Journal articles: 'Grammar, comparative and general Parsing'

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KIM, JONG-BOK, Jaehyung Yang, and sanghoun Song. "Parsing Korean Comparative Constructions in a Typed-Feature Structure Grammar." Language and Information 14, no. 1 (June 30, 2010): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.29403/li.14.1.1.

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Cooper, William E. "Parsing, Language Learning, and the Grammar." Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews 30, no. 6 (June 1985): 451–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/023835.

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Shi, Zhi Yuan, Yu Qiang Sun, Yu Wan Gu, Fu Quan Ji, and Jing Fen Du. "The Study about Parsing of RGG Grammar." Advanced Materials Research 204-210 (February 2011): 255–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.204-210.255.

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Visualization is the main form of human-computer interaction. The grammar formal description of visual language opens and explores the s application cope and theoretical research field of grammar. At present, graph grammar describing visual language is one of the best the formal methods. In the paper, formal parsing method of RGG grammar is studied deeply, a parsing algorithm about RGG grammar is described, and its application on Petri net is discussed.

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Bao, Lei. "A Trajectory Classification Model Using Grammar Parsing." IEEE Access 8 (2020): 218416–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3042614.

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Cousot, Patrick, and Radhia Cousot. "Parsing as abstract interpretation of grammar semantics." Theoretical Computer Science 290, no. 1 (January 2003): 531–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3975(02)00034-8.

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Juffs, Alan. "Grammar and parsing and a transition theory." Applied Psycholinguistics 27, no. 1 (January 2006): 69–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716406060115.

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The article by Clahsen and Felser (CF) on grammatical processing in language learning is a timely and much-needed synthesis of research on this topic. It correctly identifies both morphological processing and syntactic processing as key areas that require attention. This commentary raises two issues: the relationship between the grammar and the parser, and the need for a transition theory in adult second language (L2) learning.

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Gildea, Daniel. "Grammar Factorization by Tree Decomposition." Computational Linguistics 37, no. 1 (March 2011): 231–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00040.

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We describe the application of the graph-theoretic property known as treewidth to the problem of finding efficient parsing algorithms. This method, similar to the junction tree algorithm used in graphical models for machine learning, allows automatic discovery of efficient algorithms such as the O(n4) algorithm for bilexical grammars of Eisner and Satta. We examine the complexity of applying this method to parsing algorithms for general Linear Context-Free Rewriting Systems. We show that any polynomial-time algorithm for this problem would imply an improved approximation algorithm for the well-studied treewidth problem on general graphs.

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Sun, Weiwei, and Xiaojun Wan. "Data-driven, PCFG-based and Pseudo-PCFG-based Models for Chinese Dependency Parsing." Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 1 (December 2013): 301–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00229.

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We present a comparative study of transition-, graph- and PCFG-based models aimed at illuminating more precisely the likely contribution of CFGs in improving Chinese dependency parsing accuracy, especially by combining heterogeneous models. Inspired by the impact of a constituency grammar on dependency parsing, we propose several strategies to acquire pseudo CFGs only from dependency annotations. Compared to linguistic grammars learned from rich phrase-structure treebanks, well designed pseudo grammars achieve similar parsing accuracy and have equivalent contributions to parser ensemble. Moreover, pseudo grammars increase the diversity of base models; therefore, together with all other models, further improve system combination. Based on automatic POS tagging, our final model achieves a UAS of 87.23%, resulting in a significant improvement of the state of the art.

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Kallmeyer, L., W. Maier, Y. Parmentier, and J. Dellert. "TuLiPA - Parsing extensions of TAG with range concatenation grammars." Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences 58, no. 3 (September 1, 2010): 377–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10175-010-0036-0.

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TuLiPA - Parsing extensions of TAG with range concatenation grammarsIn this paper we present a parsing framework for extensions of Tree Adjoining Grammar (TAG) called TuLiPA (Tübingen Linguistic Parsing Architecture). In particular, besides TAG, the parser can process Tree-Tuple MCTAG with Shared Nodes (TT-MCTAG), a TAG-extension which has been proposed to deal with scrambling in free word order languages such as German. The central strategy of the parser is such that the incoming TT-MCTAG (or TAG) is transformed into an equivalent Range Concatenation Grammar (RCG) which, in turn, is then used for parsing. The RCG parser is an incremental Earley-style chart parser. In addition to the syntactic anlysis, TuLiPA computes also an underspecified semantic analysis for grammars that are equipped with semantic representations.

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Cousot, Patrick, and Radhia Cousot. "Grammar semantics, analysis and parsing by abstract interpretation." Theoretical Computer Science 412, no. 44 (October 2011): 6135–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tcs.2011.06.005.

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Jabri, Riad. "A generic parser for strings and trees." Computer Science and Information Systems 9, no. 1 (2012): 381–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/csis101109004j.

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In this paper, we propose a two fold generic parser. First, it simulates the behavior of multiple parsing automata. Second, it parses strings drawn from either a context free grammar, a regular tree grammar, or from both. The proposed parser is based on an approach that defines an extended version of an automaton, called positionparsing automaton (PPA) using concepts from LR and regular tree automata, combined with a newly introduced concept, called state instantiation and transition cloning. It is constructed as a direct mapping from a grammar, represented in an expanded list format. However, PPA is a non-deterministic automaton with a generic bottom-up parsing behavior. Hence, it is efficiently transformed into a reduced one (RBA). The proposed parser is then constructed to simulate the run of the RBA automaton on input strings derived from a respective grammar. Without loss of generality, the proposed parser is used within the framework of pattern matching and code generation. Comparisons with similar and well-known approaches, such as LR and RI, have shown that our parsing algorithm is conceptually simpler and requires less space and states.

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Kumari, B. Venkata Seshu, and Ramisetty Rajeshwara Rao. "Improving Telugu Dependency Parsing using Combinatory Categorial Grammar Supertags." ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing 14, no. 1 (January 30, 2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2693190.2693191.

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Kromann, Matthias Trautner. "Optimality parsing and local cost functions in Discontinuous Grammar." Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science 53 (April 2004): 163–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1571-0661(05)82581-2.

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Kulkarni, Amba. "Sanskrit Parsing Following Indian Theories of Verbal Cognition." ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing 20, no. 2 (April 8, 2021): 1–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3418061.

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Pāṇini’s grammar is an important milestone in the Indian grammatical tradition. Unlike grammars of other languages, it is almost exhaustive and together with the theories of śābdabodha (verbal cognition), this grammar provides a system for language analysis as well as generation. The theories of śābdabodha describe three conditions necessary for verbal cognition. They are ākāṅkṣā (expectancy), yogyatā (meaning congruity), and sannidhi (proximity). We examine them from a computational viewpoint and provide appropriate computational models for their representation. Next, we describe the design of a parser following the theories of śābdabodha and present three algorithms for solving the constraints imposed by the theories of śābdabodha . The first algorithm is modeled as a constraint satisfaction problem, the second one as a vertex-centric graph traversal, and the third one as an edge-centric binary join, each one being an improvement over the previous one.

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DEVRIESE, DOMINIQUE, and FRANK PIESSENS. "Finally tagless observable recursion for an abstract grammar model." Journal of Functional Programming 22, no. 6 (July 10, 2012): 757–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956796812000226.

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AbstractWe define a finally tagless, shallow embedding of a typed grammar language. In order to avoid the limitations of traditional parser combinator libraries (no bottom-up parsing, no full grammar analysis or transformation), we require object-language recursion to be observable in the meta-language. Since existing proposals for recursive constructs are not fully satisfactory, we propose new finally tagless primitive recursive constructs to solve the problem. To do this in a well-typed way, we require considerable infrastructure, for which we reuse techniques from the multirec generic programming library. Our infrastructure allows a precise model of the complex interaction between a grammar, a parsing algorithm and a set of semantic actions. On the flip side, our approach requires the grammar author to provide a type- and value-level encoding of the grammar's domain and we can provide only a limited form of constructs like many. We demonstrate five meta-language grammar algorithms exploiting our model, including a grammar pretty-printer, a reachability analysis, a translation of quantified recursive constructs to the standard one and an implementation of the left-corner grammar transform. The work we present forms the basis of the grammar-combinators parsing library1, which is the first to work with a precise, shallow model of abstract context-free grammars in a classical (not dependently typed) functional language and which supports a wide range of grammar manipulation primitives. From a more general point of view, our work shows a solution to the well-studied problem of observable sharing in shallowly embedded domain-specific languages and specifically in finally tagless domain-specific languages.

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Gildea, Daniel, and Giorgio Satta. "Synchronous Context-Free Grammars and Optimal Parsing Strategies." Computational Linguistics 42, no. 2 (June 2016): 207–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00246.

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The complexity of parsing with synchronous context-free grammars is polynomial in the sentence length for a fixed grammar, but the degree of the polynomial depends on the grammar. Specifically, the degree depends on the length of rules, the permutations represented by the rules, and the parsing strategy adopted to decompose the recognition of a rule into smaller steps. We address the problem of finding the best parsing strategy for a rule, in terms of space and time complexity. We show that it is NP-hard to find the binary strategy with the lowest space complexity. We also show that any algorithm for finding the strategy with the lowest time complexity would imply improved approximation algorithms for finding the treewidth of general graphs.

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Underwood, William. "Grammar-Based Specification and Parsing of Binary File Formats." International Journal of Digital Curation 7, no. 1 (March 9, 2012): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/ijdc.v7i1.217.

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The capability to validate and view or play binary file formats, as well as to convert binary file formats to standard or current file formats, is critically important to the preservation of digital data and records. This paper describes the extension of context-free grammars from strings to binary files. Binary files are arrays of data types, such as long and short integers, floating-point numbers and pointers, as well as characters. The concept of an attribute grammar is extended to these context-free array grammars. This attribute grammar has been used to define a number of chunk-based and directory-based binary file formats. A parser generator has been used with some of these grammars to generate syntax checkers (recognizers) for validating binary file formats. Among the potential benefits of an attribute grammar-based approach to specification and parsing of binary file formats is that attribute grammars not only support format validation, but support generation of error messages during validation of format, validation of semantic constraints, attribute value extraction (characterization), generation of viewers or players for file formats, and conversion to current or standard file formats. The significance of these results is that with these extensions to core computer science concepts, traditional parser/compiler technologies can potentially be used as a part of a general, cost effective curation strategy for binary file formats.

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Hill, Steve. "Combinators for parsing expressions." Journal of Functional Programming 6, no. 3 (May 1996): 445–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956796800001799.

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AbstractThis paper describes a scheme for constructing parsers based on the top-down combinator approach. In particular, it describes a set of combinators for parsing expressions described by ambiguous grammars with precedence and associativity rules. The new combinators embody the mechanical grammar manipulations typically employed to remove left-recursion and hence help to avoid the possibility of a non-terminating parser. A number of approaches to the problem are described—the most elegant and efficient method is based on continuation passing. As a practical demonstration, a parser for the expression part of the C programming language is presented. The expression combinators are general, and may be constructed from any suitable set of top-down combinators. A comparison with parser generators shows that the combinator approach is most applicable for rapid development.

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Zhang, Xun, Yantao Du, Weiwei Sun, and Xiaojun Wan. "Transition-Based Parsing for Deep Dependency Structures." Computational Linguistics 42, no. 3 (September 2016): 353–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00252.

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Derivations under different grammar formalisms allow extraction of various dependency structures. Particularly, bilexical deep dependency structures beyond surface tree representation can be derived from linguistic analysis grounded by CCG, LFG, and HPSG. Traditionally, these dependency structures are obtained as a by-product of grammar-guided parsers. In this article, we study the alternative data-driven, transition-based approach, which has achieved great success for tree parsing, to build general dependency graphs. We integrate existing tree parsing techniques and present two new transition systems that can generate arbitrary directed graphs in an incremental manner. Statistical parsers that are competitive in both accuracy and efficiency can be built upon these transition systems. Furthermore, the heterogeneous design of transition systems yields diversity of the corresponding parsing models and thus greatly benefits parser ensemble. Concerning the disambiguation problem, we introduce two new techniques, namely, transition combination and tree approximation, to improve parsing quality. Transition combination makes every action performed by a parser significantly change configurations. Therefore, more distinct features can be extracted for statistical disambiguation. With the same goal of extracting informative features, tree approximation induces tree backbones from dependency graphs and re-uses tree parsing techniques to produce tree-related features. We conduct experiments on CCG-grounded functor–argument analysis, LFG-grounded grammatical relation analysis, and HPSG-grounded semantic dependency analysis for English and Chinese. Experiments demonstrate that data-driven models with appropriate transition systems can produce high-quality deep dependency analysis, comparable to more complex grammar-driven models. Experiments also indicate the effectiveness of the heterogeneous design of transition systems for parser ensemble, transition combination, as well as tree approximation for statistical disambiguation.

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Mohamad Zulkufli, Nurul Liyana, Sherzod Turaev, Mohd Izzuddin Mohd Tamrin, and Azeddine Messikh. "Watson–Crick Context-Free Grammars: Grammar Simplifications and a Parsing Algorithm." Computer Journal 61, no. 9 (January 10, 2018): 1361–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxx128.

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Johnstone, Adrian, Elizabeth Scott, and Giorgios Economopoulos. "The Grammar Tool Box: A Case Study Comparing GLR Parsing Algorithms." Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science 110 (December 2004): 97–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.entcs.2004.06.008.

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Qi, Shanshan, Limin Zheng, and Feiyu Shang. "Dependency Parsing-based Entity Relation Extraction over Chinese Complex Text." ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing 20, no. 4 (June 9, 2021): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3450273.

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Open Relation Extraction (ORE) plays a significant role in the field of Information Extraction. It breaks the limitation that traditional relation extraction must pre-define relational types in the annotated corpus and specific domains restrictions, to realize the goal of extracting entities and the relation between entities in the open domain. However, with the increase of sentence complexity, the precision and recall of Entity Relation Extraction will be significantly reduced. To solve this problem, we present an unsupervised Clause_CORE method based on Chinese grammar and dependency parsing features. Clause_CORE is used for complex sentences processing, including decomposing complex sentence and dynamically complementing sentence components, which can reduce sentences complexity and maintain the integrity of sentences at the same time. Then, we perform dependency parsing for complete sentences and implement open entity relation extraction based on the model constructed by Chinese grammar rules. The experimental results show that the performance of Clause_CORE method is better than that of other advanced Chinese ORE systems on Wikipedia and Sina news datasets, which proves the correctness and effectiveness of the method. The results on mixed datasets of news data and encyclopedia data prove the generalization and portability of the method.

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Lehmann, Christian. "A survey of general comparative grammar." Journal of Linguistics 24, no. 1 (March 1988): 175–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226700011609.

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Habert, Benoît, and Christian Jacquemin. "Constructions Nominales à Contraintes Fortes et Grammaires D'unification." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 19, no. 2 (January 1, 1995): 401–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.19.2.10hab.

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Irregular nominal compounds can be defined as noun phrases having a regular syntactic construction but having restrictions on their syntactic variations and specific semantic behaviours. The aim of our study is to bring to the fore some of the constraints which have to be taken into account for the realisation of a parser for non lexicalised nominal compounds. Therefore, two nominal compounds are studied from a linguistic standpoint. The first one verre à vin (wineglass) can be classified as a true compound noun although accepting several modifications. The second one verre de vin (glass of wine) is a compositional noun phrase although having idiosyncratic characters. The features drawn from the observation of variations and meaning construction of these two compounds are used to evaluate four unification formalisms in their ability to represent and parse precisely such sequences: PATR-II, Lexicalised Tree Adjoining Grammar, OLMES and Acceptability Controlled Grammar. The first two are general grammar formalisms whereas the last two are dedicated to idioms and compound parsing. The conclusions of this evaluation yield a set of principles which should govern the construction of a parser better suited for compound noun parsing and interpretation.

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Rodriguez-Leon, C., and L. Garcia-Forte. "Solving difficult LR parsing conflicts by postponing them." Computer Science and Information Systems 8, no. 2 (2011): 517–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/csis101116008r.

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Though yacc-like LR parser generators provide ways to solve shift-reduce conflicts using token precedences, no mechanisms are provided for the resolution of difficult shift-reduce or reduce-reduce conflicts. To solve this kind of conflicts the language designer has to modify the grammar. All the solutions for dealing with these difficult conflicts branch at each alternative, leading to the exploration of the whole search tree. These strategies differ in the way the tree is explored: GLR, Backtracking LR, Backtracking LR with priorities, etc. This paper explores an entirely different path: to extend the yacc conflict resolution sublanguage with new constructs allowing the programmers to explicit the way the conflict must be solved. These extensions supply ways to resolve any kind of conflicts, including those that can not be solved using static precedences. The method makes also feasible the parsing of grammars whose ambiguity must be solved in terms of the semantic context. Besides, it brings to LR-parsing a common LL-parsing feature: the advantage of providing full control over the specific trees the user wants to build.

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Lightfoot, David. "Problems with variable properties in syntax." Cadernos de Linguística 2, no. 1 (January 13, 2021): 01–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.25189/2675-4916.2021.v2.n1.id306.

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Like those birds born to chirp, humans are born to parse; children are predisposed to assign linguistic structures to the amorphous externalization of the thoughts that we encounter. This yields a view of variable properties quite different from one based on parameters defined at Universal Grammar (UG). Our approach to language acquisition makes two contributions to Minimalist thinking. First, in accordance with general Minimalist goals, we minimize the pre-wired components of internal languages, dispensing with three separate, central entities: parameters, an evaluation metric for rating the generative capacity of grammars, and any independent parsing mechanism. Instead, children use their internal grammar to parse the ambient external language they experience. UG is “open,” consistent with what children learn through parsing. Second, our understanding of language acquisition yields a new view of variable properties, properties that occur only in certain languages. Under this open UG vision, specific elements of I-languages arise in response to new parses. Both external and internal languages play crucial, interacting roles: unstructured, amorphous external language is parsed and a structured internal language system results. My Born to parse (Lightfoot 2020) explores case studies that show innovative parses of external language shaping the history of languages. I discuss 1) how children learn through parsing, 2) the role of parsing at the two interfaces between syntactic structure and the externalization system (sound or sign) and logical form, 3) language change, and 4) variable linguistic properties seen through the lens of an open UG. This, in turn, yields a view of variable properties akin to that of evolutionary biologists working on Darwin’s finches; see section 7.

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SRINIVAS, B. "Explanation-based learning and finite state transducers: applications to parsing lexicalized tree adjoining grammars." Natural Language Engineering 2, no. 4 (December 1996): 367–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324997001642.

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There are currently two philosophies for building grammars and parsers: hand-crafted, wide coverage grammars; and statistically induced grammars and parsers. Aside from the methodological differences in grammar construction, the linguistic knowledge which is overt in the rules of handcrafted grammars is hidden in the statistics derived by probabilistic methods, which means that generalizations are also hidden and the full training process must be repeated for each domain. Although handcrafted wide coverage grammars are portable, they can be made more efficient when applied to limited domains, if it is recognized that language in limited domains is usually well constrained and certain linguistic constructions are more frequent than others. We view a domain-independent grammar as a repository of portable grammatical structures whose combinations are to be specialized for a given domain. We use Explanation-Based Learning (EBL) to identify the relevant subset of a handcrafted general purpose grammar (XTAG) needed to parse in a given domain (ATIS). We exploit the key properties of Lexicalized Tree-Adjoining Grammars to view parsing in a limited domain as finite state transduction from strings to their dependency structures.

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Gerber, Stefan, and Helmar Burkhart. "Number-Crunching Software and the Input Problem: Guidelines and a Case Study." Scientific Programming 3, no. 1 (1994): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1994/123687.

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Most of the number-crunching software running on supercomputers lack a concept for an error-free input processing. The programs often terminate after several hours due to user input errors. We present an analysis of this input problem. First, we separate the input parsing system from the number-crunching code. Second, we define a general grammar suitable for an automatic generation of a parsing system using the LEX/YACC tools. This concept leads to an input system that is easy to use and the generated input data for the number-crunching software is as error free as possible. We discuss the implementation of such an input system for an ab initio quantum chemical package.

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Goldberg, Yoav, and Michael Elhadad. "Word Segmentation, Unknown-word Resolution, and Morphological Agreement in a Hebrew Parsing System." Computational Linguistics 39, no. 1 (March 2013): 121–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00137.

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We present a constituency parsing system for Modern Hebrew. The system is based on the PCFG-LA parsing method of Petrov et al. 2006 , which is extended in various ways in order to accommodate the specificities of Hebrew as a morphologically rich language with a small treebank. We show that parsing performance can be enhanced by utilizing a language resource external to the treebank, specifically, a lexicon-based morphological analyzer. We present a computational model of interfacing the external lexicon and a treebank-based parser, also in the common case where the lexicon and the treebank follow different annotation schemes. We show that Hebrew word-segmentation and constituency-parsing can be performed jointly using CKY lattice parsing. Performing the tasks jointly is effective, and substantially outperforms a pipeline-based model. We suggest modeling grammatical agreement in a constituency-based parser as a filter mechanism that is orthogonal to the grammar, and present a concrete implementation of the method. Although the constituency parser does not make many agreement mistakes to begin with, the filter mechanism is effective in fixing the agreement mistakes that the parser does make. These contributions extend outside of the scope of Hebrew processing, and are of general applicability to the NLP community. Hebrew is a specific case of a morphologically rich language, and ideas presented in this work are useful also for processing other languages, including English. The lattice-based parsing methodology is useful in any case where the input is uncertain. Extending the lexical coverage of a treebank-derived parser using an external lexicon is relevant for any language with a small treebank.

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Cohen, Shay B., and Daniel Gildea. "Parsing Linear Context-Free Rewriting Systems with Fast Matrix Multiplication." Computational Linguistics 42, no. 3 (September 2016): 421–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00254.

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We describe a recognition algorithm for a subset of binary linear context-free rewriting systems (LCFRS) with running time O(nωd) where M(m) = O(mω) is the running time for m × m matrix multiplication and d is the “contact rank” of the LCFRS—the maximal number of combination and non-combination points that appear in the grammar rules. We also show that this algorithm can be used as a subroutine to obtain a recognition algorithm for general binary LCFRS with running time O(nωd+1). The currently best known ω is smaller than 2.38. Our result provides another proof for the best known result for parsing mildly context-sensitive formalisms such as combinatory categorial grammars, head grammars, linear indexed grammars, and tree-adjoining grammars, which can be parsed in time O(n4.76). It also shows that inversion transduction grammars can be parsed in time O(n5.76). In addition, binary LCFRS subsumes many other formalisms and types of grammars, for some of which we also improve the asymptotic complexity of parsing.

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Leo, Joop M. I. M. "A general context-free parsing algorithm running in linear time on every LR(k) grammar without using lookahead." Theoretical Computer Science 82, no. 1 (May 1991): 165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3975(91)90180-a.

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Reeves, J., and R. Pacheco Pardo. "Parsing China's power: Sino-Mongolian and Sino-DPRK relations in comparative perspective." International Relations of the Asia-Pacific 13, no. 3 (May 23, 2013): 449–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/irap/lct007.

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Henderson, James, Paola Merlo, Ivan Titov, and Gabriele Musillo. "Multilingual Joint Parsing of Syntactic and Semantic Dependencies with a Latent Variable Model." Computational Linguistics 39, no. 4 (December 2013): 949–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00158.

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Current investigations in data-driven models of parsing have shifted from purely syntactic analysis to richer semantic representations, showing that the successful recovery of the meaning of text requires structured analyses of both its grammar and its semantics. In this article, we report on a joint generative history-based model to predict the most likely derivation of a dependency parser for both syntactic and semantic dependencies, in multiple languages. Because these two dependency structures are not isomorphic, we propose a weak synchronization at the level of meaningful subsequences of the two derivations. These synchronized subsequences encompass decisions about the left side of each individual word. We also propose novel derivations for semantic dependency structures, which are appropriate for the relatively unconstrained nature of these graphs. To train a joint model of these synchronized derivations, we make use of a latent variable model of parsing, the Incremental Sigmoid Belief Network (ISBN) architecture. This architecture induces latent feature representations of the derivations, which are used to discover correlations both within and between the two derivations, providing the first application of ISBNs to a multi-task learning problem. This joint model achieves competitive performance on both syntactic and semantic dependency parsing for several languages. Because of the general nature of the approach, this extension of the ISBN architecture to weakly synchronized syntactic-semantic derivations is also an exemplification of its applicability to other problems where two independent, but related, representations are being learned.

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Michaelis, Laura A. "The Comparative Conditional in Latin." Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 18, no. 1 (August 25, 1992): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/bls.v18i1.1594.

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SENGUPTA, P., and B. B. CHAUDHURI. "A MORPHO-SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS BASED LEXICAL SUBSYSTEM." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 07, no. 03 (June 1993): 595–619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001493000303.

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A lexical subsystem that contains a morphological level parser is necessary for processing natural languages in general and inflectional languages in particular. Such a subsystem should be able to generate the surface form (i.e. as it appears in a natural sentence) of a word, given the sequence of morphemes constituting the word. Conversely, and more importantly, the subsystem should be able to parse a word into its constituent morphemes. A formalism which enables the lexicon writer to specify the lexicon of an inflectional language is discussed. The specifications are used to build up a lexical description in the form of a lexical database on one hand and a formulation of derivational morphology, called Augmented Finite State Automata (AFSA), on the other. A compact lexical representation has been achieved, where generation of the surface forms of a word, as well as parsing of a word is performed in a computationally attractive manner. The output produced as a result of parsing is suitable for input to the next stage of analysis in a Natural Language Processing (NLP) environment, which, in our case is based on a generalization of the Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG). The application of the formalism on inflectional Indian languages is considered, with Bengali, a modern Indian language, as a case study.

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WAGERS, MATTHEW W., and COLIN PHILLIPS. "Multiple dependencies and the role of the grammar in real-time comprehension." Journal of Linguistics 45, no. 2 (June 4, 2009): 395–433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226709005726.

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Wh-dependencies are known to be formed rapidly in real-time comprehension. The parser posits the location of gap sites in advance of the bottom-up evidence for missing constituents, and must therefore have a means of deciding when and where to project dependencies. Previous studies have observed that the parser avoids building ungrammatical wh-dependencies, for example, by restricting the search for gap sites from island domains. This paper tests the stronger claim that constraints are not merely respected, but that grammatical knowledge actively prompts the construction of some representations in advance of the input. Three self-paced reading experiments examined patterns of wh-dependency formation in multiple-dependency constructions: obligatory across-the-board (ATB) extraction from coordinated verb phrases, and from optional parasitic gaps in post-verbal adjunct clauses. The key finding is that comprehenders immediately enforce the requirement for extraction from coordinates, and hence actively search for multiple gap sites within a coordinate VP; but they do not search for post-verbal parasitic gaps. This difference cannot be attributed to relative differences in acceptability, as comprehenders rated both of these multiple-gap constructions equally highly, nor can it be explained by general parsing incentives to develop maximal incremental interpretations of partial strings. More plausibly, the difference reflects the deployment of detailed grammatical knowledge in a parser that is motivated to satisfy structural licensing requirements in real time.

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Wang, Liu, Lejian Liao, Kai Yang, and Hai Tan. "A Case Study of Question Answering in Automatic Tourism Service Packaging." Cybernetics and Information Technologies 13, Special-Issue (December 1, 2013): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cait-2013-0045.

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Abstract While Web Question Answering System (WQAS) has made great progress in Internet currently, a major limitation of the information sources that current WQASs are using is limited to static page texts. Content information that many users-are interested in, is provided dynamically to Web through programs. Web services are becoming the dominant forms of such sorts of programs. In this paper, a novel model is proposed to address the problem of natural language answering based Web services. The expansions of OWL-S are used to describe the services, and predicate tuples retrieved from questions are matched to the services by PROLOG reasoning. To plan the services, SHOP2 planner is introduced in our architecture, which adopts a semantic Web for content modeling, logic grammar for question parsing, and Hierarchical Task Network (HTN) for user query problem solving. A case study in e-Tourism domain is investigated, which implements dynamic packaging for tourism products.

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Tian, Ying. "Comparative Study on “Sentence Rewriting for Semantic Parsing” and “Graph-Based Translation Via Graph Segmentation”." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1852, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 042021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1852/4/042021.

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Haque, Md Majharul, Suraiya Pervin, and Zerina Begum. "Rule Based Replacement of Pronoun by Corresponding Noun for Bangla News Documents." International Journal of Technology Diffusion 8, no. 2 (April 2017): 26–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijtd.2017040102.

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The object of this research work is to replace pronoun by corresponding noun for Bangla news documents. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first initiative to solve the problem of dangling pronoun where corresponding noun is not available. If the information retrieval procedures extract any sentence with dangling pronoun, it may raise confusion to the user. To mitigate this problem, a method has been proposed here by using general and special tagging, dependency parsing, full name identifying and finally pronoun replacing. For achieving the target of this method, 3000 Bangla news documents have been analyzed and some grammar books have been studied. Seven knowledgeable persons in the arena of Bangla language also helped us in this research work. Finally, the proposed method shows 71.80% accuracy in the evaluation for replacing pronoun.

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Huang, Liang, Hao Zhang, Daniel Gildea, and Kevin Knight. "Binarization of Synchronous Context-Free Grammars." Computational Linguistics 35, no. 4 (December 2009): 559–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli.2009.35.4.35406.

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Systems based on synchronous grammars and tree transducers promise to improve the quality of statistical machine translation output, but are often very computationally intensive. The complexity is exponential in the size of individual grammar rules due to arbitrary re-orderings between the two languages. We develop a theory of binarization for synchronous context-free grammars and present a linear-time algorithm for binarizing synchronous rules when possible. In our large-scale experiments, we found that almost all rules are binarizable and the resulting binarized rule set significantly improves the speed and accuracy of a state-of-the-art syntax-based machine translation system. We also discuss the more general, and computationally more difficult, problem of finding good parsing strategies for non-binarizable rules, and present an approximate polynomial-time algorithm for this problem.

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Slivnik, Bostjan. "LL conflict resolution using the embedded left LR parser." Computer Science and Information Systems 9, no. 3 (2012): 1105–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/csis111216023s.

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A method for resolving LL(k) conflicts using small LR(k) parsers (called embedded left LR(k) parsers) is described. An embedded left LR(k) parser is capable of (a) producing the prefix of the left parse of the input string and (b) stopping not on the end-of-file marker but on any string from the set of lookahead strings fixed at the parser generation time. The conditions regarding the termination of the embedded left LR(k) parser if used within LL(k) (and similar) parsers are defined and examined in-depth. It is proved that an LL(k) parser augmented with a set of embedded left LR(k) parsers can parse any deterministic context-free grammar in the same asymptotic time as LR(k) parser. As the embedded left LR(k) parser produces the prefix of the left parse, the LL(k) parser augmented with embedded left LR(k) parsers still produces the left parse and the compiler writer does not need to bother with different parsing strategies during the compiler implementation.

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Lin, Ming Huei. "Effects of Data-Driven Learning on College Students of Different Grammar Proficiencies: A Preliminary Empirical Assessment in EFL Classes." SAGE Open 11, no. 3 (July 2021): 215824402110299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440211029936.

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This article reports a pre–post comparative study investigating whether the data-driven learning (DDL) approach has different pedagogical effects on grammar students of English as a foreign language (EFL) with different levels of English proficiency. The study entailed a treatment group (TG) of 95 first-year undergraduates who learned grammar using DDL and a control group (CG) of 84 students who received no grammar treatment. Most of the participants were 18 or 19 years old, with only a few outliers, aged 17 or 20. The grammar performance and learning attitudes in both groups (their motivation and self-efficacy) were quantitatively examined through grammar achievement tests and a questionnaire. The data obtained from the groups were then compared at three proficiency levels: high, intermediate, and low. The results of an analysis of covariance show that in grammar performance, the proficiency levels in all the TG students rose significantly and in the posttest they outperformed their counterparts in the CG. However, neither the members of the TG nor those of the CG made any statistically significant improvement in their learning attitudes; no significant differences were found between the groups at any proficiency level. The mixed findings make an important contribution to the field, confirming that DDL is pedagogically suitable for enhancing the linguistic knowledge of university-level grammar learners, regardless of their proficiency, but warning that practitioners who treat the development of learner attitudes (e.g., motivation and self-efficacy) as important should be cautious with this approach.

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Edmonds, Mark, Feng Gao, Hangxin Liu, Xu Xie, Siyuan Qi, Brandon Rothrock, Yixin Zhu, Ying Nian Wu, Hongjing Lu, and Song-Chun Zhu. "A tale of two explanations: Enhancing human trust by explaining robot behavior." Science Robotics 4, no. 37 (December 18, 2019): eaay4663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.aay4663.

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The ability to provide comprehensive explanations of chosen actions is a hallmark of intelligence. Lack of this ability impedes the general acceptance of AI and robot systems in critical tasks. This paper examines what forms of explanations best foster human trust in machines and proposes a framework in which explanations are generated from both functional and mechanistic perspectives. The robot system learns from human demonstrations to open medicine bottles using (i) an embodied haptic prediction model to extract knowledge from sensory feedback, (ii) a stochastic grammar model induced to capture the compositional structure of a multistep task, and (iii) an improved Earley parsing algorithm to jointly leverage both the haptic and grammar models. The robot system not only shows the ability to learn from human demonstrators but also succeeds in opening new, unseen bottles. Using different forms of explanations generated by the robot system, we conducted a psychological experiment to examine what forms of explanations best foster human trust in the robot. We found that comprehensive and real-time visualizations of the robot’s internal decisions were more effective in promoting human trust than explanations based on summary text descriptions. In addition, forms of explanation that are best suited to foster trust do not necessarily correspond to the model components contributing to the best task performance. This divergence shows a need for the robotics community to integrate model components to enhance both task execution and human trust in machines.

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Rutten, Gijsbert. "‘Lowthian’ Linguistics across the North Sea." Historiographia Linguistica 39, no. 1 (March 22, 2012): 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.39.1.04rut.

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Summary This paper focuses on Dutch grammar-writing in the 18th century so as to put the linguistic works of Robert Lowth (1710–1787) in an international, comparative perspective. It demonstrates that certain characteristics of the “Lowthian” approach to grammar and of 18th-century English linguistics in general are parallelled by similar developments in the history of Dutch linguistics. The transition from normative grammar to prescriptive grammar which characterises the English late 18th century has a counterpart in the Dutch development from ‘civil’ to national grammar. Lowth’s recognition of different stylistic levels with corresponding levels of grammatical acceptability has a Dutch counterpart as well. The transition towards prescriptivism and the relevance of different stylistic levels are closely connected, which is exemplified by a case study on the treatment of adnominal inflection in 18th-century grammars of Dutch.

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Westergaard, Marit. "Linguistic variation and micro-cues in first language acquisition." Linguistic Variation 14, no. 1 (November 25, 2014): 26–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lv.14.1.02wes.

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Children are often exposed to considerable variation in the input. Nevertheless, there is very little overgeneralization in child language data and children are typically found to make errors of omission, not errors of commission, a fact which is often referred to as conservative learning. In this paper, these findings are accounted for by a model of micro-cues, a generative approach to language acquisition arguing that children are sensitive to fine syntactic distinctions from early on. The micro-cues are small pieces of abstract syntactic structure resulting from parsing the input. This means that UG provides children with principles, features, and the ability to parse, but not the micro-cues themselves, which are considered to be part of the knowledge of a specific language. The model also considers children’s errors to generally be due to economy and the language acquisition process to be development in small steps, from specific to more general knowledge. Keywords: Conservative learning; economy; English; grammar competition; Norwegian; (over- and under)generalization; parameter; rule “size”; word order

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Stobbe, Nina, Gesche Westphal-Fitch, Ulrike Aust, and W. Tecumseh Fitch. "Visual artificial grammar learning: comparative research on humans, kea ( Nestor notabilis ) and pigeons ( Columba livia )." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367, no. 1598 (July 19, 2012): 1995–2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0096.

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Artificial grammar learning (AGL) provides a useful tool for exploring rule learning strategies linked to general purpose pattern perception. To be able to directly compare performance of humans with other species with different memory capacities, we developed an AGL task in the visual domain. Presenting entire visual patterns simultaneously instead of sequentially minimizes the amount of required working memory. This approach allowed us to evaluate performance levels of two bird species, kea ( Nestor notabilis ) and pigeons ( Columba livia ), in direct comparison to human participants. After being trained to discriminate between two types of visual patterns generated by rules at different levels of computational complexity and presented on a computer screen, birds and humans received further training with a series of novel stimuli that followed the same rules, but differed in various visual features from the training stimuli. Most avian and all human subjects continued to perform well above chance during this initial generalization phase, suggesting that they were able to generalize learned rules to novel stimuli. However, detailed testing with stimuli that violated the intended rules regarding the exact number of stimulus elements indicates that neither bird species was able to successfully acquire the intended pattern rule. Our data suggest that, in contrast to humans, these birds were unable to master a simple rule above the finite-state level, even with simultaneous item presentation and despite intensive training.

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PYE, CLIFTON. "The poverty of the Mayan stimulus." Journal of Child Language 39, no. 3 (August 19, 2011): 611–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000911000183.

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ABSTRACTPoverty of the stimulus (POS) arguments have instigated considerable debate in the recent linguistics literature. This article uses the comparative method to challenge the logic of POS arguments. Rather than question the premises of POS arguments, the article demonstrates how POS arguments for individual languages lead to a reductio ad absurdum as POS arguments from genetically related languages are compared. Comparison leads to different contradictions for poverty of the negative stimulus (PONS) and poverty of the positive stimulus (POPS) arguments. Comparing PONS arguments leads to the conclusion that Universal Grammar contains language-specific versions of linguistic rules. Comparing POPS arguments leads to the conclusion that Universal Grammar may supply knowledge that is ungrammatical in the target language. The reductio shows that universal principles of grammar cannot be established on the basis of POS arguments from a single language.

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Fitch, W. Tecumseh, and Angela D. Friederici. "Artificial grammar learning meets formal language theory: an overview." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367, no. 1598 (July 19, 2012): 1933–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0103.

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Formal language theory (FLT), part of the broader mathematical theory of computation, provides a systematic terminology and set of conventions for describing rules and the structures they generate, along with a rich body of discoveries and theorems concerning generative rule systems. Despite its name, FLT is not limited to human language, but is equally applicable to computer programs, music, visual patterns, animal vocalizations, RNA structure and even dance. In the last decade, this theory has been profitably used to frame hypotheses and to design brain imaging and animal-learning experiments, mostly using the ‘artificial grammar-learning’ paradigm. We offer a brief, non-technical introduction to FLT and then a more detailed analysis of empirical research based on this theory. We suggest that progress has been hampered by a pervasive conflation of distinct issues, including hierarchy, dependency, complexity and recursion. We offer clarifications of several relevant hypotheses and the experimental designs necessary to test them. We finally review the recent brain imaging literature, using formal languages, identifying areas of convergence and outstanding debates. We conclude that FLT has much to offer scientists who are interested in rigorous empirical investigations of human cognition from a neuroscientific and comparative perspective.

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Culicover, Peter W., and Ray Jackendoff. "The View from the Periphery: The English Comparative Correlative." Linguistic Inquiry 30, no. 4 (October 1999): 543–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002438999554200.

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The English comparative correlative construction (e.g., The more you eat, the fatter you get) embeds like an ordinary CP, and each of its clauses displays an ordinary long-distance dependency. However, the connection between the two clauses is not ordinary: they are connected paratactically in syntax, but the first clause is interpreted as if it were a subordinate clause. The construction's mixture of the general and the idiosyncratic at all levels of detail challenges the distinction between “core” and “periphery” in grammar and the assumption that some level of underlying syntax directly mirrors semantic structure.

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Buivytė, Giedrė. "The Manifestations of Fate in Medieval Germanic Poetry and Lithuanian Folk Songs." Aktuālās problēmas literatūras un kultūras pētniecībā: rakstu krājums, no. 26/2 (March 11, 2021): 8–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37384/aplkp.2021.26-2.008.

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Reflections of mythical worldview are embedded in traditional oral poetry, viz. Old Icelandic collection of poems Poetic Edda, Old English poem Beowulf, and Lithuanian folk songs. Archaic motifs and archetypal imagery are conveyed by means of poetic grammar (alliteration, kennings, epithets, etc.). Through interpretation, the hidden (symbolic) meaning of the poetic grammar is unveiled, and the connection between the two worlds, the sacred (the divine) and the profane (the human) (Eliade 1959), is exposed. To advance the analysis of poetic narrative, the methodology employed in the paper combines comparative Indo-European poetics (Watkins 1995) and oral-formulaic theory (Kiparsky 1976; Foley 1996). The paper focuses on the poetic narrative’s motifs that encode the archetypal image of the goddess(es) of fate in the Germanic and Baltic traditions. Selected passages from Old Icelandic, Old English, and Lithuanian poetic texts reveal the motif of fate in the following contexts: the establishment of the laws governing human life, the courtship and wedding narrative, the inescapable decrees of misery and death, the warrior’s fame and fate, and the connection between the goddess of fate and the cuckoo bird (in the Lithuanian tradition). The poetic grammar and poetic formulas, in particular, reveal the prototypical characteristics of the supernatural beings who rule fate – Norns, Wyrd, and Laima – and present them as an integral part of the Indo-European mythological system.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Grammar, comparative and general Parsing'

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