Academic literature on the topic 'Granite generation'
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Journal articles on the topic "Granite generation"
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Raeva, Emilia, and Zlatka Cherneva. "Geochemistry of migmatite-granite connection: a case study from the Central Rhodope, Bulgaria." Geologica Balcanica 37, no. 1-2 (June 30, 2008): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.52321/geolbalc.37.1-2.53.
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Extensive crustal melting and intrusive granite magmatism accompanied the extensional stage of the Rhodope massif Alpine evolution. Granites of different structural position and time of crystallization could reveal compositional and temporal relations between anatectic migmatization and granite magma generation. We have studied the post-kinematic Smilyan pluton and smaller syn-kinematic granite bodies hosted by the Madan unit metatexitic gneisses in the southwestern periphery of a metamorphic core complex known as Central Rhodopian Dome (CRD). The dominant geochemical features of the Madan unit granites display remarkable similarities with in situ formed anatectic melts from the CRD diatexitic core (Arda unit): felsic peraluminous compositions, low HFSE and REE, high LILE contents and LREE/HREE ratios, and negligible to positive Eu anomaly. Some deviations of the syn-kinematic granites geochemistry (metaluminous compositions, REE and HFSE enrichment, LREE/HREE ratios and Eu/Eu* variation) support an idea of separate partial melt batches extracted from different precursor compositions. Age data available (Smilyan pluton 43 Ma, and CRD core anatectic melts 37–38 Ma) preclude direct feedback relations between Madan unit intrusive granites and Arda unit migmatites. We infer that the migmatite-granite connection should be considered a common process of protracted Tertiary crustal melting that operated during CRD evolution and affected different crustal sources to produce discrete portions of granite melts. Major and trace elements geochemistry reveals potential lines of descent amongst groups of spatially related granitic rocks due to the same mechanism of melt generation.
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Williams, Ian S., and Kenton S. W. Campbell. "Bruce William Chappell 1936–2012." Historical Records of Australian Science 28, no. 2 (2017): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hr17012.
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Bruce Chappell was one of the most distinguished geologists of his generation whose contributions to understanding the origins of granites are both insightful and profound. A pioneer in the application of X-ray fluorescence spectrography to the analysis of geological materials, his radical ideas about magma genesis, still the subject of vigorous debate, have dominated and largely determined the global directions of subsequent research on granites. His restite model, the recognition that most granite magmas move bodily away from their source regions as a mixture of melt and solid residual material, the progressive separation of which determines the magma composition, underlies his tenet that granites are images of their source. His consequent recognition, with Allan White, that there are two fundamentally different types of granite magma, I-type (derived from igneous sources) and S-type (derived from weathered sedimentary sources), each with its distinctive evolutionary path and associated mineralization, continues to underpin research into granites worldwide, and the search for granite-related mineral deposits.
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Gosselin, D. C., J. J. Papike, C. K. Shearer, Z. E. Peterman, and J. C. Laul. "Geochemistry and origin of Archean granites from the Black Hills, South Dakota." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 27, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e90-005.
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The Little Elk Granite (2549 Ma) and granite at Bear Mountain (BMG) (~2.5 Ga) of the Black Hills formed as a result of a collisional event along the eastern margin of the Wyoming Province during the late Archean. Geochemical modelling and Nd isotopic data indicate that the Little Elk Granite was generated by the partial melting of a slightly enriched (εNd = −1.07 to −3.69) granodioritic source that had a crustal residence time of at least 190 Ma. The medium-grained to pegmatitic, peraluminous, leucocratic BMG was produced by melting a long-lived (>600 Ma), compositionally variable, enriched (εNd = −7.6 to −12.3) crustal source. This produced a volatile-rich, rare-earth-element-poor magma that experienced crystal–melt–volatile fractionation, which resulted in a lithologically complex granite.The production of volatile-rich granites, such as the BMG and the younger Harney Peak Granite (1715 Ma), is a function of the depositional and post-depositional tectonic environment of the sedimentary source rock. These environments control protolith composition and the occurrence of dehydration and melting reactions that are necessary for the generation of these volatile-rich leucocratic granites. These types of granites are commonly related to former continental–continental accretionary boundaries, and therefore their occurrence may be used as signatures of ancient continental suture zones.
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Kitchen, D. E. "The disequilibrium partial melting and assimilation of Caledonian granite by Tertiary basalt at Barnesmore, Co. Donegal." Geological Magazine 126, no. 4 (July 1989): 397–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800006580.
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AbstractA regional Tertiary basaltic dyke swarm intensifies within a Caledonian granite at Barnesmore, Co. Donegal. Rapid heating along the contact of one (possible feeder) dyke resulted in disequilibrium partial melting of granite wall-rock and the generation of a range in melt composition by the in situ melting of feldspar. The compositional variability of the melt is preserved in a glass containing feldspar spherulites and other quench phases which suggest rapid cooling. During partial melting the trace elements, Rb, Sr, and Ba were mobile and have been concentrated in glassy melted granite close to the contact of one dyke. The textures, mineralogy and geochemistry of dolerite in two dykes indicate localized bulk contamination and mixing with melted granite. This had a particularly marked effect on the crystallization of pyroxene and resulted in a wide range in mineral composition reflecting the degree of contamination. The intensification of a regional dyke swarm in well-jointed granite might control the siting of some major intrusive centres. Granite melted and mixed with basaltic magma may contribute to the evolution of granites in such centres.
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Sandiford, Mike, John Foden, Shaohua Zhou, and Simon Turner. "Granite genesis and the mechanics of convergent orogenic belts with application to the southern Adelaide Fold Belt." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 83, no. 1-2 (1992): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026359330000777x.
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ABSTRACTTwo models for the heating responsible for granite generation during convergent deformation may be distinguished on the basis of the length- and time-scales associated with the thermal perturbation, namely: (1) long-lived, lithospheric-scale heating as a conductive response to the deformation, and (2) transient, localised heating as a response to advective heat sources such as mantle-derived melts. The strong temperature dependence of lithospheric rheology implies that the heat advected within rising granites may affect the distribution and rates of deformation within the developing orogen in a way that reflects the thermal regime attendant on granite formation; this contention is supported by numerical models of lithospheric deformation based on the thin-sheet approximation. The model results are compared with geological and isotopic constraints on granite genesis in the southern Adelaide Fold Belt where intrusion spans a 25 Ma convergent deformation cycle, from about 516 to 490 Ma, resulting in crustal thickening to 50–55 km. High-T metamorphism in this belt is spatially restricted to an axis of magmatic activity where the intensity and complexity of deformation is significantly greater, and may have started earlier, than in adjacent low-grade areas. The implication is that granite generation and emplacement is a causative factor in localising deformation, and on the basis of the results of the mechanical models suggests that granite formation occurred in response to localised, transient crustal heating by mantle melts. This is consistent with the Nd- and Sr-isotopic composition of the granites which seems to reflect mixed sources with components derived both from the depleted contemporary mantle and the older crust.
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Stepanyuk, L. M., T. I. Dovbush, V. M. Belskyi, O. B. Vysotsky, O. V. Bilan, and I. M. Kotvitska. "GEOCHRONOLOGY OF CRYSTALLINE ROCKS OF THE SHUMYLIV SECTION OF THE SOUTH BUG RIVER VALLEY (HAISYN BLOCK)." Mineralogical Journal 43, no. 3 (2021): 62–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mineraljournal.43.03.062.
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The Haisyn complex rocks (sobites (Shcherbakov, 2005)), consisting of diorite-like rocks and amphibolites, which biotite granites develop, is outcroping near the village of Shumyliv along the South Bug river and in an abandoned open pit mine (on South of Shumyliv). The rocks are characterized by high magnetization according to magnetic survey results. A linear magnetic anomaly extends in the north-east direction (NE 69º) with a distance of more than 35 km. Entin et al. (2019) proposed that this magnetic anomaly is caused by a dyke with a felsic or intermediate composition. The internal structure of accessory zircon crystals from quartz diorite and granite were studied. In both types of rocks, zircon crystals are complex and consist of three different generations. The first generation consists of fractured nuclei of light pink color, which apparently grew in rims of zircon of the 2nd and/or 3rd generation. Zircon of the second generation is light pink in color. It forms rims around the first generation of zircon, but also occasionally occurs the interior core areas of crystals. Third generation zircon forms rims around the first two generation zircons, or growth episodes. As usually, the heads of crystals have a light brown to brown color. The age of formation of monazite in the granite and titanite in the quartz diorite was determined by the uranium-lead isotope method. The two endogenous geological processes have ages of 2049 ± 6 million years and 2005±2 million years, respectively.
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Sawyer, E. W. "Melt segregation and magma flow in migmatites: implications for the generation of granite magmas." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 87, no. 1-2 (1996): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263593300006507.
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ABSTRACT:To form a granite pluton, the felsic melt produced by partial melting of the middle and lower continental crust must separate from its source and residuum. This can happen in three ways: (1) simple melt segregation, where only the melt fraction moves; (2) magma mobility, in which all the melt and residuum move together; and (3) magma mobility with melt segregation, in which the melt and residuum move together as a magma, but become separated during flow. The first mechanism applies to metatexite migmatites and the other two to diatexite migmatites, but the primary driving forces for each are deviatoric stresses related to regional-scale deformation. Neither of the first two mechanisms generates parental granite magmas. In the first mechanism segregation is so effective that the resulting magmas are too depleted in FeOT, MgO, Rb, Zr, Th and the REEs, and in the second no segregation occurs. Only the third mechanism produces magmas with compositions comparable with parental granites, and occurs at a large enough scale in the highest grade parts of migmatite terranes, to be considered representative of the segregation processes occurring in the source regions of granites.
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Vigneresse, Jean Louis. "A new paradigm for granite generation." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 95, no. 1-2 (March 2004): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263593300000882.
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ABSTRACTIdeas about granite generation have evolved considerably during the past two decades. The present paper lists the ideas which were accepted and later modified concerning the processes acting during the four stages of granite generation: melting, melt segregation and ascent, and emplacement. The active role of the mantle constitutes a fifth stage.Fluid-assisted melting, deduced from metamorphic observations, was used to explain granite and granulite formation. Water seepage into meta-sedimentary rocks can produce granitic melt by decreasing melting temperature. CO2 released by the mantle helps to transform rocks into granulites. However, dehydration melting is now considered to be the origin of most granitic melts, as confirmed by experimental melting. Hydrous minerals are involved, beginning with muscovites, followed by biotite at higher temperatures. At even deeper conditions, hornblende dehydration melting leads to calc-alkaline magmas.Melt segregation was first attributed to compaction and gravity forces caused by the density contrast between melt and its matrix. This was found insufficient for magma segregation in the continental crust because magmas were transposed from mantle conditions (decompression melting) to crustal conditions (dehydration melting). Rheology of two-phase materials requires that melt segregation is discontinuous in time, occurring in successive bursts. Analogue and numerical models confirm the discontinuous melt segregation. Compaction and shear localisation interact non-linearly, so that melt segregates into tiny conduits. Melt segregation occurs at a low degree of melting.Global diapiric ascent and fractional crystallisation in large convective batholiths have also been shown to be inadequate and at least partly erroneous. Diapiric ascent cannot overcome the crustal brittle-ductile transition. Fracture-induced ascent influences the neutral buoyancy level at which ascent should stop but does not. Non-random orientation of magma feeders within the ambient stress field indicates that deformation controls magma ascent.Detailed gravity and structural analyses indicate that granite plutons are built from several magma injections, each of small size and with evolving chemical composition. Detailed mapping of the contact between successive magma batches documents either continuous feeding, leading to normal petrographic zoning, or over periods separated in time, commonly leading to reverse zoning. The local deformation field controls magma emplacement and influences the shape of plutons.A typical source for granite magmas involves three components from the mantle, lower and intermediate crusts. The role of the mantle in driving and controlling essential crustal processes appears necessary in providing stress and heat, as well as specific episodes of time for granite generation. These mechanisms constitute a new paradigm for granite generation.
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Yu, Zhi-Feng, Qi-Ming Peng, Zheng Zhao, Ping-An Wang, Ying Xia, Yu-Qi Wang, and Hao Wang. "Geochronology, Geochemistry, and Geodynamic Relationship of the Mafic Dykes and Granites in the Qianlishan Complex, South China." Minerals 10, no. 12 (November 29, 2020): 1069. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10121069.
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The Qianlishan complex, located in Hunan Province of South China, is closely associated with intense W-dominated polymetallic mineralization. The Qianlishan complex is composed of three phases: the main-phase porphyritic and equigranular granites, granite porphyry, and mafic dykes. Geochronologically, the zircon U-Pb dating results show that the porphyritic and equigranular granites have ages of approximately 159 and 158 Ma, respectively, similar to those of mafic dykes (approximately 158 Ma), while the granite porphyry was formed later at approximately 145 Ma. Geochemically, the mafic dykes are characterized by calc-alkaline high-Mg andesite (HMA) with high MgO, TiO2, Mg#, and CA/TH index. They exhibit significantly depleted εNd(t) and εHf(t) with high Ba/La, La/Nb, and (La/Yb)N, indicating that they formed from mixing melts of depleted asthenospheric mantle and metasomatized subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM). The main-phase granites are peraluminous and are characterized by high SiO2, low (La/Yb)N ratios, and relative depletion in Ba, Sr, Ti, and Eu. They also display negative correlations between La, Ce, Y, and Rb contents, suggesting that they are highly fractionated S-type granites. Furthermore, they show high εNd(t) and εHf(t), CaO/Na2O ratios, HREE, and Y contents, indicating that they were produced by parental melting of ancient basement mixed with mantle-derived components. In contrast, the granite porphyry shows A-type signature granites, with higher εNd(t) and εHf(t) and CaO/Na2O ratios than the main-phase granites but similar Zr/Nb and Zr/Hf ratios to the mafic dykes, suggesting that they are the products of partial melting of a hybrid source with ancient basement and the mafic dykes. We thus infer that the slab roll-back led to generation of Qianlishan back-arc basalt and HMA and further triggered the formation of the Qianlishan granite.
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PRADO, MAURÍCIO, JOSÉ TADEU MAXIMINO MIRRAS FERRON, EVANDRO FERNANDES DE LIMA, ARTUR CEZAR BASTOS NETO, VITOR PAULO PEREIRA, ORLANDO RENATO RIGON MINUZZI, and RONALDO PIEROSAN. "Caracterização Petrográfica e Geoquímica da Parte Leste do Granito Europa, Distrito Mineiro de Pitinga, AM." Pesquisas em Geociências 34, no. 1 (June 30, 2007): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1807-9806.19464.
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The important mineral deposits of the Pitinga Mine, in the Amazonian region are related to A-type granites intruded in the Iricoumé Group. The Europa granite is one of these A-type rocks, intruded in the Iricoumé Group, which is represented by subaerial vulcanoclastic rocks (crystal-rich ignimbrites, thin massive tuffs and siltic tufaceous arenites) and minor hipabissal rhyolites. The volcanic rocks were probably generated in a caldera environment. The Europa granite is an alkali-feldspar peralkaline granite (hipersolvus) without genetic relationship with to the volcanic rocks of the Iricoumé Group, but it could have been generated during the resurgence stages. The petrographic and geochemical data attest that fractional crystallization process was the principal mechanism during the crystallization, which led to the generation of two different granitic facies. The Nb soil anomalies overprinted on the more differentiated facies are related to the astrophillite weathering.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Granite generation"
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Richter, Fabiana. "Sedimentation, metamorphism and granite generation in a Back-Arc Region : the crustal processes recorded in the Ediacaran Nova Venécia Complex (Araçuaí Orogen, Southeast Brazil)." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFOP, 2015. http://www.repositorio.ufop.br/handle/123456789/5427.
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Programa de Pós-Graduação em Evolução Crustal e Recursos Naturais. Departamento de Geologia. Escola de Minas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto.Submitted by Oliveira Flávia (flavia@sisbin.ufop.br) on 2015-05-20T20:28:50Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22190 bytes, checksum: 19e8a2b57ef43c09f4d7071d2153c97d (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO_SedimentationMetamorphismGranite.pdf: 9752902 bytes, checksum: 32699b6a964a18271b67154b8ab6c9f7 (MD5)
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O Complexo migmatítico-graniulítico-granítico Nova Venécia (CNV), localizado no núcleo do Orógeno Araçuaí (OA, 630-480 Ma), sudeste do Brasil, registra processos crustais anatéticos ocorridos no norte da Província Mantiqueira durante a amalgamação Brasiliana-Pan Africana de Gondwana Ocidental. O núcleo do OA compreende abundantes e volumosos granitoides tipo-S e –I (Supersuítes G1 a G5), que são espacialmente e temporalmente associados a eventos metamórficos de alto grau no NVC. Este estudo integra observações de campo, análises de química mineral, petrografia, geocronologia U-Pb LAICP- MS de zircões e monazitas e modelagem termodinâmica, a fim de definir a evolução dos migmatitos-granulitos do CNV, desde sua deposição até o metamorfismo de alto grau, e correlacionar a história metamórfica com os vários episódios de magmatismo granítico (G1-G5). Sete populações compõe a base de dados de zircões detríticos. A gama mais significativa de zircões detríticos concordantes zircão são representados pelas duas populações mais jovens, variando 650-610 Ma. Isso indica que a principal fonte do CNV é provavelmente o Arco Rio Doce, com contribuições menores de fontes contemporâneas ao Arco Rio Negro. Populações mais velhas sugerem proveniência dos primeiros registros do arco Rio Negro e de segmentos do OA relacionados a riftes de idades Criogeniana e Toniana. O período de sedimentação do CNV é limitado entre a idade máxima de sedimentação em ca. 606 Ma e a intrusão dos primeiros granitóides sin-colisionais (ca. 593 Ma), ou seja, durante ca. 13 Ma. Compilação dos dados disponíveis de U-Pb em zircão mostra que a maior parte dos granitoides G1 e G2 se cristalizaram contemporaneamente ao longo de um período de 15 Ma (595-570 Ma, com um pico a 575 Ma), interpretado como o período sin-colisional no OA. O período de pico metamórfico regional no OA é limitado em 575-560 Ma, o que pode ser uma consequência de magma underplating G1 + G2. Petrografia detalhada e análises de química mineral mostram diferentes assembléias de pico metamórfico (regional) que contêm quantidades variáveis de granada, ortopiroxênio e cordierita peritéticos e cordierite retrógrada. Sugerimos que essas diferenças são principalmente devidas a parâmetros de composição dos protólitos, e não devidas a diferentes evoluções de P-T entre as amostras. A química de rocha total neste estudo sugere que os protólitos do CNV eram grauvacas peraluminosas contendo diferentes quantidades de componentes de matriz (isto é, porções pelíticas) e que as rochas de alto-grau do CNV devem ter perdido melt para terem se tornado caracteristicamente restíticas. Isto é corroborado pelo nosso conjunto de dados de zircões detríticos, que mostram diferentes contribuições percentuais entre as 7 populações que compõem as amostras. Além disso, a modelagem termodinâmica indica que todas as amostras modeladas registram um caminho P-T semelhante, desde condições PT de metamorfismo regional de pico a 750-850 ° C e 5300-7500 bares (granulito, profundidades de ~ 25 km) a condições de estabilidade das assembléias preservadas a 640- 800 ° C e 4500-6000 bares (transição entre amfibolito superior a granulito, profundidades de ~ 18 km). Infere-se que o metamorfismo regional de alto grau (575-560 Ma) deve ter afetado ambos os metassedimentos e granitos pré-existentes, corroborado pelo fato de que ambos mostram feições anatéticas datadas em ca. 571 Ma. Os produtos da fusão parcial em todo o OA poderia ser, pelo menos, parte dos granitóides contemporâneos àqueles formados durante os períodos G2 (570-540 Ma) e G3 + G4 (540-525 Ma). O evento térmico póscolisional G5 (520-480 Ma), relacionado ao colapso tectônico do OA, é registrado em metagrauvacas (monazita U-Pb) e em granitos (monazita e zircão U-Pb) entre 507 e 495 Ma. Sugerimos que, a essa altura, as metagrauvacas já haviam sido submetidas a alguma descompressão e arrefecimento, com base em modelagem metamórfica, observações de campo e datação de um dique tardio não deformado que intrude rochas do CNV (518 Ma). Infere-se que o evento termal pós-colisional G5, registrado por abundantes intrusões de granitoides tipo-I em todo o OA, causou um segundo período de metamorfismo de alto-grau a ca. 500 Ma. A principal característica deste evento em rochas metassedimentares é, além das idades U-Pb em monazitas, um overprint parcial de Baixa Pressão-Alta Temperatura em assembléias regionais de pico, gerando cordierita texturalmente tardia e espinélio hercinítico. Em nossas amostras, este registro metamórfico limita-se a auréolas de contato. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT: The Nova Venécia migmatite-granulite-granite Complex (NVC) in the core of the Araçuaí Orogen (AO, 630-480 Ma), southeast Brazil, records anatectic crustal processes occurring in the northern Mantiqueira Province during the Brasiliano-Pan African amalgamation of West Gondwana. The AO core comprises abundant S- and I-type granitoids (G1 to G5 Supersuites) that are spatially and temporally associated with high-grade metamorphic events in the NVC. This study integrates field-based observations, textural and mineral chemistry analyses, zircon and monazite U-Pb LA-ICP-MS geochronology and thermodynamic modeling in order to constrain the evolution of the NVC migmatites-granulites from deposition to high-grade metamorphism, and to correlate the metamorphic history with the several episodes of granite magmatism (G1-G5). Seven populations compose the NVC zircon detrital dataset. The most significant range of concordant detrital zircon ages are obtained from the two youngest populations, ranging from 650 to 610 Ma. This indicates the main NVC source is probably the Rio Doce Arc, with minor contributions from sources contemporaneous to the Rio Negro Arc. Older populations suggest provenance from the early Rio Negro arc and from Cryogenian and Tonian rift-related segments of the AO. The period of NVC protolith sedimentation is bracketed between its maximum sedimentation age at ca. 606 Ma and the intrusion of early syn-collisional granitoids (ca. 593 Ma), i.e. ca. 13 My. Compilation of the available U-Pb data shows that the bulk of the G1 and G2 rocks crystalized contemporaneously over a period of 15 Ma (595-570 Ma, with a peak at 575 Ma), interpreted to represent the AO syn-collisional period. The period of peak regional metamorphism in the AO is constrained at 575-560 Ma, which may be a consequence of G1 + G2 magma underplating. Detailed petrography and extensive mineral chemistry analyses show different (regional) peak metamorphic assemblages containing variable amounts of peritectic garnet, orthopyroxene and cordierite, and retrograde cordierite. We suggest these differences are mainly due to protoliths compositional parameters, and not due to different P-T evolution among samples. Our whole-chemistry suggests that NVC protoliths were peraluminous greywackes probably containing different amounts of matrix components (i.e. pelitic portions) and that NVC high-grade metagreywackes must have lost melt to become restitic in character. This is corroborated by our detrital zircon dataset showing different percentage contributions from 7 populations among samples. Moreover, thermodynamic modeling indicates that all modeled samples record a similar P-T path, recording P-T conditions of peak regional metamorphism of 750-850 °C and 5300-7500 bars (granulite, depths of ~25 km) and stability of preserved assemblages of 640-800 °C and 4500-6000 bars (transition between upper amphibolite to granulite, depths of ~18 km). The high-grade regional metamorphism (575-560 Ma) is inferred to have affected both metasediments and pre-existing granites, as suggested by partial melting in both of sampled rock-types at ca. 571 Ma. The products of partial melting throughtout the AO could be at least part of the granitoids contemporaneous to G2 (570- 540 Ma) and G3 + G4 (540-525 Ma) periods. The post-collisional G5 thermal event (520-480 Ma), related to tectonic collapse of OA, is recorded in metagraywackes (monazite U-Pb) and granites (monazite and zircon U-Pb) between 523 and 495 Ma. We infer that, by this time, the metagreywackes had already undergone some decompression and cooling, based on metamorphic modeling, field observations and dating an undeformed late dyke (518 Ma). The post-collisional G5 thermal event, recorded by abundant granitic intrusions of I-type granitoids throughout the AO, is inferred to have caused a second high-grade metamorphic event at ca. 500 Ma. In addition to monazite U-Pb ages, the main record of this event in metasedimentary rocks is a partial LP-HT overprinting in regional peak assemblages, with generation of texturally late cordierite and hercynitic spinel. In our samples, this metamorphic record is limited to contact aureoles.
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Neumann, Narelle L. "Isotopic and geochemical characteristics of the British Empire granite as indicators of magma provenance and processes of melt generation in the Mount Painter Inlier, South Australia /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1996. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09S.B/09s.bn492.pdf.
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Jackson, Matthew David. "The generation, segregation and mobilisation of granitic melt in the continental crust." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364199.
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Iwasaki, Kenta. "Effects of bedrock groundwater dynamics on hydro-biogeochemical processes in granitic headwater catchments." Kyoto University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/232152.
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Hatami, Maryam [Verfasser], and Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Skutella. "Combination of Prox1/NeuroD1 Transcription Factor Overexpression Boosts Generation of Dentate Gyrus Granule Neurons from Pluripotent Stem Cells / Maryam Hatami ; Betreuer: Thomas Skutella." Heidelberg : Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1177386011/34.
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Paolillo, Michael [Verfasser], and Robert [Akademischer Betreuer] Feil. "Identification of a cGMP/Ca2+ crosstalk in cerebellar granule neurons and development of a new method for cell-specific NO generation / Michael Paolillo ; Betreuer: Robert Feil." Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1182985521/34.
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García, García Sandra. "Generation, stability and migration of montmorillonite colloids in aqueous systems." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Kemiteknik, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-11847.
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In Sweden the encapsulated nuclear waste will be surrounded by compacted bentonite in the granitic host rock. In contact with water-bearing fractures the bentonite barrier may release montmorillonite colloids that may be further transported in groundwater. If large amounts of material are eroded from the barrier, the buffer functionality can be compromised. Furthermore, in the scenario of a leaking canister, strongly sorbing radionuclides, can be transported by montmorillonite colloids towards the biosphere. This thesis addresses the effects of groundwater chemistry on the generation, stability, sorption and transport of montmorillonite colloids in water bearing rock fractures. To be able to predict quantities of montmorillonite colloids released from the bentonite barrier in contact with groundwater of varying salinity, generation and sedimentation test were performed. The aim is first to gain understanding on the processes involved in colloid generation from the bentonite barrier. Secondly it is to test if concentration gradients of montmorillonite colloids outside the barrier determined by simple sedimentation experiments are comparable to generation tests. Identical final concentrations and colloid size distributions were achieved in both types of tests. Colloid stability is strongly correlated to the groundwater chemistry. The impact of pH, ionic strength and temperature was studied. Aggregation kinetics experiments revealed that for colloid aggregation rate increased with increasing ionic strength. The aggregation rate decreased with increasing pH. The temperature effect on montmorillonite colloid stability is pH-dependent. At pH≤4, the rate constant for colloid aggregation increased with increasing temperature, regardless of ionic strength. At pH≥10, the aggregation rate constant decreased with increasing temperature. In the intermediate pH interval, the aggregation rate constant decreased with increasing temperature except at the highest ionic strength, where it increased. The relationship between the rate constant and the ionic strength allowed the critical coagulation concentration (CCC) for Na- and Ca-montmorillonite to be determined. In order to distinguish the contribution of physical filtration and sorption to colloid retention in transport, the different retention mechanisms were quantified. Sorption on different representative minerals in granite fractures was measured for latex colloids (50, 100, 200 nm) and montmorillonite colloids as a function of ionic strength and pH. Despite of the negative charge in mineral surfaces and colloids, sorption was detected. The sorption is correlated to the mineral point of zero charge and the zeta potential of the colloids, and increases with increasing ionic strength and decreasing pH. In transport experiments with latex colloids in columns packed with fracture filling material, the retention by sorption could clearly be seen. In particular at low flow rates, when the contact time for colloids with the mineral surfaces were the longest, sorption contributed to retention of the transport significantly. The retention of latex colloids appeared to be irreversible in contrary to the reversible montmorillonite colloid retention. Generation, stability and sorption of the montmorillonite colloids are controlled by electrostatic forces; hence, the results were in qualitative agreement with DLVO.
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Deptuch, Grzegorz. "New Generation of Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors for Charged Particle Detection." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002STR13115.
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Silva, Vera Terezinha Carvalho da. "Jovens rurais que permanecem no campo : a sucessão na agricultura familiar em dois municípios gaúchos." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/132855.
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A agricultura familiar passa por momentos de tensão e instabilidade devido à migração dos jovens para os grandes centros urbanos, o que ameaça a continuidade das unidades produtivas familiares no Rio Grande do Sul. Tal migração, mais do que um movimento demográfico geral de urbanização das sociedades industrializadas contemporâneas, representa um problema social que provoca, não apenas o esvaziamento demográfico do meio rural, mas também um desmantelamento e abandono dos equipamentos sociais ainda existentes no meio rural, tais como: igrejas, escolas, postos de saúde, salões comunitários, dentre outros. Diante deste cenário, existe atualmente em torno de 25% das propriedades rurais no Rio Grande do Sul que não terão um sucessor. Para contribuir com o conhecimento das questões atinentes à sucessão na agricultura familiar, esta Dissertação de Mestrado investiga os fatores relacionados com a sucessão e permanência nas unidades produtivas familiares, na contramão da maioria que opta por sair do meio rural. O caminho metodológico escolhido foi a pesquisa qualitativa por meio da realização de onze entrevistas narrativas com jovens rurais de dois municípios gaúchos, selecionados a partir dos seguintes critérios: idade entre 15 a 29 anos; com interesse em dar continuidade ao estabelecimento rural; existência de planejamento familiar da sucessão; presença de jovens mulheres em pelo menos duas famílias; e que os jovens pesquisados refletissem as características de três formas de sucessão previamente elaboradas. Também foram incorporadas as percepções de dois pais dos jovens, que estavam presentes nas entrevistas. Da análise do material empírico foi possível constatar a inexistência de um planejamento explícito da sucessão nas unidades produtivas familiares. Entre os principais fatores que despertam o desejo dos jovens do sexo masculino em permanecerem nas unidades produtivas familiares encontramos: a proximidade das UPFs com os centros urbanos, o que garante o acesso a serviços públicos e espaços de lazer, permitindo que desenvolvam atividades em um dos dois universos e residam em outro; certa autonomia financeira possibilitada pelo fato de todas as unidades produtivas familiares pesquisadas contarem com a alternância da renda mensal com a anual, o que contribui com a sustentabilidade do grupo familiar; bem como as questões afetivas, como o desejo de estar próximo da família e da comunidade. Quanto às jovens, percebemos que as relações de gênero continuam fortemente marcadas pela desigualdade de participação nas atividades e decisões na unidade produtiva familiar, mas este fator parece ser uma questão naturalizada pelos grupos familiares.The Family agriculture is going through a tense and instable moment due the migration of youth to large urban centers, threatening the continuity of family production units in Rio Grande do Sul. Such migration, rather than an urban general demographic movement of contemporary industrial societies, is a problem that causes not only a demographic emptying of the countryside, but also a decommissioning and abandonment of social facilities remaining in rural areas, such as churches, schools, health centers, community halls, among others. In this scenario, there are currently around 25% of farms in Rio Grande do Sul that won’t have a successor. In order to contribute with the knowledge of the issues regarding the succession in family farming, this Master’s Dissertation investigates what factors influenced the young people that decided by the succession and remained on the family production unit, against the majority who chooses to exit the rural area. The chosen methodological approach was a qualitative research; conducting eleven narrative interviews with rural youth in two counties in Rio Grande do Sul. The young people interviewed were selected according to the following criteria, aged 15 to 29 years; interested in continuing the rural setting; existence of family succession planning; young women presence in at least two families; and that the young people surveyed reflected the characteristics of three forms of succession previously developed. Also was incorporated the perception of two parents that were present during the young people interview. The analysis of empirical data determined the absence of an explicit succession planning in family production units. Among the main factors that awaken the desire of young men to remain in family production units found: the proximity of UPFs with urban centers, which guarantees access to public services and leisure facilities, allowing them to develop activities in one of the two universes and reside in another; some financial autonomy made possible by the fact that all family production units surveyed can alternating the monthly income with the annual income, which contributes to the sustainability of the family group; as well as emotional issues such as the desire to be close to family and community. With regard to young women, we realized that gender relations are still strongly marked by inequality of participation in the activities and decisions in the family productive unit, but this factor seems to be a naturalized matter by family groups.
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Rola, Marcelo Coleto. "Previsão da geração de energia elétrica no médio prazo para o Estado do Rio Grande do Sul empregando redes neurais artificiais." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/157828.
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A demanda e, consequentemente, a geração de energia elétrica são questões de suma importância para o desenvolvimento econômico e social dos países. Modelos para previsão destes parâmetros no longo e médio prazo são empregados com a finalidade de antever possíveis cenários e propor estratégias para a realização de um planejamento energético adequado. Neste contexto, o presente estudo tem como objetivo realizar a previsão da geração de energia elétrica no estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS) em um horizonte de médio prazo (um ano), utilizando Redes Neurais Artificiais (RNA’s) do tipo feedforward com algoritmo de aprendizado supervisionado backpropagation. Para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho elaborou-se um script para executar as simulações necessárias, as quais foram realizadas através do software Matlab®. As variáveis de influência selecionadas como entradas do modelo de previsão referem-se à economia (estadual e nacional), ao balanço de energia elétrica e à meteorologia do estado, durante o período de janeiro de 2009 a março de 2016. Para realizar o treinamento da rede neural, adicionou-se a matriz de entrada este conjunto de dados, com frequência mensal, referentes a janeiro de 2009 a março de 2015 e para previsão foram inseridos dados de abril de 2015 a março de 2016. Por fim, depois de realizada a simulação completa da RNA, comparou-se o resultado observado da geração de energia elétrica do estado com o obtido através do modelo de previsão, indicando um erro percentual absoluto médio (MAPE) de 5,86% e um desvio absoluto médio (MAD) de 134,15 MW médio. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho mostram-se promissores, além de semelhantes aos encontrados na literatura, demonstrando assim confiabilidade e eficácia do método empregado.The demand and, consequently, the generation of electric power are very important issues for social and economic development of countries. Models to forecast these parameters in long and medium terms are used to anticipate possible sceneries and propose strategies for the energy planning of countries. In this context, the present study aims to forecast the generation of electric energy in Rio Grande do Sul State (RS) in a medium-term horizon (one year) using, Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) of the feedforward type with algorithm of supervised learning backpropagation. For the development of this work, a script was elaborated in order to execute the necessary simulations, which were carried out through Matlab® software. The selected variables of influence as inputs of forecasting model refer to economy (State and National), to the electric energy balance and to the meteorology State, during the period from January, 2009 to March, 2016. In order to train the neural network, this data set was added to the entrance matrix, with monthly frequency, from January, 2009 to March, 2015 and for prediction, data were inserted from April, 2015 to March, 2016. Finally, after RNA complete simulation, the observed result of the electric power generation of the State was compared with the one obtained through the prediction model, indicating a mean absolute percent error (MAPE) of 5.86% and a mean absolute deviation (MAD) of 134.15 average MW. The obtained results in this work are promising, besides; they are similar to those found in literature, in this way demonstrating the reliability and efficacy of the using method.
Books on the topic "Granite generation"
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Ries, Joanne B. Applying for research funding: Getting started and getting funded. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications, 1995.
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Tendler, Judith. What ever happened to poverty alleviation?: A report prepared for the mid-decade review of the Ford Foundation's programs on livelihood, employment, and income generation. New York, NY: Ford Foundation, 1987.
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G, Leukefeld Carl, ed. The research funding guidebook: Getting it, managing it & renewing it. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 1998.
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Bond, Craig A. Controlling marketing: Marketing success through marketing controls. Chicago: Pluribus Press, 1989.
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L, Otto Mary, ed. Administering grants, contracts, and funds: Evaluating and improving your grants system. New York, N.Y: American Council on Education, 1989.
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L, Otto Mary, ed. Administering grants, contracts, and funds: Evaluating and improving your grants system. Phoenix, Ariz: Oryx Press, 1995.
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1945-, Dove Kent E., ed. Conducting a successful development services program: A comprehensive guide and resource. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 2002.
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A, Scheinberg Cynthia, ed. Proposal writing: Effective grantsmanship. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, 2008.
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Coley, Soraya M. Proposal writing. Newbury Park, Calif: Sage Publications, 1990.
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A, Scheinberg Cynthia, ed. Proposal writing. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications, 2000.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Granite generation"
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Hennecke, Markus, and Georg Kusser. "Pre-Stressed Granite Bridges: A New Generation of Granite Bridges." In The Eight International Conference "Bridges in Danube Basin", 287–98. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-03714-7_22.
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Guha, D. B., Sandip Neogi, and Ausaf Raza. "Evolution of a Granite Gneiss-Migmatite Terrane in Rajasthan: Melt Generation and Origin of Anjana Granite." In Society of Earth Scientists Series, 473–514. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89698-4_19.
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Schwarz, Christoph H. "Social Change and Generational Disparity: Education, Violence, and Precariousness in the Life Story of a Young Moroccan Activist." In Methodological Approaches to Societies in Transformation, 115–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65067-4_5.
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AbstractThis chapter illustrates how social change can be assessed in biographical research by methodologically focusing on processes of intergenerational transmission in interviewees’ life stories, not only within the family but also in educational institutions and other contexts. The author illustrates this by reconstructing the political socialization and politicization of a young activist in Morocco’s Unemployed Graduates Movement and Amazigh Movement. Life stories not only allow long periods of social time and the historicity of social processes to be taken into account but also shed light on the conflicts that young people have to tackle before they can claim to be adults as defined in their particular social contexts. From this perspective, social change and the reconfiguration of power relations depend to a great extent on how societies organize and broker the transition to adulthood, and what particular type of young individuals are granted by their position at the intersections of class, gender, and ethnicity. By assessing the interviewees’ reinterpretation of the experiences, narratives, and traditions passed down to them by the older generation and reconstructing how they position themselves in a generation or generational unit, social change and the formation of new social and political subjectivities become empirically accessible as narrated patterns of social interaction.
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Jankowicz-Cieslak, Joanna, Ivan L. Ingelbrecht, and Bradley J. Till. "Mutation Detection in Gamma-Irradiated Banana Using Low Coverage Copy Number Variation." In Efficient Screening Techniques to Identify Mutants with TR4 Resistance in Banana, 113–27. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-64915-2_8.
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AbstractMutagenesis of in vitro propagated bananas is an efficient method to introduce novel alleles and broaden genetic diversity. The FAO/IAEA Plant Breeding and Genetics Laboratory previously established efficient methods for mutation induction of in vitro shoot tips in banana using physical and chemical mutagens as well as methods for the efficient discovery of ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) induced single nucleotide mutations in targeted genes. Officially released mutant banana varieties have been created using gamma rays, a mutagen that can produce large genomic changes such as insertions and deletions (InDels). Such dosage mutations may be particularly important for generating observable phenotypes in polyploids such as banana. Here, we describe a Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) approach in Cavendish (AAA) bananas to identify large genomic InDels. The method is based on low coverage whole genome sequencing (LC-WGS) using an Illumina short-read sequencing platform. We provide details for sonication-mediated library preparation and the installation and use of freely available computer software to identify copy number variation in Cavendish banana. Alternative DNA library construction procedures and bioinformatics tools are briefly described. Example data is provided for the mutant variety Novaria and cv Grande Naine (AAA), but the methodology can be equally applied for triploid bananas with mixed genomes (A and B) and is useful for the characterization of putative Fusarium Wilt TR4 resistant mutant lines described elsewhere in this protocol book.
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Hughes, Jack, and Dominic Orchard. "Resourceful Program Synthesis from Graded Linear Types." In Logic-Based Program Synthesis and Transformation, 151–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68446-4_8.
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AbstractLinear types provide a way to constrain programs by specifying that some values must be used exactly once. Recent work on graded modal types augments and refines this notion, enabling fine-grained, quantitative specification of data use in programs. The information provided by graded modal types appears to be useful for type-directed program synthesis, where these additional constraints can be used to prune the search space of candidate programs. We explore one of the major implementation challenges of a synthesis algorithm in this setting: how does the synthesis algorithm efficiently ensure that resource constraints are satisfied throughout program generation? We provide two solutions to this resource management problem, adapting Hodas and Miller’s input-output model of linear context management to a graded modal linear type theory. We evaluate the performance of both approaches via their implementation as a program synthesis tool for the programming language Granule, which provides linear and graded modal typing.
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Vrublevskaya, Polina, Marcus Moberg, and Sławomir Sztajer. "The Role of Religion in Society and Public Life: Perspectives Among Young Adults in Post-Communist Russia and Poland." In The Diversity Of Worldviews Among Young Adults, 285–301. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94691-3_14.
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AbstractFollowing the collapse of the Communist system in the early 1990s, past decades have witnessed the re-institution of the Russian Orthodox Church in Russia and the Polish Catholic Church in Poland. As a crucial part of these developments, both churches have significantly increased their presence throughout several areas of public life and established ever-closer relations to their respective states and political establishments. This paper applies Jose Casanova’s conception of public religion to frame how these tendencies are perceived and experienced by the present young adult generation in Poland and Russia. The analysis of the Russian and Polish young adults’ views on the present-day role of religion in the wider society and public life reveal several concerns about the current church-state relations in both countries. Without necessarily taking a negative stance towards religion or religious traditions as such, respondents mostly expressed their views on the public role of religion in society through three interrelated main discourses: a discourse of differentiation, a discourse of diversity and plurality, and a discourse of tradition and modernity. In general, narratives are built upon the prevalent discursive formations on individual rights and freedoms as the natural and taken-for-granted states of affairs in modern democratic societies.
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Miller, Camden, and Alex Bitterman. "Commemorating Historically Significant Gay Places Across the United States." In The Life and Afterlife of Gay Neighborhoods, 339–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66073-4_15.
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AbstractThe stories of gay spaces across the United States are largely unrecorded, undocumented, and are not centrally collected or archived beyond informal reports and oral histories. Evidence demonstrates that the preservation of historic sites allows for future generations to benefit from intangibles related to community and identity. However, the LGBTQ+ community has been unable to gain benefits that place-based, historic sites can provide, due to an inability to commemorate spaces that have shaped LGBTQ+ history in significant ways. This chapter explores the disparities between the preservation and commemoration of significant LGBTQ+ spaces and the amount of funding distributed to these sites. As of 2016, LGBTQ+ sites comprised only 0.08 percent of the 2,500 U.S. National Historic Landmarks and 0.005 percent of the more than 90,000 places listed in the National Register of Historic Places. This representation is well short of the share of American adults that identify as LGBTQ+ , which in 2017 was approximately five percent of the United States population. In 2010 the Administration of President Barack Obama launched the LGBTQ Heritage Initiative under the National Historic Landmarks Program. This effort underscored a broader commitment to include historically underrepresented groups, including LGBTQ+ individuals. As a result, LGBTQ+ communities became eligible to receive funding for projects through the Underrepresented Community Grant Program. An analysis of the distribution of Underrepresented Community Grant Program funds revealed that the LGBTQ+ community receives considerably less funding compared to other underrepresented communities. The findings from this study suggest that there is still a significant amount of work that remains to be done to integrate LGBTQ+ histories into historic preservation programs that exist at various levels of programming (local, state, and federal).
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Higaki, Daisuke, Kiyoharu Hirota, Khang Dang, Shinji Nakai, Masahiro Kaibori, Satoshi Matsumoto, Masataka Yamada, Satoshi Tsuchiya, and Kyoji Sassa. "Landslides and Countermeasures in Western Japan: Historical Largest Landslide in Unzen and Earthquake-Induced Landslides in Aso, and Rain-Induced Landslides in Hiroshima." In Progress in Landslide Research and Technology, Volume 1 Issue 2, 2022, 287–307. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18471-0_22.
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AbstractThis paper introduces three catastrophic landslide disasters on the tectonic orogenic belt in Western Japan caused by rainfalls or earthquakes and the countermeasures against them. The first case story is the mega slide of Unzen-Mayuyama of Quaternary volcanic rock due to the 1792 earthquake. The landslide and subsequent tsunami caused the worst Japanese landslide-induced disaster in Shimabara and Ariake Bay. The stone pillars installed after the disaster, indicating the arrival points of the tsunami will generate awareness of the tsunami caused by landslides for future generations. Secondly, the Kumamoto earthquake of 2016 has induced many shallow landslides on tephra-covered slopes and massive slope failures that disrupted highway and rail traffic. Unmanned construction to secure workers has been introduced to stabilize the slope failure early. There is an urgent need for research on the identification of hazardous slopes for landslides on tephra-covered slopes. Thirdly, the Hiroshima disaster in 2018 was characterized by landslides, mainly in the suburban residential areas in Hiroshima City, where heavy rains have caused landslides from the weathered soil, so-called “Masa,” of granitic rocks. Similar disasters occurred in 1999 and 2014 in Hiroshima. The restoration project has been carried out by adopting necessary structural measures such as Sabo dams and non-structural measures such as land use regulations and/or early warning systems based on the Sediment Disaster Prevention Act.
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Dockett, Sue, and Bob Perry. "Southern Reflections on Education Toward a Sustainable North." In Springer Polar Sciences, 249–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97460-2_16.
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AbstractTo those of us closer to the Antarctic region of the world, the concept of the Circumpolar North is quite intriguing. The chapters in this book provide some insights into the lived experiences of people across the Circumpolar North, with a specific focus on educational equity and inclusion. In their descriptions of what it is like to live, work, and be in this place within the Circumpolar North, the authors explore learning, teaching, educational provision, and connections between culture, identity, and language. The chapters provide points of connection, enabling readers to highlight both the similarities and differences between their own contexts and those described. One of the great values in promoting such connections lies in the generation of opportunities for reflexivity, as we each consider our own context, question what we take for granted, and why that might be so. At the same time as recognising the uniqueness of the region, the chapters in this book draw us away from romanticised tourist images of the Circumpolar North that focus on snow-covered wonderlands, pristine landscapes, and thriving Indigenous communities living in harmony with nature. While acknowledging the challenges associated with remoteness, they also steer us away from stereotypes of disadvantage that automatically equate remoteness with deficit. Rather, the chapters describe contexts across the Circumpolar North that are both similar and different – from each other as well as from those of readers living and working outside the region. The rich culture and history of each context is noted, providing a base for addressing the complex challenges associated with promoting educational equity and inclusion.
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Ali, Murad. "Monitoring and Evaluation in South-South Cooperation: The Case of CPEC in Pakistan." In The Palgrave Handbook of Development Cooperation for Achieving the 2030 Agenda, 289–308. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57938-8_13.
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AbstractPakistan is a key country in China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) where the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is under implementation. An investment model of financing through loans, grants and private investments, CPEC is an example of South-South cooperation (SSC) having a number of benefits for both countries. Aimed at developing energy, industry, and communication infrastructure, the corridor initially valued at $46 billion but is now worth $62 billion. CPEC is expected to contribute significantly to socio-economic development and regional connectivity and trade. The main research question is, while implementing projects in Pakistan, to what extent China adheres to its avowed principles comprising features such as mutual respect, non-conditionality, equality, building local capacity and addressing actual needs of partner countries. Based mainly on the analysis of primary data collected during fieldwork in Pakistan, this research explores the extent to which the official narrative influences the actual practice of China’s development cooperation on the ground. To critically examine CPEC, this chapter uses a monitoring and evaluation framework developed by the Network of Southern Think Tanks (NeST), which is dedicated to generating systematic and clearly comparable knowledge on SSC (Besharati et al. 2017). The findings illustrate that, as per the five broad dimensions of the SSC framework, the China–Pakistan partnership under CPEC has performed well in the four areas of inclusive national ownership, horizontality, self-reliance and sustainability, and development effectiveness, but it has lagged in accountability and transparency.
Conference papers on the topic "Granite generation"
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Skliutas, John, Dean LaForest, Robert D'Aquila, Dale Derr, and Erik Kronbeck. "Next-generation synchronous condenser installation at the VELCO granite substation." In Energy Society General Meeting (PES). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pes.2009.5275396.
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Nazarov, Veniamin E., Andrey B. Kolpakov, Andrey V. Radostin, Bengt Enflo, Claes M. Hedberg, and Leif Kari. "Amplitude-Dependent Internal Friction and Generation of Harmonics in Granite Resonator." In NONLINEAR ACOUSTICS - FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS: 18th International Symposium on Nonlinear Acoustics - ISNA 18. AIP, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2956206.
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Denisova, J. V. "ZIRCONIUM-GAFNIUM INDICATOR FOR ROCKS OF THE BADIAYU MASSIF (THE SUBMPOLAR URALS)." In Проблемы минералогии, петрографии и металлогении. Научные чтения памяти П. Н. Чирвинского. ПЕРМСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/chirvinsky.2022.64.
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The zirconium-hafnium ratio is the most important indicator value, the anal-ysis of which allows not only to divide zircon and mineral-containing rock into ear-ly and late generation, but also to determine the temperature regime of mineral and granite formation. The presented article shows the results of the application of the Zr-Hf geothermometer for granites of the Badiayu massif. According to the analysis of marker values, the rocks were formed at temperatures from 763 ° C to 928 ° C
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Lummer, Nils Recalde, Omair Rauf, and Steffan Gerdes. "Next Generation Acid System – First Field Trial of a New Biodegradable Fluid in a Sandstone/Granite Formation." In SPE European Formation Damage Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/174242-ms.
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Ha, Jae-Chul, Jeong-Hwan Lee, Haeryong Jung, Juyub Kim, and Juyoul Kim. "Gas Migration in Low- and Intermediate-Level Waste (LILW) Disposal Facility in Korea." In ASME 2013 15th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2013-96166.
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The first low- and intermediate-level waste (LILW) disposal facility is under construction in saturated granite in Korea. The safety assessment report (SAR) identified that different gases, such as hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and methane are generated at the disposal facility due to the corrosion of metal wastes and steel drum, and microbial degradation of organic matters. Reinforced concrete plays a role as an engineered barrier at the disposal facility, so its properties with regard to gas migration were evaluated in laboratory-scale experiments. Then modeling of gas migration was carried out to evaluate gas pressure build-up in the disposal facility. The gas entry pressure and relative gas permeability of the concrete was determined to be 0.97±0.15 bar, and the relative gas permeability decreased exponentially with increasing water content. The results of the modeling showed that most of hydrogen gas was dissolved in groundwater and did not significantly influence pressure build-up inside the disposal facility based on the reference case of gas generation.
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Hessami, Mir Akbar, and Justine White. "Improved Fluid Circulation and Heat Transfer in Geothermal Reservoirs due to Superior Fracture Network in Hot Dry Rocks (HDR)." In ASME 2012 6th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2012-91271.
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As the reduction of carbon emissions becomes an increasingly pressing issue, a larger emphasis is being placed on the need for the development of renewable energy. One such option is geothermal energy which utilizes the heat from the earth’s crust; it presents a vast potential for the production of commercial scale base-load power generation. However, the conventional techniques used in the stimulation of hot dry rocks (HDR) geothermal wells are not very effective in producing a permeable reservoir for heat exchange between the rock mass and the working fluid. To increase the permeability of geothermal reservoirs, a new stimulation technique (developed by CSIRO - Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation) which involves isolating sections of the well for controlled planar fracture growth can be used. However, if these notches/fractures are placed too closely together they will interact with one another, resulting in a deviated fracture path. A two dimensional numerical model has thus been developed to study conditions under which adjacent fractures will interact with one another. This study aims to verify the numerical model through stimulating a number of granite blocks, and drawing comparisons between the observed fracture pattern and that predicted by the model. To achieve this goal, the stimulated and fractured granite blocks were sectioned and their fracture patterns were extracted using a MATLAB code, before being reconstructed in their respective positions. Stimulation was carried out firstly using conventional techniques, and then by trialling the method proposed by CSIRO. Observation of the reconstructed images showed good agreement between the model predictions and the observed fracturing patterns in two-dimensions. However, the three-dimensional pattern in the notched, perpendicular well-bore was observed as a ‘half cylinder’. This was counter intuitive as it was expected that radial symmetry of the fractures would be observed resulting in a ‘bowl’ shape. It was therefore concluded that while the model was unable to accurately predict the three-dimensional geometry of an array of fractures, stimulation through a notched perpendicular wellbore was very effective in the production of a controlled system of fractures with an improved fluid flow and heat exchanging surface area of the reservoir in comparison to the conventional techniques.
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Serati, Mehdi, Habib Alehossein, and David J. Williams. "Analytical and Numerical Study of Hard Rock Cutting With Roller Disc Cutters." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-87220.
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Steel roller discs are an efficient mechanical tool for cutting soft to medium strength rocks in both civil and mining projects. However, their application for hard rock cutting has been hindered since steel discs wear quickly and fail prematurely due to high concentrated stresses generated at the sharp corners and thin elements of the disc. To overcome this problem, the current generation roller discs comprises a steel shaft connected to a tungsten carbide (WC) disc. In other words, while the material of the disc itself is replaced by a stronger WC material, steel continues to be used for the shaft body. In this paper, to comprehend the influence of material parameters on the induced stresses inside different parts of a roller cutter, an analytical closed-form solution and a series of finite element (FEM) numerical studies are performed. By considering the problem as a traction boundary-value problem in an elastic domain, the analytical solution is based on the Airy stress formulation in Cartesian coordinates with a Fourier series representing the boundary conditions. The analytical result is developed for both plane stress and plane strain conditions, encompassing all possible loading configurations and shaft geometries. To verify the numerical models, these results are also compared with laboratory experimental data obtained from cutting granite using mini discs for the penetration range 1 to 3 mm.
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Li, Chen, Chikashige Yamanaka, Kazuma Kaitoh, and Yoshihiro Yamanishi. "Transformer-based Objective-reinforced Generative Adversarial Network to Generate Desired Molecules." In Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/539.
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Deep generative models of sequence-structure data have attracted widespread attention in drug discovery. However, such models cannot fully extract the semantic features of molecules from sequential representations. Moreover, mode collapse reduces the diversity of the generated molecules. This paper proposes a transformer-based objective-reinforced generative adversarial network (TransORGAN) to generate molecules. TransORGAN leverages a transformer architecture as a generator and uses a stochastic policy gradient for reinforcement learning to generate plausible molecules with rich semantic features. The discriminator grants rewards that guide the policy update of the generator, while an objective-reinforced penalty encourages the generation of diverse molecules. Experiments were performed using the ZINC chemical dataset, and the results demonstrated the usefulness of TransORGAN in terms of uniqueness, novelty, and diversity of the generated molecules.
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Kim, Young-Soo, and Seok-Soo Kim. "Grant Model for Message Detour in Electronic Business System." In Future Generation Communication and Networking (FGCN 2007). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fgcn.2007.141.
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Sugiura, Junichi, Ramon Lopez, Francisco Borjas, Steve Jones, John McLennan, Duane Winkler, Matt Stevenson, and Jordan Self. "Oil and Gas Drilling Optimization Technologies Applied Successfully to Unconventional Geothermal Well Drilling." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205965-ms.
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Abstract Geothermal energy is used in more than 20 countries worldwide and is a clean, reliable, and relatively available energy source. Nevertheless, to make geothermal energy available anywhere in the world, technical and economic challenges need to be addressed. Drilling especially is a technical challenge and comprises a significant part of the geothermal development cost. An enhanced geothermal system (EGS) is a commercially viable thermal reservoir where two wells are interconnected by some form of hydraulic stimulation. In a commercial setting, fluid is injected into this hot rock and passes between wells through a network of natural and induced fractures to transport heat to the surface system for electricity generation. To construct EGS wells, vertical and directional drilling is necessary with purpose-built drilling and steering equipment. This is an application where oil-and-gas drilling tools and techniques can be applied. A recent well, 16A(78)-32, drilled as part of the US Department of Energy's (DOE's) Utah Frontier Observatory for Research in Geothermal Energy (FORGE) program, highlights some of the technical challenges, which include drilling an accurate vertical section, a curve section, and a 5300-ft 65° tangent section in a hard granitic formation at temperatures up to 450°F (232°C). Extensive downhole temperature simulations were performed to select fit-for-purpose drilling equipment such as purely mechanical vertical drilling tools, instrumented steerable downhole motors, measurement-while-drilling (MWD) tools, and embedded high-frequency drilling dynamics recorders. Downhole and surface drilling dynamics data were used to fine- tune bit design and motor power section selection and continuously improve the durability of equipment, drilling efficiency, and footage drilled. Drilling optimization techniques used in oil and gas settings were successfully applied to this well, including analysis of data from drilling dynamics sensors embedded in the steerable motors and vertical drilling tools, surface surveillance of mechanical specific energy (MSE), and adopting a drilling parameter roadmap to improve drilling efficiency to minimize drilling dysfunctions and equipment damages. Through drilling optimization practices, the instrumented steerable motors with proper bit selections were able to drill more than 40 ft/hr on average, doubling the rate of penetration (ROP), footage, and run length experienced in previous granite wells. This paper presents a case study in which cutting-edge oil-and-gas drilling technologies were successfully applied to reduce the geothermal well drilling time by approximately half.
Reports on the topic "Granite generation"
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Neyedley, K., J. J. Hanley, Z. Zajacz, and M. Fayek. Accessory mineral thermobarometry, trace element chemistry, and stable O isotope systematics, Mooshla Intrusive Complex (MIC), Doyon-Bousquet-LaRonde mining camp, Abitibi greenstone belt, Québec. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328986.
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The Mooshla Intrusive Complex (MIC) is an Archean polyphase magmatic body located in the Doyon-Bousquet-LaRonde (DBL) mining camp of the Abitibi greenstone belt, Québec, that is spatially associated with numerous gold (Au)-rich VMS, epizonal 'intrusion-related' Au-Cu vein systems, and shear zone-hosted (orogenic?) Au deposits. To elucidate the P-T conditions of crystallization, and oxidation state of the MIC magmas, accessory minerals (zircon, rutile, titanite) have been characterized using a variety of analytical techniques (e.g., trace element thermobarometry). The resulting trace element and oxythermobarometric database for accessory minerals in the MIC represents the first examination of such parameters in an Archean magmatic complex in a world-class mineralized district. Mineral thermobarometry yields P-T constraints on accessory mineral crystallization consistent with the expected conditions of tonalite-trondhjemite-granite (TTG) magma genesis, well above peak metamorphic conditions in the DBL camp. Together with textural observations, and mineral trace element data, the P-T estimates reassert that the studied minerals are of magmatic origin and not a product of metamorphism. Oxygen fugacity constraints indicate that while the magmas are relatively oxidizing (as indicated by the presence of magmatic epidote, titanite, and anhydrite), zircon trace element systematics indicate that the magmas were not as oxidized as arc magmas in younger (post-Archean) porphyry environments. The data presented provides first constraints on the depth and other conditions of melt generation and crystallization of the MIC. The P-T estimates and qualitative fO2 constraints have significant implications for the overall model for formation (crystallization, emplacement) of the MIC and potentially related mineral deposits.
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van den Boogaard,, Vanessa, and Fabrizio Santoro. Co-Financing Community-Driven Development Through Informal Taxation: Experimental Evidence from South-Central Somalia. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2021.016.
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Community contributions are often required as part of community-driven development (CDD) programmes, with payment encouraged through matching grants. However, little remains known about the impact of matching grants, or the implications of requiring community contributions in order for communities to receive development funding. This paper describes research where we partner with two non-governmental organisations (NGOs) – one international and one Somali – and undertake a randomised control trial of a CDD matching grant programme designed to incentivise informal contributions for local public goods in Gedo region in south-central Somalia. We rely on household survey data collected from 1,297 respondents in 31 treatment and 31 control communities, as well as surveys of village leaders and data on informal contributions from the mobile money platform used by community leaders to collect revenue. Two key findings emerge. First, our research shows that working with communities and incentivising informal revenue generation can be an effective way to deliver public goods and to support citizens and communities. Second, building on research exploring the potential for development interventions to spur virtuous or adverse cycles of governance, we show that development partners may work directly with community leaders and informal taxing institutions without necessarily undermining – and indeed perhaps strengthening – state legitimacy and related ongoing processes of statebuilding in the country. Indeed, despite playing no direct role in the matching grant programme, taxpayer perceptions of the legitimacy of the local government improved as a result of the programme. These findings deepen our understanding of how community contributions may be incentivised through matching grant programmes, and how they may contribute to CDD and public goods provision in a context of weak institutional capacity.
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Singh, Ruchi, and Bharat GNVSR Vyakaranam. Evaluation of Representative Smart Grid Investment Grant Project Technologies: Distributed Generation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1084181.
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Korivi, Vamshi M., and Jian Kang. Ballistically Initiated Fire Ball Generation Using M&S: Innovation Grant (Briefing Charts). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada597064.
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Bacharach, Eran, and Sagar Goyal. Generation of Avian Pneumovirus Modified Clones for the Development of Attenuated Vaccines. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7696541.bard.
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Abstract (one page maximum, single spaced), include: List the original objectives, as defined in the approved proposal, and any revisions made at the beginning or during the course of project: The main goal described in our original proposal has been the development of a molecular infectious clone of the avian metapneumovirus subtype B (aMPV-B) and the modification of this clone to create mutated viruses for the development of attenuated vaccines. The Achievements and Appendix/Part I sections of this report describes the accomplishments in creating such a molecular clone. These sections also contain the results of a longitudinal study that we made in Israel, demonstrating the infiltration of field strains of aMPV into vaccinated flocks and emphasizing the need for the development of better vaccines. We also describe our unexpected findings regarding the ability of aMPV to establish persistent infection in cell cultures. Although this direction of research was not described in the original proposal we feel that it is highly important for the understanding of aMPV pathogenesis. For example, this direction has provided us with evidence showing that aMPV replication can augment influenza replication. Moreover, we observed that viruses that were produced from chronically-infected cells show reduced ciliostasis. Accordingly, we carried vaccination trials using such viruses. In the original grant proposal we also offered that the American lab will clone and express immunomodulators in the context of an aMPV -based replicon that the Israeli lab has generated. However, as we reported in our annual reports, further analysis of this replicon by the Israeli lab has revealed that the level of expression achieved by this vehicle is relatively poor; thus, the American lab has focused on sequencing the genomes of different aMPV-C isolates that differ in their virulence (including vaccine strains). Achievements and Appendix/Part II sections of this report include the summary of this effort. Background to the topic: The aMPVs belong to the paramyxoviridae family and cause mild to severe respiratory tract diseases mainly in turkeys and also in chickens. Four aMPV subgroups, A, B, C and D, have been characterized; in Israel aMPV-A and B are the common subtypes while in the USA type C is the prevalent one. Although vaccine strains do exist for aMPVs, they do not always provide full protection against virulent strains and the vaccines themselves may induce disease to some extent. Improved vaccines against aMPV are needed, to achieve better protection of the poultry industry against this pathogen. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: We isolated aMPV-B from a diseased flock and accomplished the sequencing and cloning of its full-genome. In addition, we cloned the four genes encoding the viral replicase. These should serve as the platform for generation of modified aMPV-Bs from molecular clones. We also identified aMPVs that are attenuated in respect to their ciliostatic activity and accordingly showed the potential of such viruses as vaccine strains. For aMPV-C, the different mutations scattered along the genome of different isolates with varied virulence have been determined. Implications, both scientific and agricultural: The newly identified pattern of mutations in attenuated strains will allow better understanding of the pathogenicity of aMPV and the generation of aMPV molecular clones, together with isolation of strains with attenuated ciliostatic activity should generate improved vaccine strains Abstract (one page maximum, single spaced), include: List the original objectives, as defined in the approved proposal, and any revisions made at the beginning or during the course of project: The main goal described in our original proposal has been the development of a molecular infectious clone of the avian metapneumovirus subtype B (aMPV-B) and the modification of this clone to create mutated viruses for the development of attenuated vaccines. The Achievements and Appendix/Part I sections of this report describes the accomplishments in creating such a molecular clone. These sections also contain the results of a longitudinal study that we made in Israel, demonstrating the infiltration of field strains of aMPV into vaccinated flocks and emphasizing the need for the development of better vaccines. We also describe our unexpected findings regarding the ability of aMPV to establish persistent infection in cell cultures. Although this direction of research was not described in the original proposal we feel that it is highly important for the understanding of aMPV pathogenesis. For example, this direction has provided us with evidence showing that aMPV replication can augment influenza replication. Moreover, we observed that viruses that were produced from chronically-infected cells show reduced ciliostasis. Accordingly, we carried vaccination trials using such viruses. In the original grant proposal we also offered that the American lab will clone and express immunomodulators in the context of an aMPV -based replicon that the Israeli lab has generated. However, as we reported in our annual reports, further analysis of this replicon by the Israeli lab has revealed that the level of expression achieved by this vehicle is relatively poor; thus, the American lab has focused on sequencing the genomes of different aMPV-C isolates that differ in their virulence (including vaccine strains). Achievements and Appendix/Part II sections of this report include the summary of this effort. Background to the topic: The aMPVs belong to the paramyxoviridae family and cause mild to severe respiratory tract diseases mainly in turkeys and also in chickens. Four aMPV subgroups, A, B, C and D, have been characterized; in Israel aMPV-A and B are the common subtypes while in the USA type C is the prevalent one. Although vaccine strains do exist for aMPVs, they do not always provide full protection against virulent strains and the vaccines themselves may induce disease to some extent. Improved vaccines against aMPV are needed, to achieve better protection of the poultry industry against this pathogen. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: We isolated aMPV-B from a diseased flock and accomplished the sequencing and cloning of its full-genome. In addition, we cloned the four genes encoding the viral replicase. These should serve as the platform for generation of modified aMPV-Bs from molecular clones. We also identified aMPVs that are attenuated in respect to their ciliostatic activity and accordingly showed the potential of such viruses as vaccine strains. For aMPV-C, the different mutations scattered along the genome of different isolates with varied virulence have been determined. Implications, both scientific and agricultural: The newly identified pattern of mutations in attenuated strains will allow better understanding of the pathogenicity of aMPV and the generation of aMPV molecular clones, together with isolation of strains with attenuated ciliostatic activity should generate improved vaccine strains.
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Fernández-Cerezo, Alejandro, Enrique Moral-Benito, and Javier Quintana. A production network model for the Spanish economy with an application to the impact of NGEU funds. Madrid: Banco de España, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53479/27333.
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This paper introduces a sectoral model for the Spanish economy that allows a better understanding of the propagation of sector-specific shocks taking into account different network interdependencies. In particular, the model features sector interactions along several dimensions in an open economy setting, either in the provision of intermediate inputs and capital goods or competing in the labour market. This framework is flexible enough to provide insights into the effect of several policy-relevant shocks, such as global value chain bottlenecks, increases in production costs in energy-intensive sectors or large public investment programmes. In order to illustrate the role of such sectoral interactions, we consider a sectorisation of Next Generation EU (NGEU) funds based on Spain’s Recovery, Transformation and Resilience Plan (RTRP) which will mobilize €69.5 bn in grants. According to our findings, the average impact over a 5-year horizon is 1.15% of GDP if we consider only the direct effect of the investment programmes and expenditure plans, but it increases to 1.75% if we take into account the increase in the productive capacity of certain sectors and its propagation through the production network. Moreover, the resulting expansion is particularly strong in sectors highly dependent on high-skilled labour, such as IT and professional services, which might lead to shortages of high-skilled workers, reducing the aggregate impact on GDP by 25%.
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Fred R. Mynatt, Andy Kadak, Marc Berte, Larry Miller, Mohammed Khan, Joe McConn, Lawrence Townsend, Wesley Williams, and Martin Williamson. NUCLEAR ENERGY RESEARCH INITIATIVE (NERI) PROGRAM GRANT NUMBER DE-FG03-00SF22168 TECHNICAL PROGRESS REPORT (Nov. 15, 2001 - Feb. 15,2002) ''Design and Layout Concepts for Compact, Factory-Produced, Transportable, Generation IV Reactor Systems''. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/792482.
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Jones, Scott B., Shmuel P. Friedman, and Gregory Communar. Novel streaming potential and thermal sensor techniques for monitoring water and nutrient fluxes in the vadose zone. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7597910.bard.
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The “Novel streaming potential (SP) and thermal sensor techniques for monitoring water and nutrient fluxes in the vadose zone” project ended Oct. 30, 2015, after an extension to complete travel and intellectual exchange of ideas and sensors. A significant component of this project was the development and testing of the Penta-needle Heat Pulse Probe (PHPP) in addition to testing of the streaming potential concept, both aimed at soil water flux determination. The PHPP was successfully completed and shown to provide soil water flux estimates down to 1 cm day⁻¹ with altered heat input and timing as well as use of larger heater needles. The PHPP was developed by Scott B. Jones at Utah State University with a plan to share sensors with Shmulik P. Friedman, the ARO collaborator. Delays in completion of the PHPP resulted in limited testing at USU and a late delivery of sensors (Sept. 2015) to Dr. Friedman. Two key aspects of the subsurface water flux sensor development that delayed the availability of the PHPP sensors were the addition of integrated electrical conductivity measurements (available in February 2015) and resolution of bugs in the microcontroller firmware (problems resolved in April 2015). Furthermore, testing of the streaming potential method with a wide variety of non-polarizable electrodes at both institutions was not successful as a practical measurement tool for water flux due to numerous sources of interference and the M.S. student in Israel terminated his program prematurely for personal reasons. In spite of these challenges, the project funded several undergraduate students building sensors and several master’s students and postdocs participating in theory and sensor development and testing. Four peer-reviewed journal articles have been published or submitted to date and six oral/poster presentations were also delivered by various authors associated with this project. We intend to continue testing the "new generation" PHPP probes at both USU and at the ARO resulting in several additional publications coming from this follow-on research. Furthermore, Jones is presently awaiting word on an internal grant application for commercialization of the PHPP at USU.
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Guidati, Gianfranco, and Domenico Giardini. Joint synthesis “Geothermal Energy” of the NRP “Energy”. Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), February 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46446/publication_nrp70_nrp71.2020.4.en.
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Near-to-surface geothermal energy with heat pumps is state of the art and is already widespread in Switzerland. In the future energy system, medium-deep to deep geothermal energy (1 to 6 kilometres) will, in addition, play an important role. To the forefront is the supply of heat for buildings and industrial processes. This form of geothermal energy utilisation requires a highly permeable underground area that allows a fluid – usually water – to absorb the naturally existing rock heat and then transport it to the surface. Sedimentary rocks are usually permeable by nature, whereas for granites and gneisses permeability must be artificially induced by injecting water. The heat gained in this way increases in line with the drilling depth: at a depth of 1 kilometre, the underground temperature is approximately 40°C, while at a depth of 3 kilometres it is around 100°C. To drive a steam turbine for the production of electricity, temperatures of over 100°C are required. As this requires greater depths of 3 to 6 kilometres, the risk of seismicity induced by the drilling also increases. Underground zones are also suitable for storing heat and gases, such as hydrogen or methane, and for the definitive storage of CO2. For this purpose, such zones need to fulfil similar requirements to those applicable to heat generation. In addition, however, a dense top layer is required above the reservoir so that the gas cannot escape. The joint project “Hydropower and geo-energy” of the NRP “Energy” focused on the question of where suitable ground layers can be found in Switzerland that optimally meet the requirements for the various uses. A second research priority concerned measures to reduce seismicity induced by deep drilling and the resulting damage to buildings. Models and simulations were also developed which contribute to a better understanding of the underground processes involved in the development and use of geothermal resources. In summary, the research results show that there are good conditions in Switzerland for the use of medium-deep geothermal energy (1 to 3 kilometres) – both for the building stock and for industrial processes. There are also grounds for optimism concerning the seasonal storage of heat and gases. In contrast, the potential for the definitive storage of CO2 in relevant quantities is rather limited. With respect to electricity production using deep geothermal energy (> 3 kilometres), the extent to which there is potential to exploit the underground economically is still not absolutely certain. In this regard, industrially operated demonstration plants are urgently needed in order to boost acceptance among the population and investors.
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Backstrom, Robert, and David Dini. Firefighter Safety and Photovoltaic Systems Summary. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, November 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/kylj9621.
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Under the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Assistance to Firefighter Grant Fire Prevention and Safety Research Program, Underwriters Laboratories examined fire service concerns of photovoltaic (PV) systems. These concerns include firefighter vulnerability to electrical and casualty hazards when mitigating a fire involving photovoltaic (PV) modules systems. The need for this project is significant acknowledging the increasing use of photovoltaic systems, growing at a rate of 30% annually. As a result of greater utilization, traditional firefighter tactics for suppression, ventilation and overhaul have been complicated, leaving firefighters vulnerable to potentially unrecognized exposure. Though the electrical and fire hazards associated with electrical generation and distribution systems is well known, PV systems present unique safety considerations. A very limited body of knowledge and insufficient data exists to understand the risks to the extent that the fire service has been unable to develop safety solutions and respond in a safe manner. This fire research project developed the empirical data that is needed to quantify the hazards associated with PV installations. This data provides the foundation to modify current or develop new firefighting practices to reduce firefighter death and injury. A functioning PV array was constructed at Underwriters Laboratories in Northbrook, IL to serve as a test fixture. The main test array consisted of 26 PV framed modules rated 230 W each (5980 W total rated power). Multiple experiments were conducted to investigate the efficacy of power isolation techniques and the potential hazard from contact of typical firefighter tools with live electrical PV components. Existing fire test fixtures located at the Delaware County Emergency Services Training Center were modified to construct full scale representations of roof mounted PV systems. PV arrays were mounted above Class A roofs supported by wood trusses. Two series of experiments were conducted. The first series represented a room of content fire, extending into the attic space, breaching the roof and resulting in structural collapse. Three PV technologies were subjected to this fire condition – rack mounted metal framed, glass on polymer modules, building integrated PV shingles, and a flexible laminate attached to a standing metal seam roof. A second series of experiments was conducted on the metal frame technology. These experiments represented two fire scenarios, a room of content fire venting from a window and the ignition of debris accumulation under the array. The results of these experiments provide a technical basis for the fire service to examine their equipment, tactics, standard operating procedures and training content. Several tactical considerations were developed utilizing the data from the experiments to provide specific examples of potential electrical shock hazard from PV installations during and after a fire event.