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Journal articles on the topic 'Grammatical encoding'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 January 2023

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1

Steiner, Erich. "Ideational grammatical metaphor." Languages in Contrast 4, no. 1 (April 14, 2004): 137–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.4.1.07ste.

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In this paper I want to explore the systemic-functional notion of ‘grammatical metaphor’ from a cross-linguistic perspective. After a brief introduction to the concept of ‘grammatical metaphor’, I shall discuss the distinction between ‘congruent’ and ‘metaphorical’ encodings of meaning, as well as the distinction between rankshift, transcategorization, and grammatical metaphor as semogenic resources (Section 1). In a second section, I shall then focus on ideational grammatical metaphors in English and German and revisit the notion of direct vs. indirect mapping of experiential and logical semantics onto lexicogrammar (Section 2). It will be argued that ‘directness of encoding’ within one language can be defined with the help of the concept of ‘transparency’ or ‘motivation’ of encoding between levels. Across and between languages, however, the notion of ‘directness’ either has to be seen from the perspective of one of the languages involved, or from the perspective of a generalized semantics and grammar. In Section 3, I shall then explore the question of the experiential vs. logical encoding of semantic categories across languages, and of how this relates to metaphoricity. I shall exemplify and discuss the fact that in cross-linguistic analyses, one cannot consider any one of a given set of experiential or logical encodings of some unit of meaning as ‘congruent’ or ‘direct’, as long as one does not have a cross-linguistic semantics to establish ‘motivation’ and ‘transparentness’ on. It will also be argued that some of the differences in texts across languages as to what counts as ‘congruent’ can be predicted from comparisons between the language-specific grammatical systems involved. Other differences, however, seem to rely heavily on registerial influences and cultural factors. In Section 4, then, I shall inquire into the question of whether and precisely in what sense we can speak of two different types of grammatical metaphor, dependent on whether they involve a relocation in rank or a mere re-arrangement of mappings of semantic and lexicogrammatical functions. These types of metaphor, it will be argued, have different implications for the metaphoricity of the clause as a whole, as well as for the ‘density’ of the packaging of meaning.

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2

Park, Eunsun, and Hongoak Yun. "The Grammatical Constraint and Grammatical Encoding of Korean-English Code Switching." Journal of Mirae English Language and Literature 26, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 177–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.46449/mjell.2021.02.26.1.177.

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3

Kempen, Gerard. "Could grammatical encoding and grammatical decoding be subserved by the same processing module?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23, no. 1 (February 2000): 38–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00402396.

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4

Heller, Jordana R., and Matthew Goldrick. "Grammatical constraints on phonological encoding in speech production." Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 21, no. 6 (April 1, 2014): 1576–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13423-014-0616-3.

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5

Fernandes, Gonçalo, and Carlos Assunção. "First grammatical encoding of Japanese Politeness (17th century)." Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Humanas 13, no. 1 (April 2018): 187–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1981.81222018000100011.

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Abstract We analyze the description of the polite language in the early 17th century Japanese grammars, mainly the ‘large’ grammar (1604–1608) by the missionaries João Rodrigues ‘Tçuzu’ [the interpreter], S.J. (1562–1633), and the Japanese grammar (1632) by Diego Collado, O.P. (late 16th century–1638). Over 350 years of the Pragmatics established as a linguistic domain, one of the first Japanese dictionaries (1603–1604) introduced the designation of honorific particles and honored verbs. Rodrigues developed this terminology considerably, having analyzed accurately social and linguistic relationships and ways of Japanese reverence and politeness. He proposed an innovative linguistic terminology, inexistent in former European grammars and dictionaries, of which a part was followed by Collado: honorific and humble or humiliative particles, honored and humble verbs, honorable or honorific and low pronouns. Rodrigues also paid special attention to the women’s specific forms of address, describing their own ‘particles’. To sum up, the earlier 17th century Japanese grammars described pioneeringly what nowadays has been called as the Politeness Principle of Japanese or the honorific language of Japanese, termed as Keigo (respect language) or, academically, Taigū Hyōgen (treatment expressions).

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Timmermans, Mark, Herbert Schriefers, Simone Sprenger, and Ton Dijkstra. "Describing simple events: The dynamics of incremental grammatical encoding." Journal of Cognitive Psychology 24, no. 4 (June 2012): 441–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2011.649254.

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7

Linebarger, Marcia C., Myrna F. Schwartz, John R. Romania, Susan E. Kohn, and Diane L. Stephens. "Grammatical Encoding in Aphasia: Evidence from a “Processing Prosthesis”." Brain and Language 75, no. 3 (December 2000): 416–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/brln.2000.2378.

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8

Kurumada, Chigusa, and Scott Grimm. "Predictability of meaning in grammatical encoding: Optional plural marking." Cognition 191 (October 2019): 103953. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2019.04.022.

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9

Malchukov, Andrej L. "[review of:] Axel Holvoet & Nicole Nau, eds. 2014. Grammatical Relations and their Non-Canonical Encoding in Baltic." Baltic Linguistics 6 (December 31, 2015): 254–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32798/bl.400.

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Axel Holvoet & Nicole Nau (eds.). Grammatical Relations and their Non-Canonical Encoding in Baltic. (Valency, Argument Realization and Grammatical Relations in Baltic, vol. 1). Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins. ISBN: 9789027259097 (hardback), ISBN: 9789027270399 (e-book). The volume under review deals with variuos aspects of non-canonical argument marking, grammatical relations and argument alternations in Baltic languages. The volume is a gold mine both for typologists interested in grammatical relations as well as for the students of Baltic languages.

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10

Alturo Monné, Núria, and Josep Besa Camprubí. "L’aspectualitat de les situacions condiciona la selecció del tipus d’expressió referencial (lèxica o gramatical)?" Quaderns de Filologia - Estudis Lingüístics 23, no. 23 (December 24, 2018): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/qf.23.13524.

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The aim of this paper is to explore the relationship between lexical and grammatical encoding of reference and the encoding of clausal and discursive aspectuality. We observe lexical and grammatical forms of reference to an individual (Leo Messi, a Barcelona football player) with regard to the aspectual type of discourse segments corresponding to semantic States-of-Affairs and Episodes (that is, coherent combinations of States-of-Affairs). The analysis is based on two news items about Leo Messi’s fourth Goal Boot award: one in French and the other one in Catalan.

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11

Audring, Jenny. "Mothers or sisters? The encoding of morphological knowledge." Word Structure 12, no. 3 (November 2019): 274–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2019.0150.

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How is grammatical knowledge encoded in mental representations? While traditional accounts view grammar as a system of rules, construction-based theories assume declarative schemas – lexical entries with variables – as the locus of grammatical knowledge. Such schemas are evidently needed to encode productive patterns. However, morphological knowledge also includes relations between existing words, in patterns that cannot necessarily be productively extended. This contribution argues that such patterns can be encoded in two ways: by a ‘mother’ schema dominating the listed instances, or by ‘sister’ links between the instances themselves. Sister links are the more parsimonious option, since they do not require a superordinate layer in the constructional network. However, mother schemas can encode properties that sister links cannot. This paper aims to work out how the division of labour between sister links and mother schemas may be organized.

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12

Heller, Jordana R., and Matthew Goldrick. "Erratum to: Grammatical constraints on phonological encoding in speech production." Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 22, no. 5 (August 20, 2015): 1475. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13423-015-0928-y.

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13

山內潤子. "The grammatical encoding of the causee in Japanese Causal-Passive." Journal of Japanese Language and Literature 64, no. 1 (February 2008): 117–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17003/jllak.2008.64.1.117.

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14

Coppock, Elizabeth. "Parallel grammatical encoding in sentence production: Evidence from syntactic blends." Language and Cognitive Processes 25, no. 1 (January 2010): 38–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01690960902840261.

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15

Dell, Gary S., Franklin Chang, and Zenzi M. Griffin. "Connectionist Models of Language Production: Lexical Access and Grammatical Encoding." Cognitive Science 23, no. 4 (October 1999): 517–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog2304_6.

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16

Wheeldon, Linda, Natalie Ohlson, Aimee Ashby, and Sophie Gator. "Lexical availability and grammatical encoding scope during spoken sentence production." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 66, no. 8 (August 2013): 1653–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2012.754913.

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17

Lee, J., M. Yoshida, and C. Thompson. "Time Course of Grammatical Encoding in Healthy and Agrammatic Speakers." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 61 (October 2012): 41–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.10.070.

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18

Zaychenko, Katharina. "Grammatical and cognitive factors shaping the conceptualization of motion events." Languages in Contrast 22, no. 1 (December 7, 2021): 136–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.21005.zay.

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Abstract Motion event construal gives insight into the nature of the linguistic and conceptual representations underlying the encoding of events. Studies show that event descriptions differ cross-linguistically due to, amongst other factors, the absence or presence of grammatical aspect. While speakers of aspect languages generally focus on the process, speakers of non-aspect languages tend to perceive the event holistically and focus on endpoints. This investigation examines visual endpoint salience as a further factor that shapes event encoding. Thus, in this model, grammatical aspect is seen as a part of a more complex system of factors that determine event construal. The analyses, which cover German speakers, English speakers, and German-speaking learners of English, involve linguistic production data and results from memory performance tests. The findings show that the focus on endpoints increases for salient stimuli. While German speakers and learners of English show a tendency to focus on endpoints, a clear preference for focusing on the process can be observed in English speakers. Verbalizing endpoints correlates with the ability to remember them in a memorization task. The implications of these outcomes are discussed in the context of two factors which shape event encoding: grammatical aspect and endpoint salience.

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19

Stassen, Leon. "Typology Versus Mythology: The Case of the Zero-Copula." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 17, no. 2 (December 1994): 105–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586500002961.

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It is widely believed that copulas perform a mere grammatical function, as carriers of grammatical categories such as Tense, Mood and Aspect in sentences with non-verbal predicates. Accordingly, zero copulas are predicted to occur only in contexts where these grammatical categories are unmarked. This article argues that this view of copulas, and especially of zero copula encoding, is untenable as a principle of Universal Grammar. More generally, the article demonstrates how typological generalizations can be used as an evaluation measure for putative abstract principles of linguistic theory.

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20

김상희 and 신정아. "The Effect of Thematic Roles During Grammatical Encoding in Sentence Production." Korean Journal of English Language and Linguistics 16, no. 1 (March 2016): 77–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.15738/kjell.16.1.201603.77.

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21

Cho-Reyes, Soojin, Jennifer E. Mack, and Cynthia K. Thompson. "Grammatical encoding and learning in agrammatic aphasia: Evidence from structural priming." Journal of Memory and Language 91 (December 2016): 202–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2016.02.004.

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22

Kempen, Gerard. "Prolegomena to a Neurocomputational Architecture for Human Grammatical Encoding and Decoding." Neuroinformatics 12, no. 1 (July 20, 2013): 111–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12021-013-9191-4.

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23

Vuillermet, Marine. "Grammatical fear morphemes in Ese Ejja." Morphology and emotions across the world's languages 42, no. 1 (April 19, 2018): 256–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.00010.vui.

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Abstract Grammatical morphemes dedicated to emotions have been little described so far, except for surprise, which may be instantiated in a mirative category. It has even been suggested that an equivalent grammatical encoding for other basic emotions does not seem to occur crosslinguistically. This paper examines three grammatical morphemes in the Amazonian language Ese Ejja (Takanan), namely the apprehensive, the avertive and the timitive, and argues that all three morphemes express fear or its milder version apprehension, i.e. an emotion triggered by an undesirable, (highly) possible event. The morphemes essentially diverge in their syntactic scope (main verb, subordinated verb, or NP), their perspective (that of the speaker or the subject), and the possible absence vs. obligatory presence of a precautionary situation, i.e. the precautions taken to avoid the (consequences of the) feared event. After describing these features in Ese Ejja, the article outlines a crosslinguistic framework for the study of these categories.

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24

Jessen, Anna, João Veríssimo, and Harald Clahsen. "Variability and consistency in late bilinguals’ morphology." Mental Lexicon 13, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 186–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.18002.jes.

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Abstract Speaking a late-learned second language (L2) is supposed to yield more variable and less consistent output than speaking one’s first language (L1), particularly with respect to reliably adhering to grammatical morphology. The current study investigates both internal processes involved in encoding morphologically complex words – by recording event-related brain potentials (ERPs) during participants’ silent productions – and the corresponding overt output. We specifically examined compounds with plural or singular modifiers in English. Thirty-one advanced L2 speakers of English (L1: German) were compared to a control group of 20 L1 English speakers from an earlier study. We found an enhanced (right-frontal) negativity during (silent) morphological encoding for compounds produced from regular plural forms relative to compounds formed from irregular plurals, replicating the ERP effect obtained for the L1 group. The L2 speakers’ overt productions, however, were significantly less consistent than those of the L1 speakers on the same task. We suggest that L2 speakers employ the same mechanisms for morphological encoding as L1 speakers, but with less reliance on grammatical constraints than L1 speakers.

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25

Bordag, Denisa. "Interaction of L1 and L2 systems at the level of grammatical encoding." EUROSLA Yearbook 4 (September 3, 2004): 203–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eurosla.4.10int.

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26

Grohmann, Kleanthes K. "Proto-Properties and Grammatical Encoding: A Correspondence Theory of Argument Selection (review)." Language 81, no. 3 (2005): 766–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.2005.0128.

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27

Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria. "Semantic maps and temperature: Capturing the lexicon-grammar interface across languages." Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft 41, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 125–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zfs-2021-2042.

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Abstract Traditionally, lexical typology has to a large extent been interested in lexical categorization of various cognitive domains (e. g., colour, perception, body), i. e., in how these are cut up by the most important words in a language, and in lexical motivation, or formal relatedness, i. e., in whether words for certain concepts are completely unrelated or related to others via polysemy or derivation (e. g., intransitive vs. transitive verbs, words for ‘day’ and ‘sun’, etc.). Grammatical behavior of words and morphosyntactic patterns as encoding meanings traditionally belong to grammatical typology. In this paper, I consider the domain of temperature and show how the close interaction between lexicon and grammar in the encoding of the temperature domain across languages calls for an integrated lexico-grammatical approach to these phenomena. As a useful tool for such an enterprise I suggest an elaborated semantic map comprising three layers – the layer specifying the words with the information on their mutual formal relations (i. e., whether they are identical, completely unrelated or related via derivation or inflection), their morphosyntactic properties (e. g., their part-of-speech affiliation, inflectional potential, etc.), and the constructions they occur in.

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BYLUND, EMANUEL, and SCOTT JARVIS. "L2 effects on L1 event conceptualization." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 14, no. 1 (July 29, 2010): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728910000180.

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The finding that speakers of aspect languages encode event endpoints to a lesser extent than do speakers of non-aspect languages has led to the hypothesis that there is a relationship between grammatical aspect and event conceptualization (e.g., von Stutterheim and Nüse, 2003). The present study concerns L1 event conceptualization in 40 L1 Spanish – L2 Swedish bilinguals (all near-native speakers of Swedish). Spanish and Swedish differ as regards grammatical aspect: whereas Swedish lacks this grammatical category, Spanish conveys aspect through verbal morphology and periphrasis. The principal aim of the study was to explore the relationship between productive event conceptualization patterns and receptive decoding proficiency related to aspectual contrasts. The participants were asked to provide oral L1 Spanish descriptions of video clips projecting motion events with different degrees of endpoint orientation (see von Stutterheim, 2003). In addition, they took a grammaticality judgment test concerning verb and gender agreement, verbal clitics and aspectual contrasts. Compared with baseline data from monolingual Spanish speakers, the results on endpoint encoding show that the bilinguals mention the endpoints of motion events to a higher degree than the Spanish control group does. Moreover, it was shown that the weaker the bilinguals' discrimination of aspectual errors on the grammaticality judgment test, the more prone they were to encoding endpoints. This result consequently furthers the hypothesis about the interconnectedness between grammatical aspect and event conceptualization. The results were further interpreted as indicating that the bilinguals are influenced by the Swedish-like tendency to attend to the boundedness rather than the ongoingness of events.

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29

Montusiewicz, Patrycja. "Bezosobowość języka a bezstronność prawa w tekście prawnym. Analiza porównawcza markerów kategorii osoby i liczby czasownika w angielskojęzycznej wersji Powszechnej Deklaracji Praw Człowieka oraz jej przekładach na języki niemiecki, niderlandzki i polski." Język. Religia. Tożsamość. 1, no. 25 (June 29, 2022): 63–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.0994.

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In her article, Patrycja Montusiewicz present the results of research on the phenomenon of correlation between the grammatical structure of a legal text and the linguistic message of its communicative intention. The study describe the grammatical categories of the verb: person and number. Montusiewicz, based on the examples excerpted from the source English version of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and its translations into target languages German, Dutch and Polish target languages identifies the selection of an appropriate equivalent encoding the impersonality and impartiality of the analyzed declarative text. The results of the contrastive analysis has shown that the selection of specific grammatical markers depends on the internal specificity of a given language system and not on the formal, often matrix, similarity of the source and target language units.

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Yeon, Jaehoon. "A Typological Study on the Grammatical Encoding of the Causee in Causative Constructions." Korean Linguistics 9 (January 1, 1998): 211–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/kl.9.08jy.

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The causative introduces an external agent into the clausal structure. When an additional agent is introduced into the event, and when it is construed as the agent ultimately responsible for the occurrence of the event, then this ultimate agent is encoded as the subject, and the one that is less responsible for the event is encoded as the direct or oblique object. Causative constructions can be classified according to two parameters; one is a formal (or morphological) parameter and the other is semantic. As for the semantic distinction, we have shown that the difference between distant and contact causation is reflected formally in many languages including Korean. In Korean, semantic differences between distant and contact causatives generally correspond to those between the analytic and the morphological types. The essential difference between distant and contact causatives is the degree of control exercised by the causee. The causee in distant causatives has some control over the action, whereas the causee in contact causatives has no control over the action. That is, the causer of contact causatives behaves like the agent of a typical transitive verb, in that he or she both initiates and directly carries out the action. One interesting aspect of this, with respect to the control parameter of the causee, is that distant causatives usually require animate causes. Where the causee is inanimate, the distant causative suggests that the causer might invoke some external force, such as "magical power", in view of the indication that there is an absence of physical contact between causer and causee. The other issue that we have investigated is the morphological encoding of the causee. We established the case hierarchy for the Korean causative construction as accusative > dative > nominative, which coincides with the degree of control exercised by the causee, from least to greatest. We also investigated the validity of Comrie's (1981) hierarchy account through a careful examination of data from Korean. We have shown that there are many languages that do not conform to this hierarchy, and that allow doubling on certain grammatical relations. Korean permits doubling on Direct Object, Indirect Object, and even on subject positions. Most importantly, Comrie's hierarchy account fails to explain why case-markings are used contrastively. For example, the case-marking contrast of the causee between the accusative and the dative/oblique indicates a semantic contrast. Basically, Comrie's hierarchy account is rooted in a purely syntactic perspective without considering the semantic function of case-markers. We have shown that there is a possible semantic contrast between different encodings of the causee in causative constructions. As the basic morphological encoding of the patient, the accusative typically refers to an entity (causee) with a very low degree of control. On the other hand, the oblique case (or whatever case that might be selected for passive agents) is frequently used for an entity with a high degree of control. As the typical exponent of the experiencer or recipient role, the dative occupies an intermediate position.

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31

Frey, Werner. "Ā-Movement and conventional implicatures: About the grammatical encoding of emphasis in German." Lingua 120, no. 6 (June 2010): 1416–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2008.09.016.

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32

Kockelman, Paul. "Inalienable possession as grammatical category and discourse pattern." Studies in Language 33, no. 1 (January 9, 2009): 25–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.33.1.03koc.

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This essay analyzes the grammatical category of inalienable possession by examining the interaction of morphosyntatic forms, semantic features, pragmatic functions, and discourse frequencies. Using data from Q’eqchi’-Maya, it is argued that inalienable possession may be motivated relative to two dimensions: (1) whatever any person is strongly presumed to possess (identifiability); (2) whatever such personal possessions are referred to frequently (relevance). In regards to frequency, inalienable possessions are compared with possessed NPs, and possessed NPs are compared with all NPs, in regards to grammatical relation, information status, animacy rank, and semantic role. In regards to identifiability, it is argued that inalienable possessions are like deictics and prepositions in that they guide the addressee’s identification of a referent by encoding that referent’s relation to a ground; and inalienable possessions are different from deictics and prepositions in that the ground is a person and the referents are its parts or relations.

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Baniata, Laith H., Sangwoo Kang, and Isaac K. E. Ampomah. "A Reverse Positional Encoding Multi-Head Attention-Based Neural Machine Translation Model for Arabic Dialects." Mathematics 10, no. 19 (October 6, 2022): 3666. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10193666.

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Languages with a grammatical structure that have a free order for words, such as Arabic dialects, are considered a challenge for neural machine translation (NMT) models because of the attached suffixes, affixes, and out-of-vocabulary words. This paper presents a new reverse positional encoding mechanism for a multi-head attention (MHA) neural machine translation (MT) model to translate from right-to-left texts such as Arabic dialects (ADs) to modern standard Arabic (MSA). The proposed model depends on an MHA mechanism that has been suggested recently. The utilization of the new reverse positional encoding (RPE) mechanism and the use of sub-word units as an input to the self-attention layer improve this sublayer for the proposed model’s encoder by capturing all dependencies between the words in right-to-left texts, such as AD input sentences. Experiments were conducted on Maghrebi Arabic to MSA, Levantine Arabic to MSA, Nile Basin Arabic to MSA, Gulf Arabic to MSA, and Iraqi Arabic to MSA. Experimental analysis proved that the proposed reverse positional encoding MHA NMT model was efficiently able to handle the open grammatical structure issue of Arabic dialect sentences, and the proposed RPE MHA NMT model enhanced the translation quality for right-to-left texts such as Arabic dialects.

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Do, Monica, Elsi Kaiser, and Pengchen Zhao. "What can wh-questions tell us about real-time language production: Evidence from English and Mandarin." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 3, no. 1 (March 3, 2018): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v3i1.4344.

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We present two visual-world eye-tracking experiments investigating how speakers begin structuring their messages for linguistic utterances, a process known as linguistic encoding. Specifically, we focus on when speakers first linearize the abstract elements of their messages (positional processing) and when they first assign a grammatical role to those elements (functional processing). Experiment 1 de-coupled the process of linearization from grammatical role assignment using English object wh-questions, where the subject is no longer sentence initial. Experiment 2 used Mandarin declaratives and questions, which have the same word order, to test the extent to which findings from Experiment 1 were linked to information focus associated with wh-questions. We find evidence of both grammatical role assignment and linearization emerging around 400-600 ms, but we do not find evidence of the +/- wh distinction influencing eye-movements during that same time window.

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35

Bril, Isabelle. "Lexical restrictions on grammatical relations in voice constructions (Northern Amis)." STUF - Language Typology and Universals 75, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 21–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stuf-2022-1048.

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Abstract Amis (Austronesian, Taiwan) displays a rich, partly symmetrical voice system and a split case-marking pattern which are selected and restricted by (i) verb classes whose basic diathesis correlates with semantic properties such as activities versus states, and (ii) by Aktionsart features (i.e., atelic activities versus telic accomplishment and achievements), which also denote degrees of patient affectedness. Referential features such as patient definiteness, and semantic features such as agent’s animacy and intentionality also bear on voice selection. This voice system offers alternate ways of encoding arguments within a bipartite case-marking pattern; it also promotes peripheral, non-core arguments to subject function via applicative voice constructions.

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36

Murakami, Akira, and Theodora Alexopoulou. "L1 INFLUENCE ON THE ACQUISITION ORDER OF ENGLISH GRAMMATICAL MORPHEMES." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 38, no. 3 (November 2, 2015): 365–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263115000352.

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We revisit morpheme studies to evaluate the long-standing claim for a universal order of acquisition. We investigate the L2 acquisition order of six English grammatical morphemes by learners from seven L1 groups across five proficiency levels. Data are drawn from approximately 10,000 written exam scripts from the Cambridge Learner Corpus. The study establishes clear L1 influence on the absolute accuracy of morphemes and their acquisition order, therefore challenging the widely held view that there is a universal order of acquisition of L2 morphemes. Moreover, we find that L1 influence is morpheme specific, with morphemes encoding language-specific concepts most vulnerable to L1 influence.

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Lee, Jiyeon, Masaya Yoshida, and Cynthia K. Thompson. "Grammatical Planning Units During Real-Time Sentence Production in Speakers With Agrammatic Aphasia and Healthy Speakers." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 58, no. 4 (August 2015): 1182–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2015_jslhr-l-14-0250.

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PurposeGrammatical encoding (GE) is impaired in agrammatic aphasia; however, the nature of such deficits remains unclear. We examined grammatical planning units during real-time sentence production in speakers with agrammatic aphasia and control speakers, testing two competing models of GE. We queried whether speakers with agrammatic aphasia produce sentences word by word without advanced planning or whether hierarchical syntactic structure (i.e., verb argument structure; VAS) is encoded as part of the advanced planning unit.MethodExperiment 1 examined production of sentences with a predefined structure (i.e., “The A and the B are above the C”) using eye tracking. Experiment 2 tested production of transitive and unaccusative sentences without a predefined sentence structure in a verb-priming study.ResultsIn Experiment 1, both speakers with agrammatic aphasia and young and age-matched control speakers used word-by-word strategies, selecting the first lemma (noun A) only prior to speech onset. However, in Experiment 2, unlike controls, speakers with agrammatic aphasia preplanned transitive and unaccusative sentences, encoding VAS before speech onset.ConclusionsSpeakers with agrammatic aphasia show incremental, word-by-word production for structurally simple sentences, requiring retrieval of multiple noun lemmas. However, when sentences involve functional (thematic to grammatical) structure building, advanced planning strategies (i.e., VAS encoding) are used. This early use of hierarchical syntactic information may provide a scaffold for impaired GE in agrammatism.

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Herget Christensen, Marie. "Sætningskløvninger koder fokus og non-fokus i dansk." Ny forskning i grammatik, no. 26 (September 18, 2019): 54–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/nfg.v0i26.115993.

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It is a central claim in most Danish grammars that the Danish cleft construction encodes the clefted constituent with the function focus and that other sentence types do not have any grammatical focus encoding. This article will argue that not only does clefts encode focus, the construction also encodes the other part of the cleft – the cleft clause – with the anti-function of focus, non-focus. Further it will argue that while non-clefted sentence do not encode focus, they do encode both potential focus in one part and anti-focus in another part of the sentence. Thus, the article will show that focus structure in Danish consists of four different encodings making focus structure coding relevant for all sentence types in Danish.

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Jakobi, Angelika, Ali Ibrahim, and Gumma Ibrahim Gulfan. "Verbal Number and Grammatical Relations in Tagle." Faits de Langues 51, no. 1 (November 25, 2020): 99–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19589514-05101007.

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Abstract In Tagle, verbal number, as realized by singular and plural stems, has not only aspectual functions in expressing single and multiple events. Verbal number also serves as a morphosyntactic device encoding specific grammatical relations : The selection of a singular or plural stem is sensitive to the number of the intransitive subject (S) and the transitive object (P) participant. In derived ditransitive applicative constructions, the stem selection depends on the semantic roles of the two object participants. When they are assigned the roles of Beneficiary (B) and Theme (T), it is the number of the direct object T (rather than the indirect/applied object B) which selects a singular or plural stem. When assigned the roles of Experiencer (Exp) and T, however, the Exp (rather than T) interacts with verbal number. When comparing the two ditransitive objects of the Beneficiary construction, B and T, to the object P and when taking their interaction with verbal number as parameter of the comparison, one finds that T and P (rather than B) interact with verbal number. The alignment of T with P and the non-alignment of B can be identified as indirect object construction, T = P ≠ B. However, when the Exp role is assigned to the indirect/applied object and the T role to the direct object, Exp (rather than T) selects the singular or plural stem, i.e. Exp behaves like P. This alignment pattern, Exp = P ≠ T, is known as secondary-object construction.

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Jarrah, Marwan, and Mustafa Harb. "Grammatical Encoding of Discourse Structure: A Case Study of The Arabic Discourse Particle Tara." Transactions of the Philological Society 119, no. 1 (March 2021): 83–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-968x.12208.

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Franck, Julie, Jeffrey Bowers, Uli Frauenfelder, and Gabriella Vigliocco. "Orthographic influences on agreement: A case for modality-specific form effects on grammatical encoding." Language and Cognitive Processes 18, no. 1 (February 2003): 61–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01690960143000452.

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SUTTON, ANN, TANYA GALLAGHER, JILL MORFORD, and NAVID SHAHNAZ. "Relative clause sentence production using augmentative and alternative communication systems." Applied Psycholinguistics 21, no. 4 (December 2000): 473–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400004033.

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Complex syntactic structures may be difficult to recognize when produced using augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems that do not contain grammatical markers. The present study investigated adult English speakers' production of Subject and Object relative clause sentences using a picture/symbol-based AAC system with speech output. Most participants avoided the potential ambiguity that resulted from the absence of grammatical markers. They followed spoken English word order when encoding Object relative clause sentences, but altered this order for Subject relative clause sentences. Most participants used constituent proximity to maintain the distinction between Subject and Object relative clause sentences. Results indicate the combined effects of underlying syntactic knowledge and pragmatic variables on the AAC constituent order patterns observed.

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Rumsey, Alan. "Intersubjectivity and engagement in Ku Waru." Open Linguistics 5, no. 1 (April 29, 2019): 49–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opli-2019-0003.

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AbstractFollowing Evanset al.(2018a, 2018b), I use “engagement” to refer to grammatical encoding of the relative accessibility of an entity or state of affairs to the speaker and addressee. I refer to what is thereby encoded as the “engagement function”. How neatly does that function map on to grammatical categories of particular languages? Here I address that question with respect to the Papuan language Ku Waru, focusing on spatial and epistemic demonstratives, and definiteness and indefinite marking. I show that forms within each of those word/morpheme classes do serve engagement functions, but in cross-cutting and partial ways. I show how the engagement function is also achieved through poetic parallelism, prosody, gaze direction and other aspects of bodily comportment. In the examples considered, the engagement function is realised through interaction between those extra-linguistic features and the grammatical ones. The main thing that is added by grammatical engagement marking is an explicit signalling of the intersubjective accord that has been achieved on other bases. I hypothesize that that is true of engagement overall, and conclude by suggesting some ways to test that hypothesis and to advance the understanding of engagement more generally.

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Usacheva, Maria. "Basic pain terms in Beserman Udmurt." Voprosy Jazykoznanija, no. 6 (2021): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/0373-658x.2021.6.69-98.

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This paper is devoted to semantic structure and syntactic properties of predicates of pain in Beserman Udmurt. Beserman is a variety of Udmurt spoken in northwestern Udmurtia, which has undergone contact infl uence of Russian dialects and of Turkic languages. We analyze meanings and compatibility of units which denote pain, describe grammatical encoding of diff erent participants of the situation of pain — the experiencer, the body part where pain is located, and the cause of pain. We consider the following parameters to be relevant for encoding the situation of pain in Beserman Udmurt: type of experiencer, location of pain and its cause (including a human making someone feel pain), pure pain vs. pain accompanied by functionality loss, physical pain vs. painful emotions, intensity of pain and its type. We compare Beserman Udmurt data with those from idioms which either are closely related to Udmurt genetically or are in the situation of close contact with it — namely, with the data from Komi-Zyrian, certain Russian dialects, and Turkic languages. We show that unlike Komi-Zyrian, its relative, Beserman Udmurt encodes diff erent types of pain on the lexical level (i. e. by verbal roots and ideophones), not on the grammatical one (i. e. through morphological derivation). In this respect, Beserman Udmurt resembles certain Turkic languages. The diversity of argument encoding in expressions of pain is a common trait of Beserman Udmurt and Komi-Zyrian; it seems to be supported by the infl uence of Russian dialects.

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Skrzypczak, Waldemar. "Topological Modelling of Grammatical and Lexical Aspect in English." Research in Language 5 (December 18, 2007): 185–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10015-007-0008-0.

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This paper stems from a broader research project entitled Analog-based Modelling of Meaning Representations in English (Skrzypczak 2006), and aims to present grammatical aspect and lexical aspect as two modes of encoding the temporal profiles within the conceptualisation of processes (terminologically, in Langackerian sense, imperfective and perfective processes, otherwise, variously labelled as stative and dynamic verbs, i. e. states vs. discrete ‘unitary’ events and nondiscrete ‘unbounded’ processes). It is assumed that aspect in both cases – as a process-profiling category – is analogous to the profiling of things and atemporal relations (in the sense of Langacker 1987, 1990, 2000), given the maximisation of the temporal domain in the characterisation of processes (perfective and imperfective, hence: dynamic and stative), and minimalisation of the temporal domain during the conceptualisation of things (conceptually independent entities) and atemporal relations (conceptually dependent atemporal configurations). The analogy between nouns and verbs in terms of ‘granularity’ has been so far variously addressed by Langacker (1990), Jackendoff (1991) and Talmy (2001), and also constitutes the core assumption in my research on topological modelling.

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Jackson, Carrie N., Elizabeth Mormer, and Laurel Brehm. "THE PRODUCTION OF SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT AMONG SWEDISH AND CHINESE SECOND LANGUAGE SPEAKERS OF ENGLISH." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 40, no. 4 (April 6, 2018): 907–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263118000025.

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AbstractThis study uses a sentence completion task with Swedish and Chinese L2 English speakers to investigate how L1 morphosyntax and L2 proficiency influence L2 English subject-verb agreement production. Chinese has limited nominal and verbal number morphology, while Swedish has robust noun phrase (NP) morphology but does not number-mark verbs. Results showed that like L1 English speakers, both L2 groups used grammatical and conceptual number to produce subject-verb agreement. However, only L1 Chinese speakers—and less-proficient speakers in both L2 groups—were similarly influenced by grammatical and conceptual number when producing the subject NP. These findings demonstrate how L2 proficiency, perhaps combined with cross-linguistic differences, influence L2 production and underscore that encoding of noun and verb number are not independent.

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Sutton, Ann E., and Tanya M. Gallagher. "Verb Class Distinctions and AAC Language-Encoding Limitations." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 36, no. 6 (December 1993): 1216–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3606.1216.

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This study explored the status of an English grammatical distinction in the language of individuals who have never been able to encode that distinction previously. English past tense marking was used as a context to examine regular and irregular verb class distinctions in the language of two adults with severe congenital physical impairments who rely on augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems to communicate. In the subjects’ lexically based AAC systems, past tense was marked on regular verbs and irregular verbs using the same strategy. The subjects accessed their AAC displays using four-digit eye gaze number codes. They were shown a novel affixation strategy through manipulation of the four-digit codes that allowed them to mark past tense on regular verbs via an affixation process. Their semantic strategy for marking past tense on irregular verbs was not changed. The subjects’ patterns of use of the two strategies on exemplars of each verb class revealed limited evidence of distinctive use of the two strategies based on verb class membership. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed.

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Kotin, Michail L. "Einige Fragen der Aktionsart- und Aspektfunktion im Sprachvergleich." Studia Germanica Posnaniensia, no. 38 (June 25, 2018): 91–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/sgp.2017.38.08.

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The contribution deals with selected questions of the interaction between the so called “lexical aspect” (the opposition between telicity and atelicity) and the grammatical aspect (or so called “viewpoint”- aspect, i.e. the opposition between perfectivity and imperfectivity) in the languages with and without the overtly encoded aspect. The striking point of the analysis is the “complexive” meaning of aspectual forms and constructions involving lexical atelicity by indicating durativity or iterativity, on the one hand, and grammatical perfectivity by indicating the complexive perspective of the verbal action on the other. This type of aspectuality was a special feature of verbal systems with the aorist category. My claim is, thus, that the contemporary English has a special grammatical form of the “complexive aorist”, i.e. the form of Present Perfect Progressive. The Slavic languages encode this function by using the – unmarked – imperfective forms of the verbs, whereas German uses special means of encoding the very same function on the whole-clause level, such as adverbials or definite vs. indefinite or zero article.

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Chang, Edward F., Garret Kurteff, and Stephen M. Wilson. "Selective Interference with Syntactic Encoding during Sentence Production by Direct Electrocortical Stimulation of the Inferior Frontal Gyrus." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 30, no. 3 (March 2018): 411–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01215.

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Cortical stimulation mapping (CSM) has provided important insights into the neuroanatomy of language because of its high spatial and temporal resolution, and the causal relationships that can be inferred from transient disruption of specific functions. Almost all CSM studies to date have focused on word-level processes such as naming, comprehension, and repetition. In this study, we used CSM to identify sites where stimulation interfered selectively with syntactic encoding during sentence production. Fourteen patients undergoing left-hemisphere neurosurgery participated in the study. In 7 of the 14 patients, we identified nine sites where cortical stimulation interfered with syntactic encoding but did not interfere with single word processing. All nine sites were localized to the inferior frontal gyrus, mostly to the pars triangularis and opercularis. Interference with syntactic encoding took several different forms, including misassignment of arguments to grammatical roles, misassignment of nouns to verb slots, omission of function words and inflectional morphology, and various paragrammatic constructions. Our findings suggest that the left inferior frontal gyrus plays an important role in the encoding of syntactic structure during sentence production.

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Mirault, Jonathan, Joshua Snell, and Jonathan Grainger. "You That Read Wrong Again! A Transposed-Word Effect in Grammaticality Judgments." Psychological Science 29, no. 12 (October 24, 2018): 1922–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797618806296.

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We report a novel transposed-word effect in speeded grammaticality judgments made about five-word sequences. The critical ungrammatical test sequences were formed by transposing two adjacent words from either a grammatical base sequence (e.g., “The white cat was big” became “The white was cat big”) or an ungrammatical base sequence (e.g., “The white cat was slowly” became “The white was cat slowly”). These were intermixed with an equal number of correct sentences for the purpose of the grammaticality judgment task. In a laboratory experiment ( N = 57) and an online experiment ( N = 94), we found that ungrammatical decisions were harder to make when the ungrammatical sequence originated from a grammatically correct base sequence. This provides the first demonstration that the encoding of word order retains a certain amount of uncertainty. We further argue that the novel transposed-word effect reflects parallel processing of words during written sentence comprehension combined with top-down constraints from sentence-level structures.

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