Relevant bibliographies by topics / Grammar, comparative and general

Academic literature on the topic 'Grammar, comparative and general'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Grammar, comparative and general"

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Lehmann, Christian. "A survey of general comparative grammar." Journal of Linguistics 24, no. 1 (March 1988): 175–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226700011609.

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Rutten, Gijsbert. "‘Lowthian’ Linguistics across the North Sea." Historiographia Linguistica 39, no. 1 (March 22, 2012): 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.39.1.04rut.

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Summary This paper focuses on Dutch grammar-writing in the 18th century so as to put the linguistic works of Robert Lowth (1710–1787) in an international, comparative perspective. It demonstrates that certain characteristics of the “Lowthian” approach to grammar and of 18th-century English linguistics in general are parallelled by similar developments in the history of Dutch linguistics. The transition from normative grammar to prescriptive grammar which characterises the English late 18th century has a counterpart in the Dutch development from ‘civil’ to national grammar. Lowth’s recognition of different stylistic levels with corresponding levels of grammatical acceptability has a Dutch counterpart as well. The transition towards prescriptivism and the relevance of different stylistic levels are closely connected, which is exemplified by a case study on the treatment of adnominal inflection in 18th-century grammars of Dutch.
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Boufaden, Abderrahim. "Die Grammatik von Port Royal." Traduction et Langues 14, no. 2 (December 31, 2015): 138–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.52919/translang.v14i2.764.

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The grammar of the Port Royal The Port-Royal Grammar (originally Grammaire générale et raisonnée contenant les fondemens de l'art de parler, expliqués d'une manière claire et naturelle, "General and Rational Grammar, containing the fundamentals of the art of speaking, explained in a clear and natural manner") was the underlying basis in the analysis and philosophy of language.In thsi article, we focus on The Grammar of Port Royal for ist importance for learners of a foreign language to amke the correlation between language and logic are intermingled. Indeed, Arnauld and Lancelot's approach to language is historical, comparative, and philosophical. Discussing the essence of French, they give examples from Latin, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Spanish, Italian, and German. We attempt in this paper to highlight these articulations and their different manifestations.
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Mooventhan, PS. "In the Archaic Grammar Tradition and Variable Content in Muthal-Karu-Uri in Tholkappiya Aga Ilakkanam and Maran Agapporul." Shanlax International Journal of Tamil Research 8, no. 2 (October 1, 2023): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/tamil.v8i2.6733.

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Porul Ilakkanam is a proof of the pride and uniqueness of Tamil language. It can be considered as the best of any language race in the world languages. The Porul Ilakkanam is the basis for the meaning and imagination of Sangam songs. Grammatical Grammar In Tamil tradition for thousands of years, there are many places where the narratives have preserved the character of the case. Tholkappiyam, which is considered to be the first complete grammar book of Tamil, was followed by various grammar books over time. They were adapted to the religious and social norms of the authors of those books and the customs of their time. Thus Maran Agapporul is unique in the later grammars of the sixteenth century. Developmental trends in subject grammar can be seen in the grammar description of this book. This article aims to show the origin and development of the ideas of this book in a comparative perspective, the skills contained in the archeology and the changes made by this book.
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Krusha, Ilir, and Franz Schörkhuber. "THE FORMAL AND SEMANTIC PROPERTIES OF INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES IN ALBANIAN AND GERMAN USAGE." Folia linguistica et litteraria XIII, no. 40 (July 2022): 291–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.31902/fll.40.2022.15.

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This paper provides a comparison of two languages that are very distinct in grammar and pronunciation, respectively German and Albanian. Since research opportunities in comparative linguistics are infinite, this paper focuses on interrogative sentences and their sentence types. Through a detailed analysis of sentence examples of the grammar used in Albanian and German, we examine the similarities and differences related to different forms of interrogative sentences. As a framework for the classification of interrogative sentences in both languages, we have distinguished sentences into general interrogative sentences and complementary ones. In the end, the knowledge gained is summerised in a general overview. The aim of this work is to compare two languages that are very different in grammar, style and pronunciation, German and Albanian. Since the field of possible investigations in comparative linguistics is endless, the present work focuses on interrogative sentences and their respective linguistic forms. Through the detailed analysis of sentence examples, which are taken from common German and Albanian grammars, the similarities and differences in interrogative sentences are shown. The distinction between yes/no questions and questions that require a supplement serves as a regulatory framework. At the end of the work, the knowledge gained is summarized in an overview.
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Michaelis, Laura A. "The Comparative Conditional in Latin." Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 18, no. 1 (August 25, 1992): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/bls.v18i1.1594.

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QiziKhoshimova, KhulkaroyO’ktamjon. "EFFECTIVENESS OF DEDUCTIVE AND INDUCTIVE METHODS IN TEACHING GRAMMAR IN LANGUAGE LEARNING CLASSROOM AT ELEMENTARY LEVEL." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 05, no. 05 (May 1, 2023): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume05issue05-09.

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Importance of teaching grammar has been one of the most debated topics both among language learners and language teachers. Having agreed that grammar is important, researchers and educators have been arguing over which method should be used while teaching grammar. This empirical research investigates comparative effectiveness of inductive and deductive methods in teaching grammar at elementary level. 2 groups of 15 pupils who are studying at 5th grade has been chosen to answer the research questions. The researcher used pre-test and post-test as a research instrument. The result of the study showed that there is no significant statistical difference among grammar performance of both deductive and inductive groups.
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Konečnik Kotnik, Eva. "Sustainable Rural Development as an Educational Starting Point in General Grammar Schools in Slovenia." Journal for Geography 4, no. 2 (December 31, 2009): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/rg.4.2.3188.

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Education is a very important basis of sustainable development. That is why the selected learning objectives in the syllabus for geography in general grammar schools in Slovenia will be analysed within this contribution (general grammar school in Slovenia is a secondary school with a general-educational emphasis that does not provide vocational education, but prepares students aged 15 to 19 for further education at universities). We have selected learning objectives that relate to economic geography as a general geography topic, with special emphasis on learning objectives that refer to agriculture, rural areas and sustainable development. This contribution will present the results of generic comparative analysis of selected learning objectives in syllabi that were issued during the period since the emergence of Slovenia as an independent state (1992, 1998 and 2008). The results of the evaluation of quoted learning objectives from the viewpoint of social needs, educational guidelines and geographical science, as well as the results of the evaluation from the viewpoint of geography teachers in general grammar schools will also be examined. Educational problems associated with economic geography, sustainable development and rural areas will be highlighted accordingly.
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Boyko, I. V. "CONSIDERATION OF MORPHOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES IN TEACHING RUSSIAN GRAMMAR TO MONGOLIANS." Siberian Philological Forum 16, no. 4 (November 30, 2021): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.25146/2587-7844-2021-16-4-89.

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Statement of the problem. Russian and Mongolian languages ​​are unrelated, multi-structured, differing from each other in all linguistic aspects, first of all, in grammar. However, unfortunately, their systemic comparative description is still lacking. Besides, the Russian language which used to be compulsory for study as a foreign language in all educational institutions nowadays is studied only in the 7th-9th grades of comprehensive schools. All this negatively affects the Russian language teachers training, many of whom have linguistic and speech competencies insufficiently formed; therefore, in our opinion, the approach to teaching Russian grammar in the Mongolian audience should be improved. The purpose of the article is as follows: on the basis of the comparative characteristics of verbs, nouns and prepositions, to predict the most acute zones of interference in the construction of syntactic structures and to help avoid negative mutual influence. As a result, the main areas of interference are determined. This is, firstly, the structural mismatch of Russian one-piece sentences with their Mongolian equivalents and, secondly, syntactic models with determinants in general and with subject-object ones, in particular. Knowing this will allow the teacher, when planning, to devote more time to these structures, consistent continuous work with them, which ultimately will help the formation of linguistic and speech competence.
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Leleka, Tetiana, Viktoriia Prykhodko, Natalia Plakhotniuk, Yuliia Stakhmych, and Tetiana Chukhno. "Peculiarities of translation of comparative constructions in English-language popular science discourse." Revista Amazonia Investiga 12, no. 61 (February 28, 2023): 342–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2023.61.01.34.

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The paper examines the grammatical phenomenon of comparative constructions in English on the examples of popular science discourse. The linguistic phenomenon of comparative constructions is analyzed in terms of correlation with the word order and sentence combination features and in a comparative way in the context of English/French. The chosen methodology made the following scientific hypotheses: comparative constructions are endowed with correlations with causal word order; the main types highlighted are: locative construction with subtypes, admission construction, and conjunction construction; such constructions are widely repeated in different languages belonging to different groups. This study goes beyond classical theoretical grammar robotics in a number of important aspects. A more detailed classification is presented: we distinguish between two types of constructions a primary comparative construction and a secondary one, where the comparison parameter is conveyed by both the expressed predicate and the locative type. The study reveals a number of new universals: no language lacks a degree marker and a standard comparison marker, and almost no language lacks a standard marker, even if an asymmetric comparison degree marker is present. It is also found that there is a whole variety of comparative constructions than is represented in typological theoretical grammar and that quite a few languages do not fit into any of the types described.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Grammar, comparative and general"

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Cheung, Yam-Leung. "The negative wh-construction." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1779690041&sid=25&Fmt=2&clientId=48051&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Finer, Daniel L. "The formal grammar of switch-reference." New York : Garland, 1985. http://books.google.com/books?id=xkxiAAAAMAAJ.

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Daniels, Michael W. "Generalized ID/LP grammar a formalism for parsing linearization-Based HPSG grammars /." Connect to resource, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1118867950.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Ohio State University, 2005.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xiii, 173 p.; also includes graphics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 160-171). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center
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Chung, So-Woo. "Cataphora in discourse representation theory /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8424.

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Sato, Hiromi. "Selection for clausal complements and tense features /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8432.

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Israel, Michael. "The rhetoric of grammar : scalar reasoning and polarity sensitivity /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9913154.

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Wynne, Terence Stewart. "The present perfect : a corpus-based investigation." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/3472.

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On the basis of an investigation of a corpus of 5.5 million words, this thesis analyses the use of the present perfect in modem American and British English. The investigation traces the development of the present perfect from its origins as a structure with adjectival meaning to its modern-day use as an aspectual verb form. A frequency analysis tests the claims of various writers that the present perfect is losing ground against the preterite and is less frequent in American than in British English. Neither claim is supported by the results of this analysis. A temporal specifier analysis investigates the co-occurrence of a large number of adverbials with the various verb forms. It finds that certain groups of specifiers which have hitherto been considered markers for the present perfect are in fact very poor indicators. Specifiers indicating a period of time lasting up to the moment of utterance, however, are found to be very reliable indicators. With one exception no significant difference was found between the British and American corpora in this respect. A functional-semantic analysis examines the various theories of the present perfect against the background of the results of the empirical investigation and finds them to be insufficient in one or more respects. In the final chapter the division between tense and aspect is shown to be artificial and a model of the present perfect is presented which is based on the idea of multilayered aspectual values. The model is centred on the unifying concept of phragmatisation - the closing of the event time-frame. According to this model, discourse topics involving the present perfect are perceived to describe an event which takes place in a time frame which is not closed to the deictic zero point at the moment of utterance. The final section describes which factors are operative in the phragmatisation or closing of event time frames.
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Jo, In-Hee. "A unified semantic analysis of serialization : intensionality of event individuation." Virtual Press, 1993. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/862290.

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Even though there has been little agreement as to how the phenomenon of serialization is to be defined, it is generally assumed (i) that there is a close meaning dependency (of some kind) between the event descriptions serialized (serials hereafter), (ii) that the serials cannot be modified independently by such sentential operators as tense, aspect, mood, etc., and (iii) that these aspects of serialization are closely related to the fact that a serial construction refers to a `single event'.However, these assumptions have not been materialized into an explicit analysis of serialization. In particular, it has not been clearly accounted for how the concept of single event is attributed to the meaning dependencies between serials that are apparently so diverse as to defy a unique semantic characterization. Thus, in previous studies, the apparent heterogeneity of meaning dependencies has led to `fragmentation' of serialization into coordinating and subordinating types, and of the subordinating type, in turn, into a variety of lexically governed subtypes.This dissertation argues against such fragmentation and provides a unified semantic analysis of serialization, drawing on the philosophical discussions of event individuation and causation. Under my analysis, the sense of inseparable connection between serials is represented by a counterfactual dependency between them. The counterfactual dependency only entails that the first serial is necessarily related to the second, without specifying the nature of the necessary relatedness. Thus, the variety of meaning dependencies observed in the literature can be accommodated as particular instances of the counterfactual dependency.Moreover, the single event reading of serialization is attributed to the `counterfactual' dependency between serials: in virtue of the dependency, the serials are not identified independently of each other, and hence are construed as constituting a single event unit. A variety of structural constraints on serialization observed in the literature are then analyzed as natural consequences of the conceptual unity of the serialized events as a whole.
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Guo, Ling-Yu Tomblin J. Bruce Owen Amanda J. "Acquisition of auxiliary and copula BE in young English-speaking children." [Iowa City, Iowa] : University of Iowa, 2009. http://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/370.

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Howatt, Mary. "Object infinitival complements." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0001/MQ43884.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Grammar, comparative and general"

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Jackson, Howard. Discovering grammar. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Pergamon Press, 1985.

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Gardies, Jean-Louis. Rational grammar. Washington, D.C: Catholic University of America Press, 1985.

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J, Fillmore Charles, and Center for the Study of Language and Information (U.S.), eds. Construction grammar. Stanford, Calif: CSLI, 2003.

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Roberts, Ian G. Comparative syntax. London: Arnold, 1997.

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Robert, Freidin, ed. Current issues in comparative grammar. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996.

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Cornilescu, Alexandra. Concept of modern grammar: A generative grammar perspective. [București]: Editura Universității București, 1995.

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Freidin, Robert. Current Issues in Comparative Grammar. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996.

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Anderson, Earl R. A grammar of iconism. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1998.

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Ranta, Aarne. Type-theoretical grammar. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994.

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Frank, Brisard, Östman Jan-Ola, and Verschueren Jef, eds. Grammar, meaning and pragmatics. Philadelphia, PA, USA: John Benjamins Pub. Co., 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Grammar, comparative and general"

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Kehoe, Timothy J. "Comparative Statics." In General Equilibrium, 76–83. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19802-3_7.

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Wightwick, Jane, and Mahmoud Gaafar. "Comparative and superlative." In Mastering Arabic Grammar, 69–74. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-14586-4_12.

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Howkins, Angela, Christopher Pountain, Teresa de Carlos, and Javier Muñoz-Basols. "General exercises." In Practising Spanish Grammar, 199–203. Fourth edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. | Series: Practising grammar workbooks: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429441165-33.

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Vepštas, Linas. "Grammar Induction - Experimental Results." In Artificial General Intelligence, 413–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19907-3_40.

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Anderson, O. Roger. "General Perspectives on Protozoan Ecology." In Comparative Protozoology, 131–49. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-11340-0_8.

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Anderson, O. Roger. "General Principles of Cell Fine Structure." In Comparative Protozoology, 177–88. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-11340-0_10.

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Frantz, Christopher K., and Saba Siddiki. "Institutional Grammar 2.0: Conceptual Foundations and General Syntax." In Institutional Grammar, 75–140. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86372-2_4.

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Bardakci, Mehmet, Annette Freyberg-Inan, Christoph Giesel, and Olaf Leisse. "General and Comparative Analysis." In Religious Minorities in Turkey, 193–230. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-27026-9_7.

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Wallwork, Adrian. "Comparative and superlative forms." In English for Academic Research: Grammar Exercises, 105–7. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4289-9_15.

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Hammer, Patrick, Peter Isaev, Hugo Latapie, Francesco Lanza, Antonio Chella, and Pei Wang. "Comparative Reasoning for Intelligent Agents." In Artificial General Intelligence, 126–35. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33469-6_13.

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Conference papers on the topic "Grammar, comparative and general"

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Trescak, Tomas, Marc Esteva, and Inma Rodriguez. "General Shape Grammar Interpreter for Intelligent Designs Generations." In 2009 Sixth International Conference on Computer Graphics, Imaging and Visualization (CGIV). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cgiv.2009.74.

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Li, Jian, and Qingming Li. "Comparative Study between Traditional Grammar and Modern Linguistics." In International Conference on Education, Management, Commerce and Society. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/emcs-15.2015.59.

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Ozkural, Eray, and Cevdet Aykanat. "Stochastic Grammar Based Incremental Machine Learning Using Scheme." In 3d Conference on Artificial General Intelligence (AGI-10). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/agi.2010.27.

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Pavliuk, V. A. "General grammar features of the nicknames (based on Vinnychchyna)." In IX International symposium «Humanities and Social Sciences in Europe: Achievements and Perspectives». Viena: East West Association GmbH, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.20534/ix-symposium-9-228-231.

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STOBBE, NINA, and TECUMSEH W. FITCH. "VISUAL ARTIFICIAL GRAMMAR LEARNING: COMPARATIVE RESEARCH ON HUMANS AND BIRDS." In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference (EVOLANG9). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814401500_0044.

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Karpenko, L. "SCIENTIFIC APPROACH OF PROF. A.G. SHIROKOVA AND COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF THE GRAMMAR OF SLAVIC LANGUAGES." In Actual issues of Slavic grammar and lexis. LCC MAKS Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m4107.978-5-317-07174-5/109-116.

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The article deals with the contribution to the comparative study of Slavic languages of Prof. A.G. Shirokova. Her approach, based on the study of functional equivalence of languages, makes it possible to investigate similarities and differences in the ways of expressing the same meaningful categories, to reveal the national-linguistic specificity of their functioning. The features of grammatical conceptualization of the category of spatiality in Russian against the background of Bulgarian are shown. The emphasized expression of spatiality in Russian language is manifested in the systematic organization of spatial prepositional and case forms, in the prevalence of everyday sentences with spatial determinants, in the productivity of spatial derivational models, in the redundancy of spatial semantics units in speech.
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Sawant, Poorva,. "Neural Fake Det Net - Detection and Classification of AI Generated Fake News." In 4th International Conference on Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning. Academy and Industry Research Collaboration Center (AIRCC), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2023.130804.

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Unreliable and deceiving information is spreading at a great speed these days across the world through social media sources. Fake news is a growing problem in our modern society, and it has become increasingly difficult to distinguish between real and fake news due to the advancement of technology. Fake or misinformation about the latest CORONA pandemic wreaked havoc. Studies conducted during the epidemic COVID that false news might have menaced public health broadly. Detecting and averting the spread of unreliable media content is a delicate problem, especially given the rate at which news can spread online. With the increase in the use of social media platforms; the leading cause for spreading such news can be that fake news can be published and propagated online faster and is also cheaper when compared to traditional news media such as newspapers and television. Online fake news or information which is deliberately designed to deceive readers is mostly commonly manually written; but with the recent progress in natural language generation techniques, models have been built to generate realistic looking ‘Fake news’. With the explosion of large language models fake news can be easily created and with proper grammar and sentences. This creates a greater need to handle the fake news identification problem in a different way to not just classify the fake and real news, but also to mark the human-generated and machine-generated (neural) fake news. Considering most of the work that is done in this research area, it is found that only the very complex language models that are used as generators and detectors are able to catch the machine generated fake news. Again, such models have been observed to be performing well on their own generated text, but not quite effective while working with text from other language models. Also, they don’t seem to be tested on the human generated fake news. Now if someone uses the language model to generate the news and then change a few elements manually to make it look more real; this kind of fake news might go completely undetected by such models. So, there is a considerable scope to further study and analyze the difference as well as similarities in the human and machine fake news. This study looks at the problem of machine-generated fake news classification as more of a comparative analysis of Human Vs Machine Generated fake news and identify the differences or similarities of the patterns.
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Ananyeva, Natalija. "BISPECIFIC VERBS IN POLISH AND RUSSIAN LANGUAGES. TOWARDS THE FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM OF COMPARATIVE DESCRIPTION." In Actual issues of Slavic grammar and lexis. LCC MAKS Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m4096.978-5-317-07174-5/10-16.

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The article discusses certain aspects of the description of bispecific verbs of the Polish language in comparison with a similar category of the Russian language. The comparison carried out according to the following parameters: quality and quantity of bispecific verbs; inconsistency in the qualification of the similar verb forms in the compared languages (for example, two-aspect Russian verbs бежать and молвить and Polish imperfective verbs biec and mówić ); the conditionality of the expression of bispecificity and manifestation in a bispecific verb of particular kind of morphological category that the given verb expresses, and the context; transition of two-aspect verb to the one-aspect when prefixal or suffixal correlates appear (for example, the verb арестовать becomes perfect when the imperfect арестовывать appears; the verb aresztować becomes imperfective when perfect zaaresztować appears). The necessity of involving dialectal material in the comparison of Polish and Russian ambitransitive verbs of native origin is substantiated.
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Zambon, Eduardo, and Giancarlo Guizzardi. "Formal Definition of a General Ontology Pattern Language using a Graph Grammar." In 2017 Federated Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems. IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.15439/2017f001.

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Anjum, S., and A. I. Maswood. "Delta modulation with PI controller a comparative study." In Energy Society General Meeting. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pes.2008.4596305.

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Reports on the topic "Grammar, comparative and general"

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Keller, Margo. A comparative study of the reponses by varying socioeconomic groups on general knowledge and categorization tasks. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.2241.

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Elbehri, Aziz, and Thomas Hertel. A Comparative Analysis of the EU-Morocco FTA vs. Multilateral Liberalization. GTAP Working Paper, December 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp30.

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An applied general equilibrium model with oligopoly and scale economies, based on detailed plant-level data, is used to contrast the impacts of the Morocco-EU free trade area (FTA) to multilateral trade liberalization on Morocco’s economy. Simulation results show that the FTA agreement is likely to have adverse effects on Morocco due to: (a) deteriorating terms of trade, (b) reductions in output per firm in industries dominated by scale economies, (c) diversion of imports away from relatively low cost, non-EU suppliers, and (d) potentially adverse effects on the aggregate demand for labor which could exacerbate already high levels of unemployment. We contrast this FTA with a multilateral liberalization scenario along the lines of those proposed under the Doha Development Round and find this to be more beneficial to Morocco, despite the associated income transfer from the EU to Morocco. The difference may be attributed to: (a) lesser terms of trade losses, (b) positive scale effects, (c) non-preferential liberalization of imports into Morocco, and (d) a positive impact on aggregate labor demand and hence unemployment. We conclude that Morocco would be better off pursuing trade liberalization in the multilateral arena. JEL classification: F12, F14, F15 Keywords: Applied general equilibrium; Market Structure; Trade liberalization; Developing economies; Morocco
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Scholl, Lynn, and Alejandro Guerrero. Comparative Case Studies of Three IDB-supported Urban Transport Projects: Cali Case Study Annex. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009256.

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This case study presents the main findings and lessons learned from implementing a BRT system in Cali, to inform a larger comparative case study evaluation of IDB-supported integrated mass transit projects. The case study seeks to identify factors that affected success and created challenges and barriers to effective implementation of the Cali system. In addition, it assesses the extent to which the project delivered on key objectives: improving mobility and access for the general public, and particularly for low-income populations, and reducing local and global pollution.
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Zhao, Binghao, Yu Wang, and Wenbin Ma. Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Therapeutics for Elderly Glioblastoma: a Bayesian Network Analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.3.0094.

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Review question / Objective: At this time, a comprehensive systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA) was conducted to: (1) fill the research gap by giving rankings on treatment efficacy; (2) provide statistical evidence of not head-to-head comparisons; (3) seek out the best and up-to-date therapeutic strategy reported in latest RCTs; (4) address potential adverse events (AEs) of available treatments. Condition being studied: The incidence of glioblastoma (GBM) increases with age, until now, there has been less evidence on the optimal treatments for elderly GBM since only general GBM populations were included in clinical trials. Given the poor survival of elderly GBM, we collected randomized controlled trials about newly diagnosed GBM (ndGBM) and recurrent GBM, and conducted a Bayesian network meta-analysis on ndGBM regarding overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). We revealed TTF + TMZ and TMZ + HFRT were likely to be best treatments for OS; BEV + HFRT and TMZ + HFRT were likely to be best options for PFS. Current study is the most comprehensive and powered network analysis on elderly GBM until now, it also provides more insights for elderly GBM management.
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Pires, Jose Claudio Linhares, Diether Beuermann, Tulio Cravo, and Simon Lodato. Approach Paper: A Comparative Analysis of SME Models Supported by IDB: The Case of Brazil. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010543.

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The evaluation of the effectiveness of SME-oriented projects has gained particular relevance in recent years, as they have been used as an instrument to help achieve IDB's strategic goals, defined by the IDB's Ninth General Capital Increase (IDB-9) mandate, such as poverty reduction and competitiveness. LAC experienced considerable economic growth over the past decade, and SME projects have been considered as tools to contribute and sustain progress based on private sector initiatives. The Bank has undertaken significant efforts to evaluate the effectiveness of different individual SME support models and their spillovers. However, less is known on whether and how alternative SME-oriented interventions reinforce each other. Accordingly, the main objective of this evaluation is to provide rigorous evidence of impacts of different models of SME support where IDB has been active.
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Pikilnyak, Andrey V., Nadia M. Stetsenko, Volodymyr P. Stetsenko, Tetiana V. Bondarenko, and Halyna V. Tkachuk. Comparative analysis of online dictionaries in the context of the digital transformation of education. [б. в.], June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4431.

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The article is devoted to a comparative analysis of popular online dictionaries and an overview of the main tools of these resources to study a language. The use of dictionaries in learning a foreign language is an important step to understanding the language. The effectiveness of this process increases with the use of online dictionaries, which have a lot of tools for improving the educational process. Based on the Alexa Internet resource it was found the most popular online dictionaries: Cambridge Dictionary, Wordreference, Merriam–Webster, Wiktionary, TheFreeDictionary, Dictionary.com, Glosbe, Collins Dictionary, Longman Dictionary, Oxford Dictionary. As a result of the deep analysis of these online dictionaries, we found out they have the next standard functions like the word explanations, transcription, audio pronounce, semantic connections, and examples of use. In propose dictionaries, we also found out the additional tools of learning foreign languages (mostly English) that can be effective. In general, we described sixteen functions of the online platforms for learning that can be useful in learning a foreign language. We have compiled a comparison table based on the next functions: machine translation, multilingualism, a video of pronunciation, an image of a word, discussion, collaborative edit, the rank of words, hints, learning tools, thesaurus, paid services, sharing content, hyperlinks in a definition, registration, lists of words, mobile version, etc. Based on the additional tools of online dictionaries we created a diagram that shows the functionality of analyzed platforms.
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De Lucena, Thiago, Sammara Soares, Juliana Camargo, André Portela Souza, Amanda Arabage, and Lycia Lima. Vocational Education and Training in Brazil: Knowledge Sharing Forum on Development Experiences: Comparative Experiences of Korea and Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006998.

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The past decade has witnessed an unprecedented surge in the emphasis given to the role of vocational education and training in Brazil. This has been characterized by an increasing flow of resources from the government to vocational education and training and a substantial increase in the number of enrollments. Particularly from 2011 onwards, with the launch of the PRONATEC program as one of the main flagship initiatives of President Dilma Roussef's government, VET has gained even more visibility.The coverage of vocational education and training in Brazil is low, but it has an increasing trend. When compared to general education courses over time, the path is clear: VET education is gaining momentum, attracting more students that would otherwise follow a purely general track. Enrollment in VET courses still represents a small portion of total secondary education in Brazil but it has notably increased over the past years. The Federal government's spending on vocational education has risen from 0.04% of GDP in 2007 to around 0.2% of GDP in 2013. As a result, in 2007, 9% of total students enrolled in general secondary education were also enrolled in a VET program whereas in 2013, this number reached 17%. Regarding VET provision, although private institutions still enroll less students than public ones, their importance is far from negligible. Such institutions play an important role in VET in Brazil, with special attention to the so-called S System, which is privately managed but receive public funds through taxes over firms' payrolls. The S System is responsible for the provision of approximately 43% of professional and technical education in Brazil. Alongside of undeniable advancements pertaining to the recent surge of VET in Brazil, there are also several challenges. The challenges related to VET students and providers in Brazil are multidimensional and stretch over the entire student experience from a student's entry in a VET program, passing through school retention until the transition of students to the labor market. Among the main challenges pertaining VET in Brazil are the mismatch between supply and demand of professional skills, school evasion and lack of transparency by the government and VET providers.
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Chen, Ziying, Zefei Jiang, Ziyun Guo, Mengchao Wang, Zhen Wang, and Liwei Chen. Comparative efficacy of different types of acupuncture for cancer-related fatigue: a protocol for systematic review and network meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.7.0012.

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Review question / Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of all current acupuncture therapies for the treatment of CRF through network meta-analysis. Condition being studied: Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) has been defined as a distressing, persistent, subjective sense of physical, emotional, and/or cognitive tiredness or exhaustion related to cancer and/or cancer treatment that is not proportional to recent activity and interferes with usual functioning, as one of the most common symptoms in cancer and related therapies, presents a huge challenge to the quality of life for cancer patients. Unlike general fatigue that can be relieved with rest, CRF is more debilitating, more persistent, and manifests itself in various ways, both physically and mentally. The estimated prevalence of CRF varies widely by various fatigue evaluation indicators, types of cancer, and cancer treatments, ranging from 14.03% to 100%, however, the latest systematic review show that it can have a pooled prevalence of up to 52%, this deserves our attention. But there has been no gold standard treatment for CRF.
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Urfels, Marie. From state support to market and financialization measures in crisis times: A comparative literature review of the Swedish and German housing systems. Malmö University, Faculty of Culture and Society (KS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24834/isbn.9789178772605.

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This paper present the findings of an extensive literature review on the housing systems in Germany and Sweden. The literature review majorly focuses on the rental housing sector but also touches upon other segments of the housing market, especially the cooperative housing sector. The report thus provides a general overview and situates the rental sector in the wider context of the overall housing market in the two countries. The paper adds valuable knowledge about the large differences in the post-war responses to the housing shortage in Germany and Sweden. While Sweden responded with a universal off-market approach to housing, (West) Germany implemented a dualist housing system within a social market economy. Despite differences in past solutions, the contemporary problems seem to be similar. The report concludes that, in the search of a response to the current housing crisis, Germany sees a re-emergence of the state, while Sweden’s next moves are uncertain.
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Buraschi, Daniel, and Dirk Godenau. How does Tenerife society perceive immigration? Observatorio de la Inmigración de Tenerife. Departamento de Geografía e Historia. Universidad de La Laguna. Tenerife, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.25145/r.obitfact.2019.15.

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The social perceptions of immigration and the attitudes that Tenerife society has towards immigrants are essential aspects of the dynamics of intercultural coexistence. The Tenerife Immigration Observatory has conducted research that has shows that in general terms the society in Tenerife has a positive perception of immigration, although there is a generalized perception of comparative grievance, based on the idea that migrants are treated more favourably by public institutions
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