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Journal articles on the topic 'Grammatica speculativa'
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Fernandes, Marcos Aurélio. "HEIDEGGER E A CONCEPÇÃO DE “SIGNIFICAÇÃO” NA SUA TESE DE HABILITAÇÃO: ENTRE HUSSERL E DUNS SCOTUS E A GRAMMATICA SPECULATIVA." Philósophos - Revista de Filosofia 21, no. 1 (August 28, 2016): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/phi.v21i1.41643.
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O presente artigo visa expor e comentar a teoria da significação apresentada por Heidegger na sua Tese de Habilitação (Freiburg, 1915) sobre a Grammatica Speculativa então atribuída a Duns Scotus. Heidegger, em sua interpretação, entrelaça elementos da teoria da significação presentes em Husserl e em Duns Scotus. A doutrina dos modos de significar, de inteligir e de ser, da Grammatica Speculativa, é lida a partir da análise intencional fenomenológica. Este artigo tenta expor este entrelaçamento, evidenciando as correspondências que há entre a teoria da significação de Husserl e a doutrina dos modos de significar, de inteligir e de ser na Grammatica Speculativa.
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Caputo, Annalisa. "Razionalismo e irrazionalismo nell’interpretazione heideggeriana della «Grammatica speculativa»." Quaestio 1 (January 2001): 275–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/j.quaestio.2.300644.
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Esparza Torres, Miguel Ángel, and Vicente Calvo Fernández. "La grammatica proverbiandi y La nova ratio nebrissensis." Historiographia Linguistica 21, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1994): 39–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.21.1-2.03esp.
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Summary Antonio de Nebrija (1444?–1522) published his Gramática Castellana in 1492, at a time when humanist appreciation of Castilian as a cultural language had not yet advanced to a discussion of its possibilities to become an established norm. However, an analysis of Nebrija’s linguistic and grammatical theories does shed some light on this question. For instance, it becomes clear that the new method which he proposes for the teaching of Latin (nova ratio Nebrissensis) presupposed a recognition of the presence of universal grammatical concepts in the pupil’s mother tongue. Such a conception is possible because Nebrija accepts an essential starting point of the medieval speculative tradition: language composition may be reduced to two basic concepts: materia (lexical element submitted to ‘corruption’) and forma (other elements – ‘accidents’ – which are stable). This composition is common to all languages. Therefore, Nebrija holds that by making use of the constrastive method it is possible to study two languages such as Latin and Castilian (which also happen to be closely related). Therefore, we must not consider the Gramática Castellana as separate from the rest of Nebrija’s scholarly production. He himself had coined the notion of ‘unity in diversity’ concerning his grammatical work. In order to teach the Castilian language and, starting from Castilian, Latin, Nebrija writes grammatical and lexicographical works which have an underlying unity. His general approach was exclusive to Nebrija; however, although nobody before him had worked out such an ambitious project, there is no doubt that he was continuing on the way in which grammatical tradition had been heading for some time. An example of this tradition is the so-called Grarnmatica proverbiandi. In this paper, the main features of this kind of medieyal grammar are analyzed. It is argued that they constitute the immediate precursor of the Nebrija’s undertaking, since we find in them didactic postulates which he developed further. These postulates led Nebrija to a contrastive grammar of Latin and Castilian and the creation of a grammatical terminology for the vernacular.
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Greene, Steven B., and Gail McKoon. "Telling Something we can't Know: Experimental Approaches to Verbs Exhibiting Implicit Causality." Psychological Science 6, no. 5 (September 1995): 262–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1995.tb00509.x.
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An interpersonal verb such as annoy or admire can be categorized according to whether its grammatical subject or grammatical object initiates the interaction described by the verb Such a verb can also be categorized according to whether a derived adjective describes its grammatical subject (e g, annoying) or its grammatical object (e g, admirable) Although there has been much speculation (e g, Brown & Fish, 1983) that these and other characteristics of these verbs shed light on basic principles of human social interaction, we argue that research to date has failed to demonstrate directly any real-time consequences of these verbs during language comprehension We present evidence that the initiating-reacting distinction predicts on-line changes in the accessibility of these verbs' arguments, but that the existence of a derived adjective does not We conclude that tasks that question subjects explicitly about language may fail to reflect the ordinary processes of language comprehension
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Percival, W. Keith. "Nebrija’s syntatic theory in its historical setting." Historiographia Linguistica 24, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1997): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.24.1-2.02per.
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Summary Antonio de Nebrija (1444?–1522) inherited his syntactic theory from a grammatical tradition which had developed in Italy in the High Middle Ages more or less independently of the speculative tradition of northern Europe. The distinctive features of this system are the following: (1) The main verb in a sentence governs not only the oblique cases of the complements but also the nominative case of the subject. (2) Verbs are subclassified depending on the morphological cases of their nominal complements. Nebrija must have assimilated this system as a student in Italy in the 1460s.
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Macdonald, A. D. "The seventy-two elders of Aristeas: An evaluation of speculation." Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha 29, no. 1 (September 2019): 36–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0951820719875719.
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The Letter of Aristeas recounts the translation of the Jewish Law into Greek by seventy-two Jewish elders. That number of elders (seventy-two) has been the subject of considerable discussion, and several competing explanations for the origin of the number have been proposed. Some scholars claim the number is derived from Hellenistic (specifically grammatical or arithmological) traditions, whereas others see precedent for the number seventy-two in the details of Exod 24 or Num 11. This paper evaluates several such hypotheses (most of them relatively recent), showing most to be speculative and lacking explanatory power. Rejecting such hypotheses, this paper argues that the number seventy-two emerges from a compromise between two of Pseudo-Aristeas’s interests—a hypothesis rendered all the more plausible by its appearance in Epiphanius. All this justifies an appeal for scholars to exercise both diligence and restraint regarding Jewish and Christian engagement with exodus traditions.
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Zabarah, Hana. "From Description to Prescription." Historiographia Linguistica 44, no. 1 (July 21, 2017): 135–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.44.1.04zab.
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Summary Once the need to learn a language arises, grammatical instructional manuals evolve from descriptive grammars of that language. Language description involves the uncovering of the rules of the language from collected data, and teaching those rules is the reason grammatical manuals exist. The most comprehensive descriptive grammar of Arabic is Sībawayhi’s Kitāb (d. ca.161–94 AH/777–810 A.D.). He includes the rules of Arabic as he deduced them from the language of the Arabs. As time passed and the need to learn Arabic increased, many grammarians started to write grammatical manuals for beginners. Sībawayhi’s monumental work was too speculative and highly theoretical for this task and was never suitable for instruction. The descriptiveness of Sībawayhi’s Kitāb needed to morph into a more approachable grammar. Zağğāğī’s Ğumal (d. ca.337–340/948–951) and Ibn Bābašāḏ’s Muqaddima (d.469/1077) are two instructional manuals that are concise and more suitable for beginners. This study examines how pedagogy in Zağğāğī’s Ğumal and Ibn Bābašāḏ’s Muqaddima evolved from the descriptive rules of Sībawayhi’s Kitāb through a careful analysis of istiṯnā’ “exception” rules presented by each grammarian in this study. Although the rules are essentially the same in all three books, presentation and description or lack thereof are sufficiently different illustrating their distinct objectives.
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Newmeyer, Frederick J. "The Sign Theory of Language and the form-meaning interface / La Théorie du langage basée sur le signe et l’interface forme-sens." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 64, no. 02 (February 11, 2019): 171–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cnj.2018.39.
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AbstractThis article examines a key feature of Denis Bouchard's Sign Theory of Language, namely theSubstantive Hypothesis(SH), the idea that “the most explanatory linguistic theory is one that minimizes the elements (ideally to zero) that do not have an external motivation in the prior properties of the perceptual and conceptual substances of language”. The article argues that the strongest form of the SH is challenged by two widespread classes of phenomena: morphosyntactic generalizations that are not sign-based, and non-sign-based external pressures on grammars. It concludes with some speculative remarks on why, to a significant degree, grammatical patterning is not sign-based.
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LEWASZKIEWICZ, TADEUSZ. "ZAINTERESOWANIA JĘZYKOZNAWCZE ZYGMUNTA KRASIŃSKIEGO." Slavia Occidentalis, no. 77/1 (June 15, 2020): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/so.2020.77.6.
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Zygmunt Krasiński devoted much if his attention to the “philosophical” essence of the language and the origins of various tongues. His conjectures, based on speculative and mystic philosophy, are of no scientific importance; rather, they reflect the author’s strong attachment to religion. While not original, his views on the role of a mother tongue in preserving national identity are correct. The writer was interested in spelling and correct grammatical usage of the Polish language. He also focused on assessing the style of texts written in Polish and French. His views were hardly innovative, offering some value in comparison with the 19th century theory of style. Other language-related mentions: the sophistication of Juliusz Słowacki’s language and proposals of baby names based on “inspired” etymological ideas, are inconsequential.
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Kotowski, Sven, and Holden Härtl. "How real are adjective order constraints? Multiple prenominal adjectives at the grammatical interfaces." Linguistics 57, no. 2 (March 26, 2019): 395–427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2019-0005.
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AbstractAdjective order restrictions on attributive adjectives (AORs) have been subject to debate in modern linguistic research for a long time. Most generally, the question whether AORs can be located in grammar as such in rule-based fashion is still unsettled. In the current paper, we largely argue against this view and claim that several of the core data to be explained are preferences based on norms rather than rules. A pragmatic explanation is offered to account for marked or apparently ungrammatical examples. First, we demarcate AORs in the narrow sense against data based on truth-conditional differences, show the sole hard constraint to be found in a distinction between object- and kind-modification, and introduce several of the factors argued to drive AORs in the literature. A large-scale corpus study on German AAN-phrases shows a hierarchy of relative adjectives preceding absolute ones to reliably predict preferences, while temporariness and weight do not. We then illustrate that norm-based preferences can be overwritten via discourse linking and implement markedness in out-of-the-blue contexts pragmatically based on the M-principle. Speculating that AORs in the narrow sense have their origins in more general cognitive principles, our findings support approaches that locate the better part of AORs outside the realm of core grammar.
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Schreier, Daniel. "Terra incognita in the anglophone world." English World-Wide 23, no. 1 (June 13, 2002): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.23.1.02sch.
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This paper examines the development of a distinct contact-based variety on the island of Tristan da Cunha in the South Atlantic Ocean. It outlines the sociohistorical context of the community as well as its linguistic and sociolinguistic implications, speculating on the original input varieties and processes of contact dynamics, new-dialect formation as well as feature selection and retention that occurred since the island was colonised in 1816. It provides a structural profile and discusses selected grammatical variables of this variety, with the aim of investigating feature selection from the relevant donor sources and identifying differential evolution patterns that occurred in this particular setting, even though it is not always possible to keep these two questions apart.
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Berger, Yitzhak. "Peshat and the Authority of Hazal in the Commentaries of Radak." AJS Review 31, no. 1 (April 2007): 41–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0364009407000220.
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In the study of medieval biblical interpretation, the tension between commentators' fidelity to rabbinic midrash and their independent quest for peshat continues to command serious attention. The place of the important Provençal exegete R. David Kimhִi (Radak, ca. 1160–ca. 1235) in the history of peshat commentary is of particular interest, influenced as he was by an especially wide range of traditions. On one hand, Radak's family, which was of Spanish origin, produced grammatical works and commentaries that exemplify the strict text-based approach of the Andalusian exegetes. Indeed, R. Abraham Ibn Ezra, the most prominent representative of this school, influenced Radak considerably. Furthermore, Radak's dedication to Maimonidean rationalism, which has been amply demonstrated by scholars, would only have sharpened his resistance to fanciful midrashic speculation.
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Šubarić, Sanja. "ANOTHER CONTRIBUTION TO THE STABILITY OF THE CATEGORY OF NOMINAL GENDER – on A. Čirgić’s reaction to the paper Gender in the grammatical description of nouns (a contribution to the stability of the category of nominal gender) – (Još jedan prilog stabilnosti kategorije imeničkog roda – povodom reagovanja A. Čirgića na tekst Rod u gramatičkom opisu imenica (prilog stabilnosti kategorije imeničkog roda) –)." Folia linguistica et litteraria X, no. 28 (December 26, 2019): 277–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31902/fll.28.2019.16.
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Another contribution to the stability of the category of nominal gender is a response to the text On a review of the Grammar of the Montenegrin Language (2010), which represents A. Čirgić’s unscientific review of our paper Gender in the grammatical description of nouns (a contribution to the stability of the category of nominal gender). Despite not being engaged in scientific argumentation, as an editor of the journal in which he published his text, Čirgić gave himself permission to qualify it as a “professional paper”. The fact that we have opposed the approach of defining noun gender as a morphological category, which is taken in the Grammar of the Montenegrin Language and textbooks based on it, has been ignorantly interpreted by the co-author of the Grammar of the Montenegrin Language, Montenegrin language for the II grade of grammar school and the editor of the journal Lingua Montenegrina as our disagreement with the “methodological approach to drafting the Grammar of the Montenegrin Language”. Being one of those who do not deal with mere theoretization, here he proves his professionalism by using the strawman argument technique, inventing mistakes and deliberately missing the point, hypothesizing about the territorial identity of Montenegrins who use the forms of zeke, mede... that is to say zeki, medi..., by contemplating our leisure time, but also by speculating about the increase of our “citation rates“... Key words: nouns, grammatical gender, masculine/feminine/neuter gender, dual gender, nominative ending, noun paradigm, grammatical number, modifiers, Grammar of the Montenegrin Language (2010), Adnan Čirgić
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Shields, Kenneth. "A proposal about the origin of the indo-european locative plural." Linguistica 45, no. 1 (December 31, 2005): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.45.1.53-58.
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One of the most significant recent developments in the field of historical lin guistics has been the identification of what Fox (1995: 194) calls '"laws' oflanguage development"-a methodology "for determining which changes are more likely than others, and ... criteria for determining the overall direction of linguistic change." This methodology is largely an aspect of what has come to be known as "grammati calization theory," which, according to Heine (2003: 575), is really "neither a theory of language nor of language change; its goal is to describe grammaticalization, that is, the way grammatical forms arise and develop through space and time, and to explain why they are structured the way they are." The process of grammaticalization "is hypothesized to be essentially unidirectional" (Heine 2003: 575) and therefore potentially "offers an explanatory account of how and why grammatical categories arise and develop" (Heine 2003: 578). Such explanation serves as "a potentially powerful adjunct to the methods of reconstruction, especially on an internal basis" (Fox 1995: 206), since it leads the historical linguist to principled conclusions about the structural sources of both attested and comparatively reconstructed morpho syntactic patterns. In this brief paper I wish to apply one such '"law' of language development" to account for the origin of the traditionally reconstructed Inda-European locative plural suffixes *-si (Gk. -si) and *-su (Skt. -su, OCS -Xb) (cf. Szemerényi 1996: 165). Like Fox (1995: 206), I acknowledge that the application of this methodology can be "speculative and controversial"; however, I offer my proposal as a reasonable possibility for developments within Indo-European
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Gurgel, Diogo de França. "Wittgenstein on Metaphor." Scripta 20, no. 40 (December 23, 2016): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.5752/p.2358-3428.2016v20n40p156.
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<p>In this work, I examine Wittgenstein’s possible contributions to an elucidation of the grammatical status of certain metaphors – often found in theoretical and speculative texts – which resist an approach based on the assumption of a clear split between the fields of pragmatics and semantics. I take as examples of works that depart from this assumption Elizabeth Camp’s Contextualism, Metaphor and What is said (which explores the lines suggested by Paul Grice), and John Searle’s Expression and Meaning. Both rely on a distinction between speaker’s meaning (utterance meaning) and sentence meaning to explain the nature of metaphor. They assume that the very metaphorical operation involves meaning something instead of saying something. But it is anything but obvious that, when we consider, e.g., the following metaphor of Philosophical Investigations: “A picture held us prisoners” (§115), we can assume that we are facing a non-descriptive use of language. I argue that Wittgenstein himself can provide us with tools to examine a possible descriptive function of this kind of sentence when he develops his grammatical research methods which: a) are not focused on the linguistic dimension of a sentence but on the linguistic dimension of discourse; b) bring up the issue of language learning; c) lead us to ask if certain metaphors could not work as modifiers of convictions, i.e., if they could not act directly on what Wittgenstein once called Weltbild.</p><p><br />Keywords: Metaphor. Wittgenstein. Weltbild. Saying. Meaning.</p>
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Martínez Gavilán, María Dolores. "La gramática castellana de Caramuel (1663)." Estudios Humanísticos. Filología, no. 11 (December 1, 1990): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/ehf.v0i11.4328.
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<p>Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz (Madrid, 1606-Vigevano, 1682), autor de una gramática filosófica de corte medieval en la que se resucitan muchos de los postulados de la gramática especulativa, Grammatica audax (1654) -hecho que se debe conectar con su posición claramente escolástica en el terreno de la filosofía y de la teología-, ha sido considerado uno de los antecedentes de la Grammaire généle et raisonnée de Port-Royal. Sus aportaciones en el terreno de la gramática general o universal han sido puestas de relieve por varios estudiosos (V. Salmon, H.E. Brekle, G. A. Padley, F. Delgado), cuyos puntos de vista se recogen aquí. Pero el objetivo de estas páginas es analizar su contribución en el campo de la gramática particular, y, en concreto, de la gramática española, y comprobar en qué medida están ahí presentes las pautas de análisis empleadas en su gramática general. Para ello nos basamos en la breve gramática castellana incluida en su tratado de poética Primos Calamos (Roma, 1663), obra en la que se observa una simbiosis de los planteamientos desarrollados por la gramática grecolatina clásica, asimilados por las gramáticas de las lenguas vulgares, y de algunos de los principios de la gramática especulativa medieval, que el autor había aplicado previamente en su gramática filosófica.</p><p>Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz (born Madrid, 1606-died Vigevano, 1682) was the author of a philosophical mediaeval style grammar in which many of the postulares of the speculative grammar Grammatica audax (1654) are resucitated. This must connected with his position in the terrain of philosophy and theology wich was clearly a scolastic one. Indeed, he has been considered as one of the forerunnes of the Grammaire générale et raisonnée of Port-Royal His contributions to the field of general or universal grammar ha ve been put finto relief by various scholars (V. Salmon, H E. Brekle, G. A. Padley, E Delgado) whose points of view are reviewed here. The objetive of what follows is two-fold a) to analyze his contribution to the fíeld of specific grammar, with especial reference to Spanish grammar, and b) to disco ver to what extent the anlytic guidelines employed in his general grammar are present there. We will be dealing with the brief Castillian grammar which is included in his poetic treatise Primos Calamos (Rome, 1663). In this study a symbiosis of the topics developed by classic Greek-latin and later assimilated by the grammars of common or vulgar languages can be observed, together with some of the beginnings of the speculative mediaeval grammar, which the author had applied previously in his philosophic grammar.</p>
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Fabricius, Anne H. "#aintnobodygottimeforthat: cultural appropriation, stylization and the social life of hashtag interjectionality." Scandinavian Studies in Language 10, no. 1 (May 31, 2019): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/sss.v10i1.114672.
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Th is paper will discuss a particular hashtag meme as one example of a potential new manifestation of interjectionality, engendered and fostered in the written online context of social media. Th e case derives from a video meme and hashtag from the United States which ‘went viral’ in 2012. We will ask to what extent hashtags might perform interjectional-type functions over and above their referential functions, thereby having links to other, more prototypically interjectional elements. Th e case will also be discussed from multiple sociolinguistic perspectives: as an example of the (indirect) signifying of ‘whiteness’ through ‘black’ discourse, as cultural appropriation in the context of potential policing of these racial divides in the United States, and as a case of performative stylization which highlights grammatical markers while simultaneously downplaying phonological markers of African American English. We will end by speculating as to the implications of the rise of (variant forms of) hashtags for processes of creative language use in the future.
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Spaemann, Robert. "Was macht Personen zu Personen?" Philosophisches Jahrbuch 119, no. 1 (2012): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0031-8183-2012-1-3.
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Abstract. What makes persons persons? In order to give an answer to this fundamental question, the article refers to central aspects of the concept of ‘person’. First, it takes the history of the concept into account, from its origins in Antiquity. Our understanding of persons is not based so much on the mask of ancient theatre but on the grammatical sense of ‘persons’ as mediated by patristical speculation on the Trinity. Then, regarding the modern debate on personal identity, it argues against John Locke and Derek Parfit that personal identity is not qualitative but numerical. In opposition to Peter Singer’s argument of Speciesism, the author maintains that belonging to the human species is a sufficient condition for the status of personhood. Finally, he defends for the thesis also held by Kant that if there is at all a rationally justifiable moment of the person’s coming to be, then that is the moment of conception.
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Kalaba Karlica, Jovanka D. "PREGLED MOGUĆIH TUMAČENjA I PREVODNIH REŠENjA STAROENGLESKE ELEGIJE „ŽENINA TUGOVANKA”." Nasledje Kragujevac XIX, no. 52 (2022): 161–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/naskg2252.161k.
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The paper offers a translation of the Old English elegy ‘The Wife’s Lament’ or ‘The Wife’s Complaint’ into Serbian, as well as the explanations of translation solutions based on different interpretations of the poem, which arose from grammatical ambiguities of the Old English language and the composition of the elegy. Given the inevitable speculation that the inter- pretation of such a poem entails, the paper also attempts to move away from the speculation about the concrete events in the poem and focuses on the stylistic and formal aspects of the elegy and the atmosphere it produces, as well as the ideological significance of revisiting a piece of literature such as ‘The Wife’s Lament’ in contemporary literary research. This elegy is a rare example of Old English poetry in which a female voice speaks of human suffering and the transience of earthly things, which raises the question of a ‘female’ standpoint as well as the sexuality and spiritual nature of women, which certain critics see as extremely important and insufficiently emphasized in the overall study of the Old English literature. Regardless of the number of possible translations and thus more interpretive options, the touching lyricism that permeates ‘The Wife’s Lament’ is a strong critique of a heroic society in which a deprived woman manages to articulate her rebellion as a muffled voice of an antihero and outcast from a warrior community. In such circumstances, the essentially passive Anglo-Saxon woman in captivity affirms her own personality, thoughts and feelings with her uninhibited speech.
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Rodríguez, Estrella Pérez. "Speculations about the Potestas Litterarum in medieval grammar (11th through 13th centuries)." Historiographia Linguistica 29, no. 3 (December 31, 2002): 293–327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.29.3.03rod.
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Summary The aim of this paper is to study the concept of potestas, one of the three ‘accidents’ of ‘letters’ in the Roman tradition. More specifically, it intends to examine the way in which the speculative grammarians from the 11th to the 13th centuries dealt with speech sounds and which issues were attached to it. The commentators of the beginning of this period mapped out the route to be followed in the attempt at a thorough explanation and systematization of Prisician’s adumbrations. To that purpose, they forged the successful term modus pronunciandi and classified the potestas into five types. This chapter was granted as much discussion as any other: some concepts and terminology of the Aristotelian universe were employed in it (e.g., the opposition substantial/accidental, potentiality/act). Nevertheless, some remarkable differences between the points of view of the 12th-century grammarians and those of the 13th-century have been observed, among them the interest on the part of the latter in the generation of sound. In this century, two works, the anonymous Tractatus de grammatica and John Dacus’s modistic Summa, held for different reasons a very particular position in the evolution of the doctrine on the potestas. In this respect, the influence of the former on the latter has been noticed. With their speculations all these medieval grammarians succeded in differentiating two levels within the realm of speech sounds.
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Koerner, E. F. K. "Einar Haugen as a Historian of Linguistics." American Journal of Germanic Linguistics and Literatures 9, no. 2 (1997): 221–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1040820700002870.
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In this short paper, the author takes a closer look at Einar Haugen's (1906–1994) writings in as far as they touch upon the historiography of linguistics. After a sketch of his scholarly background and the role he played in the Linguistic Society of America generally and, more particularly, as a historian of linguistic thought from his well-known LSA presidential address of 1950 onwards, Haugen's treatment of the so-called First grammatical treatise comes under closer scrutiny. In particular, the author discusses two expressions in Haugen's 1950 edition of the text that seem to have given rise to much speculation, namely, the word grein and the (probably juridical) phrase skipta máli. It is argued that Haugen and others—notably Hreinn Benediktsson—are at best overinterpreting them by assigning modern structural phonologist meanings to the words, turning them into metalinguistic terms. It is maintained instead that the First Grammarian had made a practical argument in favor of the addition of four vowels not found in the five-vowel Roman alphabet necessitated by the facts of Old Icelandic, and that the text was basically a pedagogical treatise on orthographic requirements and not a precocious phonological discussion.
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Prieto, Mario, Helena Deus, Anita de Waard, Erik Schultes, Beatriz García-Jiménez, and Mark D. Wilkinson. "Data-driven classification of the certainty of scholarly assertions." PeerJ 8 (April 21, 2020): e8871. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8871.
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The grammatical structures scholars use to express their assertions are intended to convey various degrees of certainty or speculation. Prior studies have suggested a variety of categorization systems for scholarly certainty; however, these have not been objectively tested for their validity, particularly with respect to representing the interpretation by the reader, rather than the intention of the author. In this study, we use a series of questionnaires to determine how researchers classify various scholarly assertions, using three distinct certainty classification systems. We find that there are three distinct categories of certainty along a spectrum from high to low. We show that these categories can be detected in an automated manner, using a machine learning model, with a cross-validation accuracy of 89.2% relative to an author-annotated corpus, and 82.2% accuracy against a publicly-annotated corpus. This finding provides an opportunity for contextual metadata related to certainty to be captured as a part of text-mining pipelines, which currently miss these subtle linguistic cues. We provide an exemplar machine-accessible representation—a Nanopublication—where certainty category is embedded as metadata in a formal, ontology-based manner within text-mined scholarly assertions.
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Sanni, Amidu. "Again on taḍmīn in Arabic theoretical discourse." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 61, no. 1 (February 1998): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x0001572x.
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In my earlier examination of the phenomenon of taḍmīn in Arabic poetry, I attempted to show how it evolved from the status of a defect into a poetic device. But I could not at that time offer any explanation that would reasonably account for this development. Moreover, I have come to realize that my treatment of the term as referring to those instances where the full meaning of an idea started in one line emerges only in the succeeding line(s), viz. enjamb-ment, did not adequately account for its subtleties; and, more importantly, it ignored other phenomena which are also subsumed under the term, though they have no obvious connection with enjambment. It is precisely these lacunae that I intend to fill in the present study. For purposes of analysis I will designate the over-running of lines as ‘grammatical taḍmīn’ since the relationship in such cases is either syntactic or semantic, although still other, subtler relationships within this broad classification are demonstrable. The term is also used for cases where a poet deliberately quotes, with or without indication, from poems or statements by others: this will be discussed under ‘rhetorical taḍmīn’. Yet another use of the term arose from the introduction of philosophical thought into theoretical speculation, specifically in the area of scriptural interpretation: this I will designate as ‘hermeneutical taḍmīn’.
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Leontovich, Olga A. "The dynamics of political correctness, inclusive language and freedom of speech." Russian Journal of Linguistics 25, no. 1 (December 15, 2021): 194–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2687-0088-2021-25-1-194-220.
Full textAbstract:
The study aims to research the historical dynamics of the notions political correctness, inclusive language and freedom of speech, as well as to reveal the mechanisms and new tendencies of their realization in public discourse. The sources of practical material are represented by: a) 126 journal and Internet articles; b) 12 speeches of famous US and British politicians, scholars and celebrities reflecting the notions under study. The leading methods include critical discourse analysis, definition and contextual analyses. The research indicates that during its long and contradictory history, the term political correctness had both positive and negative connotations. When the negative attitude started to prevail, it was replaced by the notions inclusion and inclusive language based on similar mechanisms: ban on the use of offensive terms denoting different aspects of peoples identity; avoidance of stereotypes and false semantic associations; abundant use of euphemisms, etc. The paper reveals the new trends in the English language (non-binary expression of gender; changes in the conceptualization of race, age and disability) and social practices meeting the requirements of inclusive communication. Whereas political correctness and inclusive language aim to protect vulnerable social groups and improve the social climate, they produce certain undesirable tendencies: breach between social groups caused by inefficient communication; reverse racism; complex relationship of political correctness with science, literature and education; its speculative use; and restrictions on freedom of speech. The study also sheds light on the problems of politically correct intercultural communication caused by the non-stop language change, differences in social norms, values, grammatical structures, semantics, and cultural associations.
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Ó Donnchú, Ken. "A Prague Poem on Purgation?: Five Languages in a Seventeenth Century Irish Manuscript." Studia Celto-Slavica 12 (2021): 43–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.54586/mwky8087.
Full textAbstract:
The history of the Irish Franciscans in continental Europe has been the subject of much scholarly investigation, which has focused mainly on the renowned Louvain college. Although the Irish Franciscans in Prague were less prolific than their Louvain compatriots, the Prague house, active for over 150 years, nevertheless produced many works, ranging from original theological treatises to copies of grammatical and historical texts, both in Latin and in the vernacular. This paper will examine a text from UCD Franciscan Collection MS A 32 f.5, a single paper folio which preserves the only known example of the Czech language in a Gaelic manuscript. The content of that folio sheds light on the relationships between the continental houses, and highlights the more quotidian and less-vaunted aspects of the lives and work of these exiled Irish men of God. The poem in question, entitled ‘Freagra ar et cætera Philip’ (An Answer to Philip’s Et Cætera, FCP hereafter), centres on the ‘evacuation’ difficulties of one Philip Ó Conaill, the hardship this has caused those in his company, and the advice given to Philip on how to cure his ailment. In literary terms, FCP exemplifies the strong interest of the Irish literati at all stages in so-called Rabelaisian humour, and burlesque literature. While the poem itself is unlikely to be added to the canon of Irish literature, nevertheless a number of aspects of its contents are intriguing, and invite investigation and restrained speculation as to the context of its production.
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Kunkova, Alexandra. "Word-Formation Categories in “The Tale of Bygone Years” (With a Focus on Nominal Suffixed Derivatives)." Nizhny Novgorod Linguistics University Bulletin, no. 51 (September 30, 2020): 49–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.47388/2072-3490/lunn2020-51-3-49-63.
Full textAbstract:
The article looks at word-formation categories in the “Tale of Bygone Years” from the cogni-tive perspective, specifically focusing on nominal suffixed derivatives as one of the most pro-ductive groups of derivative lexemes in the text of the manuscript. The author makes a num-ber of observations on the “internal form of the language” — i. e. specific forms of expression of thought and their grammatical realization as well as the creative and intellectual activity of human thinking. The primary purpose of the article is to determine the ratio of derivative and non-derivative nouns, to identify the most productive means of word formation, primary word-formation categories and their conceptual structure, and to analyze word-formation models that guide the process of cognition. We used content analysis to categorize common nouns in terms of their productivity/non-productivity and to determine word-formation mechanisms that are characteristic for the text. The statistical method was used to identify key word-formation methods and categories of nominal derivatives, while the descriptive-analytical method was used to describe their conceptual structure. In the course of the study, we identified primary word-formation categories which gave us a better idea of the medieval language consciousness which seems to have been characterized by an extensive system of word-formation suffixes. In particular, the word-formation act reveals a close interweaving of sensory and speculative perception and an interdependence of the structures of knowledge and evaluation of the world. In addition, the study revealed a high generative potential of core non-derivative concepts that underly the ancient Slavic language picture of the world. The results of the study confirm the hypothesis that the ancient man had developed abstract think-ing, and exteriorization of its conceptual system at all stages of its development was largely realized by original linguistic means. The theoretical significance of this research project lies in the synchronous study of word-formation processes as well as in applying axiological methods to the study of the linguistic picture of the world. Its practical conclusions throw fresh light at language as activity and demonstrate the high potential of original word-formation means of the Old Slavonic language. The results of this research can be used in theoretical courses in anthropo- and ethnolinguistics as well as in teaching Russian as a foreign language for advanced students.
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Tomioka, Satoshi. "Scalar Implicature, Hurford's Constraint, Contrastiveness and How They All Come Together." Frontiers in Communication 5 (January 14, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2020.461553.
Full textAbstract:
Disjunction with two scalar items, such as some or all of the books, has been regarded as evidence for the grammatical theory of scalar implicatures (e.g., Chierchia et al., 2012). Hurford's Constraint (Hurford, 1974) provides that disjuncts are banned from having an entailing relation, and to make such a disjunction comply with Hurford's Constraint, the meaning of some must be locally strengthened. Interestingly, however, the order of disjoined scalar items is not free, as noted by Singh (2008). The order in which a weaker scalar item comes first followed by its stronger scalar mate is better than the other order. I present an analysis of this ordering restriction based on the novel observation that the restriction is not only found in disjunction but in contrastive environments in general. I propose that contrasting a linguistic expression requires a “contrast antecedent,” which must elicit a set of mutually exclusive alternatives that includes the meaning of the contrasted expression. It will be demonstrated how the mutual exclusivity requirement presents a principled explanation for the ordering asymmetry as well as Hurford's Constraint itself, which indicates that the root of the constraint is not in disjunction but in contrastiveness. One of the indispensable ingredients in the proposal is the grammatical/conventional generation of scalar implicatures, as the strengthened meaning must be the basis of alternatives. The paper also provides a speculative analysis of only, in which I suggest that the process of exhaustification in the grammatical theory of scalar implicatures should not be characterized as the implicit only, the semantic contributions of which are more different than commonly assumed.
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Barbir, Monica, Mireille J. Babineau, Anne-Caroline Fiévet, and Anne Christophe. "Rapid infant learning of syntactic–semantic links." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 120, no. 1 (December 27, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2209153119.
Full textAbstract:
In the second year of life, infants begin to rapidly acquire the lexicon of their native language. A key learning mechanism underlying this acceleration is syntactic bootstrapping: the use of hidden cues in grammar to facilitate vocabulary learning. How infants forge the syntactic–semantic links that underlie this mechanism, however, remains speculative. A hurdle for theories is identifying computationally light strategies that have high precision within the complexity of the linguistic signal. Here, we presented 20-mo-old infants with novel grammatical elements in a complex natural language environment and measured their resultant vocabulary expansion. We found that infants can learn and exploit a natural language syntactic–semantic link in less than 30 min. The rapid speed of acquisition of a new syntactic bootstrap indicates that even emergent syntactic–semantic links can accelerate language learning. The results suggest that infants employ a cognitive network of efficient learning strategies to self-supervise language development.