Journal articles: 'Grandchild care'

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Tang, Dan, Jie Qiu, and Kun Zhang. "The Effects of Grandchild Care on Mental Health Among Chinese Elderly: The Mediating Effects of Social Networks." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1122.

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Abstract Using the data of 2014 baseline survey of the China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey (CLASS), which provides a sample of older Chinese who had grandchild younger than 18 years old, this study examines the associations among grandchild care, social networks, and depressive symptoms among Chinese older adults. The older adults are divided into three groups basing on the frequency of their behaviors of taking care of grandchildren. The three groups are ‘no care, providing care occasionally, providing care frequently’. The mediating and moderating effects of social networks between grandchild care and depressive symptoms are tested. Results show that older adults who provide grandchild care report superior social networks and better mental health than those who don’t provide grandchild (reference group). After controlling the related variables, the older adults who provide grandchild occasionally benefit more than those who take care of grandchild frequently. Grandchild care is related to larger social networks, and the social networks are fully mediating the association between grandchild care and depressive symptoms.

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Park, Aely. "Longitudinal Patterns of Grandchild Care in South Korea." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 3 (January 20, 2022): 1136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031136.

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This study examined the longitudinal patterns of grandchild care to observe the influence of factors related to social participation, financial support to grandparents, demographic characteristics, and family structure on classifying the grandchild care. The rate of grandparent care for grandchildren was increasing, and the amount of time commitment for grandchild care was large in South Korea. Understanding how grandchild care unfolds over time and who is likely to provide ongoing grandchild care helps to advance the knowledge about grandparents providing grandchild care. The total sample consisted of 333 South Korean grandparents derived from the 3 waves of nationally representative data. This study utilized growth mixture modeling to identify latent classes of longitudinal patterns of grandchild care, and ran a multinomial logistic regression to examine the relationships between factors related to grandparents, adult children, and family structure and the identified latent classes. Grandchild care was classified into one of three categories: low-level decrease, high-level decrease, and low-to-high increase. Grandparents in the group of low-to-high increase were more likely to have higher financial dependence on adult children and have lower social participation than grandparents in other groups. Findings indicate that there are distinct subgroups among grandparents who care for their grandchildren. Additionally, those in the three classifications varied according to financial support received from adult children, social participation, and personal and family structure. Our findings inform policymakers to provide older adults a means to maintain their self-sufficiency. The community needs to provide programs and resources for working parents on behalf of grandchild care.

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Wang, Shuangshuang, and Jan E. Mutchler. "The Implications of Providing Grandchild Care for Grandparents’ Marital Quality." Journal of Family Issues 41, no. 12 (July 5, 2020): 2476–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x20934845.

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This study distinguished among types of grandchild care (i.e., co-residence, high and low levels of babysitting, and no care), and examined their associations with grandparents’ marital quality. The sample consisted of 7,267 married grandparents aged 40 years and over from the 2008, 2010, and 2012 waves of the Health and Retirement Study. Providing grandchild care generally undermined grandparents’ marital quality; however, different types of grandchild care affected different aspects of marital quality. The negative effects of providing grandchild care were more pronounced among grandmothers than grandfathers. Grandmothers providing high-level babysitting care were at especially higher risk of experiencing marital strain among the caregiver groups. Findings suggest that providing grandchild care appears to be more of a stressor than a source of reward with respect to shaping grandparents’ marital quality. Sensitivity to such impact on marital quality may be usefully incorporated into developing supports and services meant for grandparent caregivers.

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Bui, Cindy N. "RETURNING THE FAVOR: EXPECTATIONS OF CAREGIVING RECIPROCITY AND DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS AMONG GRANDPARENTS." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S840. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.3094.

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Abstract This study draws upon social capital and intergenerational reciprocity concepts to better understand how grandparents’ depressive symptoms are related to their provision of grandchild care, within the context of their expectations regarding adult children reciprocating caregiving needs in the future. Analyses used the 2014 Health and Retirement Study dataset. The sample consisted of 9,612 grandparents, 2,595 of whom were providing grandchild care. Linear regression models were used to analyze how depressive symptoms were influenced by grandchild care provision and expectations of future care from adult children. Future care is measured as expectations from (1) any adult child, and (2) from the same adult child for whom the older parent provides grandchild care. Provision of grandchild care was not significantly related to grandparents’ number of depressive symptoms. Among grandparents who provided grandchild care, both expecting any adult child and expecting the same adult child were associated with reporting fewer depressive symptoms. Expecting any adult child to provide future care showed a stronger effect than expecting the same adult child to provide future care. The results suggest that expectations of general reciprocity within the family system, rather than specific dyadic reciprocity, may be more important for a caregiving grandparent’s emotional well-being. Providing grandchild care while expecting future care from adult children can indicate a sense of social capital within an intergenerational family system. Expecting support reciprocity from adult children may be a protective factor that allows caregiving grandparents to feel more secure about their future care needs, and consequently, less depressed.

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KIM, HYE JIN, TRACEY A. LAPIERRE, and ROSEMARY CHAPIN. "Grandparents providing care for grandchildren: implications for economic preparation for later life in South Korea." Ageing and Society 38, no. 4 (November 21, 2016): 676–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x16001215.

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ABSTRACTMounting concern about economic preparation for later life combined with a growing number of grandparents providing grandchild care is fuelling increased interest in these topics in Korea. However, few studies have evaluated the relationship between providing care to grandchildren and economic behaviour. Guided by intergenerational exchange theory, this paper analyses the relationships between providing grandchild care and monetary compensation for care, and economic preparation for later life. Data come from a sub-sample of 2,599 grandmothers in the Korean Retirement and Income Study who have a grandchild under the age of ten, 279 of whom report providing regular care to grandchildren. Controlling for age, education, marital status and household income, the average amount of grandchild care provided per week is a significant negative predictor of economic preparation for later life among grandmothers. However, receiving financial compensation for providing grandchild care is not significantly related to economic preparation and did not mediate or moderate the relationship between amount of care provided and economic preparation. The implications of these findings and limitations of this study are also discussed.

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Kim, Kyoung Min, Jung Jae Lee, and Un Sun Chung. "Perceived Health Status of and Moderating Factors in Elderly People Caring for Their Grandchildren." Psychiatry Investigation 17, no. 4 (April 15, 2020): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.30773/pi.2019.0115.

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Objective Situations in which elderly people are the primary caregivers for their grandchildren are becoming more common. This study aimed to investigate moderating factors of and the association between grandchild care and the grandparents’ perceived health. Financial support in return for grandchild care was also investigated as a moderating factor.Methods Participants included 357 elderly people over the age of 60 years. The assessment to evaluate the perceived health status and social support was performed via a questionnaire. It included questions regarding the care of grandchildren and demographic variables, as well as the Medical Outcome Survey (MOS) 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36), and the MOS Social Support Survey (MOS-SSS).Results The subscale scores of SF-36 and MOS-SSS did not differ significantly for grandchild-care status. However, the subscale scores of SF-36 were significantly higher in groups that received regular financial support from adult children in return for grandchild care than in groups that did not.Conclusion Our data suggest that regular financial support in return for grandchild care may be a moderating factor in the association between grandchild care and the perceived health status of elderly people. These findings have important social implications and warrant future study to reveal the psychological mechanism of these associations and enhance the health of elderly individuals.

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Quirke, Eleanor, Hans-Helmut König, and André Hajek. "Association between caring for grandchildren and feelings of loneliness, social isolation and social network size: a cross-sectional study of community dwelling adults in Germany." BMJ Open 9, no. 12 (December 2019): e029605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029605.

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ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to examine whether there is an association between grandparental care and loneliness, social isolation and/or the size of an individual’s social network among community-based adults aged ≥40 years.MethodsCross-sectional data were drawn from a population-based sample of individuals aged ≥40 years living in the community in Germany. Loneliness was measured using a short version of the De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale. Social isolation was measured using a scale developed by Bude and Lantermann. The number of important people with whom respondents have regular contact (ie, social network size) was also used as an outcome variable. All respondents were asked whether they privately provide grandparent care (no/yes).ResultsLinear regressions showed reduced loneliness (β=−0.06, p<0.01) and social isolation scores (β=−0.04, p<0.05) among those undertaking care of a grandchild. Regression analysis also showed an increased number of important people with whom individuals had regular contact among those who undertook care of a grandchild (β=1.02, p<0.001).ConclusionFindings indicate a positive association between undertaking the care of a grandchild and the size of an individual’s social network, and a negative association between grandchild care and self-rated scores of loneliness and social isolation. These findings build on existing research into the social and health implications of grandchild care among grandparents. Longitudinal studies are required to strengthen the understanding of this association.

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Hayslip, Bert, and Rebecca J. Glover. "Custodial Grandparenting: Perceptions of Loss by Non-Custodial Grandparent Peers." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 58, no. 3 (May 2009): 163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/om.58.3.a.

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In order to explore the generalizability of perceptions of the losses experienced by grandparents raising their grandchildren, 610 traditional/non-custodial grandparents, who had no custodial responsibility for their grandchildren, read a randomly assigned scenario depicting a grandmother and her grandchild, wherein scenarios varied in terms of grandchild gender, the presence or absence of grandchild problems, and the reason for role assumption. They then completed the Perceptions of Loss (PLS) scale, where higher scores indexed greater awareness of loss. Results suggested that perceptions of loss varied by grandchild gender (favoring females), grandchild problem (favoring those with problems), and the reason for role assumption (favoring parental abandonment and parental drug abuse). Moreover, PLS scores were influenced by the interaction between grandchild gender and reason for role assumption, where the impact of role assumption was greater for female grandchildren than for male grandchildren. These findings in part parallel those obtained from young adults, and generally suggest that others in varying degrees are sensitive to the losses grandparents raising their grandchild experience. Such findings have implications regarding the extent to which grandparent caregivers' grief is disenfranchised, as well as impacting custodial grandparents' feelings of loneliness and isolation from age peers brought about by the necessity to raise their grandchildren.

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Quirke, Eleanor, Hans-Helmut König, and André Hajek. "Does grandchild care affect ageing satisfaction? Findings based on a nationally representative longitudinal study." PLOS ONE 17, no. 3 (March 17, 2022): e0265600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265600.

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Objective This study seeks to explore the association between grandchild care and Attitudes Towards Own Ageing, assessing whether the commencement of, or ceasing, grandchild care is associated with changes in grandparents’ perspectives on ageing. Methods Longitudinal data were drawn from a population-based sample of community-dwelling individuals aged ≥40 years in Germany. The Attitudes Toward Own Ageing subscale of the Philadelphia Geriatric Center Moral Scale (PGCMS) was used to measure Attitudes Towards Own Ageing. To determine whether respondents provided grandchild care, respondents were asked “I’d now like to go on to learn more about your activities and pastimes. Do you supervise other people’s children privately, e.g. your grandchildren, or the children of siblings, neighbors, friends or acquaintances?” Symmetric and asymmetric linear fixed effects regressions were used to assess within-person changes longitudinally. Results No statistically significant association between providing care for grandchildren and Attitudes Towards Own Ageing was found. Significant associations were found between Attitudes Towards Own Ageing and employment status. Namely, retirement was associated with more positive Attitudes Towards Own Ageing (β = 0.57, p < .001), as was not being employed (β = 0.57, p < .001). A significant association between self-rated health and Attitudes Towards Own Ageing was also found (β = -0.06, p < .001), with poorer self-rated health associated with more negative Attitudes Towards Own Ageing. Conclusion Our findings suggest that undertaking grandchild care does not shape Attitudes Towards Own Ageing. As our findings did not align with existing evidence on the associations between grandchild caregiving and measures of subjective ageing, further research is required.

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Duan, Haoshu. "The Shape of Care: Patterns of Family Caregiving Among Chinese Adults in the Middle to Later Stage of Life." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 794–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.2930.

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Abstract Due to the lack of institutional support, families have long been the primary caregivers in China. Most studies to date only focused on one single care activity during a particular life course stage. Nonetheless, older adults today are more likely to care for multiple family members concurrently or sequentially (serial caregivers). The studies on discrete snapshots of care activities failed to capture the patterns of family caregiving overtime. Utilizing four waves of longitudinal data from CHARLS (2011-2018, N=17,039), this study particularly focuses on care activities to grandchildren, parents, and spouse, and maps out the family caregiving patterns overtime. Using latent profile analysis, this study identifies five family caregiving patterns: 1). Light grandchild caregivers (27%), who on average provided 4.3 years’ grandchild care mostly; 2). Heavy grandchild caregivers (11%), who on average on provided 7 years’ grandchild care mostly; 3). Light caregivers for grandchildren and parents (7%), who sequentially provided 1-year care to grandchildren and parents; 4). Heavy serial caregiver (6%), who mostly provided care to spouse and grandchildren with higher overlapping years; 5). Overall light caregivers (49%), who on average provided less than one year of care to any recipient. The preliminary results suggest that heavy serial caregivers (6%) far worst in terms of depressive symptoms and more likely to report worsened self-rated health; and overall light caregivers (49%) have the lowest depressive symptoms and more likely to report good self-rated health.

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Feng, Jin, and Xiaohan Zhang. "Retirement and Grandchild Care in Urban China." Feminist Economics 24, no. 2 (September 21, 2017): 240–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2017.1370120.

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Wang, Chiachih DC, Bert Hayslip, Qiwu Sun, and Wenzhen Zhu. "Grandparents as the Primary Care Providers for Their Grandchildren: A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Chinese and U.S. Samples." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 89, no. 4 (January 28, 2019): 331–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0091415018824722.

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This study compared American and Chinese caregiving grandparents regarding variables reflecting challenges and resources in dealing with the demands of raising a grandchild. A total of 238 grandparent caregivers in the United States and 106 Chinese grandparent caregivers were sampled and completed research questionnaires for this study. Analyses indicated that after controlling for grandparents’ gender, age, health, length of caregiving, and number of grandchildren, main effects for culture were significant for parental efficacy, authoritative parenting style, grandchild negative interpersonal dynamics, role satisfaction, well-being, and attachment to the grandchild. Correlational findings provided further understanding of cross-cultural similarities and differences in grandparent caregiving. Findings are discussed in the context of the globality of grandparent caregiving and the salience of family dynamic and values among Chinese grandparent caregivers. These findings also underscore the lack of supportive services for Chinese grandparents in light of their personal adaptive qualities and the demands of raising a grandchild.

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Liao, Shiming, Ling Qi, Jie Xiong, Jie Yan, and Ruoxi Wang. "Intergenerational Ties in Context: Association between Caring for Grandchildren and Cognitive Function in Middle-Aged and Older Chinese." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 1 (December 22, 2020): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010021.

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Grandchild caregiving is suggested to improve the elderly’s cognitive function, but the specific relationship remains under-investigated. Considering gender disparity, this study aimed to understand the relationship between grandchild caregiving and cognition. In total, 7236 Chinese residents (≥45 years old) were selected from the 2015 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). The China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol (CHARLS-HCAP) was used to measure cognition. Grandparenting was measured from three dimensions: caregiving frequency, intensity, and the number of grandchildren cared for. The relationship was examined by multivariate linear regression, with age as a moderator. The results showed that the majority of respondents provided care to their grandchildren, especially grandmothers. Grandchild caregiving was positively associated with cognition (β = 0.686, 95% CI = 0.334–1.038), especially in the older-aged group. Moderate, not regular grandparenting, or caring for one grandchild was more positively associated with cognitive function. However, intensive and regular grandchild care was significantly associated with cognition only in men. No moderating effects of age were found in women. The study confirmed that moderate intensity and frequency of caregiving was related to better cognitive function in middle-aged and older Chinese population, whereas cultural context and gender differences could be considered when designing targeted policies.

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Igel, Corinne, and Marc Szydlik. "Grandchild care and welfare state arrangements in Europe." Journal of European Social Policy 21, no. 3 (July 2011): 210–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928711401766.

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Ho, Christine. "Grandchild care, intergenerational transfers, and grandparents’ labor supply." Review of Economics of the Household 13, no. 2 (September 26, 2013): 359–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11150-013-9221-x.

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Miltenberger, Paula B., Bert Hayslip, Bric Harris, and Patricia L. Kaminski. "Perceptions of the Losses Experienced by Custodial Grandmothers." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 48, no. 3 (May 2004): 245–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/arud-1pjd-mbjy-n76n.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate factors that influence societal perceptions of grandparents who have become custodians of their grandchildren. Over 1200 adult volunteers evaluated a randomly assigned scenario describing a grandparent raising a grandchild, where scenarios varied in terms of grandchild gender, grandparent ethnicity, the presence/absence of grandchild problems, and the reason for the assumption of the grandparent caregiving role. Subjects rated scenarios according to the extent to which they thought the custodial grandparent was experiencing a variety of losses. Overall, perceptions of loss were greater for grandmothers whose grandchild was experiencing an emotional/ behavioral problem, and for those grandmothers whose grandchild had been abandoned or abused, or whose adult child had died, been incarcerated, or abused drugs. Due to an interaction between ethnicity and reason for role assumption, however, those findings are best interpreted in the context of the ethnicity of the grandparent. Depending on the context, respondents were less sensitive to losses suffered by Hispanic, African American, or Caucasian grandmothers. These data suggest that ethnicity of the grandparent and reason for assuming the custodial role affect the degree to which people are sensitive to the losses that custodial grandparents experience. These differences are likely to affect the extent to which others publicly acknowledge the grief of custodial grandparents. Moreover, ethnic stereotypes may interfere with an equitable allocation of social support for, and services to, grandparent caregivers. In this light, researchers should continue to study these disparities, as they are likely to affect the adjustment of grandparents to the custodial role.

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Kemp, Candace L. "Dimensions of Grandparent-Adult Grandchild Relationships: From Family Ties to Intergenerational Friendships." Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement 24, no. 2 (2005): 161–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cja.2005.0066.

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ABSTRACTThis paper examines the growing demographic phenomenon of grandparent–adult grandchild relationships from the perspectives of both generations. Drawing on qualitative life-history interviews (n= 37), this research explores the subjective meanings of the relationship, as well as the experiences of being grandparents and adult grandchildren. Despite tremendous diversity in grandparent–adult grandchild relationships, including differences among and between generations, both groups in this study view one another positively and conceptualize their ties as personally and existentially meaningful. They classify their relationships as a distinct family tie centred on unconditional love, mutual support, respect, and obligation. A number of individuals also discuss their grandparent–adult grandchild relationships as friendships, involving mutual trust, shared confidences, and personal choice. Overall, this research suggests that grandparent-grandchild relationships often grow more profound and meaningful as grandparents and grandchildren age, move through the life course, and experience life events.

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Szinovacz, Maximiliane E., and Adam Davey. "Effects of Retirement and Grandchild Care on Depressive Symptoms." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 62, no. 1 (January 2006): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/8q46-gjx4-m2vm-w60v.

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Strom, Robert, Shirley Strom, Yuh-Ling Shen, Shing-Jing Li, and Hwey-Lin Sun. "Grandparents in Taiwan: A Three-Generational Study." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 42, no. 1 (January 1996): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/d7r2-dg1l-ddfy-ptm7.

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Grandparents in the Republic of China want to remain influential, but social policy has not provided them with education to fulfill their changing role. The performance of grandparents was examined to determine suitable content for an intervention program. A sample of 751 non-consanguineous participants from urban and rural Taiwan included 234 grandparents, 241 parents, and 276 grandchildren. Each generation was administered a separate version of the Grandparent Strengths and Needs Inventory that was translated into Mandarin. Respondents identified favorable qualities of grandparents as well as aspects of their relationships in which growth was necessary. Multivariate analysis of variance, univariate analysis of variance, Scheffé and t-tests were used to analyze scores, confirm results, and facilitate interpretation. All three generations described aspects of grandparent success and specific realms of learning they should acquire to become more effective. Significant main effects that influenced responses about grandparent performance were generation, gender of grandchild, age of grandchild, frequency of grandchild care by grandparent, generations living together, and amount of time grandparent and grandchild spent together. Considerations were recommended to improve behavior of grandparents and guide the development of educational programs for them.

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Tatterton, Michael J., and Catherine Walshe. "How Grandparents Experience the Death of a Grandchild With a Life-Limiting Condition." Journal of Family Nursing 25, no. 1 (December 17, 2018): 109–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1074840718816808.

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Traditionally, family-focused care extends to parents and siblings of children with life-limiting conditions. Only a few studies have focused on the needs of grandparents, who play an important role in the families of children with illness and with life-limiting conditions, in particular. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was used as the methodological framework for the study. Seven bereaved grandparents participated in this study. Semistructured, individual, face-to-face interviews were conducted. A number of contextual factors affected the experience of bereaved grandparents, including intergenerational bonds and perceived changes in role following the death of their grandchild. The primary motivation of grandparents stemmed from their role as a parent, not a grandparent. The breadth of pain experienced by grandparents was complicated by the multigenerational positions grandparents occupy within the family. Transition from before to after the death of a grandchild exacerbated the experience of pain. These findings about the unique footprint of grandparent grief suggest the development of family nursing practice to better understand and support grandparents during the illness of a grandchild, in addition to bereavement support.

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Kalliopuska, Mirja. "Relations of Retired People and Their Grandchildren." Psychological Reports 75, no. 3 (December 1994): 1083–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1994.75.3.1083.

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79 retired persons in the third-age university were asked about their relationships with their grandchildren and relationships in general. The ages of the 63 women and 16 men ranged from 54 to 82 years ( M of 66 years); 62% were married, 28% divorced or widowed, 61% lived with spouse, 34% lived alone, 4% with their adult children, and only one person in an old-age home. The average number of grandchildren was three. Analysis showed relations with their grandchildren were judged as very good or good (91%). The grandparenting role was diverse: the grandparent gave a grandchild love or affection, care, shelter, life experience, moral values, company, closeness, trust, aid, and support. The grandchild benefitted from the relationship affectively, cognitively, and materially. The grandchild gave a grandparent joy, inspiration, tenderness and love, contentment, life attitudes, closeness and company, and hope and faith for the future.

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Gessa, Giorgio Di, Valeria Bordone, and Bruno Arpino. "Changes in Grandparenting During the Pandemic and Effects on Mental Health: Evidence From England." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 317–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.1240.

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Abstract Policies aiming at reducing rates of hospitalisation and death from Covid-19 encouraged older people to reduce their physical contacts. For grandparents in England, this meant that provision of care for grandchildren was allowed only under very limited circumstances. To date, evidence on changes in grandparenting during the pandemic is scarce and little is known about whether and to what extent reduction in grandchild care provision impacted grandparents’ mental health. Using pre-pandemic data from Wave 9 (2018/19) and the second Covid-19 sub-study (November/December 2020) of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, we first described changes in grandparenting since the start of the pandemic. Then, using regression models, we investigated associations between changes in grandparenting and mental health (depression, quality of life, life satisfaction, and anxiety) during the pandemic, while controlling for pre-pandemic levels of the outcome variables. Almost a third of grandparents reported that the amount of grandchild care during the pandemic reduced or stopped altogether, whereas 10% provided as much or more care compared to pre-pandemic levels, mostly to help parents while working. Compared to grandparents who provided grandchild care at some point during the pandemic, those who stopped altogether were more likely to report poorer mental health, even taking into account pre-pandemic health. A reduction in grandparenting was only marginally associated with higher depression. Although policies to limit physical contacts and shield older people reduced their risks of getting ill from Covid-19, our study shows the consequences of stopping childcare provision in terms of poorer mental health among grandparents.

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Tang, Fengyan, and Ke Li. "Grandparents Caring for Grandchildren, Family Structure, and Depressive Symptoms in China." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 73–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.240.

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Abstract It is a cultural norm for Chinese older adults to engage in co-parenting and caring for grandchildren. Previous research documented health advantages for grandparents who provide occasional, extensive, or even custodial care to grandchildren in China. Yet there is little information regarding the impacts of living arrangement and its interaction with grandchild care on grandparents’ psychological well-being. Using three waves of the 2011-2015 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) data, this study examined the longitudinal association of depressive symptoms with grandchild care intensity and living arrangement among adults aged 40 and above (N=5,037). Mixed effects regression models were applied to examine changes in depressive symptoms and the associations with explanatory variables. At baseline, about half of respondents reported caring for their grandchild (ren). And nine percent lived with grandchildren only, that is, in a skipped-generation household and taking a custodial grandparent role. Overall, depressive symptoms did not change over time. After controlling for sociodemographic and health covariates, we found that providing medium level of care (i.e., between three to 10 hours per day) was associated with fewer baseline depressive symptoms, whereas grandparents living with grandchildren had more symptoms at baseline relative to those living with others. Further, an increased level of caregiving in the skipped-generation households was associated with more depressive symptoms. Given that custodial grandparenting is a growing phenomenon in China, further research needs to investigate how to reduce caregiving burden and associated adversary effects and how to promote overall well-being in this population.

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Wang, S., and J. Mutchler. "TRANSITIONS IN GRANDCHILD CARE AND MARITAL QUALITY IN LATER LIFE." Innovation in Aging 2, suppl_1 (November 1, 2018): 472–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igy023.1766.

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Arpino, Bruno, and Valeria Bordone. "Regular provision of grandchild care and participation in social activities." Review of Economics of the Household 15, no. 1 (January 21, 2016): 135–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11150-016-9322-4.

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Yang, Yazhen. "Grandchild Caring and Late-Life Depression: A Comparative Longitudinal Study in China and Europe." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.1519.

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Abstract The impact of grandparenting on the grandparents’ health has been relatively under-studied, and international comparisons can provide useful lessons for grandparents and policymakers. This study examined country differences in the effects of grandchild care provision on the grandparents’ depression in Italy, Spain, China, Denmark and Sweden using the longitudinal Harmonised CHARLS and SHARE data collected between 2010-5. Controlling for the grandparents’ depression in 2011, grandparents providing non-intensive grandparental care in China, Sweden and Denmark in 2013 were less likely to report depression in 2015 compared to those who did not provide any care in 2013. Such effects were more pronounced among grandmothers compared to grandfathers. The results indicate that the effects of grandchild caring on the grandparents’ depression in China was comparable to Denmark and Sweden. Future research can focus on identifying the causal pathways between grandparenting and wellbeing, and the implications of such pathways for older persons’ wellbeing worldwide.

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Bordone, Valeria, and Bruno Arpino. "Grandparenthood, grandchild care and depression among older people in 18 countries." Families, health, and well-being 31, no. 2-2019 (September 30, 2019): 216–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3224/zff.v31i2.06.

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Due to the increasing central role of grandparenthood in later life, sound knowledge about its effects on older people’s health is more and more important. This paper examines the impact of becoming a grandparent, having more grandchildren, and engaging in grandchild care on depressive symptoms. Moreover, based on the structural ambivalence theory, we expect that such effects differ across contexts as (grand)childcare is differently organised across Europe. Taking advantage of the longitudinal structure of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), we estimate fixed-effects models. Our results show that women face a decline in depressive symptoms when becoming grandmothers, but neither an increase in the number of grandchildren nor changes in grandchild care are associated with changes in depressive symptoms. The analyses by country highlight differences across Europe, without, however, drawing a clear pattern. Our results show that depression consequences of grandparenthood also vary between countries characterised by similar roles of grandparents. This suggests the need to make available more refined questions about grandparenthood in surveys on older people.

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Busch, Mari V., Sandra Olaisen, Ina Jeanette Bruksås, and Ivar Folstad. "Do mothers also “manipulate” grandparental care?" PeerJ 6 (November 15, 2018): e5924. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5924.

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Paternity uncertainty has proven to be a robust ultimate hypothesis for predicting the higher investment in grandchildren observed among maternal grandparents compared to that of the paternal grandparents. Yet the proximate mechanisms for generating such preferred biases in grandparental investment remain unclear. Here we address two different questions for better understanding the proximate mechanisms leading to the observed bias in grandparental investments: (i) is there a larger emphasis on resemblance descriptions (between grandchildren and grandparent) among daughters than among sons, and (ii) do mothers really believe that their offspring more resemble their parents, that is, the children’s grandparents, than fathers do? From questioning grandparents, we find that daughters more often and more intensely than sons express opinions about grandchild–grandparent resemblance. Moreover, daughters also seem to believe that their children more resemble their grandmother than sons do. The latter is, however, not the case for beliefs about children’s resemblance to grandfathers. In sum, our results suggest that even in a population of Norwegians, strongly influenced by ideas concerning gender equality, there exist a sexual bias among parents in opinions and descriptions about grandchild–grandparent resemblance. This resemblance bias, which echoes that of mothers biasing resemblance descriptions of newborns to putative fathers, does not seem to represent a conscious manipulation. Yet it could be instrumental for influencing grandparental investments. We believe that a “manipulative mother hypothesis” might parsimoniously account for many of the results relating to biased alloparenting hitherto not entirely explained by “the paternity uncertainty hypothesis.”

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Strom, Robert, Shirley Strom, Pat Collinsworth, Saburo Sato, Katsuko Makino, Yasuyuki Sasaki, Hiroko Sasaki, Norihiro Nishio, and Norihiro Nishio. "Grandparents in Japan: A Three-Generational Study." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 40, no. 3 (April 1995): 209–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/kyfj-dgwf-wjb8-flyr.

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Grandparents in Japan believe that their status in the family is eroding. They want to be influential but social policy has not included education for their changing role. The purpose of this study was to identify strengths and needs of Japanese grandparents as perceived by three generations. Each generation completed a separate version of the Grandparent Strengths and Needs Inventory. Multivariate analysis of variance procedures were used to compare perceptions of 239 grandparents, 266 parents, and 274 school-age grandchildren from cities and small towns. Grandparents reported more satisfaction, greater success, and more extensive involvement in teaching than was observed by parents and grandchildren. Grandparents experienced greater difficulty, more frustration, and felt less informed to carry out their role than was reported by parents and grandchildren. Significant main effects that influenced responses about grandparent performance were generation, gender of grandchild, age of grandchild, generations living together, frequency of grandchild care by grandparent, and amount of time they spent together. Considerations were identified to improve grandparent behavior and guide the development of educational programs for them.

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KNODEL, JOHN, and MINH DUC NGUYEN. "Grandparents and grandchildren: care and support in Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam." Ageing and Society 35, no. 9 (August 1, 2014): 1960–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x14000786.

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ABSTRACTRecent surveys in Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam reveal that substantial proportions of persons aged 60 and older co-reside with grandchildren and commonly provide grandparental care. Usually the grandchildren's parents are also present. Situations in which the grandchildren's parents are absent are considerably less frequent. Parents are commonly the main source of the grandchildren's financial support even if absent. Most grandparents that provide care do not consider it a serious burden even when the grandchild's parents are absent. Moreover, grandparental care is not always one-directional as grandchildren can also be of help to grandparents. These features of grandchild care reflect a regional cultural context that views acceptance of reciprocal intergenerational obligations as normal and in which co-residence of older persons and adult children is still common. Differences in economic development and past fertility trends account for much of the observed differences in grandparental care among the three countries by affecting grandchildren availability and migration of adult children. In addition, economic development and demographic trends will continue to shape grandparental care in the coming decades. Despite the lack of attention to development and demographic context in previous studies, these aspects of the changing societal context deserve a prominent place within conceptual frameworks guiding comparative research on grandparenting.

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Lee, Rosalyn D., Margaret E. Ensminger, and Thomas A. Laveist. "The Responsibility Continuum: Never Primary, Coresident and Caregiver—Heterogeneity in the African-American Grandmother Experience." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 60, no. 4 (June 2005): 295–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/kt7g-f7yf-e5u0-2kwd.

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This article examines diversity among 542 African-American grandmothers from the Woodlawn Longitudinal Study. Women were categorized on the basis of their household composition, degree of care provided to grandchildren, and status of primary caregiver to grandchildren during lifetime. Overall, 67.7% of the sample engaged in parenting and exchange behaviors at high or moderate levels. Twenty-seven percent of the sample coresided with and provided care to grandchildren, 28% did not coreside but had been primary caregivers in the past, and 45% did not coreside and had never been primarily responsible for a grandchild. Heterogeneity was found among seven grandmother types on economic measures, life events, and grandchild characteristics. Grandmothers with earlier primary responsibility and those currently in homes of three or more generations were associated with poor outcomes. Policy and practice can be informed by additional research on status, context, and timing of assumption of responsibilities for grandchildren.

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Huang, Yu-Ping, Shou-Yu Wang, Ursula Kellett, and Chao-Huei Chen. "Shame, Suffering, and Believing in the Family: The Experiences of Grandmothers of a Grandchild With a Developmental Delay or Disability in the Context of Chinese Culture." Journal of Family Nursing 26, no. 1 (January 8, 2020): 52–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1074840719895264.

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Grandparents are primary resources of caregiving support for parents worldwide, regardless of the cultural background. In Chinese societies, grandmothers often fill the role of supportive caregiver. However, a knowledge gap in the literature exists about how Chinese culture influences caregiving for grandmothers of grandchildren with a disability, particularly in Taiwan. This phenomenological study explored the lived experience of grandmothers caring for a grandchild with a developmental delay or disability in the context of Chinese culture. Twenty-five grandmothers were interviewed. When grandmothers learned of their grandchild’s disability, they experienced suffering, which was compounded by the stigma attached to persons with a disability in Chinese cultures, and they also experienced shame and fear of social rejection. Grandmothers’ belief in the importance of family gave meaning to their suffering and prompted them to find new ways to deal with everyday difficulties. These findings can guide nurses and health care professionals responsible for supporting grandmothers caring for a child with a disability in the context of Chinese culture.

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Kirchengast, Sylvia, and Beatrix Putz. "Discriminative grandparental investment – the impact of grandchild’s gender and sociodemographic parameters." Anthropological Review 79, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 151–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/anre-2016-0012.

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Abstract Homo sapiens is a typical cooperative breeder and grandparents are among the most important caregivers besides the mothers. Grandparental investment however differs markedly between maternal and paternal grandparents but also between grandmothers and grandfathers. From an evolutionary viewpoint this differential grandparental investment is mainly explained as a result of paternity uncertainty. On the other hand emotional support and child care help from grandparents may also be associated with sociocultural factors. The present study focused on the impact of grandchild’s gender, but also grandparental age and occupation on discriminative grandparental investment, i.e. solicitude, contact frequency and quality of relationship. 272 adults persons between the age 18 and 35 years (x= 23.5yrs; ±3.7) were enrolled in the study. Patterns of grandparental investment during childhood as well as quality of the grandparent- grandchild relationship were collected retrospectively using a 57 item questionnaire. As to be expected maternal grandmothers showed the highest contact frequency and the highest solicitude while -as to be expected - the paternal grandfather exhibited the lowest degree of investment. Grandparental investment was independent of grandparent category mainly influenced by residential distance. Grandchild’s gender and sociodemographic characteristics of the grandparents in contrast had a minor impact on grandparental caregiving and contact frequency. Contrary, grandchild’s gender was related significantly with the quality of relationship and emotional closeness.

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Kobayashi, Erika, Yoko Sugihara, Taro Fukaya, and Jersey Liang. "Volunteering among Japanese older adults: how are hours of paid work and unpaid work for family associated with volunteer participation?" Ageing and Society 39, no. 11 (July 17, 2018): 2420–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x18000545.

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AbstractAs the population ages, older adults are increasingly expected to play multiple productive roles. This study examined how hours of paid or unpaid work were associated with volunteering among older Japanese. Data came from the 2012 National Survey of the Japanese Elderly, a nationwide survey of Japanese aged 60 and older (N = 1,324). We performed multinominal logistic regression analyses to predict volunteering (regular or occasional versus non-volunteer) based on hours of paid work and unpaid work for family consisting of sick/disabled care, grandchild care and household chores. Those who worked moderate hours were most likely to be a regular volunteer while working 150 hours or more per month had a lower probability of volunteering, regardless of whether the work was paid or unpaid. Thus, full-time level work competed with volunteering for both paid and unpaid work for family, but it was more so for paid work. By types of activities, doing household chores and substantial grandchild care were positively associated with volunteering, and the latter complementary relationship was explained by a larger community network among grandparents. Our findings indicate that delaying retirement from full-time paid work may reduce the supply of regular volunteers in the community. Thus, policies to increase part-time work for older adults as well as the types of volunteer work in which paid workers can participate are necessary.

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Manoogian, Margaret M., Juliana Vandenbroeke, Amy Ringering, Tamina Toray, and Eric Cooley. "Emerging Adults' Experiences of Grandparent Death." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 76, no. 4 (February 15, 2017): 351–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0030222817693140.

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This qualitative study examined the experience of grandparent death among 74 emerging adults enrolled in college. Guided by the life course perspective, the authors specifically explored (a) participant responses to the death, (b) how family systems were influenced by the loss of the grandparent, and (c) how grandparent death motivated life course transitions for emerging adults. The findings suggest that the death trajectory, level of attachment, the role the grandchild played in the family, as well as the coping style utilized affected participants' grief processes. This study underscores the importance of the grandchild–grandparent tie, how new death experiences create meaning and ritual, and how life course transitions are motivated when an older family member dies. Implications for providing support on college campuses when emerging adults experience grandparent death are highlighted.

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Viguer, Paz, Juan Carlos Meléndez, Sandra Valencia, Mª José Cantero, and Esperanza Navarro. "Grandparent-Grandchild Relationships from the Children's Perspective: Shared Activities and Socialization Styles." Spanish journal of psychology 13, no. 2 (November 2010): 708–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1138741600002377.

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The objective of this study is to describe the relationships between grandchildren and their favourite grandparents, by studying the socialization styles used by latter and the shared activities undertaken. The participants were 360 children between 10 and 12 years old, who completed the grandparent-grandchild relationship questionnaire of Rico, Serra and Viguer (2001) and the socialization questionnaire of Rey and Ruiz (1990). The results demonstrate the importance of gender and family line in the selection of the favourite grandparent, differences being shown in the types of shared activities and in socialization styles. It is concluded that in the majority of cases the profile of the favourite grandparent is the maternal grandmother, retired or a house wife, aged between 60-70, who lives in the same city as his/her grandchild, and who has contact with them several times a week. Furthermore, favourite grandparents get more involved with granddaughters than with grandsons, both in support and care activities and in cultural-recreational activities, and they primarily employ a democratic style. However, there are differences depending on the gender of the grandchild, with democratic principles being used more with girls and authoritarian ones with boys.

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Sunal, Cynthia Szymanski, and Dennis W. Sunal. "NCSS Notable Trade Book Lesson Plan Our Grandparents: A Global Album written by Maya Ajmera, Sheila Kindade, and Cynthia Pon With a forward by Archbishop Desmond Tutu." Social Studies Research and Practice 7, no. 2 (July 1, 2012): 122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ssrp-02-2012-b0009.

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This multi-day lesson involves pre-kindergarten - grade 3 students in exploring the similarities found in grandchild-grandparent relationships across the world’s cultures. It stresses key concepts associated with these relationships: love; listen; explore; tell stories; play; teach; learn; celebrate; share; care; and happy, safe, and loved.

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Hubatková, Barbora, Martin Kreidl, and Zuzana Žilinčíková. "Why Divorced Grandfathers Provide Grandchild Care Less Often Than Married Grandfathers?" Czech Sociological Review 51, no. 5 (October 1, 2015): 783–814. http://dx.doi.org/10.13060/00380288.2015.51.5.214.

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Ates, M., K. Mahne, and M. Wetzel. "GRANDCHILD CARE, GENDER, AND FURTHER ROLE OCCUPATIONS: IMPLICATIONS FOR GRANDPARENTS’ HEALTH." Innovation in Aging 1, suppl_1 (June 30, 2017): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igx004.735.

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Gladstone, James W. "Grandmother-Grandchild Contact: The Mediating Influence of the Middle Generation Following Marriage Breakdown and Remarriage." Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement 8, no. 4 (1989): 355–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0714980800008564.

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ABSTRACTThis paper focuses on ways that adult children and children-in-law mediate contact between grandmothers and grandchildren, following marriage breakdown and remarriage in the middle generation. A qualitative analysis of face-to-face contact between 110 grandmother-grandchild pairs was conducted. Findings showed that adult children have a more direct influence on visiting, by arranging or obstructing visits between grandmothers and grandchildren. The influence of first or second children-in-law was found to be more indirect. By preventing an estranged spouse from seeing his or her child, custodial children-in-law could also be preventing a grandmother's access to her grandchild, if she depended on her noncustodial child to bring the grandchild to see her when he or she exercised visiting rights. Children-in-law could also act as intermediaries through their absence as well as through their presence. These findings, as well as ways that grandparents can negotiate relationships with adult children and children-in-law, are discussed. Especially noted is the value of monitoring communication exchanges, maintaining friendly relationships with children-in-law and step-grandchildren, and acting as resources to the family.

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Ma, Luyan, and Zhaowen Cheng. "GRANDPARENTING AND DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN URBAN CHINA: LIVING ARRANGEMENTS AND WORK STATUS AS MODERATING EFFECTS." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.1890.

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Abstract Scholars worldwide are divided as to whether grandparenting can benefit to older adults’ well-being. Evidence from rural China supports that custodial grandparenting worsens grandparents’ psychological well-being. However, given the great urban-rural gap, the situation in urban China might be different. To clarify this, we use CHARLS 2011-2013 (900 respondents) and examine the association between length and intensity of grandchild care and depressive symptoms among older adults living in urban China. We also explore the moderating effect of grandparents’ living arrangements and work status. Multiple linear regression with interaction analysis is applied in our analysis. We find that moderate levels of grandchild care, without distinguishing between living arrangements and work status, are associated with reduced depressive symptoms (β = -1.146，p < .05). Grandparents are likely to have more depressive symptoms when working full-time and providing care at the same time. Comparing with not living with grandchildren, living with grandchildren is beneficial to grandparents’ mental health. Findings suggest that psychological counseling services and economic support policies should be launched to relieve the work pressure of grandparents in financial difficulties.

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Perry, Gretchen, and Martin Daly. "Grandparental partnership status and its effects on caring for grandchildren in Europe." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 22, 2021): e0248915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248915.

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Grandparents are important childcare providers, but grandparental relationship status matters. According to several studies, caregiving is reduced after grandparental divorce, but differential responses by grandmothers versus grandfathers have often been glossed over. To explore the effects of relationship status on grandparental care, we analysed data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) comparing four grandparental relationship statuses (original couple, widowed, divorced, and repartnered) with respect to grandmothers’ and grandfathers’ provision of care to their birth children’s children. When proximity, kinship laterality, and grandparents’ age, health, employment, and financial status were controlled, divorced grandmothers without current partners provided significantly more childcare than grandmothers who were still residing with the grandfather, those who had new partners unrelated to the grandchildren, and widows without current partners. Grandfathers exhibited a very different pattern, providing substantially less grandchild care after divorce. Grandfathers in their original partnerships provided the most grandchild care, followed by widowers, those with new partners and finally those who were divorced. Seemingly contradictory findings in prior research, including studies using SHARE data, can be explained partly by failures to distinguish divorce’s effects on grandmothers versus grandfathers, and partly by insufficient controls for the grandmother’s financial and employment statuses.

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Montoro-Rodriguez, Julian, Bert Hayslip Jr, and Jennifer Ramsey. "Predictors of Custodial Grandparents’ Perceived Barriers to the Use of Services." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 829. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.3038.

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Abstract Getting timely access to help, information, and a variety of services is paramount among the challenges of raising a grandchild, and grandparents face a variety of internal and external barriers in getting such help. The present pilot exploratory study focused on caregiving-related and personal resource variables best predicting grandparent caregivers’ perceptions of barriers to receiving services. Fifty-two grandparents (M age = 59.1) raising their grandchildren completed measures assessing caregiver strain, social support, resilience, self-care, psychosocial adequacy, health, depression, and grandchild relationship quality. They also completed measures of the extent to which they faced personal and caregiving-related difficulties giving rise to the need for services (e.g. health, grandchild well-being, support from others) as well as the extent to which they had experienced barriers to service (health/financial limitations, isolation, transportation, respite care, lack of knowledge of services) in the past 3 months. Correlations (p < .05) suggested that psychosocial adequacy (r = -.32), depression (r = .27), caregiver strain (r = .42) and difficulties (r = .48) were all related to greater perceived barriers. Regression analyses (F7, 40 = 2.81, p < .02) indicated that caregiver strain (Beta = .33, p < .05) and difficulties giving rise to the need for services (Beta = .32, p < .04) emerged as most salient in predicting barriers. These findings underscore the fact that personal, caregiving-related, and interpersonal factors exacerbate the barriers associated with grandparents’ accessing needed services and reinforce such factors’ impact on grandparents as targets for overcoming impediments to accessing services among them.

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Boquet, Jaime R., Debra Parker Oliver, Elaine Wittenberg-Lyles, Ardith Z. Doorenbos, and George Demiris. "Taking Care of a Dying Grandparent." American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine® 28, no. 8 (April 26, 2011): 564–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049909111405644.

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This study aims to provide insight into the role of grandchildren as informal hospice caregivers. It presents 4 cases that highlight the challenges and perceptions of grandchildren who care for a grandparent at the end of life. A researcher met regularly with family caregivers to discuss the problems or challenges during hospice caregiving. Although each caregiver presented unique individual experiences, several themes are common among the family caregivers including fatigue, stress, guilt, and loss of the “grandchild” identity. Grandchildren caregivers often take care of 3 generations (grandparents, parents, and children) and in many cases need additional assistance to help them overcome the challenges associated with managing a household, career, family, and caregiving roles.

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Lee, Jeewon, Areum Lee, Doeun Lee, Han-Young Jung, Shin-gyeom Kim, and Soyoung Irene Lee. "Suicidal Ideation of the Elderly According to Their Involvement in Grandchild Care." Psychiatry Investigation 16, no. 8 (August 25, 2019): 625–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30773/pi.2019.06.06.

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Tong, Silvia Theresa. "The Grand Connection: Association Between Grandchild Care Involvement and Grandparents’ Cognitive Functioning." Aging Medicine and Healthcare 13, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 147–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.33879/amh.133.2021.10099.

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Lee, Y. "ENTERING OR EXITING GRANDCHILD CARE DURING THE ECONOMIC CRISIS IN THE U.S." Innovation in Aging 1, suppl_1 (June 30, 2017): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igx004.1857.

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Lee, Y. "PREVALENCE AND PROFILE OF GRANDPARENTS PROVIDING OCCASIONAL GRANDCHILD CARE IN THE U.S." Innovation in Aging 1, suppl_1 (June 30, 2017): 376–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igx004.1368.

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Choi, Jieun, Hey Jung Jun, and Hyoun K. Kim. "Supplementary grandchild care, social integration, and depressive symptoms: longitudinal findings from Korea." Aging & Mental Health 25, no. 1 (October 8, 2019): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2019.1673307.

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Kim, Juyeong, Eun-Cheol Park, Young Choi, Hyojeong Lee, and Sang Gyu Lee. "The impact of intensive grandchild care on depressive symptoms among older Koreans." International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 32, no. 12 (December 1, 2016): 1381–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.4625.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Grandchild care'

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