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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Gram Negative Baterial Infections

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Academic literature on the topic 'Gram Negative Baterial Infections'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Gram Negative Baterial Infections"

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Calvo Bernal, B., and M. A. López Rus. "Current status of carbapenem resistance: epidemiology and microbiological aspects." ACTUALIDAD MEDICA 107, no. 107(816) (2022): 102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.15568/am.2022.816.rev02.

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Nowadays, the infections due to carbapenem-resistant microorganism represent a global public health issue; the microorganisms most frequently involved are the gram-negative bacteria. This infections pose a major threat because of their elevated mortality, the lack of appropiate antibiotics and its rapid spread arround the world. The emergence of carbapenemases, which are a type of enzimes that hydrolize carbapenems, is the resistance mecanism more frequently involved. The aim of this literature review is to analyse the epidemiology arround the world and ,overall, in Europe; as well as the microbiological aspects of the carbapenem restistant bateria: carbapenemases can be classified into different types and are detected by several laboratory methods as well as its detection methods in laboratory. All this are key aspects and have a great impact on the clinical management of these infections.

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Hawkey, P. M. "Gram-negative infections." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 1, no. 5 (September 1988): 727–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001432-198809000-00011.

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Duma, Richard J. "Gram-negative bacillary infections." American Journal of Medicine 78, no. 6 (June 1985): 154–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(85)90119-6.

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Fraimow, Henry, and Raquel Nahra. "Resistant Gram-Negative Infections." Critical Care Clinics 29, no. 4 (October 2013): 895–921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2013.06.010.

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Stryjewski, Martin E., and Helen W. Boucher. "Gram-negative bloodstream infections." International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 34 (January 2009): S21—S25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-8579(09)70561-8.

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Muñoz, Patricia, Ana Fernandez Cruz, Marta Rodríguez-Créixems, and Emilio Bouza. "Gram-negative bloodstream infections." International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 32 (November 2008): S10—S14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2008.06.015.

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Pasternak, Jacyr. "Antibiotics for Gram-negative infections." Einstein (São Paulo) 13, no. 3 (September 2015): 7–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-45082015ed3451.

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Giamarellou, Helen, and Garyphallia Poulakou. "Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Infections." Drugs 69, no. 14 (October 2009): 1879–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/11315690-000000000-00000.

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Chan-Tompkins, Noreen H. "Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Infections." Critical Care Nursing Quarterly 34, no. 2 (2011): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/cnq.0b013e31820f6e88.

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Pitout, Johann D. D., and Deirdre L. Church. "Emerging gram-negative enteric infections." Clinics in Laboratory Medicine 24, no. 3 (September 2004): 605–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cll.2004.05.006.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Gram Negative Baterial Infections"

1

Skovbjerg, Susann. "Inflammatory mediator response to Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in vitro and in middle ear infections." Göteborg : Clinical Bacteriology Section, Dep. of Infectious Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy , University of Gothenburg, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2077/21533.

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Karvanen, Matti. "Optimization of Colistin Dosage in the Treatment of Multiresistant Gram-negative Infections." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Infektionssjukdomar, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-197724.

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As multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacilli increases, the old antibiotic colistin has rapidly gained attention as one of few last line treatment options in the form of colistin methanesulfonate (CMS), which is hydrolyzed to colistin both in vitro and in vivo. There is a dearth of knowledge on fundamental aspects of colistin, including pharmacokinetics and optimal dosing regimens. The aim of this thesis was to improve the basis for optimal colistin therapy. To be able to study colistin, an LC-MS/MS assay method was developed which is sensitive, specific and useful in both in vivo and in vitro studies. Using this method we detected a significant loss of colistin during standard laboratory procedures. This loss was characterized and quantified, the hypothesis being that the loss is mainly caused by adsorption to labware. The pharmacokinetics of colistin was studied in two populations of critically ill patients, one with normal renal function and one with renal replacement therapy. Plasma concentrations were assayed with the method above, and population modeling was employed to describe the data. The results include a previously unseen, long elimination half-life of colistin. The data from the population on renal replacement therapy was described without modeling, and showed that both CMS and colistin are cleared by hemodiafiltration. Combination therapy is an approach that is often used when treating patients infected with multidrug-resistant pathogens. The thesis discusses how the joint effect of antibiotics can be measured using colistin and meropenem as a model, and proposes a method for testing antibiotic combinations. Furthermore, a PKPD model was adapted to describe the pharmacodynamics of the combination. In conclusion, a specific and sensitive method for analysis of colistin was developed and the adsorption of colistin to materials was described. The assay method has been well accepted internationally. The pharmacokinetics of colistin and CMS was described in two important patient populations, partly with surprising results that have influenced dosages of colistin worldwide. The pharmacodynamics of combination therapy was investigated and quantified, and the methods applied could be further developed into clinically useful tools for selection of antibiotic combinations.

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Codjoe, Francis Samuel. "Detection and characterisation of carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacilli infections in Ghana." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2016. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/15577/.

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In Ghana, little is known about the nature and spread of carbapenemases in carbapenemresistant (CR) pathogens. The aims of the present study were to detect carbapenemase activity by using simple phenotypic tests, molecular typing to characterise the resistance genes and to determine the relatedness of the CR isolates collected from different hospitals in the country. A total of 111 CR isolates were identified by disc diffusion susceptibility testing and the MIC E-test method. Phenotype-based methods including the modified Hodge test, boronic acid-disc synergy test, nitrocefin assays, plasmid analysis and sodium dodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for the expression of the outer membrane protein were performed for each of the CR isolates. Amplified DNA products were examined for common ESBL encoding genes (blaTEM-1 and blaSHV-1) and carbapenemase resistance genes (blaKPC-1, blaIMP-1, blaNDM-1, blaVIM-1 and blaOXA-48). Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) by PCR technique was used to establish the relatedness of isolates. Overall, a carbapenem-resistant prevalence of 2.9% (111 of 3840) was detected from the total of Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. In MIC E-test assays, 56.8% of CR isolates showed complete resistance to imipenem, meropenem and ertapenem at ≥32 μg/ml, of which 24.3% were found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates and 18.9% in Acinetobacter baumannii isolates. In all, no KPC-1 and IMP-1 genes were detected. Carbapenemase genes identified were blaNDM-1 in Acinetobacter baumannii isolates, blaVIM-1 in Pseudomonas species and blaOXA-48 was only present in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. None of the carbapenemase-positive gene carriers harboured two xviii or more of carbapenemase resistance genes. Transfer experiments revealed the possible spread of the resistance genes from pathogens to commensal organisms by conjugation. Close relatedness with co-occurrence of oprD loss was detected among a small number of carbapenemase resistance gene carrying isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii. This is the first report of the detection and characterisation of carbapenemase resistance genes in Ghana.

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Phee, Lynette. "Unorthodox antimicrobial combination therapies for the treatment of multi-drug resistant Gram-negative infections." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2018. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/44695.

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The rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has culminated in the most pressing problem in modern medicine. The situation is most acute with regards to the management of multi- drug resistant Gram-negative infections (MDRGNB) with common infections increasingly untreatable due to rapidly dwindling therapeutic options. A solution to the problem of AMR is unlikely to be easily found, but revisiting and re-purposing existing antimicrobials is a viable approach in the medium term. This study investigated the use of unorthodox antimicrobial combination therapies for the treatment of MDRGNB, with particular focus on agents of last resort. A systematic review of clinical studies highlighted the potential for polymyxin (colistin) combination therapies (e.g. colistin-rifampicin, colistin-carbapenems), although this could not be supported in a formal meta-analysis. A systematic approach for screening MDRAB for susceptibility to novel colistin combinations using multiple methods was employed and uncovered a number that were more potent than those previously identfied. The most potent combination that was consistently identified was colistin when combined with fusidic acid, despite this drug having no useful activity against MDRGNB on its own. The combination was further evaluated in static time-kill assays against a range of Gram-negative pathogens with defined resistance mechanisms, including to polymyxins and using invertebrate (Galleria mellonella) and murine models of MDRGNB infection. Colistin and fusidic acid combination therapy was subsequently used to successfully treat a case of ventilator-associated pneumonia due to MDR A. baumannii. This work highlights how older drugs can be re-purposed to tackle the problem of AMR using a precision medicine approach. Further studies to elucidate the mechanism of action of the colistin- fusidic acid combination and a formal clinical trial are warranted to investigate the potential utility of this combination in the treatment of MDRGNB with the expressed goal of bridging the current antimicrobial development gap.

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Jooste, Marius Johannes. "The in vitro antimicrobial activity of amikacin and ceftazidime against multiple resistant gram-negative bacilli in nosocomial infections." Thesis, Cape Town : Cape Technikon, 1988. http://dk.cput.ac.za/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1018&context=td_ctech.

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Dawes, Maisie W. "A series of in vitro studies investigating the role of lactoferrin in calf innate immunity." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4394.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.
Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on December 22, 2006). The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. "May 2006" Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

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Folkesson, Anders. "On extrinsic and intrinsic organizational themes in gram-negative bacteria and their role in evolution and virulence of the bacterial genus Salmonella spp /." Stockholm : [Karolinska institutets bibl.], 2002. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2002/91-7349-375-9/.

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Akinyele, Taiwo Adesola. "Assessment of the antibacterial properties of n-Hexane extract of Cocos Nucifera and its interactions with some conventional antibiotics." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/416.

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Cocos nucifera belong to the family Aracaceae (palm Family). The English name is coconut and it is used extensively as medicinal remedies against infections such as urinary tract infections, gastro intestinal infections, skin and wound infections. The in vitro antibacterial (including anti-listerial and anti-vibrio) properties as well as the evaluation of the combination potentials of the plant extract with six front-line antibiotics were evaluated in this study using standard procedures. The in vitro anti-listerial properties of the crude aqueous and n-Hexane extract of the husk of Cocos nucifera were carried out against 37 Listeria isolates. Twenty-nine of the test organisms were susceptible to the aqueous extract while thirty were susceptible to the n-Hexane extract both at the screening concentration of 25 mg/ml. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values for all the susceptible bacteria ranged between 0.6 - 5.0 mg/ml. For the aqueous extract, average log reduction in viable cell count ranged between 0.32 Log10 and 4.8 Log10 CFU/ml after 8 hours interaction in 1 × MIC and 2 × MIC. For the n-Hexane extract, the log reduction ranged between 2.4 Log10 and 6.2 Log10 CFU/ml after 8 hours interaction in 1 × MIC and 2 × MIC. The time-kill characteristics of the two extracts suggest that at higher concentration (2 × MIC) and longer duration of interaction (8 hr), more bacteria were killed. In vitro anti-vibrio and antibacterial properties experiment revealed that of all the 45 vibrio and 25 bacteria strains that was tested, 37 were susceptible to the aqueous extract and 38 to the n-Hexane extract, while 17 were susceptible to the aqueous extract and 21 to the n-Hexane extract. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values for all the susceptible bacteria ranged between 0.3 - 5.0 mg/ml. viii The time kill studies revealed that for the aqueous extract, average log reduction in viable cell count in time kill assay ranged between 0.12 Log10 and 4.2 Log10 CFU/ml after 8 hr interaction at 1 × MIC and 2 × MIC. For the n-Hexane extract, the log reduction ranged between 0.56 Log10 and 6.4 Log10 CFU/ml after 8 hr interaction in 1 × MIC and 2 × MIC. In the test for the combination interactions, the checkerboard method revealed synergy of 67% and indifferent of 33%, while the time kill assay detected synergy in 72% and indifferent in 28% of the combinations tested. The synergy detected was not specific to any of the antibiotics or the Gram reaction of the bacteria, and no antagonism was detected. We conclude that the aqueous and n-Hexane extract of the husk of C. nucifera contains potential broad spectrum antibiotics resistance modulating compounds that could be relevant in the treatment of infections caused by these pathogens. In addition, the husk which is being discarded as agro waste will opens up a vista of opportunities for utilization for therapeutic purposes

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Silva, Josefa Bezerra da. "Papel das citocinas e quimiocinas na resposta imunológica murina na infecção por Leptospira interrogans sorovar Copenhageni." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/87/87131/tde-18062012-095355/.

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A leptospirose é uma zoonose causada por bactérias do gênero Leptospira. A patogênese da doença em humanos é observada principalmente no pulmão, fígado e rins. Neste trabalho, foi avaliado o papel da resposta imune inata na proteção contra a leptospirose usando camundongos como modelo experimental. Os animais foram infectados com L. interrogans e o desenvolvimento da doença foi acompanhado, observando-se a morte de animais C3H/HeJ, enquanto C3H/HePas apresentou icterícia e BALB/c não apresentou sintomas. O perfil de mRNA foi medido por qPCR nas amostras de rim, fígado e pulmão e as concentrações de proteinas TNF-α, TGF-b, MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-2 e IL-8 foram analisadas por ELISA em extratos dos tecidos e no soro. Os resultados demonstraram que L. interrogans estimula a expressão prematura de TNF-α, TGF-b, MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-2 e IL-8 na linhagem BALB/c resistente à infecção. A análise histológica indica que estes mediadores podem estar relacionados com o influxo de diferentes células do sistema imune desempenhando importantes funções na proteção contra leptospirose.
Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonosis caused by Leptospira. The pathogenesis in humans is mainly observed in lungs, livers and kidneys. In this work the role of innate immune response in protection against leptospirosis is being studied using different mice models. The animals were infected intraperitoneally with virulent cells of L. interrogans serovar Copenhageni and the development of the disease was followed, being observed mortality of C3H/HeJ mice, whereas C3H/HePas presented jaundice and BALB/c mice remained asymptomatic. Samples of liver, kidney, lungs and sera were analyzed following the profiles of mRNA and protein of the cytokines TNF-α and TGF-b and chemokine MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-2 and CXCL1/IL-8. We showed that Leptospira infection stimulates early expression of cytokine TNF-α and TGF-b and chemokine MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-2 and IL-8 in the resistant mice strain BALB/c. Histological analysis indicates that the expression of those molecules can be related to the influx of distinct immune cells, which play a role in the naturally acquired protective immunity.

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Amhaz, Juliana Mota Khalil. "Alterações na resposta imune inata e adaptativa induzidas por Escherichia coli enteroinvasora em modelo murino." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9136/tde-07062016-173218/.

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Durante uma infecção, uma complexa seqüência de eventos é inkiada após a invasão do hospedeiro por microrganismos patogênicos. Escherichia coli enteroinvasora (EIEC), assim como Shigella, causa disenteria através da invasão da mucosa do cólon, levando à destruição tecidual e inflamação. Para que ocorra um processo infeccioso, porém, são necessários inóculos de 102 Shigella e 106 EIEC. Foram avaliados aspectos da resposta inflamatória desencadeada pela infecção por EIEC em modelo murino, comparativamente a Shigella. A infecção de macrófagos J774 por EIEC resultou em fagocitose bacteriana, comprometimento da viabilidade do macrófago e produção de citocinas. Macrófagos de camundongos C57BU6 infectados com EIEC produziram NO, que parece ser importante no controle da infecção. Foi observado que camundongos INOS nocaute apresentaram maior produção de citocinas pró-inflamatórias e maior letalidade após infecção do que os selvagens. EIEC induziu a migração de granulócitos e monócitos para o peritônio, e a secreção de citocinas por estas células. Houve proliferação de linfócitos em resposta aos antígenos solúveis de EIEC, mas não foi detectada produção de citocinas por estes linfócitos.Comparativamente a Shigella, EIEC escapou mais lentamente do macrófago, induziu menor produção de citocinas pró-inflamatórias e NO, e menor ativação dos linfócitos T. Estes dados sugerem o desafio com EIEC desencadeia uma resposta menos severa no hospedeiro do que Shigella, o que explicaria a forma mais branda de disenteria e resolução mais rápida do processo infeccioso causado por EIEC.
During an infection, a complex sequence of events in iniciated after invasion of the host by pathogenic microorganisms. Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) and Shigella cause dysentery by means of invading the colonic mucosa, leading to tissue destruction and inflammation. In arder for an infectious process to occur, inocula of 102 Shigella are necessary incontrast to e 106 EIEC. The infection of J774 macrophages by EIEC resulted in phagocytosis of the bacterium, a hindering of the viability of the macrophage and in the production of cytokines. Macrophages obtained from C57BU6 mice infected with EIEC produced NO, which seems to be important for the control if infection. We observed that in iNOS knockout mice, both the production of proinflammatory cytokines and lethality were higher than that observed in wild-type mice. EIEC induced the migration of granulocytes and monocytes to the peritoneum as well as the secretion of cytokines by these cells. We observed a proliferation of Iymphocytes in response to inoculation with soluble EIEC antigens, however, in this case, the production of cytokines was not detected. Compared to Shigella, EIEC was slower in escaping from the macrophage, and induced a shyer production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and NO, as well as promoted a smaller activation of T Iymphocytes. These data suggest that when challenged with EIEC, the host produces a less severe response than that elicited by Shigella, which might explain why the infectious process with EIEC produces a milder form of dysentery with a quicker resolution.

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Books on the topic "Gram Negative Baterial Infections"

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Burd, Randall S. Immunotherapy of gram-negative bacterial sepsis. Austin, Tex: R.G. Landes, 1992.

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Bill, McWilliams, and Boyce Dean, eds. Gram-negative burn wound infection: An evidence based approach. Saarbrücken, Germany: Lambert Academic Publishing, 2011.

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Ming, Tan, and Patrik M. Bavoil. Intracellular pathogens I: Chlamydiales. Washington, DC: ASM Press, 2012.

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Chlamydia atherosclerosis lesion: Discovery, diagnosis and treatment. London: Springer, 2007.

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Hawley, Louise B. High-yield microbiology and infectious diseases. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000.

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V, Tetz V., and Totolian A. A, eds. Molecular biology of bacteria. Commack, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 1997.

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Wiwanitkit, Viroj. Focus on emerging food borne infections. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2008.

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Chlamydial infection: A clinical and public health perspective. Basel: Karger, 2013.

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J, Klastersky, and Merck Sharp & Dohme., eds. Prophylaxis of gram negative infections in neutropenic patients: Based on a symposium in Zurich, Switzerland on 6 June 1987. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1988.

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1941-, Prior Richard B., ed. Clinical applications of the Limulus amoebocyte lysate test. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Gram Negative Baterial Infections"

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Bassetti, Matteo, Elda Righi, and Murat Akova. "Gram-Negative Infections." In Hematologic Malignancies, 161–79. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57317-1_12.

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Hampson, D. J., T. G. Nagaraja, R. M. Kennan, and J. I. Rood. "Gram-Negative Anaerobes." In Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections in Animals, 513–26. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470958209.ch27.

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Andersen, Bjørg Marit. "Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Rods." In Prevention and Control of Infections in Hospitals, 729–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99921-0_51.

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Schellekens, J. F. P., and J. Verhoef. "Pathogenesis of Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections." In Update 1988, 84–89. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83392-2_13.

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Verhoef, J. "Pathogenesis of Gram-negative Bacterial Infections." In Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, 117–22. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83737-1_16.

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Gilstrap, Larry C. "Gram-Negative Bacillary Infections During Pregnancy." In Principles of Medical Therapy in Pregnancy, 459–62. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2415-7_55.

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Paterson, David L., Hanna E. Sidjabat, and Yohei Doi. "Global Spread of Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacilli." In Emerging Infections 9, 213–22. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555816803.ch10.

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Young, L. S. "Gram-Negative Septicemia: Antibody Deficiency and Specific Protection." In The Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections, 138–46. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70351-5_12.

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Averbuch, Diana, and Dan Engelhard. "Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections After Hematopoietic Stem Cell or Solid Organ Transplantation." In Transplant Infections, 357–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28797-3_21.

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Murray, Patrick R. "Infections Caused by Miscellaneous Gram-Negative Aerobic Bacteria." In Laboratory Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases, 285–93. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3898-0_29.

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Conference papers on the topic "Gram Negative Baterial Infections"

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"Surveillance of Urine Cultures and Evaluation Gram Negative Uropathogens; Five Year Data from Erbil." In 4th International Conference on Biological & Health Sciences (CIC-BIOHS’2022). Cihan University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24086/biohs2022/paper.592.

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Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are most common infectious disease and a public health problem that imposes a large economic burden. The aim of this study is to gather surveillance data of urine cultures and determine the prevalence of uropathogens in urine samples of patients referred to outpatient clinics in Erbil region and to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility of the gram negative uropathogens. All urine cultures result of patients referred to Erbil hospitals in the last 5 years (2015-2020) are retrospectively examined in this study. Microorganisms are identified by standard bacterial methods and their susceptibilities are assessed by VITEK 2 automated system. The results of urine culture of 3380 suspected UTI cases are examined and out of 3097 positive cultures observed, a total of 1961 (63.3%) isolates are gram-negative and 1136 (36.7%) are gram-positive pathogens. The most common urinary pathogen determined in this study is Escherichia coli. The highest resistances of gram-negative urinary pathogens are against the ampicillin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and ceftriaxone. It is thought that the data obtained from this study will be useful in the planning of empirical treatment of urinary tract infections and in the development of rational antibiotic use policies.

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Sadyrbaeva, S., R. García-Fumero, M. Sánchez-Argaiz, S. Guijarro-Herrera, A. Jiménez-Morales, and J. Pasquau. "4CPS-048 Evaluation of colistimethate sodium (cms) prescriptions for the management of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacterial infections." In Abstract Book, 23rd EAHP Congress, 21st–23rd March 2018, Gothenburg, Sweden. British Medical Journal Publishing Group, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ejhpharm-2018-eahpconf.139.

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Shams, Noora, Hanin AlHiraky, Nabila Moulana, Maissa Riahihi, Kaltham Alsowaidi, Khawlah Albukhati, Susu Zughair, and Nahla Eltai. "Comparison of Available Methods for Investigating The in vitro Activity of Colistin Against Different Gram-Negative Bacilli." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2021.0121.

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Background: The surge in the prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacterial infections with limited treatment options and the decrease in the development of new antibiotics are challenges that lead to the reuse of colistin to treat infections caused by MDR pathogens. This study aimed to determine economical, simple, and reliable colistin susceptibility testing methods as an alternative to the time and effort-consuming microdilution technique and identify the colistin resistance's genetic determinants to find if it affects the testing method. Material and Methods: Seven colistin susceptibility testing methods, namely, Disk diffusion, E-test, ComASPTM SensiTest, broth disk elution, colistin agar test, CHROMagarTM COL-APSE, and BD Phoenix ID/AST, were compared to the gold standard broth microdilution. Data of the 63 studied isolates were analyzed using very major error (VME), major error (ME), categorical agreement (CA), sensitivity, specificity, Kappa, positive and negative predictive values. Whole-genome sequencing was performed on all isolates to determine if the genetic resistant factors affect the accuracy of the specific colistin susceptibility testing method. Results: Our results revealed that disk diffusion is still an ineffective method for measuring colistin susceptibility with the highest ME (31.75%), the lowest Kappa 0 (0%), and CA (68.25%) values. In contrast, the highest sensitivity, specificity, CA, kappa value, positive and negative predictive values were reported on Phoenix, ComASPTM sensitest, and E-test methods compared with the microbroth dilution reference method. Our study did not ensure any relation between the type of colistin resistance genetic determinant (chromosomal/plasmid-mediated) and the performance of the specific colistin susceptibility test Conclusions: Phoenix, E-test, and CompASPT SensiTest methods have remained superior in reproducibility, sturdiness, simplicity of use with a performance similar to the current recommended BMD procedure. These methods can be an alternative to the current laborious, impractical broth microdilution technique, especially in microbiology laboratories with a large workload.

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Leanse, Leon G., Olivia Harrington, Yanyan Fang, Imran Ahmed, Sharon X. Goh, and Tianhong Dai. "Evaluating the potential for resistance development in Gram-negative bacteria to antimicrobial blue light (at 405 nm): in vitro and in vivo studies." In Photonic Diagnosis, Monitoring, Prevention, and Treatment of Infections and Inflammatory Diseases 2019, edited by Tianhong Dai, Mei X. Wu, and Jürgen Popp. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2506910.

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JAWAD, Israa, Adian Abd Alrazak DAKL, and Hussein Jabar JASIM. "CHARACTERIZATION, MECHANISM OF ACTION, SOURCES TYPES AND USES OF THE ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS, REVIEW." In VII. INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONGRESSOF PURE,APPLIEDANDTECHNOLOGICAL SCIENCES. Rimar Academy, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/minarcongress7-13.

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This review aimed to identify the general characteristics of , mechanism of action, types and uses of antimicrobial peptides in animals, antimicrobial peptides were lass of small peptides that widely exist naturally, they varied greatly in structure, composition are found in the animal's species, and were standard structural features, twenty to sixty residue long, cationic and amphipathic peptides, have a positive charge that interacted with negatively charged molecules on the bacterial cell surfaces, a have an expansive field of inhibitory effects and were made as the first line of protection by both multicellular organisms. An essential component of the innate immune method of various organisms can have broad movement to instantly destroy bacteria, parasites, yeasts, fungi, viruses, and even cancer cells, Several antimicrobial peptides were expressed in the gastrointestinal mucosa of the animals where they can modulate innate immune responses and the intestinal microbial, act some protective microbial species and modulate an immune response. Its interactions with innate immunity and the intestinal microbial reveal attractive drug targets, act as a new therapeutic approach against gastrointestinal infections, damage, and inflammations, and modulate obesity and metabolic diseases. In addition, its acts as a biomarker of gastrointestinal diseases. They have been useful parts of the host's defense systems for a long time. Because microbes become resistant to antimicrobial peptides more slowly than to traditional antibiotics, they could be used as alternative treatments in the future. Several thousand antimicrobial peptides have been isolated from microorganisms, plants, insects, crustaceans, creatures, and even humans. Conclusion: Antimicrobial peptides are small proteins found in plant and animal species. They are the first defense against infections caused by microorganisms. and work against a wide range of bacteria, fungi, and viruses, both gram-positive and gram-negative. They are related together to innate immunity and adaptive immunity.

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Khair, Nedaa Kamalalden. "Activity of Antibiotic Producing Bacteria Isolated from Rhizosphere Soil Region of Different Medicinal Plants." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0093.

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The rhizosphere soil of medicinal plants is rich in microorganisms that develop antibiotics as natural mechanism of protection against other microbes that live in their vicinity. The present study aims to explore the production of antibacterial agents from rhizosphere soil bacteria of 11 medicinal plants and determine their activity against Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive (Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria. Soil samples were collected and used to isolate antibiotic producing bacteria (APB). Those isolates (108) were first tested using Cross-streak method against test bacteria. Then, isolates that showed a positive antibacterial effect (12) were tested by antibiotic susceptibility test (AST) of their cell free supernatant (CFS) and their extracellular and intracellular secondary metabolites extraction which gave positive results. Staphylococcus aureus found to be the most sensitive test bacteria with inhibitory zones ranging from 13.5 - 19 mm. Moreover, combinatorial effect of isolates CFS with two organic acids (3% Acetic acid and 0.4 mg/ml Acetylsalicylic acid), two commercial antibiotics (0.016 mg/ml Augmentin and 0.128 mg/ml Doxycycline), and two pure antibiotics (10 mcg/disk Penicillin and 25mcg/disk Carbenicillin) was in vitro evaluated using AST. The combinations of CFS-carbenicillin showed a marked synergistic activity against all test bacteria. The presence of possible antibacterial agents as acetic acid, lactic acid and citric acid in CFS of APB was confirmed by HPLC analysis. Ultimately, in vitro antibacterial study for rhizosphere soil bacteria in this work suggests the possibility of using these bacterial metabolites in clinical infections caused by selected test bacteria, especially when they combine with antibiotics or organic acids.

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Mahgoub, Yasmine, Rida Arif, and Susu Zughaier. "Pyocyanin pigment from Pseudomonas aeruginosa modulates innate immune defenses in macrophages." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2021.0137.

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Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a well-known opportunistic pathogen. The gram-negative bacillus, commonly associated with hospital-acquired infections, utilizes the host’s impaired immune responses to establish infection. Of its many virulence factors, pyocyanin is essential for P. aeruginosa to establish its full infectivity. Macrophages act as sentinels of the innate immune system, as well as play other roles in homeostasis, tissue remodeling, and bridging between the innate and adaptive immune systems. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effects of pyocyanin on macrophage innate immune defenses by assessing the function of macrophages treated with pyocyanin and TLR ligands. Phagocytosis of opsonized zymosan, LPS-induced nitric oxide release and cytokine release were used as measures of functional responses. Results: This study found that pyocyanin inhibited phagocytosis-induced ROS release in a dose-dependent manner and reduced nitric oxide release from macrophages induced with P. aeruginosa LPS. In addition, pyocyanin modulated cytokines and chemokines release from macrophages exposed to P. aeruginosa LPS in a dose-dependent manner. Pyocyanin significantly enhanced IL-1β release as well as several chemokines. Therefore, pyocyanin facilitates Pseudomonas aeruginosa to persevere in the immunocompromised host through modulating macrophage’s innate immune defenses. Conclusion: Pyocyanin inhibits macrophage functional defense responses to facilitate Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection.

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Reports on the topic "Gram Negative Baterial Infections"

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Bezerra, Alexandre Sacchetti, Flavia Altheman Loureiro, Carla Maria Pasquareli Vazquez, Afonso Cesar Polimanti, and Rafi Felicio Bauab Dauar. Empiric Treatment of Foot Infection in Patients with Severe Diabetes. Science Repository, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31487/j.jicoa.2021.04.04.

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Background: Despite being treated with antibiotics of broad spectrum recommended by International Consensus, severe diabetic patients with lower limb infection do not present a positive clinical evolution during empirical treatment. This study’s bacterial profile was analysed and compared with other worldwide hospital centers. Objective: To confirm the need of an individualized empirical treatment for severe diabetic patients with foot infection. Methods: Retrospective analysis of cultures and antibiograms of severe diabetic patients admitted by foot infection. Results: The results were consistent with the socioeconomic realities of developing countries. Gram-negative bacteria (52,11%) were present in most bone cultures. Results presented a high incidence of Enterococcus faecalis in both gram-positive (21,2%) and polymicrobial (34,7%) samples. Bacterial resistance with the use of ordinary antibiotics in the statistical analysis was high. Conclusion: The community infections should undergo broad spectrum empirical therapy combining amikacin (80,43%) or meropenem (72,00%) with gram-negative and vancomycin (100%) or teicoplanin (90,00%) or linezolid (74,19%) with gram-positive.

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Splitter, Gary A., Menachem Banai, and Jerome S. Harms. Brucella second messenger coordinates stages of infection. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7699864.bard.

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Aim 1: To determine levels of this second messenger in: a) B. melitensiscyclic-dimericguanosinemonophosphate-regulating mutants (BMEI1448, BMEI1453, and BMEI1520), and b) B. melitensis16M (wild type) and mutant infections of macrophages and immune competent mice. (US lab primary) Aim 2: To determine proteomic differences between Brucelladeletion mutants BMEI1453 (high cyclic-dimericguanosinemonophosphate, chronic persistent state) and BMEI1520 (low cyclicdimericguanosinemonophosphate, acute virulent state) compared to wild type B. melitensisto identify the role of this second messenger in establishing the two polar states of brucellosis. (US lab primary with synergistic assistance from the Israel lab Aim 3: Determine the level of Brucellacyclic-dimericguanosinemonophosphate and transcriptional expression from naturally infected placenta. (Israel lab primary with synergistic assistance from the US lab). B. Background Brucellaspecies are Gram-negative, facultative intracellular bacterial pathogens that cause brucellosis, the most prevalent zoonosis worldwide. Brucellosis is characterized by increased abortion, weak offspring, and decreased milk production in animals. Humans are infected with Brucellaby consuming contaminated milk products or via inhalation of aerosolized bacteria from occupational hazards. Chronic human infections can result in complications such as liver damage, orchitis, endocarditis, and arthritis. Brucellaspp. have the ability to infect both professional and non-professional phagocytes. Because of this, Brucellaencounter varied environments both throughout the body and within a cell and must adapt accordingly. To date, few virulence factors have been identified in B. melitensisand even less is known about how these virulence factors are regulated. Subsequently, little is known about how Brucellaadapt to its rapidly changing environments, and how it alternates between acute and chronic virulence. Our studies suggest that decreased concentrations of cyclic dimericguanosinemonophosphate (c-di-GMP) lead to an acute virulent state and increased concentrations of c-di-GMP lead to persistent, chronic state of B. melitensisin a mouse model of infection. We hypothesize that B. melitensisuses c-di-GMP to transition from the chronic state of an infected host to the acute, virulent stage of infection in the placenta where the bacteria prepare to infect a new host. Studies on environmental pathogens such as Vibrio choleraeand Pseudomonas aeruginosasupport a mechanism where changes in c-di-GMP levels cause the bacterium to alternate between virulent and chronic states. Little work exists on understanding the role of c-di-GMP in dangerous intracellular pathogens, like Brucellathat is a frequent pathogen in Israeli domestic animals and U.S. elk and bison. Brucellamust carefully regulate virulence factors during infection of a host to ensure proper expression at appropriate times in response to host cues. Recently, the novel secondary signaling molecule c-di-GMP has been identified as a major component of bacterial regulation and we have identified c-di-GMP as an important signaling factor in B. melitensishost adaptation. C. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements 1. The B. melitensis1453 deletion mutant has increased c-di-GMP, while the 1520 deletion mutant has decreased c-di-GMP. 2. Both mutants grow similarly in in vitro cultures; however, the 1453 mutant has a microcolony phenotype both in vitro and in vivo 3. The 1453 mutant has increased crystal violet staining suggesting biofilm formation. 4. Scanning electron microscopy revealed an abnormal coccus appearance with in increased cell area. 5. Proteomic analysis revealed the 1453 mutant possessed increased production of proteins involved in cell wall processes, cell division, and the Type IV secretion system, and a decrease in proteins involved in amino acid transport/metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, fatty acid production, and iron acquisition suggesting less preparedness for intracellular survival. 6. RNAseq analysis of bone marrow derived macrophages infected with the mutants revealed the host immune response is greatly reduced with the 1453 mutant infection. These findings support that microlocalization of proteins involved in c-di-GMP homeostasis serve a second messenger to B. melitensisregulating functions of the bacteria during infection of the host.

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