Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Granite generation'

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Evolução Crustal e Recursos Naturais. Departamento de Geologia. Escola de Minas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto.
Submitted by Oliveira Flávia (flavia@sisbin.ufop.br) on 2015-05-20T20:28:50Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22190 bytes, checksum: 19e8a2b57ef43c09f4d7071d2153c97d (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO_SedimentationMetamorphismGranite.pdf: 9752902 bytes, checksum: 32699b6a964a18271b67154b8ab6c9f7 (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Gracilene Carvalho (gracilene@sisbin.ufop.br) on 2015-05-22T14:39:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22190 bytes, checksum: 19e8a2b57ef43c09f4d7071d2153c97d (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO_SedimentationMetamorphismGranite.pdf: 9752902 bytes, checksum: 32699b6a964a18271b67154b8ab6c9f7 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-22T14:39:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22190 bytes, checksum: 19e8a2b57ef43c09f4d7071d2153c97d (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO_SedimentationMetamorphismGranite.pdf: 9752902 bytes, checksum: 32699b6a964a18271b67154b8ab6c9f7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015
O Complexo migmatítico-graniulítico-granítico Nova Venécia (CNV), localizado no núcleo do Orógeno Araçuaí (OA, 630-480 Ma), sudeste do Brasil, registra processos crustais anatéticos ocorridos no norte da Província Mantiqueira durante a amalgamação Brasiliana-Pan Africana de Gondwana Ocidental. O núcleo do OA compreende abundantes e volumosos granitoides tipo-S e –I (Supersuítes G1 a G5), que são espacialmente e temporalmente associados a eventos metamórficos de alto grau no NVC. Este estudo integra observações de campo, análises de química mineral, petrografia, geocronologia U-Pb LAICP- MS de zircões e monazitas e modelagem termodinâmica, a fim de definir a evolução dos migmatitos-granulitos do CNV, desde sua deposição até o metamorfismo de alto grau, e correlacionar a história metamórfica com os vários episódios de magmatismo granítico (G1-G5). Sete populações compõe a base de dados de zircões detríticos. A gama mais significativa de zircões detríticos concordantes zircão são representados pelas duas populações mais jovens, variando 650-610 Ma. Isso indica que a principal fonte do CNV é provavelmente o Arco Rio Doce, com contribuições menores de fontes contemporâneas ao Arco Rio Negro. Populações mais velhas sugerem proveniência dos primeiros registros do arco Rio Negro e de segmentos do OA relacionados a riftes de idades Criogeniana e Toniana. O período de sedimentação do CNV é limitado entre a idade máxima de sedimentação em ca. 606 Ma e a intrusão dos primeiros granitóides sin-colisionais (ca. 593 Ma), ou seja, durante ca. 13 Ma. Compilação dos dados disponíveis de U-Pb em zircão mostra que a maior parte dos granitoides G1 e G2 se cristalizaram contemporaneamente ao longo de um período de 15 Ma (595-570 Ma, com um pico a 575 Ma), interpretado como o período sin-colisional no OA. O período de pico metamórfico regional no OA é limitado em 575-560 Ma, o que pode ser uma consequência de magma underplating G1 + G2. Petrografia detalhada e análises de química mineral mostram diferentes assembléias de pico metamórfico (regional) que contêm quantidades variáveis de granada, ortopiroxênio e cordierita peritéticos e cordierite retrógrada. Sugerimos que essas diferenças são principalmente devidas a parâmetros de composição dos protólitos, e não devidas a diferentes evoluções de P-T entre as amostras. A química de rocha total neste estudo sugere que os protólitos do CNV eram grauvacas peraluminosas contendo diferentes quantidades de componentes de matriz (isto é, porções pelíticas) e que as rochas de alto-grau do CNV devem ter perdido melt para terem se tornado caracteristicamente restíticas. Isto é corroborado pelo nosso conjunto de dados de zircões detríticos, que mostram diferentes contribuições percentuais entre as 7 populações que compõem as amostras. Além disso, a modelagem termodinâmica indica que todas as amostras modeladas registram um caminho P-T semelhante, desde condições PT de metamorfismo regional de pico a 750-850 ° C e 5300-7500 bares (granulito, profundidades de ~ 25 km) a condições de estabilidade das assembléias preservadas a 640- 800 ° C e 4500-6000 bares (transição entre amfibolito superior a granulito, profundidades de ~ 18 km). Infere-se que o metamorfismo regional de alto grau (575-560 Ma) deve ter afetado ambos os metassedimentos e granitos pré-existentes, corroborado pelo fato de que ambos mostram feições anatéticas datadas em ca. 571 Ma. Os produtos da fusão parcial em todo o OA poderia ser, pelo menos, parte dos granitóides contemporâneos àqueles formados durante os períodos G2 (570-540 Ma) e G3 + G4 (540-525 Ma). O evento térmico póscolisional G5 (520-480 Ma), relacionado ao colapso tectônico do OA, é registrado em metagrauvacas (monazita U-Pb) e em granitos (monazita e zircão U-Pb) entre 507 e 495 Ma. Sugerimos que, a essa altura, as metagrauvacas já haviam sido submetidas a alguma descompressão e arrefecimento, com base em modelagem metamórfica, observações de campo e datação de um dique tardio não deformado que intrude rochas do CNV (518 Ma). Infere-se que o evento termal pós-colisional G5, registrado por abundantes intrusões de granitoides tipo-I em todo o OA, causou um segundo período de metamorfismo de alto-grau a ca. 500 Ma. A principal característica deste evento em rochas metassedimentares é, além das idades U-Pb em monazitas, um overprint parcial de Baixa Pressão-Alta Temperatura em assembléias regionais de pico, gerando cordierita texturalmente tardia e espinélio hercinítico. Em nossas amostras, este registro metamórfico limita-se a auréolas de contato. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT: The Nova Venécia migmatite-granulite-granite Complex (NVC) in the core of the Araçuaí Orogen (AO, 630-480 Ma), southeast Brazil, records anatectic crustal processes occurring in the northern Mantiqueira Province during the Brasiliano-Pan African amalgamation of West Gondwana. The AO core comprises abundant S- and I-type granitoids (G1 to G5 Supersuites) that are spatially and temporally associated with high-grade metamorphic events in the NVC. This study integrates field-based observations, textural and mineral chemistry analyses, zircon and monazite U-Pb LA-ICP-MS geochronology and thermodynamic modeling in order to constrain the evolution of the NVC migmatites-granulites from deposition to high-grade metamorphism, and to correlate the metamorphic history with the several episodes of granite magmatism (G1-G5). Seven populations compose the NVC zircon detrital dataset. The most significant range of concordant detrital zircon ages are obtained from the two youngest populations, ranging from 650 to 610 Ma. This indicates the main NVC source is probably the Rio Doce Arc, with minor contributions from sources contemporaneous to the Rio Negro Arc. Older populations suggest provenance from the early Rio Negro arc and from Cryogenian and Tonian rift-related segments of the AO. The period of NVC protolith sedimentation is bracketed between its maximum sedimentation age at ca. 606 Ma and the intrusion of early syn-collisional granitoids (ca. 593 Ma), i.e. ca. 13 My. Compilation of the available U-Pb data shows that the bulk of the G1 and G2 rocks crystalized contemporaneously over a period of 15 Ma (595-570 Ma, with a peak at 575 Ma), interpreted to represent the AO syn-collisional period. The period of peak regional metamorphism in the AO is constrained at 575-560 Ma, which may be a consequence of G1 + G2 magma underplating. Detailed petrography and extensive mineral chemistry analyses show different (regional) peak metamorphic assemblages containing variable amounts of peritectic garnet, orthopyroxene and cordierite, and retrograde cordierite. We suggest these differences are mainly due to protoliths compositional parameters, and not due to different P-T evolution among samples. Our whole-chemistry suggests that NVC protoliths were peraluminous greywackes probably containing different amounts of matrix components (i.e. pelitic portions) and that NVC high-grade metagreywackes must have lost melt to become restitic in character. This is corroborated by our detrital zircon dataset showing different percentage contributions from 7 populations among samples. Moreover, thermodynamic modeling indicates that all modeled samples record a similar P-T path, recording P-T conditions of peak regional metamorphism of 750-850 °C and 5300-7500 bars (granulite, depths of ~25 km) and stability of preserved assemblages of 640-800 °C and 4500-6000 bars (transition between upper amphibolite to granulite, depths of ~18 km). The high-grade regional metamorphism (575-560 Ma) is inferred to have affected both metasediments and pre-existing granites, as suggested by partial melting in both of sampled rock-types at ca. 571 Ma. The products of partial melting throughtout the AO could be at least part of the granitoids contemporaneous to G2 (570- 540 Ma) and G3 + G4 (540-525 Ma) periods. The post-collisional G5 thermal event (520-480 Ma), related to tectonic collapse of OA, is recorded in metagraywackes (monazite U-Pb) and granites (monazite and zircon U-Pb) between 523 and 495 Ma. We infer that, by this time, the metagreywackes had already undergone some decompression and cooling, based on metamorphic modeling, field observations and dating an undeformed late dyke (518 Ma). The post-collisional G5 thermal event, recorded by abundant granitic intrusions of I-type granitoids throughout the AO, is inferred to have caused a second high-grade metamorphic event at ca. 500 Ma. In addition to monazite U-Pb ages, the main record of this event in metasedimentary rocks is a partial LP-HT overprinting in regional peak assemblages, with generation of texturally late cordierite and hercynitic spinel. In our samples, this metamorphic record is limited to contact aureoles.

In Sweden the encapsulated nuclear waste will be surrounded by compacted bentonite in the granitic host rock. In contact with water-bearing fractures the bentonite barrier may release montmorillonite colloids that may be further transported in groundwater. If large amounts of material are eroded from the barrier, the buffer functionality can be compromised. Furthermore, in the scenario of a leaking canister, strongly sorbing radionuclides, can be transported by montmorillonite colloids towards the biosphere. This thesis addresses the effects of groundwater chemistry on the generation, stability, sorption and transport of montmorillonite colloids in water bearing rock fractures. To be able to predict quantities of montmorillonite colloids released from the bentonite barrier in contact with groundwater of varying salinity, generation and sedimentation test were performed. The aim is first to gain understanding on the processes involved in colloid generation from the bentonite barrier. Secondly it is to test if concentration gradients of montmorillonite colloids outside the barrier determined by simple sedimentation experiments are comparable to generation tests. Identical final concentrations and colloid size distributions were achieved in both types of tests. Colloid stability is strongly correlated to the groundwater chemistry. The impact of pH, ionic strength and temperature was studied. Aggregation kinetics experiments revealed that for colloid aggregation rate increased with increasing ionic strength. The aggregation rate decreased with increasing pH. The temperature effect on montmorillonite colloid stability is pH-dependent. At pH≤4, the rate constant for colloid aggregation increased with increasing temperature, regardless of ionic strength. At pH≥10, the aggregation rate constant decreased with increasing temperature. In the intermediate pH interval, the aggregation rate constant decreased with increasing temperature except at the highest ionic strength, where it increased. The relationship between the rate constant and the ionic strength allowed the critical coagulation concentration (CCC) for Na- and Ca-montmorillonite to be determined. In order to distinguish the contribution of physical filtration and sorption to colloid retention in transport, the different retention mechanisms were quantified. Sorption on different representative minerals in granite fractures was measured for latex colloids (50, 100, 200 nm) and montmorillonite colloids as a function of ionic strength and pH. Despite of the negative charge in mineral surfaces and colloids, sorption was detected. The sorption is correlated to the mineral point of zero charge and the zeta potential of the colloids, and increases with increasing ionic strength and decreasing pH. In transport experiments with latex colloids in columns packed with fracture filling material, the retention by sorption could clearly be seen. In particular at low flow rates, when the contact time for colloids with the mineral surfaces were the longest, sorption contributed to retention of the transport significantly. The retention of latex colloids appeared to be irreversible in contrary to the reversible montmorillonite colloid retention. Generation, stability and sorption of the montmorillonite colloids are controlled by electrostatic forces; hence, the results were in qualitative agreement with DLVO.

A agricultura familiar passa por momentos de tensão e instabilidade devido à migração dos jovens para os grandes centros urbanos, o que ameaça a continuidade das unidades produtivas familiares no Rio Grande do Sul. Tal migração, mais do que um movimento demográfico geral de urbanização das sociedades industrializadas contemporâneas, representa um problema social que provoca, não apenas o esvaziamento demográfico do meio rural, mas também um desmantelamento e abandono dos equipamentos sociais ainda existentes no meio rural, tais como: igrejas, escolas, postos de saúde, salões comunitários, dentre outros. Diante deste cenário, existe atualmente em torno de 25% das propriedades rurais no Rio Grande do Sul que não terão um sucessor. Para contribuir com o conhecimento das questões atinentes à sucessão na agricultura familiar, esta Dissertação de Mestrado investiga os fatores relacionados com a sucessão e permanência nas unidades produtivas familiares, na contramão da maioria que opta por sair do meio rural. O caminho metodológico escolhido foi a pesquisa qualitativa por meio da realização de onze entrevistas narrativas com jovens rurais de dois municípios gaúchos, selecionados a partir dos seguintes critérios: idade entre 15 a 29 anos; com interesse em dar continuidade ao estabelecimento rural; existência de planejamento familiar da sucessão; presença de jovens mulheres em pelo menos duas famílias; e que os jovens pesquisados refletissem as características de três formas de sucessão previamente elaboradas. Também foram incorporadas as percepções de dois pais dos jovens, que estavam presentes nas entrevistas. Da análise do material empírico foi possível constatar a inexistência de um planejamento explícito da sucessão nas unidades produtivas familiares. Entre os principais fatores que despertam o desejo dos jovens do sexo masculino em permanecerem nas unidades produtivas familiares encontramos: a proximidade das UPFs com os centros urbanos, o que garante o acesso a serviços públicos e espaços de lazer, permitindo que desenvolvam atividades em um dos dois universos e residam em outro; certa autonomia financeira possibilitada pelo fato de todas as unidades produtivas familiares pesquisadas contarem com a alternância da renda mensal com a anual, o que contribui com a sustentabilidade do grupo familiar; bem como as questões afetivas, como o desejo de estar próximo da família e da comunidade. Quanto às jovens, percebemos que as relações de gênero continuam fortemente marcadas pela desigualdade de participação nas atividades e decisões na unidade produtiva familiar, mas este fator parece ser uma questão naturalizada pelos grupos familiares.
The Family agriculture is going through a tense and instable moment due the migration of youth to large urban centers, threatening the continuity of family production units in Rio Grande do Sul. Such migration, rather than an urban general demographic movement of contemporary industrial societies, is a problem that causes not only a demographic emptying of the countryside, but also a decommissioning and abandonment of social facilities remaining in rural areas, such as churches, schools, health centers, community halls, among others. In this scenario, there are currently around 25% of farms in Rio Grande do Sul that won’t have a successor. In order to contribute with the knowledge of the issues regarding the succession in family farming, this Master’s Dissertation investigates what factors influenced the young people that decided by the succession and remained on the family production unit, against the majority who chooses to exit the rural area. The chosen methodological approach was a qualitative research; conducting eleven narrative interviews with rural youth in two counties in Rio Grande do Sul. The young people interviewed were selected according to the following criteria, aged 15 to 29 years; interested in continuing the rural setting; existence of family succession planning; young women presence in at least two families; and that the young people surveyed reflected the characteristics of three forms of succession previously developed. Also was incorporated the perception of two parents that were present during the young people interview. The analysis of empirical data determined the absence of an explicit succession planning in family production units. Among the main factors that awaken the desire of young men to remain in family production units found: the proximity of UPFs with urban centers, which guarantees access to public services and leisure facilities, allowing them to develop activities in one of the two universes and reside in another; some financial autonomy made possible by the fact that all family production units surveyed can alternating the monthly income with the annual income, which contributes to the sustainability of the family group; as well as emotional issues such as the desire to be close to family and community. With regard to young women, we realized that gender relations are still strongly marked by inequality of participation in the activities and decisions in the family productive unit, but this factor seems to be a naturalized matter by family groups.

A demanda e, consequentemente, a geração de energia elétrica são questões de suma importância para o desenvolvimento econômico e social dos países. Modelos para previsão destes parâmetros no longo e médio prazo são empregados com a finalidade de antever possíveis cenários e propor estratégias para a realização de um planejamento energético adequado. Neste contexto, o presente estudo tem como objetivo realizar a previsão da geração de energia elétrica no estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS) em um horizonte de médio prazo (um ano), utilizando Redes Neurais Artificiais (RNA’s) do tipo feedforward com algoritmo de aprendizado supervisionado backpropagation. Para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho elaborou-se um script para executar as simulações necessárias, as quais foram realizadas através do software Matlab®. As variáveis de influência selecionadas como entradas do modelo de previsão referem-se à economia (estadual e nacional), ao balanço de energia elétrica e à meteorologia do estado, durante o período de janeiro de 2009 a março de 2016. Para realizar o treinamento da rede neural, adicionou-se a matriz de entrada este conjunto de dados, com frequência mensal, referentes a janeiro de 2009 a março de 2015 e para previsão foram inseridos dados de abril de 2015 a março de 2016. Por fim, depois de realizada a simulação completa da RNA, comparou-se o resultado observado da geração de energia elétrica do estado com o obtido através do modelo de previsão, indicando um erro percentual absoluto médio (MAPE) de 5,86% e um desvio absoluto médio (MAD) de 134,15 MW médio. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho mostram-se promissores, além de semelhantes aos encontrados na literatura, demonstrando assim confiabilidade e eficácia do método empregado.
The demand and, consequently, the generation of electric power are very important issues for social and economic development of countries. Models to forecast these parameters in long and medium terms are used to anticipate possible sceneries and propose strategies for the energy planning of countries. In this context, the present study aims to forecast the generation of electric energy in Rio Grande do Sul State (RS) in a medium-term horizon (one year) using, Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) of the feedforward type with algorithm of supervised learning backpropagation. For the development of this work, a script was elaborated in order to execute the necessary simulations, which were carried out through Matlab® software. The selected variables of influence as inputs of forecasting model refer to economy (State and National), to the electric energy balance and to the meteorology State, during the period from January, 2009 to March, 2016. In order to train the neural network, this data set was added to the entrance matrix, with monthly frequency, from January, 2009 to March, 2015 and for prediction, data were inserted from April, 2015 to March, 2016. Finally, after RNA complete simulation, the observed result of the electric power generation of the State was compared with the one obtained through the prediction model, indicating a mean absolute percent error (MAPE) of 5.86% and a mean absolute deviation (MAD) of 134.15 average MW. The obtained results in this work are promising, besides; they are similar to those found in literature, in this way demonstrating the reliability and efficacy of the using method.

Estudo antropológico sobre memórias familiares reordenadas a partir da realização das Festas de Família, vistas como rituais familiares contemporâneos, ora denominando-se Festa ou Encontro da Família "Tal". A pesquisa etnográfica foi realizada com famílias "em e de" diferentes cidades do Rio Grande do Sul entre os anos de 2004 a 2009. Compreende-se Festa de Família como um acontecimento que tem se tornado freqüente na sociedade brasileira contemporânea. O evento apresenta o aspecto ambíguo da busca dos indivíduos por sua ancestralidade em meio ao mundo moderno, no qual a valorização da individualização parece tornar as pessoas menos vinculadas a formas locais e fixas de solidariedade. Vistas como rito - que busca revivificar ou engendrar novas formas identitárias sob novos comportamentos, com as recomposições familiares requeridas pelas situações contemporâneas -, as Festas de Família podem ser percebidas como instrumento de aprendizagem, implicando, desse modo, a continuidade das gerações, dos grupos etários ou dos grupos sociais dentro dos quais elas se produzem.
Anthropological study on family memories that are reorganized with Family Parties, seen as contemporary family rituals, being called Party or Gathering of a given family. The ethnographical research was done with families "in and from" different cities in Rio Grande do Sul between 2004 and 2009. A Family Party is understood as a happening that has become frequent in contemporary Brazilian society. The event presents the ambiguous aspect of the individual's search for their ancestors amidst a modern world, in which the valorization of individualization seems to make people less connected to local and fixed forms of solidarity. Seen as a rite - which aims to revive or engender new forms of identity, with new behaviors, with the family rearrangements required by contemporary situations - the Family Parties can be seen as a learning instrument, implying the continuity of the generations, of the age groups or social groups in which they are produced.

Um evento (festa gastronômica) possui características de um empreendimento turístico que consome água, energia e insumos, gerando resíduos sólidos, emissões gasosas e água residuária. Assim, é importante a identificação das diferentes formas de impactos ambientais decorrentes de festas dessa natureza, no sentido de melhor contemplar a variável ambiental no planejamento das mesmas. O presente estudo se propõe avaliar a geração de resíduos sólidos em um festival gastronômico, que faz parte de um calendário turístico há mais de 19 anos (FESTIQUEIJO 2007 Festival gastronômico realizado na cidade de Carlos Barbosa, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul). Dessa forma, o problema inicial da pesquisa partiu da seguinte pergunta: como ocorre a geração de resíduos sólidos em um festival gastronômico? Para responder a pergunta foram realizadas caracterizações dos resíduos sólidos gerados durante o Festival, observação direta de todos os setores geradores de resíduos, identificação das condições de manejo de resíduos sólidos no âmbito da festa e entrevistas com visitantes (825 sujeitos). Os estudos sobre o diagnóstico da geração de resíduos sólidos, permitiu determinar a composição gravimétrica desses resíduos no evento, e como decorrência apontar ações de gerenciamento dos mesmos para os próximos festivais. As maiores frações de componentes presentes na composição dos resíduos sólidos são de vidro (81,79%), papel e papelão (5,49%), matéria orgânica putrescível (4,60%) e de plástico (4,05%). Também, os estudos apontam a responsabilidade legal e ética dos expositores, uma vez que os mesmos devem assumir o compromisso pela geração e manejo dos resíduos sólidos gerados em seus stands. O desenvolvimento desse estudo possibilita o preenchimento de lacunas existentes no turismo, principalmente no que tange ao tema ambiental no planejamento de eventos gastronômicos.
Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-29T18:51:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Carlos HC Nery.pdf: 1391821 bytes, checksum: 67369a4e4915b540d95b40faeef11888 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-29T18:51:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Carlos HC Nery.pdf: 1391821 bytes, checksum: 67369a4e4915b540d95b40faeef11888 (MD5)
An event (gastronomical festival) has the characteristics of a touristic enterprise consuming water, energy and goods, which generate solid residues, gas emissions and residuary water. Thus the identification of the different forms of environmental impacts resulting from that kind of festival is important so that the environmental variable can be best evaluated when planning such events. The present study aims at the evaluation of solid residues generated in a gastronomical festival which has been part of the touristic calendar for over 19 years (FESTIQUEIJO 2007, a gastronomical festival held in the town of Carlos Barbosa, in the Rio Grande do Sul state). The research initial problem came from the question: how does the generation of solid residues occur in a gastronomical festival? To find the answer to that question, the solid residues generated during the festival were characterized, all the sectors generating them during were observed directly, the conditions for handling those residues in the festival environment were identified and visitors were interviewed (825 individuals). The study on the diagnosis of solid residues generation allowed for the determination of the gravimetric composition of the residues in the event, and consequently establish management actions for the next festivals. The largest fractions of components which were present in the composition of solid residues were: glass (81.79%), paper and cardboard (5.49%) putrefiable organic matter (4.60%) and plastic (4.05%). The studies also point to the ethical and legal responsibility of the participants, once they have to find themselves responsible for the generation and the handling of solid residues coming from their stands. The development of this study allows for filling in the existing gaps in tourism, specially regarding the environmental issue while planning for gastronomical events.

Avec les avancées technologiques et la miniaturisation, le réseau d'interconnexions est devenu de plus en plus dense et complexe. Pour les domaines qui utilisent des applications à forts courants, comme l'automobile, les très fortes densités de courant dans les lignes métalliques peuvent conduire à des phénomènes comme l'électromigration, le voltage drop ou encore les surcharges électriques. La conception des circuits doit donc être réalisée en prenant en compte ces contraintes et en adaptant la largeur des lignes aux courants. Ce travail de thèse a eu comme objectif de développer des solutions pour la prise en compte des contraintes en courant lors de la phase de routage de blocs analogiques fort courants. Après une présentation des phénomènes impliqués et de l'état de l'art, une approche algorithmique pour l'aide au routage est introduite. Une méthode de caractérisation du courant est définie, un algorithme exhaustif de routage est présenté, puis utilisé pour effectuer des recherches de critères d'une bonne topologie. Deux algorithmes sont ensuite étudiés et comparés, un algorithme glouton, servant de référence, et un « Divide & Conquer » original. Il présente une amélioration d'environ 10% pour l'aire, et presque 27% en temps CPU par rapport à l'algorithme glouton. La section suivante s'intéresse à la correction du current crowding, avec une méthode basée sur un ensemble de modèles mathématiques. Enfin, un flot basé sur les solutions développées durant la thèse est présenté et validé
In deep submicron VLSI circuits, excessive current density in interconnects is a major concern for analog high current application. If current over maximum density is not effectively mitigated, this can lead to phenomena like electromigration, voltage drop and electrical overload. It is a hot topic of interest in modern circuits due to the decrease of metal track sizes while high currents are necessary in automotive or mobile applications. This thesis had as goal to develop solutions for the consideration of the constraints in the current phase of routing analog blocks strong currents. After a presentation of the phenomena and the state of the art, an algorithmic approach to current driven net generation is introduced. A method to characterize the current is defined. Then an exhaustive routing algorithm is presented and used to search criteria for a good topology. Next, two algorithms are studied and compared, first a greedy algorithm, used as a reference, and a "Divide & Conquer" original algorithm. It shows results improved on average by about 10% for area and almost 27% for CPU time compared with existing solution. The next section focuses on current crowding correction, with a method based on a set of mathematical models. Finally, a conception flow based on the developed solutions is introduced and validated

The heterogeneity of the continental crust has a first order control on the dynamics of plate tectonic processes and the compositions of the Earth in both time and space. Heterogeneity can be characterized at a variety of scales and in a multitude of tectonic environments, but it is the links between seemingly disparate tectonic settings and crustal levels that are critical in understanding construction of the continents. The focus of this dissertation work is to apply microtextural, microgeochemical, whole rock geochemical and traditional petrographic techniques to study features in both deep and shallow crustal igneous rocks. The goal of these efforts is to better understand the roles that magmatic processes, mafic-felsic magma interaction, and partial melting have on the evolution of continental crust. Two principal field areas were selected, the Gouldsboro pluton in coastal Maine and the Fehr granite in northern Saskatchewan, Canada, because they each represent end-members of the processes involved with the generation, modification, transport, and emplacement of magmas that build continental crust. Evidence for bimodal magmatism preserved in the Silurian age Gouldsboro pluton has led to a refined model for the construction of shallow crustal magma chambers. Research efforts focused on the Neoarchean Fehr granite and Paleoproterozoic Chipman dike swarm have contributed to the current understanding of the links between high temperature metamorphism (migmitization) and the production of new felsic magmas as well as the rheological and chemical influences of mafic-felsic magma interaction in the deep crust. The results of these combined field and laboratory efforts have demonstrated the important role of mafic-felsic magma interaction on the strength and composition of both deep and shallow continental crust and have contributed to the current understanding of the complex links between deep crustal heterogeneity and bimodal magmatism at shallow crustal levels.

This item is only available electronically.
The production of granitic magmas at shallow to midcrustal depths by anatexis of crustal material requires a significant thermal perturbation of the normal crustal geothermal regime. Thermal perturbations leading to anatexis may be initiated by crustal thickening associated with deformation, intrusion and/or upwelling of heat sources from lower crust or mantle regions or by anomalous concentrations of heat-producing elements, U, Th and K. This thesis explores the origin of shallow to mid-crustal peraluminous granites within the Mount Painter Inlier, together with their relationship to older granite suites, as indicators of magmatic processes during crustal deformation of the Delamerian Orogeny. The geochemical and isotopic characteristics of granites and gneisses of the Mount Painter Inlier indicate two distinct periods of granitic evolution involving different source regions and magmatic processes. Proterozoic granites and gneisses reflect magmatic sources and processes similar to those involved in the evolution of other Australian anorogenic Proterozoic terrains, although extreme concentrations of U, Th and K suggest an important role for element concentration within accessory minerals during granite genesis. Field relationships, together with geochemical and isotopic characteristics of the Palaeozoic(?) British Empire Granite indicate evolution from a complex mixture of surrounding metasediments and granites in a number of possible scenarios. The additional thermal energy required to produce the British Empire Granite from partial melting of this package at depths of approximately 12 to 15 km is consistent with perturbed thermal regimes resulting from anomalous internal heat production due to the extreme concentration of U, Th and K within the Proterozoic units.
Thesis (B.Sc.(Hons)) -- University of Adelaide, School of Physical Sciences, 1996

This item is only available electronically.
Peak metamorphic growth in high temperature - low pressure terrains is commonly associated with crustal thickening strains reflected in syn-tectonic fabrics. Conductive heat transfer through the lithosphere for geologically plausible thermal and mechanical configurations is unable to produce such temperatures and thus an advective thermal perturbation is required, and is commonly in the form of granitic melts. Thermal weakening of the lithosphere as a consequence of this advective heat allows the potential for crustal thickening strain increments. In this thesis a coupled thermo-mechanical model is presented which allows quantification of this thermal weakening effect. Two granite generation models are investigated; firstly, lower crustal melting due to conductive heating of the lithosphere during orogenesis and secondly, segregation or roof rock melting from mafic sills located at the base of the crust. Results from the model indicate that, for granites produced by melting of the lower crust, crustal thickening strains increments are only in the order of 5 -10 %. However, for granites produced by segregation from a mafic sill crustal strain increments of up to 30% may occur during emplacement. Thus, in order to produce peak metamorphic temperatures associated with significant crustal strain a system analogous to the second model is required. Structural and metamorphic studies of the Palmer region in the southern Adelaide Fold Belt reveal the associated development of partial melting and peak metamorphism with the intrusion of the orthogneissic Rathjen Gneiss during the regional D1 folding event. Thermal weakening triggered by the Rathjen Gneiss has produced a local D2 folding event. Areas at some distance from the Rathjen Gneiss exhibit peak metamorphic growth during D2 consistant with the delayed peak temperatures from the cooling body.
Thesis (B.Sc.(Hons)) -- University of Adelaide, School of Physical Sciences, 1990

W pracy zanalizowane zostały idiolekty osób w różnym wieku, mieszkających na pograniczu polsko-białorusko-litewskim, którzy spontanicznie określają siebie jako Polacy. Na podstawie ich samookreśleń widać, jak liczne indywidualne identyfikacje kryją się za wypowiedzią „Jestem Polakiem”, oraz w jaki sposób ta przynależność społeczno-kulturowa koreluje ze stwierdzeniem: „Mówię po polsku”. Prezentowane są wywiady z 22 osobami należącymi do 6 rodzin. Wszyscy mieszkają na terenach, które w okresie międzywojennym wchodziły w skład państwa polskiego. Wywiady pokazują idiolekty rozmówców, ich sposób użycia języka polskiego oraz ich utożsamianie się kulturowe, odmienne w różnych pokoleniach, ale również w poszczególnych regionach. W każdej rodzinie zarejestrowano rozmowy z co najmniej trzema osobami, które należą do różnych pokoleń. Wszyscy rozmówcy deklarowali spontanicznie, że są Polakami i wszyscy potrafili komunikować się płynnie po polsku. Wszystkie wywiady zostały prowadzone według częściowo standaryzowanego kwestionariusza i poddane analizie jakościowej przy pomocy programu komputerowego MAXQDA11. W centrum analizy wywiadów znajdowały się następujące problemy badawcze: Do jakiego stopnia idiolekt rozmówców różni się od polskiego języka standardowego? Co według rozmówców ma główny wpływ na zachowanie języka polskiego na Białorusi i na Litwie? Jak rozmówcy oceniają witalność języka polskiego w swoim regionie? Jakie jest ich indywidualne nastawienie do języka? Jaki mają obraz Polski oraz doświadczenia w kontaktach z Polakami?
The theses analyses the idiolects of different aged persons who live in the Polish-Belarusian-Lithuanian borderland and who spontaneously characterise themselves as Poles. Basing on their self-description, the aim is to show the numerous individual identifications behind the statement “I am a Pole”. This social-cultural belonging correlate in different ways with the second statement: “I speak Polish”. The 22 interviewees are members of six families and they all live in an area that belonged to Poland in the interwar period. Based on those interviews the interviewees' idiolects, their usage of language and their cultural identification among different generations, but also among regions are presented. From every family the author recorded at least three members presenting different generations. All interviewees declared at the first meeting that they are Poles and they were all able to communicate fluently in Polish. The interviews were all provided by the author according to a semi-standardized guide and evaluated qualitatively with the program MAXQDA11. For the analysis of the interviews the core questions were: To what extend the idiolect of the interviewees differs from standard Polish? What has – according to the interviewees – strong influence on the preservation of the Polish language in Belarus or Lithuania? How do the interviewees judge the vitality of Polish in their region? What is their individual language attitude? How do they describe the imagined picture of Poland as a country and the contacts the interviewees have with the reverence nation?

The base of the 10-20 km thick, batholithic, Western Fiordland Orthogneiss (WFO) is exposed in northern Fiordland as the Mount Daniel Complex (MDC). It forms a ~100-metre thick, sheeted complex between the WFO and the underlying dominantly dioritic basement of Arthur River Complex (ARC). Although previously called a migmatite aureole at the WFO base, field relations show it formed after the WFO was solidified and injected by numerous rectilinear trondhjemitic dykes. U-Pb zircon analysis confirms emplacement of the WFO at 125 Ma, with MDC formation slightly later, between 120-112 Ma. Successive dyke injection and sheeting during tight to isoclinal folding, and fold asymmetry, indicates that the MDC was emplaced syn-tectonically into an active, sinistral reverse shear zone associated with exhumation of the WFO. The MDC is composed almost entirely of intrusive metre-scale sheets, ranging in composition from mafic dykes, low-Na and high-Na intermediate (trondhjemitic) dykes, high-K granitic dykes and the dominant intermediate-composition Mt Daniel Sheets (MDS) of the complex 55-65% SiO2. The compositional range of MDC vary from 44wt% to 76 wt% SiO2, and has a typically sodic character (Na2O 4-8 wt %). With the exception of very sodic trondhjemitic dykes (Na2O >6 wt%), the MDC is similar to coeval high-level granitic plutons of the Separation Point Batholith (SPB), located northward from the study area. WFO shows a different geochemical trend from the other MDC rocks and a more restricted isotopic composition. This data and field evidence suggests that the WFO was not involved in formation of the MDC. The wide spectrum of MDC rock types requires multiple sources. Flat, MORB-like REE patterns of the mafic dykes indicate derivation from spinel lherzolite (< 70 Km depth). All other rock types come from crustal sources. The trondhjemitic dykes have variably depleted HREE and minor Eu anomalies compared to the other rock-types and high Sr/Y ratios (>40) indicating their derivation from a deep mafic crustal source ≥13 Kb where garnet was stable and plagioclase unstable. The high-K granites have low Rb content, suggesting residual biotite in the source rock. It is argued, based on published experimental data, that the high-K magmas were hydrous and formed near the granite solidus at ~10 kbar. Bimodal (felsic and mafic) magmas dominate the lower section of the MDC, but more homogenized intermediate dioritic magmas dominate the upper section. Mixing of the magmas occurred by stirring during intrusion into the active shear zone. Trondhjemitic dyke injection was continuous throughout MDC formation. The isotopic εNd-initial Sr wholerock data and Hf isotopic data of zircon from different rock types show a crust-mantle mixing array, and the coherent major and trace element variation within the MDC is broadly consistent with mixing, rather than fractionation. Mixing of the (high- and low-Na) intermediate dyke magmas with the mafic and granitic dyke magmas can explain the chemical and isotopic variation within the MDC, including the REE and multielement variation patterns. An alternative explanation for the chemical diversity of the MDC is that bulk assimilation of ARC basement has contributed a major component. Assimilation is most clearly observed in the lower sections of the MDC, but less so in the upper homogenized sections. However, the presence of inherited zircon of Carboniferous age in most samples indicates it was pervasive. The similarities in the Hf isotopic composition of zircons from trondhjemitic dykes and SPB granites with the ARC (136-129 Ma) and Darran Complex (143-136 Ma) suggest they represent the dominant juvenile mafic crustal source or equivalent. Few inherited Mesozoic zircons exist in the MDC, but this probably reflects the lack of zircon in the inferred primitive (gabbroic?) protolith. Evidence for an older evolved source component comes from Carboniferous-aged zircons, which are also present in the ARC. This is probably the major source of the high-K granitic magmas. Thus, this study proposes crustal-assimilation and mixing of four major source components in the lower crust produced the chemical diversity of the MDC. The short time span (120-112 Ma) represented by MDC rocks, the simultaneous presence of Early Cretaceous magmatic and metamorphic zircons, even within the same rock, and the presence of both HREE-depleted and non-depleted rims zircon in granites, suggests a very dynamic transitional magmatic-metamorphic environment associated with the MDC formation. The magmatic to metamorphic condition was associated with a change from open to closed system chemical processes. The formation of trondhjemitic dykes at ~13 Kbar depth after the burial of WFO at ~120 Ma and formation of granites at comparatively lower depth at ~10 Kb (between 120-112 Ma) is consistent with an exhumation path for the MDC at this stage. Thus, the MDC represents the retrograde part of an anticlockwise P-T-t path. Exhumation could have been associated with crustal extension, for which limited evidence exists regionally, or it can be associated with thrusting. If the latter, the crust must have been undergoing rapid erosion during crustal shortening. The MDC represents a rare exposed example of magma generation in the lower crust. The critical aspect for preservation was the presence of hydrous granitic magmas that froze as the Mt Daniel shear zone crossed the saturated granite solidus. Normally, more anhydrous magmas, possibly also hotter because of mafic input, would move out of the source region and lose the evidence for the incremental granite generation process by sheet/dyke focussing along active shear zones, assimilation and mixing. The MDC rock types cover the compositional spectrum of the upper crustal SPB, including its sodic, HiSrY character. However, the MDS spectrum reflects mixing whereas the SPB reflects fractionation from relatively homogeneous parent magma. The evidence from the MDC suggests that HiSrY parental, intermediate-composition magmas are produced by large-scale bulk assimilation of the pre-existing lower crust, itself of sodic character, with more sodic dyke material mixed in. The blended magmas segregate and coalesce in upper crustal chambers, where virtually all evidence of the magma generation process is lost.

Deformation and partial melting have long been recognized to occur together, but differentiating which actually occurred first has remained enigmatic. Prevailing theories suggest that partial melting typically occurs first, and deformation is localized into melt-rich areas because they are rheologically weak. However, evidence from three different areas, suggests the role of strain has been underestimated in localizing partial melting. The Wet Mountains of central Colorado provide evidence for synchronous partial melting and deformation, with each process enhancing the other. Throughout the Wet Mountains, deformation is concentrated in areas where melt producing reactions occurred, and melt appears to be localized along deformation-related features. Melt microstructures present within the Wet Mountains correlate well with crustal-scale plutons and magmatic bodies and provide a proxy for crustal-scale melt flow. Granitic gneisses from the Llano Uplift, central Texas, provide evidence for partial melting occurring within small-scale shear zones and surrounding country rocks, synchronously. In the field, shear zones appear to contain former melt, whereas the country rock does not provide macroscopic evidence for partial melting. However, detailed microstructural investigation of shear zones and country rocks indicates the same density of melt microstructures, in both rock types. Melt microstructures are important for understanding the full melting history of a rock and without detailed structural and petrographic analysis, erroneous conclusions may be reached. Granulite-facies migmatites of the Albany-Fraser Orogen, southwestern Australia, have undergone partial melting, synchronous with three phases of bidirectional extension. Four major groups of leucosomes, including: foliation-parallel, cross-cutting, boudin neck and jumbled channelway leucosomes and late pegmatites were analyzed via whole-rock geochemistry, and there is evidence for fluid-saturated and -undersaturated biotite- and amphibole-dehydration melting. Migmatites from these three locations contain pseudomorphs of melt along subgrain and grain boundaries, areas of high dislocation density, in quartz and plagioclase. For these rocks that involve multicomponent systems, the primary cause for preferential melting in high strain locations is enhanced diffusion rates along the subgrain boundary because of pipe diffusion or water associated with dislocations.
text