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Journal articles on the topic 'Grandparent'
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1
Pandialagappan, Thamilselvi, and Rahimah Ibrahim. "Theories of Grandparental Stress." Journal of Business and Social Review in Emerging Economies 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2018): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.26710/jbsee.v4i1.372.
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Many grandparents today have the responsibility of caring for their grandchildren. Clearly, grandparenting has become a complex, diversified role within families. As the number of grandparent-headed households continues to increase in society, so do their stressors. Although it is not a new phenomenon, interest in examining grandparental stress is relatively new. The focus of this paper is to provide an overview of theories and factors influencing grandparental stress. The paper briefly reviews theories to explain causes of grandparental stress. Based on the reviewed theories, it can be concluded that grandparental stress is a multifactorial problem that appears to affect grandparent caregivers overall well-being. The stress experienced by custodial grandparents was related to their caregiving situation, the subsequent environmental and socioeconomic status.
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Miron, Anca M., Ashley E. Thompson, Alexandria R. Ebert, and Susan H. McFadden. "Weaving social reality around the grandparent/great-grandparent with dementia to maintain relational presence: A verbal and non-verbal dementia interactions model." Dementia 18, no. 6 (December 7, 2017): 2244–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1471301217743817.
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We proposed a dementia interactions model based on analyses of five focus groups with grandchildren of grandparents with dementia. Interactions with their grandparent with dementia motivate grandchildren to maintain connection with a grandparent who is relationally present. To do so, they weave a social reality around the grandparent. To help the grandparent remain connected, grandchildren engage in scripts and routines and employ three intertwined psychological processes: perspective taking, vigilance, and knowledge about the grandparent's preferences, personality, state of mind, and context. Grandchildren use four relationship anchors to help the grandparent remain relationally present: family members, meaningful sensory objects and activities, physical space/context, and themselves. Implications for improving social interactions with close others with dementia are discussed.
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Kirchengast, Sylvia, and Beatrix Putz. "Discriminative grandparental investment – the impact of grandchild’s gender and sociodemographic parameters." Anthropological Review 79, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 151–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/anre-2016-0012.
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Abstract Homo sapiens is a typical cooperative breeder and grandparents are among the most important caregivers besides the mothers. Grandparental investment however differs markedly between maternal and paternal grandparents but also between grandmothers and grandfathers. From an evolutionary viewpoint this differential grandparental investment is mainly explained as a result of paternity uncertainty. On the other hand emotional support and child care help from grandparents may also be associated with sociocultural factors. The present study focused on the impact of grandchild’s gender, but also grandparental age and occupation on discriminative grandparental investment, i.e. solicitude, contact frequency and quality of relationship. 272 adults persons between the age 18 and 35 years (x= 23.5yrs; ±3.7) were enrolled in the study. Patterns of grandparental investment during childhood as well as quality of the grandparent- grandchild relationship were collected retrospectively using a 57 item questionnaire. As to be expected maternal grandmothers showed the highest contact frequency and the highest solicitude while -as to be expected - the paternal grandfather exhibited the lowest degree of investment. Grandparental investment was independent of grandparent category mainly influenced by residential distance. Grandchild’s gender and sociodemographic characteristics of the grandparents in contrast had a minor impact on grandparental caregiving and contact frequency. Contrary, grandchild’s gender was related significantly with the quality of relationship and emotional closeness.
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Mansson, Daniel H. "Grandchildren’s Perceptions of Grandparents’ Use of Relational Maintenance Behaviors." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 91, no. 2 (May 26, 2019): 127–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0091415019852776.
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The purposes of this study were to examine (a) grandchildren’s perceptions of the extent to which their grandparents’ use relational maintenance behaviors; (b) grandchildren’s perceived differences in grandparents’ use of relational maintenance behaviors as functions of grandparent sex, grandchild sex, and grandparent–grandchild (GP-GC) family lineage; and (c) the relationships between grandchildren’s perceptions of their grandparents’ use of relational maintenance behaviors and the grandchildren’s self-reported GP-GC relational characteristics. Young adult grandchildren ( N = 209) completed a questionnaire in reference to a specific GP-GC relationship. Descriptive statistics indicated that grandparents use the seven relational maintenance behaviors (i.e., advice, assurances, conflict management, networks, openness, positivity, and tasks) to different degrees. However, the multivariate analyses of variance did not indicate any significant effects for grandparent and grandchild sex or GP-GC family lineage on perceived grandparental use of relational maintenance behaviors. Conversely, Pearson correlations provided support for the hypothesized positive relationships between grandchildren’s perceptions of their grandparents’ use of relational maintenance behaviors and the grandchildren’s self-reported GP-GC relational characteristics.
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Busch, Mari V., Sandra Olaisen, Ina Jeanette Bruksås, and Ivar Folstad. "Do mothers also “manipulate” grandparental care?" PeerJ 6 (November 15, 2018): e5924. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5924.
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Paternity uncertainty has proven to be a robust ultimate hypothesis for predicting the higher investment in grandchildren observed among maternal grandparents compared to that of the paternal grandparents. Yet the proximate mechanisms for generating such preferred biases in grandparental investment remain unclear. Here we address two different questions for better understanding the proximate mechanisms leading to the observed bias in grandparental investments: (i) is there a larger emphasis on resemblance descriptions (between grandchildren and grandparent) among daughters than among sons, and (ii) do mothers really believe that their offspring more resemble their parents, that is, the children’s grandparents, than fathers do? From questioning grandparents, we find that daughters more often and more intensely than sons express opinions about grandchild–grandparent resemblance. Moreover, daughters also seem to believe that their children more resemble their grandmother than sons do. The latter is, however, not the case for beliefs about children’s resemblance to grandfathers. In sum, our results suggest that even in a population of Norwegians, strongly influenced by ideas concerning gender equality, there exist a sexual bias among parents in opinions and descriptions about grandchild–grandparent resemblance. This resemblance bias, which echoes that of mothers biasing resemblance descriptions of newborns to putative fathers, does not seem to represent a conscious manipulation. Yet it could be instrumental for influencing grandparental investments. We believe that a “manipulative mother hypothesis” might parsimoniously account for many of the results relating to biased alloparenting hitherto not entirely explained by “the paternity uncertainty hypothesis.”
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Mendoza, Nancy, and Christine Fruhauf. "GRANDPARENT CAREGIVERS: THE RELATION BETWEEN SOCIAL NETWORKS AND RESILIENCE." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S678—S679. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.2507.
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Abstract Grandparents raising grandchildren experience multiple challenges as they take on the unexpected role of caring for their grandchildren, which usually occurs under stressful and stigmatizing conditions. Many of the challenges grandparents experience are well documented in the research. Less attention is given to understanding how a grandparent caregiver’s social network changes when s/he becomes a caregiver and how her/his social network influences resilience. Thus, the purpose of this study was to use social network analysis (SNA) to examine the relation between social networks and resilience in grandparents raising their grandchildren. This was done by conducting face-to-face interviews with twenty grandparents raising grandchildren after they completed a survey measuring social support, social isolation, and resilience. The interview protocol included questions related to participants’ social network, social support, and services. Prior to the interviews, using data from the surveys participants were identified as representing one of four resilience quadrants: resilient, maladaptive, competent, and vulnerable. Qualitative analysis of grandparent’s social networks across groups indicated resilient grandparent caregivers’ networks were structured in a way that provided more opportunities for the inflow of new information and resources. Whereas the proportion of professionals in maladaptive grandparent caregivers’ networks tended to be less than for other networks. This could suggest that for grandparent caregivers, having professionals in one’s network can be beneficial. Findings from the current study provide opportunities for future research such as identifying ways to help grandparent caregivers structure their social networks to promote resilience.
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Brussoni, Mariana J., and Susan D. Boon. "Grandparental Impact in Young Adults' Relationships with Their Closest Grandparents: The Role of Relationship Strength and Emotional Closeness." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 46, no. 4 (January 1, 1998): 267–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/2b7b-e3lh-74jj-ujry.
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This study explored the role that relationship strength, generally, and emotional closeness, more specifically, may play in delimiting the bounds of grandparental influence in young adults' lives. One-hundred and seventy-one college-aged young adults completed a questionnaire evaluating their relationship with the living grandparent to whom they felt most emotionally close or, if they felt close to none of their living grandparents, the grandparent with whom they had the most contact. Participants' perceptions of the strength of this relationship were significantly and positively related to their responses on measures of the extent to which their closest grandparent influenced various aspects of their lives (e.g., their beliefs and values, how much their lives would be missing had they never known the grandparent). In addition, participants whose grandparent-grandchild relationships were emotionally close endorsed a broader range of alternatives on checklist measures of perceived relationship impact than did those whose relationships were more emotionally distant.
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Strom, Robert, Pat Collinsworth, Shirley Strom, and Dianne Griswold. "Strengths and Needs of Black Grandparents." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 36, no. 4 (June 1993): 255–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/lxr8-dpm4-0j29-uve3.
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This study was conducted to identify ethnic differences in grandparent performance and effectiveness so that an educational program called Becoming A Better Grandparent could be adapted to maximize its relevance for Black families. MANOVA procedures were used to compare perceptions of 204 Anglo grandparents and 204 Black grandparents as well as 175 Anglo and 295 Black grandchildren. Black grandparents perceived themselves more favorably than did Anglos on every subscale of the Grandparent Strengths and Needs Inventory. Black grandchildren assigned grandparents significantly more favorable ratings for teaching and overall success, whereas Anglo grandchildren assigned their grandparents higher scores for coping with difficulty, managing frustration, and meeting information needs. Analyses of grandparent responses revealed significant main effects for age of grandparent, age of grandchild, time spent together, and geographical proximity. Grandchildren responses yielded significant main effects for age of grandchild and time spent together. Findings showed interaction effects for ethnicity by age of grandparent, ethnicity by age of grandchild, and ethnicity by distance. Implications for modifying the program to fit Black grandparents were identified.
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Lee, Youjung. "EXPERIENCES OF KOREAN GRANDFAMILIES: DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MATERNAL AND PATERNAL GRANDPARENTS." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.1033.
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Abstract Grandparent-headed families in South Korea have been growing prominent in the country’s cultural landscape. Approximately 153,000 Korean grandparent-headed households existed in 2015; this number is expected to double by 2035. This qualitative study explored Korean custodial grandparents’ experiences of raising grandchildren and the cultural significance of multigenerational caregiving in Korea. Using a phenomenological approach, semistructured interviews with 22 custodial grandparents were conducted. Significant functions of patrilineality and stigma surrounding divorce for Korean grandparent-headed families were found. Considering the complicated cultural factors, social/family service programs must pay attention to the unique needs of grandparent-headed families and consider the circumstances related to grandparents’ positions in the family (i.e., paternal vs. maternal grandparent caregivers). Korean government programs and policies could better help marginalized grandparent-headed families with an empowerment approach to help marginalized grandparent-headed families gain positive attitudes toward their caregiving situation.
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Leung, Cynthia, and Barbara Fung. "Non-custodial grandparent caregiving in Chinese families: implications for family dynamics." Journal of Children's Services 9, no. 4 (December 9, 2014): 307–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcs-04-2014-0026.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to understand the needs and experiences of Chinese families where grandparents were involved in the non-custodial care of their grandchildren. Design/methodology/approach – In total five grandparent focus groups and three parent focus groups were conducted. The data were analysed using the constant comparative method. Findings – Though most grandparents enjoyed their grandparent roles, there were differences in the perception of the grandparent role between grandparents and parents. Both grandparents and parents reported intergenerational conflicts on the management of the grandchildren, which was distressing for both parties. Practical implications – It was suggested that grandparent training programmes might be a viable strategy to support families. Originality/value – The study provided insights into family dynamics in the context of grandparent caregiving, child development, as well as children's services.
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Schilmoeller, Gary L., and Marc D. Baranowski. "Intergenerational Support in Families with Disabilities: Grandparents' Perspectives." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 79, no. 5 (October 1998): 465–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.714.
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Grandparent adjustment to grandchildren with disabilities and grandparent support and involvement with these grandchildren were explored in this survey study of seventy families. The results showed that grandparents were experiencing fewer negative feelings and more positive feelings at the time of the study than at the time they had first learned of the disability. Sons and daughters were more helpful than support groups in addressing grandparent concerns. Grandparent support was significantly related to affectional solidarity with both grandchildren and their parents. Grandparent involvement with the grandchild with disabilities was significantly related to affectional solidarity with grandchildren and with grandparents' educational level. Implications for practitioners regarding facilitating grandparent adjustment and enhancing their support and involvement are discussed.
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Watson, Jeffrey A., and Sally A. Koblinsky. "Strengths and Needs of Working-Class African-American and Anglo-American Grandparents." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 44, no. 2 (January 1, 1997): 149–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/3nqv-wjqv-0elf-a4xa.
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This study examined gender and racial differences in the grandparenting strengths and needs of working class grandparents. A total of 192 African-American and Anglo-American grandmothers and grandfathers from the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area were administered the Grandparent Strengths and Needs Inventory. Grandmothers perceived themselves to be significantly more involved in teaching their grandchildren and significantly more successful in the grandparent role than grandfathers. African-American grandparents perceived themselves to be significantly more involved in teaching their grandchildren than Anglo-American grandparents, but were also significantly more likely than their Anglo-American counterparts to express frustration and need for information about the grandparenting role. A significantly greater percentage of African-American grandparents expressed interest in taking a grandparent education course than Anglo-American grandparents. Implications of the findings for grandparent education are discussed.
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HENDERSON, TAMMY L., and PATRICIA B. MORAN. "Grandparent Visitation Rights." Journal of Family Issues 22, no. 5 (July 2001): 619–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019251301022005005.
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The purpose of this research was to examine mostly state supreme and appellant court cases from across the country that were brought under state grandparent visitation right statutes. We systematically analyzed justices' legal reasoning in 67 cases that favored parents. Themes derived from the data explained why parental rights superceded the rights of grandparents. Grandparent visitation that unfairly intruded on parental rights and failed to serve the best interest of the child were two themes that explained justices' legal reasoning. That grandparents failed to follow legal requirements including those in state grandparent visitation statutes was the predominate theme that explained how justices protected parental rights over that of grandparents.
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Di Gessa, Giorgio, Valeria Bordone, and Bruno Arpino. "Becoming a Grandparent and Its Effect on Well-Being: The Role of Order of Transitions, Time, and Gender." Journals of Gerontology: Series B 75, no. 10 (October 30, 2019): 2250–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbz135.
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Abstract Objectives Although the majority of older people are grandparents, little is known on whether and how the transition into grandparenthood affects their well-being. Moreover, evidence on whether the order of the transition, the time since grandchild’s birth, and the sociodemographic characteristics of the offspring modify the grandparental well-being is scarce. Taking into account these factors, our study examines the association between becoming a grandparent and subsequent well-being. Methods Our study is based on grandparents aged 50 and older from Waves 4–6 of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe. Using longitudinal analyses, we investigate associations between becoming a grandparent and subsequent life satisfaction, positive affect, and depression controlling for demographic and socioeconomic factors as well as health and well-being at baseline. Furthermore, we explore the role of modifying factors such as whether the grandchild was first-born, the time since transition, and sociodemographic characteristics of the offspring who became a parent. Results Becoming a grandparent has a positive effect on well-being only among women who became grandmothers for the first time and via their daughters. Moreover, this effect is particularly strong in the proximity of the birth of the grandchild. No effects were found among first-time grandfathers. Having an additional grandchild does not affect well-being of grandparents, regardless of the offspring’s characteristics. Discussion Transitioning to grandparenthood per se does not affect well-being. More research is needed to further investigate if interpersonal relationships and changes in roles triggered by becoming a grandparent could help promote well-being in later life.
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Condon, John, Mary Luszcz, and Ian McKee. "First-Time Grandparents’ Role Satisfaction and Its Determinants." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 91, no. 3 (October 24, 2019): 340–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0091415019882005.
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This article focuses on satisfaction with the grandparent role at 1 and 2 years after the transition to grandparenthood. Three hundred and eighteen grandparents (male and female) were initially recruited and required to complete a well-validated self-report measure of grandparent satisfaction, together with self-report questionnaires assessing a range of characteristics which might predict role satisfaction. The main finding was that grandparent–grandchild attachment (bonding) was the most powerful predictor. Some predictors (e.g., generativity) appeared to have a direct effect on satisfaction, whereas the effect of others (e.g., grandchild temperament) appeared to be mediated via the grandparent–grandchild attachment relationship. Role satisfaction, aside from its probable relevance to grandparent wellbeing, is also likely to be of relevance to grandparents’ willingness to provide childcare. The latter, besides impacting on well-being of both grandparents and parents, also powerfully influences workforce economics.
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Manalel, Jasmine, Betina Hollstein, and Laura M. Koehly. "EXPECTATIONS, ROLES, AND EXPERIENCES OF GRANDPARENT-CAREGIVERS OF CHILDREN WITH RARE DISEASE." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S965—S966. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.3501.
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Abstract Grandparenting can be a rewarding and health-promoting experience for older adults. However, grandparent-caregivers often experience greater stress and poorer health relative to non-caregiving grandparents. Further, little is known about grandparents caring for a child with a rare, chronic illness. This study aimed to extend knowledge of the expectations, roles, and experiences of grandparents providing care to a child affected with an inherited metabolic condition. The sample included 23 grandparent-mother dyads from the Inherited Diseases, Caregiving, and Social Networks Study. The grandparent sub-sample ranged from 49 to 79 years of age (Mage = 64), the majority were female (83%) and married (74%), and almost half (48%) were retired. Social network assessments were analyzed to determine concordance between mother- and grandparent-reports of grandparents’ role in the child’s caregiving network. Fifteen mother-grandparent dyads (65%) agreed on grandparents’ role in the child’s network, with the majority of those (93%) considering the grandparent to be very close and important (versus less close or excluded from the caregiving network). Grandparents whose self-reports of their role in their child’s caregiving networks were consistent with mother-reports appeared more likely to report that they spend enough time caregiving than those whose reports were inconsistent. Content analysis of grandparents’ interviews provided supporting information about the joys and regrets of their grandparenting experience and perspectives on caregiving expectations. This research leverages multi-informant social network and qualitative data to illuminate grandparents’ role in the caregiving networks of chronically ill children and adaptation to non-normative grandparenting experiences.
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Zhou, Shuai, Chang Liu, and Xue Bai. "UNDER THE SAME ROOF: GRANDPARENTAL CO-RESIDENCE AND CO-PARENTING PATTERNS IN MODERN CHINESE FAMILIES." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.199.
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Abstract This study aimed to examine the role of grandparental co-residence in shaping coparenting patterns in the Chinese family context. Using a sample of 5,795 children (Mean age = 6.74 years; SD = 3.82) from the China Family Panel Studies 2012-2018, we offered a novel typology of six coparenting patterns based on daytime and nighttime childcare information: a) grandparental care only (15.4%); b) grandparent-parent coparenting (10.9%); c) parental care only (44.5%); d) grandparent-private coparenting (4.2%); e) parent-private coparenting (16%); and f) private care only (e.g., paid nanny, nursery schools/kindergartens, and others, 9.1%). Fixed-effects multinominal logistic regression was applied to investigate the effects of grandparental co-residence on daytime and nighttime childcare, and on daily coparenting patterns over time, controlling for a set of child and parental characteristics and family conditions. Grandmother co-residence contributed to both daytime and nighttime grandparenting, while grandfather co-residence increased the likelihood of grandparenting and private care during the daytime. In terms of daily coparenting, grandmother co-residence was associated with increased probability of grandparent-parent coparenting as well as grandparent-private coparenting, while grandfather co-residence merely increased the likelihood of parent-private coparenting. It also found that child’s experience of separation with mother during the last year and mother’s employment were two key determinants of coparenting behavior in Chinese families. Findings suggest that co-residing grandparents, particularly grandmothers, may function as a kind of supplementary care resource in response to the lack of maternal childcare resulted from migration and labor force participation.
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Zhou, Jing, Weiyu Mao, Yura Lee, and Iris Chi. "The Impact of Caring for Grandchildren on Grandparents’ Physical Health Outcomes: The Role of Intergenerational Support." Research on Aging 39, no. 5 (January 4, 2016): 612–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0164027515623332.
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Little longitudinal data exist on grandparent caregivers and few studies have examined their physical health outcomes. This study examined the effect of caring for grandchildren on grandparents’ physical health and the role of intergenerational support from adult children. Longitudinal data derived from a survey on the well-being of older adults in China were used to conduct path analysis of previous grandparent caregivers (vs. noncaregivers) and repeated grandparent caregivers (vs. noncaregivers). The final sample was 799 grandparents aged 60 or older living in rural China. Three aspects of intergenerational support were measured: financial, emotional, and instrumental support. Repeated grandparent caregivers had better self-rated health (SRH) and fewer limitations than noncaregivers. Previous grandparent caregivers had better SRH compared to noncaregivers. Emotional support mediated the relationship between caregiving and SRH among repeated caregivers. Findings suggest that any caregiving experience (previous or repeated) provides health benefits to grandparents.
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Strom, Robert, Shirley Strom, Yuh-Ling Shen, Shing-Jing Li, and Hwey-Lin Sun. "Grandparents in Taiwan: A Three-Generational Study." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 42, no. 1 (January 1996): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/d7r2-dg1l-ddfy-ptm7.
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Grandparents in the Republic of China want to remain influential, but social policy has not provided them with education to fulfill their changing role. The performance of grandparents was examined to determine suitable content for an intervention program. A sample of 751 non-consanguineous participants from urban and rural Taiwan included 234 grandparents, 241 parents, and 276 grandchildren. Each generation was administered a separate version of the Grandparent Strengths and Needs Inventory that was translated into Mandarin. Respondents identified favorable qualities of grandparents as well as aspects of their relationships in which growth was necessary. Multivariate analysis of variance, univariate analysis of variance, Scheffé and t-tests were used to analyze scores, confirm results, and facilitate interpretation. All three generations described aspects of grandparent success and specific realms of learning they should acquire to become more effective. Significant main effects that influenced responses about grandparent performance were generation, gender of grandchild, age of grandchild, frequency of grandchild care by grandparent, generations living together, and amount of time grandparent and grandchild spent together. Considerations were recommended to improve behavior of grandparents and guide the development of educational programs for them.
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Strom, Robert, Shirley Strom, Pat Collinsworth, Paris Strom, and Dianne Griswold. "Black Grandparents: Curriculum Development." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 43, no. 2 (January 1, 1996): 119–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/j1wa-wh8g-h6n2-dpqa.
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The performance of Black grandparents was examined to determine the most suitable content for an educational program intended to assist them in their role. A sample of 626 non-consanguineous subjects included 204 grandparents, 128 parents, and 294 grandchildren. Each generation group completed a separate version of the Grandparent Strengths and Needs Inventory to identify the favorable qualities of grandparents and aspects of their relationships in which further growth was necessary. A combination of multivariate analysis of variance procedures, univariate analysis of variance tests, and t-tests were used to analyze scores, confirm results, and assist with interpretation of data. All groups described aspects of grandparents success and made known specific realms of learning that grandparents should acquire in order to become more effective. Analysis of the responses revealed significant main effects for generation, gender of grandchild, age of grandchild, and amount of time that grandparent and grandchild spent together. Considerations were identified for improving grandparent influence and guiding the development of grandparent education programs.
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Steinbach, Anja, and Merril Silverstein. "Step-Grandparent–Step-Grandchild Relationships: Is There a “Grand Step-Gap” in Emotional Closeness and Contact?" Journal of Family Issues 41, no. 8 (November 18, 2019): 1137–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x19886638.
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High divorce and remarriage rates have expanded nontraditional family forms, as some family members leave and others join during the process of repartnering. A less explored consequence of the growth in step-families is the proliferation of step-grandparenthood. This paper focuses on emotional closeness and frequency of contact between step-grandparents and their step-grandchildren in childhood and adulthood. Based on 4,992 biological grandparents and step-grandparents participating in the 2014 wave of the German Ageing Survey, we compared 7,710 biological grandparent–grandchild relations to 465 step-grandparent–step-grandchild relations. Step-relations were differentiated by whether repartnering occurred in the grandparent or parent generation. Hierarchical linear regression results provided support for the hypothesis that step-grandparents feel less emotionally close to their step-grandchildren than biological grandparents feel to their biological grandchildren. In contrast, the observed lower frequency of contact in step-grandparent–step-grandchild relations was mostly explained by their weaker emotional ties.
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Sneed, Rodlescia S., and Richard Schulz. "Grandparent Caregiving, Race, and Cognitive Functioning in a Population-Based Sample of Older Adults." Journal of Aging and Health 31, no. 3 (October 11, 2017): 415–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0898264317733362.
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Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between noncustodial grandparent caregiving and cognition using the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), a population-based study of older adults. Method: Participants were White and African American grandparents aged ≥65 years. Only noncustodial grandparents who reported not living with their grandchildren over the three waves were included in our analyses. Grandparent caregiving status and cognition were assessed in 2006, 2008, and 2010. Analyses controlled for demographics, baseline health, depressive symptoms, and baseline cognition. Results: Both the number of waves of grandparent caregiving and the total number of grandparent caregiving hours across the three waves were associated with better cognitive functioning at 4-year follow-up in 2010. Associations were observed among Whites, but not among African Americans. Discussion: This study uses longitudinal data to evaluate the association between grandparent caregiving and cognitive functioning. Findings suggest that providing care may be beneficial for some grandparents.
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Wang, Chiachih DC, Bert Hayslip, Qiwu Sun, and Wenzhen Zhu. "Grandparents as the Primary Care Providers for Their Grandchildren: A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Chinese and U.S. Samples." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 89, no. 4 (January 28, 2019): 331–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0091415018824722.
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This study compared American and Chinese caregiving grandparents regarding variables reflecting challenges and resources in dealing with the demands of raising a grandchild. A total of 238 grandparent caregivers in the United States and 106 Chinese grandparent caregivers were sampled and completed research questionnaires for this study. Analyses indicated that after controlling for grandparents’ gender, age, health, length of caregiving, and number of grandchildren, main effects for culture were significant for parental efficacy, authoritative parenting style, grandchild negative interpersonal dynamics, role satisfaction, well-being, and attachment to the grandchild. Correlational findings provided further understanding of cross-cultural similarities and differences in grandparent caregiving. Findings are discussed in the context of the globality of grandparent caregiving and the salience of family dynamic and values among Chinese grandparent caregivers. These findings also underscore the lack of supportive services for Chinese grandparents in light of their personal adaptive qualities and the demands of raising a grandchild.
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Nussbaum, Jon F., and Lorraine M. Bettini. "Shared Stories of the Grandparent-Grandchild Relationship." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 39, no. 1 (July 1994): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/7wpk-lm6c-qca4-gq4r.
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This research examined the storytelling that oftentimes characterizes interaction between grandparent and grandchild. Close to 120 individuals (college students) audiotaped an interaction with one of their grandparents. They were asked to have their grandparent first “tell a story that captures the meaning of life” for them. In addition, the grandparent was asked to complete the phrase, “To me, life is like_____.” the students were asked to tell their grandparent “a story that captured the essence of their life at this time in their life.” Students were divided into similar numbers of same and mixed sex grandparent-grandchild relationships. The audiotaped interactions were content analyzed. A major assumption of this investigation is that the story which each individual chooses to share with their relational partner reveals to some extent the definitional nature of their relationship. Results of the storysharing interaction across relations revealed some gender differences in the types of stories grandparents share with their grandchildren. The implications of the shared stories upon the relational dynamics of the grandparent-grandchild relationship are discussed. In addition, the metaphors used by the grandparents to describe life in the presence of their grandchildren are analyzed.
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Jang, Heejung. "Relationship Quality With Adult Children Among Grandparent Caregivers." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.245.
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Abstract For the increasing number of grandparent caregivers, relationship quality with adult children has important implications for the well-being of grandparents. Based on solidarity, conflict, and ambivalence, the present study examines how parent-adult children's relationships differ by grandparent caregiving status on depressive symptoms and psychological well-being. This study uses The 2014 Health and Retirement Study from a sample of 1,197 grandparent caregivers age 51 and older. Latent class analysis is applied to measure affection and conflict in older grandparents-adult children relationships. Results from the latent class analysis identified four clusters: amicable, ambivalent, detached, and disharmonious. OLS regression models are estimated the association between relationship types and depressive symptoms and psychological well-being by grandparent caregiving. For the depressive symptoms, disharmonious relationships with adult children increase depressive symptoms among co-parenting and custodial grandparents. Also, ambivalent and disharmonious relationships with adult children reduce the psychological well-being of older grandparents. The study discusses the variances of the relationships with adult children and their effects on grandparents’ well-being. The results will shed light on the importance of familial relationships and will be beneficial for the development and maintenance of policies and practices that support the families of grandparent caregivers.
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Miltenberger, Paula B., Bert Hayslip, Bric Harris, and Patricia L. Kaminski. "Perceptions of the Losses Experienced by Custodial Grandmothers." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 48, no. 3 (May 2004): 245–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/arud-1pjd-mbjy-n76n.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate factors that influence societal perceptions of grandparents who have become custodians of their grandchildren. Over 1200 adult volunteers evaluated a randomly assigned scenario describing a grandparent raising a grandchild, where scenarios varied in terms of grandchild gender, grandparent ethnicity, the presence/absence of grandchild problems, and the reason for the assumption of the grandparent caregiving role. Subjects rated scenarios according to the extent to which they thought the custodial grandparent was experiencing a variety of losses. Overall, perceptions of loss were greater for grandmothers whose grandchild was experiencing an emotional/ behavioral problem, and for those grandmothers whose grandchild had been abandoned or abused, or whose adult child had died, been incarcerated, or abused drugs. Due to an interaction between ethnicity and reason for role assumption, however, those findings are best interpreted in the context of the ethnicity of the grandparent. Depending on the context, respondents were less sensitive to losses suffered by Hispanic, African American, or Caucasian grandmothers. These data suggest that ethnicity of the grandparent and reason for assuming the custodial role affect the degree to which people are sensitive to the losses that custodial grandparents experience. These differences are likely to affect the extent to which others publicly acknowledge the grief of custodial grandparents. Moreover, ethnic stereotypes may interfere with an equitable allocation of social support for, and services to, grandparent caregivers. In this light, researchers should continue to study these disparities, as they are likely to affect the adjustment of grandparents to the custodial role.
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Whitley, Deborah M., Esme Fuller-Thomson, and Sarah Brennenstuhl. "Health Characteristics of Solo Grandparent Caregivers and Single Parents: A Comparative Profile Using the Behavior Risk Factor Surveillance Survey." Current Gerontology and Geriatrics Research 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/630717.
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Objectives. To describe the health characteristics of solo grandparents raising grandchildren compared with single parents.Methods. Using the 2012 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, respondents identified as a single grandparent raising a grandchild were categorized as asolo grandparent; grandparent responses were compared with single parents. Descriptive analysis compared health characteristics of 925 solo grandparents with 7,786 single parents.Results. Compared to single parents, grandparents have a higher prevalence of physical health problems (e.g., arthritis). Both parent groups have a high prevalence of lifetime depression. A larger share of grandparents actively smoke and did no recreational physical exercise in the last month. However, grandparents appear to have better access to health services in comparison with single parents.Conclusion. Solo grandparents may be at risk for diminished physical capacity and heightened prevalence of depression. Health professionals can be an important resource to increase grandparents’ physical and emotional capacities.
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Strom, Robert, Shirley Strom, Pat Collinsworth, Saburo Sato, Katsuko Makino, Yasuyuki Sasaki, Hiroko Sasaki, Norihiro Nishio, and Norihiro Nishio. "Grandparents in Japan: A Three-Generational Study." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 40, no. 3 (April 1995): 209–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/kyfj-dgwf-wjb8-flyr.
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Grandparents in Japan believe that their status in the family is eroding. They want to be influential but social policy has not included education for their changing role. The purpose of this study was to identify strengths and needs of Japanese grandparents as perceived by three generations. Each generation completed a separate version of the Grandparent Strengths and Needs Inventory. Multivariate analysis of variance procedures were used to compare perceptions of 239 grandparents, 266 parents, and 274 school-age grandchildren from cities and small towns. Grandparents reported more satisfaction, greater success, and more extensive involvement in teaching than was observed by parents and grandchildren. Grandparents experienced greater difficulty, more frustration, and felt less informed to carry out their role than was reported by parents and grandchildren. Significant main effects that influenced responses about grandparent performance were generation, gender of grandchild, age of grandchild, generations living together, frequency of grandchild care by grandparent, and amount of time they spent together. Considerations were identified to improve grandparent behavior and guide the development of educational programs for them.
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Mansson, Daniel H. "Testing the Grandchildren's Received Affection Scale Using Affection Exchange Theory." Psychological Reports 112, no. 2 (April 2013): 553–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/10.07.pr0.112.2.553-562.
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The purpose of this study was to test the Grandchildren's Received Affection Scale (GRAS) using Affection Exchange Theory (Floyd, 2006). In accordance with Affection Exchange Theory, it was hypothesized that grandchildren's scores on the Trait Affection Received Scale (i.e., the extent to which individuals by nature receive affection) would be related significantly and positively to their reports of received affection from their grandparents (i.e., their scores on the GRAS). Additionally, a research question was asked to explore if grandchildren's received affection from their grandparents is dependent on their grandparent's biological sex or lineage (i.e., maternal vs paternal). Thus, young adult grandchildren ( N = 422) completed the GRAS and the Trait Affection Received Scale. The results of zero-order Pearson correlational analyses provided support for the hypothesis, whereas the results of MANOVAs tests only partially support extant grandparent-grandchild theory and research. These findings broaden the scope of Affection Exchange Theory and also bolster the GRAS's utility in future grandparent-grandchild affectionate communication research.
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Jang, Heejung, and Fengyan Tang. "EFFECTS OF SOCIAL RELATIONS ON MORTALITY IN THE CONTEXT OF GRANDPARENTING." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.144.
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Abstract Issues of health and well-being have received considerable attention as a way to help grandparent caregivers. There is growing evidence that grandparenting is beneficial for grandparent caregivers’ health, yet acting as grandparent caregiver also is detrimental to health and social relations when a grandparent provides an extensive level of care to grandchildren. The extent to which grandparent caregiving benefits or harms of the health of a grandparent is still unknown; mortality specifically has not been systematically studied. Moreover, although altruistic behaviors towards others have been shown to have beneficial effects on caregivers’ health in general, there is little information regarding social relations of grandparent caregivers and their impact on mortality. This study aims to investigate the roles of different aspects of social relations among community-dwelling older adults, examining whether aspects of social relations, including social networks, received functional support aid, and perceived support quality, mediate the association between grandparent caregiving and mortality. The data were drawn from the 2008 and 2014 Health and Retirement Study (N=1,196). Results of survival analyses indicate that custodial and co-parenting grandparents were significantly associated with all-cause mortality over a 6-year period; however, the associations were marginally significant after health statuses were added into the model. Specifically, family-focused network groups were significantly associated with mortality. Received functional support and perceived positive support mediated the association between custodial grandparents and mortality. This study suggests that community-based support may be beneficial to older grandparents and perceived positive relationship quality could matter for older adults’ well-being.
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Pollet, Thomas V., Daniel Nettle, and Mark Nelissen. "Maternal Grandmothers Do Go the Extra Mile: Factoring Distance and Lineage into Differential Contact with Grandchildren." Evolutionary Psychology 5, no. 4 (October 1, 2007): 147470490700500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147470490700500412.
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Several studies conducted from an evolutionary perspective have documented differential investment in grandchildren by lineage. The majority of these studies have used retrospective ratings by grandchildren, but only a fraction of these studies have examined actual grandparental behavior. Here we focus on the interaction between distance and lineage on face-to-face contact with a (random) grandchild in a large scale sample. Our main prediction is that maternal grandparents are significantly more willing to travel in order to see their grandchild. While controlling for initiative of contact, urbanization, sex and age of the grandchild, educational attainment, marital status and age we found a significant interaction between distance and grandparent type on frequency of contact with a grandchild. Maternal grandmothers were significantly more inclined than paternal grandfathers and grandmothers to maintain frequent face-to-face contact, as distance between grandparent and grandchild increased. The results are discussed with reference to evolutionary theories of grandparental investment.
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Kirby, James N., and Matthew R. Sanders. "Using a Behavioural Family Intervention to Produce a Three-Generational Benefit on Family Outcomes: A Case Report." Behaviour Change 30, no. 4 (November 28, 2013): 249–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bec.2013.24.
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Background: Grandparents have a significant role in providing regular child care to their grandchildren. As such, they are in a unique position to help with the prevention of child disruptive disorders. However, the child-care role grandparents provide can also negatively impact the grandparent-parent relationship. Aims: This case study examined the impact of a parenting program designed specifically for grandparents on a grandparent providing regular child care to her granddaughter. Method: A case study is presented of a 56-year-old grandmother providing between 31–40 hours of care per week to her granddaughter, who is at risk of developing an early onset child disruptive disorder. The grandparent was measured on outcomes of child behaviour; parenting style; parenting confidence; psychological wellbeing in terms of stress, depression, and anxiety; and relationship satisfaction with the parent. The parent was also measured on child behaviour outcomes and relationship satisfaction with the grandparent. Measures were given at baseline, post-intervention, and at 6-month follow-up. Results: The grandparent reported significant reductions in stress, anxiety and depression; improved relationship satisfaction with the parent; and decreased reliance on dysfunctional parenting practices. The parent also reported decreased child behaviour problems and increased relationship satisfaction with the grandparent. No findings were found for parenting confidence. Conclusion: This case study provides encouraging findings for a new parenting program designed specifically for grandparents, and it is recommended that future research evaluate its efficacy in a randomised controlled trial.
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Letiecq, Bethany L., Sandra J. Bailey, and Marcia A. Kurtz. "Depression Among Rural Native American and European American Grandparents Rearing Their Grandchildren." Journal of Family Issues 29, no. 3 (November 19, 2007): 334–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x07308393.
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Increasing numbers of grandparents are rearing their grandchildren because of their adult children's inability to parent. Researchers have begun to document the mental health outcomes of grandparent caregivers in general, yet none have examined the mental health of Native American and European American grandparent caregivers residing in rural communities. To shed light on this topic, the current study examined relationships between degree of rurality; economic, community, and social resources; grandparenting experiences; and depression among 55 rural Native American and European American custodial grandparents. Based on hierarchical regression analyses, the best predictors of depression were grand-parental stress, total time providing primary care to grandchildren, household income, and race. Grandparents experiencing more stress, less time in the role of primary grandparent caregiver, and lower household income reported more depressive symptoms. Moreover, Native American grandparent caregivers reported more depressive symptoms than did their European American counterparts. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
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Bernhold, Quinten S., and Howard Giles. "Paternal grandmothers benefit the most from expressing affection to grandchildren: An extension of evolutionary and sociological research." Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 36, no. 2 (October 10, 2017): 514–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407517734657.
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This study explored how type of grandparent is related to grandparents’ affectionate communication and grandchildren’s relational closeness to grandparents. We predicted that grandchildren would be closest to and receive the most affection from maternal grandmothers, followed by maternal grandfathers, paternal grandmothers, and paternal grandfathers. We also hypothesized that type of grandparent would moderate the associations between affection and closeness. Using a convenience sample of grandchildren ( n = 281), we found that grandchildren were closer to maternal grandparents rather than paternal grandparents. Grandchildren reported receiving more memories and humor from their paternal grandfathers rather than their maternal grandmothers. Type of grandparent moderated the associations between the love and esteem received from grandparents and closeness as well as the associations between the physical tokens of affection received from grandparents and closeness such that associations were amplified for paternal grandmothers. Findings are discussed in terms of their contributions to evolutionary and sociological research.
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Lee, Youjung. "Diverse Needs of Grandparents Raising Grandchildren: Qualitative Research in Malawi, South Korea, and the United States." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2059.
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Abstract Despite custodial grandparents’ significant contributions to their grandchildren’s healthy development, unique needs of older adults often remain unmet with a limited cultural understanding of intergenerational caregiving. Using a phenomenological approach, interviews and focus groups were conducted with 75 custodial grandparents in Malawi (n=29), South Korea (n=23), and the U.S. (n=23). Malawian grandparents presented financial and physical hardships; however, they experienced strong support from community. Korean grandparents reported similar needs as Malawian grandparents while additionally experiencing cultural biases toward grandparent-headed families (maternal grandparenting and adult child’s divorce). The U.S. grandparents disclosed increased needs for social support as well as family trauma with intergenerational impacts. The increase in custodial grandparent population across the world and findings from this comparative transnational research highlight the need for development of a model for culturally responsive practice with grandparent-headed families in a global context. Part of a symposium sponsored by the Grandparents as Caregivers Interest Group.
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Sepulveda, Mercedes, Saras Henderson, Dana Farrell, and Gaby Heuft. "Needs-gap analysis on culturally and linguistically diverse grandparent carers’ ‘hidden issues’: a quality improvement project." Australian Journal of Primary Health 22, no. 6 (2016): 477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py15051.
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In Australia, a significant number of culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) grandparents are sole carers for their grandchildren. Available information on the impact of caring on CALD grandparents and the ability of service providers to respond to their needs is limited. Our needs-gap analysis quality improvement project aimed to uncover ‘hidden issues’ for CALD grandparent carers so that services can be improved. One hundred service providers, such as community and aged-care services, child and/or grandparent support services and CALD-specific services, were approached using six structured questions. Six consultative forums on the caring role, issues encountered, and what needed to be done, were conducted with African, Asian, Spanish, Middle Eastern, European, Pacific Island and Maori grandparent carers in Queensland. The data were qualitatively analysed. Six themes emerged: 1) service provider and grandparent carer perception that there was limited research on CALD grandparents; 2) inadequate legal and financial support; 3) barriers to accessing information; 4) lack of childcare options; 5) transport difficulties; and 6) inadequate technological skills. Our findings provide insight to health service providers on the ‘hidden issues’ so that they can better assist CALD grandparent carers by improving access to relevant information, referrals and resources.
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Mendoza, Angela N., Christine A. Fruhauf, and David MacPhee. "Grandparent Caregivers’ Resilience: Stress, Support, and Coping Predict Life Satisfaction." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 91, no. 1 (April 22, 2019): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0091415019843459.
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Objectives Do support and coping strategies moderate the link between stress and life satisfaction among grandparent caregivers? Background Grandparents raising grandchildren often experience stress, which may compromise their subjective well-being. Thus, it is important to understand the role of support and coping as protective or promotive factors in relation to grandparent caregivers’ resilience (i.e., life satisfaction). Methods Grandparent caregivers ( N = 74) reported their daily hassles, life satisfaction, social support, and coping. Results These grandparent caregivers are a vulnerable population in terms of stress and limited social support and coping. Structural equation modeling supported direct, promotive effects of social support and coping on life satisfaction, but not moderation. Conclusion Despite high levels of stress, half of the grandparent caregivers were satisfied with their lives, which was explained by their social support and coping skills. Some grandparents who assume this role likely would benefit from interventions that promote social support and coping skills.
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Strom, Robert D., and Paris S. Strom. "Education for grandparents in longevity societies." Journal of Adult and Continuing Education 24, no. 2 (November 2018): 208–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477971418810652.
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What should grandparents be expected to learn in longevity societies experiencing rapid social transformation? Grounded theory was initially applied to identify assumptions, goals and curriculum. The Grandparent Strengths and Needs Inventory was developed to record the observations of grandparent attitudes and behaviours as seen by grandparents, parents and grandchildren. This research report describes (a) an educational intervention programme that confirmed grandparents are able to improve relationships with family members, (b) protocols for application by support groups of grandparents raising their grandchildren, (c) a model for education of assisted living residents with reliance on indigenous leadership, and (d) methods to determine strengths and learning needs grandparents in particular cultures have in common. Grandparent courses have been offered in public schools, universities, libraries, senior centres, and religious institutions and emphasize (a) conversation agenda for grandparents to explore with individual grandchildren and their parents, (b) awareness of the challenges parents encounter and ways to help them attain their goals, and (c) learning about grandchild experiences from infancy through early adulthood.
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Roberto, Karen A., and Renee Robbe Skoglund. "Interactions with Grandparents and Great-Grandparents: A Comparison of Activities, Influences, and Relationships." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 43, no. 2 (January 1, 1996): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/8f1d-9a4d-h0qy-w9dd.
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This study explored the relationships between young adults and their grandparents and great-grandparents. A convenience sample of fifty-two college students, who had at least one living grandparent and great-grandparent, completed a questionnaire that assessed their interactions with their grandparents and great-grandparents. The respondents engaged in more frequent contact and activities with their grandparents than with their great-grandparents. They also perceived their grandparents as having a more defined role and being more influential in their lives than great-grandparents. Discussion centers on potential personal and demographic factors that may have influenced the respondents' perceptions of and interactions with their great-grandparents.
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Bol, Thijs, and Matthijs Kalmijn. "Grandparents' resources and grandchildren's schooling: Does grandparental involvement moderate the grandparent effect?" Social Science Research 55 (January 2016): 155–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2015.09.011.
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Tompkins, Catherine, Alice Zic, Ellie Carlson, Ali Purvis, Loriena Yancura, and Danielle Nadorff. "Exploring the Stress and Strengths Arising From the Complexities Existing Within Grandfamilies." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 72–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.237.
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Abstract The opioid crisis and other social problems continue to increase the number of grandparent-headed households in the U.S. There are challenges and benefits that result from grandparents parenting their grandchildren. Grandparents often report the joy in watching their grandchildren grow but also report on the complexities that may lead to stress. Two-hundred forty-one grandparents were recruited using Qualtrics’ Online Panel Service. In addition to a standardized perceived stress scale and demographic questions, participants responded to open-ended questions related to the benefits and challenges of residing within a grandparent-headed household. This presentation focuses on comparing demographics, perceived stress, benefits and challenges of 108 current grandparent caregivers to 133 grandparents who were no longer the head of household at the time of the survey. Grandparents who currently were raising their grandchildren had a higher perceived stress score (p=.03) compared to grandparents who had raised their grandchildren in the past. An exploration of the demographic variances and responses to the open-ended questions, will begin to explain this statistically significant difference in reported stress. An additional complexity arising for a subsample of 10 current grandparents raising grandchildren, included simultaneously caregiving for an older adult relative. It is imperative to study the complexities existing within grandfamilies, from the perspectives and experiences of the grandparent caregiver, and develop interventions to reduce stress and increase the grandparents’ ability to cope with situational, emotional and relationship changes.
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Tinsley, Barbara J., and Ross D. Parke. "Grandparents as Interactive and Social Support Agents for Families with Young Infants." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 25, no. 4 (December 1987): 259–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/91m7-1jma-uqv6-0vh3.
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The role of grandparents in infancy was examined in a comparative analysis of grandparent-infant grandchild and parent-infant interaction patterns. A second focus of the study was an exploration of the extent to which grandparents function as social support agents for their adult children and infant grandchildren. Grandparents (30 grandmothers and 21 grandfathers) and parents (30 mothers and 30 fathers) of seven-month-old infants were observed in individual five-minute dyadic play sessions with the infant in the parents' homes, yielding twenty minutes of agent-infant interaction. The observations were scored using both time-sampling and global coding schemes. Information on grandparental support to the young parents and infants, relative to other social support sources, were also obtained from grandparents and parents. Results indicated that both grandmothers and grandfathers are active interactive and support agents, with a pattern of similarities and differences in interactive style across generation and gender. Although there was a high degree of overlap in parent and grandparent interaction styles, parents were rated as more competent. Gender consistencies were found between female agents (mothers and grandmothers) and male agents (fathers and grandfathers). High levels of intergenerational contact were reported, with both parents and grandparents highly satisfied with the contact. The results of this study support an expanded view of the effects of various agents in young children's social environment.
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Chan, Athena Chung Yin, Sun-Kyung Lee, Jingchen Zhang, Jasmine Banegas, Scott Marsalis, and Abigail Gewirtz. "Intensity of Grandparent Caregiving and Well-Being in a Cultural Context: A Systematic Review." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.1900.
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Abstract With improved longevity and changes in family structure, grandparents are key resources in providing care for grandchildren. However, mixed findings indicate that multiple role engagement may enhance well-being or bring demands on grandparents raising grandchildren. Little is known about how the intensity of grandparent caregiving is associated with their well-being in different family contexts (i.e., structures, cultures/regions, and reasons of care). This systematic review examines the association between the intensity of grandparent caregiving and their well-being. Peer-reviewed articles published after 1990 were identified in five electronic databases. A keyword search was performed for keywords associated with: (a) grandparent caregivers raising grandchildren, and (2) well-being (i.e., physical, mental, cognitive, and life satisfaction). Only quantitative studies were included. Fifty-six articles from 28 countries/regions were included. Findings suggested that the well-being of grandparents is optimal when they provide caregiving of moderate intensity, with optimal amounts varying across sociocultural contexts. In Europe and Australia, providing supplementary care seems beneficial for grandparents’ well-being, especially supporting dual-earner families. In Asia, economic resources buffer the adverse effect of primary care on grandparents’ well-being. In the U.S., findings vary across ethnicity/race. White grandparents enjoy health benefits providing supplementary care with support from adult children. However, Hispanic grandparent caregivers in multigenerational households have better well-being than those in skipped-generation households, whereas Black custodial caregivers have better well-being than supplemental caregivers. Collectively, the intensity of grandparent caregiving and well-being is complicated by their roles in the family and cultural differences. This systematic review calls for culturally-tailored family interventions.
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Trute, Barry. "Grandparents of Children with Developmental Disabilities: Intergenerational Support and Family Well-Being." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 84, no. 1 (January 2003): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.87.
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Mothers and fathers separately assessed grandparent support in family situations involving grandchildren with developmental disabilities. There was high consistency in mother and father independent views of grandparent support with the maternal grandmother identified by both as the most available and supportive. Grandparent emotional support appeared to be more salient to parent psychological adjustment and parenting stress than was grandparent instrumental support (practical help). Mothers and fathers appeared to be most sensitive to the support offered by their own mother. Overall family functioning was not directly related to level of grandparent emotional or instrument support. Findings encourage multigenerational interventions with parents and grandparents in family practice involving situations of childhood disability.
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Shrivastava, A., C. Murrin, J. O'Brien, K. Viljoen, P. Heavey, T. Grant, and C. C. Kelleher. "Grandparental morbidity and mortality patterns are associated with infant birth weight in the Lifeways cross-generation cohort study 2001–2010." Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 3, no. 6 (July 5, 2012): 458–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040174412000451.
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The association of infants’ birth weight with maternal cardiovascular morbidity (CVD) and mortality substantiates the foetal origins hypothesis. Few studies to date have investigated grandparent–infant risk association. We prospectively examined this relationship in the Lifeways three-generation familial cohort, contrasting lineage and gender differences to understand mechanisms of intergenerational risk transmission. In 2001, a cohort of 1082 families was established at antenatal stage. A total of 539 families (n = 539 infants) had both a participating grandparent (n = 1054) and information on infants’ gestational age. At baseline, grandparents provided their diagnosed CVD status and 79% also underwent a cardiovascular risk factors assessment. In 2005, general practitioners provided an update for 61% grandparents. In 2010, a search of civil register confirmed 77 grandparental deaths in 539 families. Grandchildren's birth weight and grandparental cardiovascular risk factors associations were examined with linear regressions. Grandparental CVD associations were analysed using ANCOVA. Cox proportional hazard ratios (HR) were calculated for all-cause mortality associations. Models were adjusted for infants’, mothers’ and grandparents’ demographic, anthropometric and socio-behavioural characteristics, as appropriate. The paternal grandfathers’ (PGF) systolic blood pressure (mmHg) [β (95% CI) = 6.6 (0.8 – 12.5); P = 0.03] and paternal grandmothers’ serum triglycerides (mmol/l) [β (95% CI) = 78.8 (7.0 – 150.7); P = 0.03] were linearly predictive of infants’ birth weight, which was not observed for maternal grandparents. Mean birth weight for infants of maternal grandmothers with diabetes {−272.7 [(−499.7) − (−45.6)] g; P = 0.02} or stroke {−292.1 [(−544.5) − (−39.6)] g; P = 0.02} was lower than those without diabetes or stroke, a pattern not observed for paternal grandparents. Whereas PGFs’ mortality was significantly associated with infants’ high birth weight (⩾4000 g) [HR (95% CI) = 4.9 (1.2 – 19.9); P = 0.03], maternal grandparents’ mortality showed a converse pattern with infants’ low birth weight (<2500 g) [HR (95% CI) = 1.7 (0.4 – 8.2); P = 0.7], although not statistically significant. These findings suggest that intergenerational transmission of risk differs in maternal and paternal lines.
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Xu, Yanfeng, Qi Wu, Sue Levkoff, and Merav Jedwab. "Material Hardship, Mental Health, and Parenting Stress among Grandparent Kinship Providers in COVID-19." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 952. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.3483.
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Abstract The COVID 19 pandemic has exposed the vulnerability of many families, including grandparent kinship families, to deal with a health/economic crisis. The fear of COVID-19 plus stay-at-home orders have increased individuals’ psychological distress. Moreover, school closures and homeschooling further increased parenting stress among caregivers. This study examined the relationship between material hardship and parenting stress among grandparent kinship providers and assessed grandparents’ mental health as a potential mediator to this relationship during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Grandparent kinship providers (N=362) that took primary care of their grandchildren participated in a cross-sectional survey via Qualtrics Panels in June 2020 in the United States. Descriptive and bivariate analyses, binary logistic regression, and mediation analyses were conducted using STATA 15.0. Experiencing material hardship (OR = 1.67, p < 0.001) was significantly associated with higher odds of parenting stress among grandparent kinship providers, and grandparents’ mental health (indirect effect = 0.11, 95% CI [0.01, 0.25]) partially mediated this association. Addressing material and mental health needs among grandparent kinship providers is critical to decreasing their parenting stress.
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Chapman, Simon N., Mirkka Lahdenperä, Jenni E. Pettay, and Virpi Lummaa. "Changes in Length of Grandparenthood in Finland 1790-1959." Finnish Yearbook of Population Research 52 (December 20, 2017): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.23979/fypr.65346.
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The importance of grandparents for their grandchildren is well-studied in several disciplines, and studies are now also addressing the potential effects of grandchildren on grandparental wellbeing. Any such effects are limited by the time grandparents share with their grandchildren. Changing child mortality rates, grandparental longevity, and childbearing patterns may have profoundly altered the length of grandparenthood across the demographic transition, but this has received little scientific attention. Using a genealogical dataset from Finland, we investigate changes in this shared time, from the late 18th to mid-20th century. We found the number of shared years between grandparents and grandchildren was low until roughly the onset of industrialisation in Finland, after which point shared time increased rapidly, from both the grandchild and grandparent perspectives. Understanding changing patterns in the opportunity for intergenerational transfers between grandparents and grandchildren has implications for several fields of study, including biology, demography, sociology, health studies, and economics.
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Song, MinKyoung, Karen Lyons, Laura Hayman, Nathan Dieckmann, and Carol Musil. "Assessing Cardiometabolic Health Risk Among U.S. Children Who Live in Grandparent-Headed Households." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1689.
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Abstract Many interventions have been designed to leverage parent-caregivers as change agents for improving children’s cardiometabolic health (CMH), however very few have been designed to leverage grandparent-caregivers for that purpose. This is surprising since there has been a steady increase in children living in grandparent-headed households. As a first step in assessing the potential impact of interventions with grandparent-caregivers, we used data from the National Survey of Children’s Health (2018) to compare CMH measures in children living in grandparent-headed households with CMH measures in children living in parent-headed households. Our hypothesis was that CMH risk might be higher in grandparent households – given that research shows that grandparents taking over caregiving from parents is associated with worse overall health outcomes for both grandparents and their grandchildren. Additionally, since research indicates that children who experience ≥ 4 adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have significantly worse health outcomes, we assessed levels of ACEs. Our analytic sample included children aged 10-17 years (n=14,941). Adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and health insurance coverage status, children living in grandparent households were more likely to be obese (Adjusted Odds Ratio [95% confidence interval]= 2.04 [1.02, 4.09]), exposed to secondhand smoke (2.32 [1.49, 3.59]), and less likely to meet recommended age-appropriate standards for sleep (0.42 [0.27, 0.67]). The children living in grandparent households were more likely to experience ≥ 4 ACEs (8.59 [5.42, 13.62]). Our results provide indirect evidence that interventions with grandparent-caregivers may be particularly critical for improving CMH risk in families.
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Kemp, Candace L. "Dimensions of Grandparent-Adult Grandchild Relationships: From Family Ties to Intergenerational Friendships." Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement 24, no. 2 (2005): 161–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cja.2005.0066.
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ABSTRACTThis paper examines the growing demographic phenomenon of grandparent–adult grandchild relationships from the perspectives of both generations. Drawing on qualitative life-history interviews (n= 37), this research explores the subjective meanings of the relationship, as well as the experiences of being grandparents and adult grandchildren. Despite tremendous diversity in grandparent–adult grandchild relationships, including differences among and between generations, both groups in this study view one another positively and conceptualize their ties as personally and existentially meaningful. They classify their relationships as a distinct family tie centred on unconditional love, mutual support, respect, and obligation. A number of individuals also discuss their grandparent–adult grandchild relationships as friendships, involving mutual trust, shared confidences, and personal choice. Overall, this research suggests that grandparent-grandchild relationships often grow more profound and meaningful as grandparents and grandchildren age, move through the life course, and experience life events.
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Yang, Xueyan, Kathleen Artman-Meeker, and Carly A. Roberts. "Grandparents of Children With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: Navigating Roles and Relationships." Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 56, no. 5 (October 1, 2018): 354–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1352/1934-9556-56.5.354.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Grandparents can play critical roles in the lives of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities and their families. However, current research and understanding around grandparent roles and experiences is limited. The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine the roles and experiences of grandparents supporting children with disabilities. In this article, the voices of grandparents with diverse experiences are presented. Key themes that emerged were the role of the grandparent, boundaries in roles and space, navigating family dynamics, and the general experiences of grandparenting. These findings have implications for the types of supports provided to grandparents and for practitioners working with families who have actively involved grandparents.