SSR markers for genetic mapping in O. cumana and completed a diversity study to lay the ground for objective #1. Because DNA sequencing and SNPgenotyping technology dramatically advanced during the course of the study, we recommend shifting future work to SNP discovery and mapping using array-based approaches, instead of SSR markers. We completed a pilot study using a 96-SNP array, but it was not large enough to support genetic mapping in O.cumana. The development of further SNPs was beyond the scope of the grant. However, the collection of SSR markers was ideal for genetic diversity analysis, which indicated that O. cumanapopulations in Israel considerably differ frompopulations in other Mediterranean countries. We supplied physical and genetic mapping resources for identifying R-genes in sunflower responsible for resistance to O. cumana. Several thousand mapped SNP markers and a complete draft of the sunflower genome sequence are powerful tools for identifying additional candidate genes and understanding the genomic architecture of O. cumana-resistanceanddisease-resistance genes. Implications: The OrobancheSSR markers have utility in sunflower breeding and genetics programs, as well as a tool for understanding the heterogeneity of races in the field and for geographically mapping of pathotypes.The segregating populations of both Orobanche and sunflower hybrids are now available for QTL analyses.
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Katzir, Nurit, Rafael Perl-Treves, and Jack E. Staub. Map Merging and Homology Studies in Cucumis Species. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7575276.bard.

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List of original objectives (1) Construct a saturated map of melon, using RFLP, SSR, RAPD and Inter-SSR genetic markers. (2) Study the homology between the genomes of cucumber and melon. (3) Add to the Cucumis map, biologically important genes that had been cloned in other plant systems. Background Cucumber and melon are important vegetable crops in Israel and the US. Genome analysis of these crops has lagged behind the major plant crops, but in the last few years genetic maps with molecular markers have been developed. The groups that participated in this program were all involved in initial mapping of cucurbit crops. This grant was meant to contribute to this trend and promote some of the more advanced applications of genome analysis, i.e., map saturation and comparative mapping between cucurbit species. Major achievements The main achievements of the research were (a) the construction of melon maps that include important horticultural traits and Resistance Gene Homologues, (b) the development of approximately 200 SSR markers of melon and cucumber, (c) the preliminary map merging of melon maps and of comparative mapping between melon and cucumber. Implications As a result of this program, we have a good estimate of the applicability of different types or markers developed in one cucurbit species to genetic mapping in other species. Since the linkage groups of melon and cucumber can now be related to each other, future identification of important genes in the two crops will be facilitated. Moreover, the further saturation of the maps with additional markers will now allow us to target several disease resistance loci, horticultural traits for marker-assisted selection, fine mapping and positional cloning.
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Morgan, William, F. ,. Ph D. ,. D. Sc. Final Technical Report for the grant entitled "Genetic Factors Affecting Susceptibility to Low-Dose Radiation". Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/895650.

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Li, Li, Joseph Burger, Nurit Katzir, Yaakov Tadmor, Ari Schaffer, and Zhangjun Fei. Characterization of the Or regulatory network in melon for carotenoid biofortification in food crops. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7594408.bard.

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The general goals of the BARD research grant US-4423-11 are to understand how Or regulates carotenoid accumulation and to reveal novel strategies for breeding agricultural crops with enhanced β-carotene level. The original objectives are: 1) to identify the genes and proteins in the Or regulatory network in melon; 2) to genetically and molecularly characterize the candidate genes; and 3) to define genetic and functional allelic variation of these genes in a representative germplasm collection of the C. melo species. Or was found by the US group to causes provitamin A accumulation in chromoplasts in cauliflower. Preliminary genetic study from the Israeli group revealed that the melon Or gene (CmOr) completely co-segregated with fruit flesh color in a segregating mapping population and in a wide melon germplasm collection, which set the stage for the funded research. Major conclusions and achievements include: 1). CmOris proved to be the gene that controls melon fruit flesh color and represents the previously described gflocus in melon. 2). Genetic and molecular analyses of CmOridentify and confirm a single SNP that is responsible for the orange and non-orange phenotypes in melon fruit. 3). Alteration of the evolutionarily conserved arginine in an OR protein to both histidine or alanine greatly enhances its ability to promote carotenoid accumulation. 4). OR promotes massive carotenoid accumulation due to its dual functions in regulating both chromoplast biogenesis and carotenoid biosynthesis. 5). A bulk segregant transcriptome (BSRseq) analysis identifies a list of genes associated with the CmOrregulatory network. 6). BSRseq is proved to be an effective approach for gene discovery. 7). Screening of an EMS mutation library identifies a low β mutant, which contains low level of carotenoids due to a mutation in CmOrto produce a truncated form of OR protein. 8). low β exhibits lower germination rate and slow growth under salt stress condition. 9). Postharvest storage of fruit enhances carotenoid accumulation, which is associated with chromoplast development. Our research uncovers the molecular mechanisms underlying the Or-regulated high level of carotenoid accumulation via regulating carotenoidbiosynthetic capacity and storage sink strength. The findings provide mechanistic insights into how carotenoid accumulation is controlled in plants. Our research also provides general and reliable molecular markers for melon-breeding programs to select orange varieties, and offers effective genetic tools for pro-vitamin A enrichment in other important crops via the rapidly developed genome editing technology. The newly discovered low β mutant could lead to a better understanding of the Or gene function and its association with stress response, which may explain the high conservation of the Or gene among various plant species.
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7

Larkins, Brian A. Molecular Genetic Traits Influencing Maize Endosperm Development and Value: Closeout Report for DOE Grant DE-FG02-96ER20242. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1050528.

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8

Norelli, John L., Moshe Flaishman, Herb Aldwinckle, and David Gidoni. Regulated expression of site-specific DNA recombination for precision genetic engineering of apple. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7587214.bard.

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Objectives: The original objectives of this project were to: 1) evaluate inducible promoters for the expression of recombinase in apple (USDA-ARS); 2) develop alternative selectable markers for use in apple to facilitate the positive selection of gene excision by recombinase (Cornell University); 3) compare the activity of three different recombinase systems (Cre/lox, FLP/FRT, and R/RS)in apple using a rapid transient assay (ARO); and 4) evaluate the use of recombinase systems in apple using the best promoters, selectable markers and recombinase systems identified in 1, 2 and 3 above (Collaboratively). Objective 2 was revised from the development alternative selectable markers, to the development of a marker-free selection system for apple. This change in approach was taken due to the inefficiency of the alternative markers initially evaluated in apple, phosphomannose-isomerase and 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate phosphatase, and the regulatory advantages of a marker-free system. Objective 3 was revised to focus primarily on the FLP/FRT recombinase system, due to the initial success obtained with this recombinase system. Based upon cooperation between researchers (see Achievements below), research to evaluate the use of the FLP recombinase system under light-inducible expression in apple was then conducted at the ARO (Objective 4). Background: Genomic research and genetic engineering have tremendous potential to enhance crop performance, improve food quality and increase farm profits. However, implementing the knowledge of genomics through genetically engineered fruit crops has many hurdles to be overcome before it can become a reality in the orchard. Among the most important hurdles are consumer concerns regarding the safety of transgenics and the impact this may have on marketing. The goal of this project was to develop plant transformation technologies to mitigate these concerns. Major achievements: Our results indicate activity of the FLP\FRTsite-specific recombination system for the first time in apple, and additionally, we show light- inducible activation of the recombinase in trees. Initial selection of apple transformation events is conducted under dark conditions, and tissue cultures are then moved to light conditions to promote marker excision and plant development. As trees are perennial and - cross-fertilization is not practical, the light-induced FLP-mediated recombination approach shown here provides an alternative to previously reported chemically induced recombinase approaches. In addition, a method was developed to transform apple without the use of herbicide or antibiotic resistance marker genes (marker free). Both light and chemically inducible promoters were developed to allow controlled gene expression in fruit crops. Implications: The research supported by this grant has demonstrated the feasibility of "marker excision" and "marker free" transformation technologies in apple. The use of these safer technologies for the genetic enhancement of apple varieties and rootstocks for various traits will serve to mitigate many of the consumer and environmental concerns facing the commercialization of these improved varieties.
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Noel, K. Dale. Final Report Grant No. DE-FG02-98ER20307 Lipopolysaccharide Structures and Genes Required for Root Nodule Development August 1, 2004 to July 31, 2008. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/943473.

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10

Morin, Shai, Gregory Walker, Linda Walling, and Asaph Aharoni. Identifying Arabidopsis thaliana Defense Genes to Phloem-feeding Insects. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7699836.bard.

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The whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) is a serious agricultural pest that afflicts a wide variety of ornamental and vegetable crop species. To enable survival on a great diversity of host plants, whiteflies must have the ability to avoid or detoxify numerous different plant defensive chemicals. Such toxins include a group of insect-deterrent molecules called glucosinolates (GSs), which also provide the pungent taste of Brassica vegetables such as radish and cabbage. In our BARD grant, we used the whitefly B. tabaci and Arabidopsis (a Brassica plant model) defense mutants and transgenic lines, to gain comprehensive understanding both on plant defense pathways against whiteflies and whitefly defense strategies against plants. Our major focus was on GSs. We produced transgenic Arabidopsis plants accumulating high levels of GSs. At the first step, we examined how exposure to high levels of GSs affects decision making and performance of whiteflies when provided plants with normal levels or high levels of GSs. Our major conclusions can be divided into three: (I) exposure to plants accumulating high levels of GSs, negatively affected the performance of both whitefly adult females and immature; (II) whitefly adult females are likely to be capable of sensing different levels of GSs in their host plants and are able to choose, for oviposition, the host plant on which their offspring survive and develop better (preference-performance relationship); (III) the dual presence of plants with normal levels and high levels of GSs, confused whitefly adult females, and led to difficulties in making a choice between the different host plants. These findings have an applicative perspective. Whiteflies are known as a serious pest of Brassica cropping systems. If the differences found here on adjacent small plants translate to field situations, intercropping with closely-related Brassica cultivars could negatively influence whitefly population build-up. At the second step, we characterized the defensive mechanisms whiteflies use to detoxify GSs and other plant toxins. We identified five detoxification genes, which can be considered as putative "key" general induced detoxifiers because their expression-levels responded to several unrelated plant toxic compounds. This knowledge is currently used (using new funding) to develop a new technology that will allow the production of pestresistant crops capable of protecting themselves from whiteflies by silencing insect detoxification genes without which successful host utilization can not occur. Finally, we made an effort to identify defense genes that deter whitefly performance, by infesting with whiteflies, wild-type and defense mutated Arabidopsis plants. The infested plants were used to construct deep-sequencing expression libraries. The 30- 50 million sequence reads per library, provide an unbiased and quantitative assessment of gene expression and contain sequences from both Arabidopsis and whiteflies. Therefore, the libraries give us sequence data that can be mined for both the plant and insect gene expression responses. An intensive analysis of these datasets is underway. We also conducted electrical penetration graph (EPG) recordings of whiteflies feeding on Arabidopsis wild-type and defense mutant plants in order to determine the time-point and feeding behavior in which plant-defense genes are expressed. We are in the process of analyzing the recordings and calculating 125 feeding behavior parameters for each whitefly. From the analyses conducted so far we conclude that the Arabidopsis defense mutants do not affect adult feeding behavior in the same manner that they affect immatures development. Analysis of the immatures feeding behavior is not yet completed, but if it shows the same disconnect between feeding behavior data and developmental rate data, we would conclude that the differences in the defense mutants are due to a qualitative effect based on the chemical constituency of the phloem sap.
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