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1
Ivanova, Tatyana N. "Research of working capacity of grinding wheels." MATEC Web of Conferences 224 (2018): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822401005.
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The processing of materials by cutting with abrasive tool is carried out by means of thousands of grains bonded together as a single whole. The quality of abrasive tool is defined by cutting properties of abrasive grains and depends on features of spreading of temperature field in time and in abrasive grain volume. Grains are exposed to heating and cooling during work. It leads to undesired effects such as decrease of durability of grain retention in the binder, hardness, intensification of diffusion and oxidation processes between the binder and grain, the occurrence of considerable temperature stresses in the grain itself. Obtained equation which allows calculation of temperature field of grain for one rotation of grinding wheel shows that the temperature of the wheel depends on grinding modes and thermophysical properties of abrasive material. Recommendations for working capacity of grinding wheels in each operation mode and with a transition from one mode to another are given. As a result of research different dependencies were determined. They include dependencies governing the extent of influence of granularity, difference in height and concentration of grains, geometry parameters of detail to be machined and grinding wheel on machining modes and the thickness of layer cutoff by one grain.
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Zhang, Jie, Shengping Liu, Wei Wu, Xiaochun Zhong, and Tao Liu. "Research on a rapid identification method for counting universal grain crops." PLOS ONE 17, no. 9 (September 14, 2022): e0273785. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273785.
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Thousand-grain weight is a key indicator of crop yield and an important parameter for evaluating cultivation measures. Existing methods based on image analysis are convenient but lack a counting algorithm that is suitable for multiple types of grains. This research develops an application program based on an Android device to quickly calculate the number of grains. We explore the short axis measurement method of the grains with morphological thought, and determine the relationship between the general corrosion threshold and the short axis. To solve the problem of calculating the number of grains in the connected area, the study proposes a corrosion algorithm based on the short axis and an improved corner point method. After testing a variety of crop grains and equipment, it was found that the method has high universality, supports grain counting with white paper as the background, and has high accuracy and calculation efficiency. The average accuracy rate is 97.9%, and the average time is less than 0.7 seconds. In addition, the difference between the average accuracy for various mobile phones and multiple crops is small. This research proposes a grain counting algorithm with a wide range of applications to meet the requirements of nonglare use in the field. The algorithm provides a fast, accurate, low-cost tool for counting grains of wheat, corn, mung bean, soybean, peanut, rapeseed, etc., which is less constrained by space and power conditions. The algorithm is highly adaptable and can provide a reference for the study of grain counting.
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Liu, Tian Mo, Wei Hui Hu, and Qing Liu. "Research on the Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Annealed Cold Upsetting AZ31 Magnesium Alloy." Materials Science Forum 610-613 (January 2009): 826–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.610-613.826.
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The microstructures and mechanical properties of cold upsetting magnesium alloys were investigated upon anneal under different conditions. The results show that a large amount of twins were observed in the original grains of cold upsetting AZ31 magnesium alloys. The twins disappeared gradually and recrystal grains formed after anneal. The volume fraction of the recrystal grains increases as the strain of samples rises. Recrystal grain size grows large with the elevated annealing temperature. Recrystal grain size reduces at first and then grows as the annealing time is prolonged. In addition, compared with as-cast magnesium alloys, the yield strength of cold upsetting samples increase apparently due to grain refinement after anneals.
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Stankevych, G., and A. Borta. "RESEARCH OF QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF GLUTEN OF WHEAT GRAINS DAMAGED BY THE WHEAT BUG." Grain Products and Mixed Fodder’s 19, no. 3 (November 14, 2019): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15673/gpmf.v19i3.1506.
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Favorable weather and climate conditions for growing grain are also favorable for the livelihoods and reproduction of pests of grain stocks, and especially for wheat bug (Eurygaster integriceps Put.). Grain damaged by this pest loses its genetically incorporated properties, negative changes occur in the quantity and quality of gluten. Due to the ingestion of bug’s saliva with its special enzymes into the grain, the baking properties of the flour from such grain deteriorate – the dough becomes liquid, sticky, it loses elasticity. Thus, the issue of further effective use of grain damaged by the shield bugis very urgent. This requires information on the dependence of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of gluten on the content of grains damaged by the wheat bug. The aim of the study was to establish patterns of change in the quantity and quality of gluten depending on the content of grains damaged by the wheat bug, which will increase the efficiency of the formation of batches for further use in the food industry. To achieve this goal, a number of tasks were solved: during the grain harvesting periods of 2015–2018, at the enterprises of the industry, wheat samples were taken with the content damaged by the wheat bug in the range of 0.5...5.0 %, the quantity and quality were determined in them gluten, trends in the quantity and quality of gluten have been established depending on the content of damaged grains and their comparison with published data. The object of the study was the gluten complex of wheat, with various contents of grains damaged by the wheat bug. The subject of research was the quantity and quality of gluten in samples of soft wheat of grades 2–3 of the 2015– 2018 crop samples with various grains damaged by a wheat bug selected at enterprises in the Odessa region. Based on the results of determining the quantity and quality of gluten in samples of the 2015–2018 crop and the available literature data on the quantity and quality of gluten in grain 2005– 2007, a crop with the content of grain damaged by the wheat bug was shown to be 5.0 %, that between the amount of gluten and the content in the grain mass of the grains damaged by the wheat bug, there are no regularities.Existing fluctuations in the amount of gluten are reliably associated with different origins of grain samples grown under different agrotechnological conditions, different protein contents, varietal characteristics of grain and other factors. The regularities of changes in the quality of gluten depending on the content of grain damaged by a wheat bug have been established – with an increase in the content of damaged grains, according to a linear law, the gluten quality index determined on the VDK device also increases. It was also established that the intensity of changes in the quality of gluten significantly depends on the content of grains damaged by the wheat bug; there was a slight increase in the quality index of gluten with the content of damaged grains up to 2.0 %, and its rapid growth with the content of damaged grains from 2.0 % to 5,0 % It is shown that in the studied wheat samples with the content of grains damaged by the wheat bug up to 2.5...2.7 %, the VDK indicator belongs to the 2nd group of gluten quality – satisfactory weak and wheat belongs to 1–3 grades in this indicator. With a further increase in the content of grains damaged the wheat bug, the index of VDK increases and gluten passes to the 3rd group – unsatisfactory weak, and the batch of wheat belongs to the 4th class.
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Korotkov, V. A., and S. I. Petrushin. "Research of Operational Characterizations of Cutting Discs with Oriented Abrasive Grains." Applied Mechanics and Materials 682 (October 2014): 224–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.682.224.
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Efficiency of the polishing process is determined by the properties of abrasive grains, including its form parameter and orientation in the body of the grinding tool. It is possible to improve the operational characterizations of the grinding instruments, in particular – cutting discs, by ordering of the grain geometry, selection of the rational form and orientation of abrasive grains for specific processing conditions and parameters of the power load. For the solution of such problem the developed and patented method for production of grinding tools with the orientated abrasive grains is offered [1]. According to the specified method the cutting discs with radial and tangential orientation of abrasive grains are made. As a comparative standard, discs without orientation of abrasive grains are made also. Comparative tests by cutting according to the scheme of pressing of workpiece to a disc with a constant effort are carried out. It is established that orientation of abrasive grains significantly influences the operational characterizations of cutting discs. So, the cutting ability of cutting discs with radial orientation of abrasive grains is 15-17% higher during processing of various materials, than at standard tools. The grinding coefficient of cutting discs with tangential orientation of abrasive grains is 25-29% higher, than at usual discs with non-oriented grains. Results of an assessment of effective power of cutting in addition confirm that discs with the radial orientation of grains are working with the greatest intensity and at the same time with biggest wear. Further, on decrease, cutting discs with non-oriented grains follow. Instruments with tangential orientation of abrasive grains are characterized by the smallest cutting ability and the smallest wear. Such effect is caused by that the radial focused abrasive grains possess the greatest sizes of forward corners, and tangential focused grains possess the smallest sizes. It is established also that application of cutting discs with radial orientation of abrasive grains in comparison with ordinary tools allows to reduce temperature in a cutting zone by 20-30 °C and to reduce the size of zones of thermal influence.
6
Deng, Zhao Hui, Zhi Gang Xu, Qiao Ping Wu, and Xiao Hong Zhang. "Recent Advances and Future Perspectives in a Grinding Wheel with Defined Grain Pattern." Advanced Materials Research 317-319 (August 2011): 314–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.317-319.314.
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It is achieved that abrasive grains could be ordered on the surface of a grinding wheel using modern manufacturing methods. The excellent feature of a grain-arranged grinding wheel is that it can increase the proportion of active grains, improve the cutting efficiency, increase the chip volume space, effectively reduce the grinding temperature, prolong the service life of the grinding wheel and improve the surface finish of workpiece. Consequently, in the area of academic and industry the research of a grain-arranged grinding wheel has become a hot research topic, and more and more scholars focus on the research of the grain-arranged grinding wheel. In this paper, distribution patterns of abrasive grains were introduced; molding techniques for distributing abrasive grains were summed up; progress in research and future research trends of a grain-arranged grinding wheel was presented.
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Zhang, Wei Ran, Gui Hong Geng, and Wei Ye Chen. "Research on Undercooling Grain Refinement Technology." Applied Mechanics and Materials 643 (September 2014): 342–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.643.342.
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Grain refinement can greatly enhance the material mechanics, magnetism and other physical properties. Exploration of grain refinement methodology has been one of the hottest fields of material research. Among all the methods, deep supercooling technology is an effective way to refine the grains. In this paper, the grain refinement mechanism has been explored by deep supercooling and rapid solidification technique with introducing grain refined process of pure metal, binary uniform crystalline alloy and the binary eutectic alloy. Furthermore, peritectic grain refinement mechanism and rapid solidification technique have been discussed.
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Liu, Xiao Mei, Zheng Liu, and Yong Mei Hu. "Research on Effect of La on Microstructure in Semi-Solid A356 Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 139-141 (October 2010): 693–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.139-141.693.
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Semi-solid A356 alloy slurry grain-refined by Al-La master alloy is prepared by low superheat pouring. The effects of La on the morphology and size of primary grain in semi-solid A356 alloy are researched. The results indicate that the semi-solid A356 alloy slurry with particle-like and rosette-like primary grains can be prepared by low superheat pouring. The size and morphology of the primary grain in semi-solid A356 alloy are markedly improved by La. The refining mechanism of La on the morphology and size of the primary grain in semi-solid A356 alloy is delved. The eutectic reaction of Al-La binary alloy provides the effective nuclei for formation of the primary grains in semi-solid A356 alloy.
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Molenda, Justyna, Adam Charchalis, and Adam Barylski. "Research on Tool Temperature Dependence on Lapping Grains Size." Solid State Phenomena 199 (March 2013): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.199.159.
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Commonly used as a finishing operation, lapping has been used for achieving ultra-high finishes and close tolerances between mating pieces. Its carried out by applying loose abrasive grains between work and lap surfaces, and causing a relative motion between them resulting in a finish of multi-directional lay. The grains activity (sliding and rolling) in the working gap causes not only the material removal but also the temperature rise of lap plate. This work presents the results of lapping plate temperature rise research. The investigation has been conducted to check the influence of grains size on. It was made during flat lapping with use of ABRALAP 380 lapping machine and infrared camera Thermo Gear G100. The lapping machine executory system consisted of three working conditioning rings. Plate temperature was measured during ceramic (Al2O3) elements lapping. The elements were valve sealing parts. After grinding they were processing with three abrasive grains sizes: F400/17, F800/6.5 and F1200/3. The abrasive mixture was boron carbide powder mixed with kerosene and machine oil with grain concentration 0.25. Other lapping parameters remained constant during process. The wheel speed was 60 rev/min and lapping pressure 0.04 MPa. In the next step the statistical analysis was conducted. It was analysed if the plate temperature is influenced by the grains size. A hypotheses testing method was use. Results were calculated for temperature rise values measured after 300 minutes of machine working. According to them the influence of abrasive grains size on plate temperature rise is statistically insignificant, what is not consisted with the model.
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Zhang, Zhenwei, Junli Wang, Qinglong Zhang, Supeng Zhang, Qingnan Shi, and Huarong Qi. "Research on Grain Refinement Mechanism of 6061 Aluminum Alloy Processed by Combined SPD Methods of ECAP and MAC." Materials 11, no. 7 (July 20, 2018): 1246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11071246.
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Equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) and multi-axial compression deformation (MAC) are severe plastic deformation (SPD) processes that produce bulk nanostructured materials with ultrafine grains. The grains could be observably refined by multi-pass of ECAP and MAC. This research proposed new routes of cyclic equal channel compression (CECC), which combines ECAP and MAC to increase the mechanical properties of 6061 aluminum alloy. The tests, which are conducted through electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM), were performed on the grain size, recrystallization distribution, misorientation distributions, dislocations, and secondary phase distributions of CECC-processed 6061 aluminum alloys on the purpose of exploring the mechanism of grain refinement. MEM is the short form for the CECC processing route of MAC + ECAP + MAC, which is one ECAP pass between two MAC passes. The tests results showed that the average grain size could reach to as much as 1.1 μm after two MEM deformation circles named MEM-MEM, with the non-annealing average grain size being 21 μm and recrystallization annealed average grain size being 28 μm. The dislocation cells, which could be transformed into sub-grains with the increase of the strain, were formed by the slip and the accumulation of dislocations. The secondary phase was Mg2Si, which could prevent the refined grains from growing up again by pinning at the grain boundaries. Above all, the dislocation proliferation and secondary phases will both lead to the grain refinement.
11
Pattanaik, B. B., and R. K. Tripathi. "Grain storage research: handling and storage of food grains in India." Indian Journal of Entomology 78, special (2016): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-8172.2016.00021.3.
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Baranov, V. A., and Y. V. Antipovich. "The results of the research of sandstones closed porosity." Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology 27, no. 3 (January 8, 2019): 414–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/111865.
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The article presents the results of the study of gas inclusions in quartz grains of Donets Basin sandstones. It describes the main genetic types of inclusions, their conditions of formation, shape, size, as well as features of the transformation under the conditions of catagenesis of rocks.The presence and distinctive features of the primary and secondary inclusions were established by studying of their homogenization temperatures. Thanks to these studies, it was found that the homogenization temperature of the primary inclusions is 1.5–2 higher than for secondary ones. Also, characteristic of the primary inclusions is that they are mainly gas-liquid. In size, primary inclusions are 1.5–2 times larger than secondary ones, and on average they are 2–3 µm. Secondary inclusionsessentially consist of gas. A characteristic feature of secondary inclusions in quartz grains of the sandstones of the Donetsk Basin is that they decorate the microdeformations of these grains, thereby forming numerous Boehm stripes. The gas inclusions of Boehm strips are indicators of paleotemperature, and the Boehm strips themselves carry information about paleopressure. To calculate the volume of gas inclusions, a methodwas proposed.This method is easy to use and does not require significant financial expenses. For its implementation, standard petrographic thin sections are used, which are examined using an optical microscope with a total magnification of 1000-1200 times. Using the proposed method, the volumes of gas inclusions in quartz grains of sandstones of different substages of catagenesis were established. Considering that gas inclusions are part of closed porosity, it is proposed to conditionally subdivide closed porosityinto cement closed porosity (volume of closed pores in the cementing substance of the rock) and grain closed porosity (volume of closed pores in detrital grains of the rock). It is established that the indicator of grain closed porosity is 2-3 times higher than the indicator of cement closed porosity. The largest volumes of gas inclusions are established for the middle substage of catagenesis. Considering that rock and gas outbursts occur only at the middle substage of catagenesis, this confirms the theory about the additional effect of gas inclusions on the progress of gas-dynamic phenomena in mine opening.Also, duringthe determination of absolute porosity of rocks in laboratory conditions, it is very important to grind the rock to micron-sized fraction. This will allow opening a part of inclusions in the clastic grains of rocks, which will substantially complement the indexes of absolute porosity.
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Pauline, Koh-Banerjee, and Eric B. Rimm. "Whole grain consumption and weight gain: a review of the epidemiological evidence, potential mechanisms and opportunities for future research." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 62, no. 1 (February 2003): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns2002232.
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The epidemiological data that directly examine whole grain v. refined grain intake in relation to weight gain are sparse. However, recently reported studies offer insight into the potential role that whole grains may play in body-weight regulation due to the effects that the components of whole grains have on hormonal factors, satiety and satiation. In both clinical trials and observational studies the intake of whole-grain foods was inversely associated with plasma biomarkers of obesity, including insulin, C-peptide and leptin concentrations. Whole-grain foods tend to have low glycaemic index values, resulting in lower postprandial glucose responses and insulin demand. High insulin levels may promote obesity by altering adipose tissue physiology and by enhancing appetite. The fibre content of whole grains may also affect the secretion of gut hormones, independent of glycaemic response, that may act as satiety factors. Future studies may examine whether whole grain intake is directly related to body weight, and whether the associations are primarily driven by components of the grain, including dietary fibre, bran or germ.
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Dubis, L. "Microscopy study of quartz grains: the history of development and perspective of use in paleogeographic reconstructions of eolian processes." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 38 (December 10, 2010): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2010.38.2236.
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In the article was determined and characterized three main stages of microscopy researches of quartz grains of sandy fraction. First – end of XIX–beginning of XX centuries – accumulation of primary knowledge about grain morphometry and surface micromorphology features. Second stage – 40– 70-th years of XX century – creation the different visual, mechanical research methods of quartz grains morphometry, development of quantitative estimation methods. Third stage – end of XX–beginning of XXI centuries – intensive development of microscopy grains of sandy fraction complex researches. A perspective direction to use the microscopy of quartz grains of sand fraction for paleogeographic reconstructions of eolian processes was outlined. Key words: microscopy of quartz grains, roundness, micromorphology of, grain surface, methods of research, optical and electronic microscopes.
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Iswahyudi, Iswahyudi, Sustiyana Sustiyana, and Lia Kristiana. "Evaluasi Mutu Gabah Pamekasan Madura Jawa Timur." Daun: Jurnal Ilmiah Pertanian dan Kehutanan 5, no. 2 (December 16, 2018): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.33084/daun.v5i2.464.
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Pamekasan Regency is one of the rice-producing areas in Madura. The problem which is the main subject of this research is how the quality of farmer grain quality in Pamekasan Regency. The study aimed to analyze the quality of Pamekasan Regency grain. This type of research is descriptive - quantitative, namely the type of research that combines quantitative and qualitative research. The analysis states that Pamekasan grain has a quantitative percentage of an empty grain of 0.9%, 3.2% green/lime grains, 18.6% yellow/damaged grains, and 0.3% red grains. It also fulfills the requirements for grain quality qualitative consisting of four characters, namely: 1) free of pests and diseases, 2) free of foul odors, acids and other odors, 3) free of chemicals and residual fertilizers, insecticides and fungicides, and 4) unhusked rice so that it has met the requirements of SNI quality grade grain quality standards II.
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Zhao, Bo, C. Y. Zhao, and G. F. Gao. "Research on the Topography Features of the Densely Bonded Diamond Grinding Wheel Dressed by Elliptical Ultrasonic Vibration." Advanced Materials Research 188 (March 2011): 330–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.188.330.
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In this paper, on the influence of different dressing methods, such as elliptical ultrasonic vibration, on the grinding wheel bonded delta, the morphology of abrasive grains of wheel, the protrusion height and the grinding wheel topography was studied by experiment. The experiment shows that the abrasive grains of grinding wheel surface dressed by elliptical ultrasonic vibration are great in protrusion height and trench depth, and the bonded delta grain after grinding is narrow, short, and irregular with significant reduced semi-surrounded area compared with by ordinary dressing method. The abrasive grains of metal-bonded diamond grinding wheel surface dressed by elliptical ultrasonic vibration are basically intact, and due to the high-speed collision between abrasive grains, local micro-break is easy to occur on the abrasive grains to form multiple micro-cutting edges. The abrasive grains of grinding wheel surface dressed by ordinary dressing method are fractured and broken, while that of resin-bonded grinding wheel surface have a high ratio to be loose and shedding. For the metal or resin-bonded grinding wheel surface dressed by elliptical ultrasonic vibration, its material removal mechanism may primarily be the removal of bonding ductility and the fine-crushing of abrasive grains; for the metal-bonded grinding wheel surface dressed by ordinary method, its material removal mechanism may primarily be the fracture and break of abrasive grains, secondly be the fracture of bonding agent; and for the resin-bonded grinding wheel surface, its material removal mechanism may mainly be the looseness and shedding of abrasive grains caused by the fracture of bonding agent, secondly be the fracture of abrasive grains. Compared with ordinary dressing method, elliptical ultrasonic vibration dressed abrasive grains are dense at shaft and sparse in periphery, with a large quantity of static effective abrasive grains, great protrusion height and an excellent nature of contour.
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Veres, A. A., M. M. Kryvyi, V. P. Slavov, Yu P. Polupan, V. G. Кеbkо, L. O. Dedova, and I. I. Murzha. "EFFECTIVENESS OF FEEDING DRY BREWERS GRAINS TO REPAIR HEIFERS OF THE JERSEY BREED." Animal Breeding and Genetics 57 (April 24, 2019): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.57.02.
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Introduction. An important reserve for increasing the profitability and competitiveness of livestock production would be solving the problem of feed protein deficiency in animal feeding. Significant contribution to the solution of this problem can be made by using high-protein waste of oil extraction (meal, cake), alcohol (bard), brewing (brewers grains) industries for feeding purposes.
Since the liquid brewers grains is poorly preserved and easily spoiled, especially during the summer, and its transportation over long distances requires large costs, in this regard, there is a current problem of drying the liquid brewers grains and its usage as a high-protein fodder for feeding animals in dry form as part of animal mixed fodder.
The purpose of our research is to study the effectiveness of feeding dry brewers grains to repair heifers of the Jersey breed.
Research materials and methods. Research on the feeding dry brewers grains effectiveness was carried out on repair heifers of the Jersey breed at the age from 2 to 12 months on the basis of the farm SE “Dan-milk” in Cherniakhiv district of Zhytomyr region. Dry brewers grains produced by private joint-stock company (PJSC) “Obolon” were used for the research.
Research result. The content of crude protein in 1 kg of dry brewers grains, which was used in scientific and economic research, was 24.46%, or 244.6 g per 1 kg of dry brewers grains.
In order to study the effectiveness of feeding dry brewers grains, three groups of repair heifers of the Jersey breed were formed for the research, 8 heads each, according to the following scheme: one control group of repair heifers, and the other two were research groups.
According to the research scheme, the control group of repair heifers received a standard grain mixture without dry brewers grains. The difference in the feeding of repair heifers of research groups consisted in different levels of feeding dry brewers grains, which was included in the grain mix of the II research group in the amount of 15%, and the III research group - in the amount of 20%.
As a result of the research, there was an increase in the average daily gains of the II research group heifers, which ration included 15% of dry brewers grains in the mixture composition: for the period from 2 until 6 months – up to 0.811 kg against 0.786 kg, for a period from 6 until 12 months – up to 0.671 kg against 0.657 kg, for a period from 2 until 12 months – up to 0.727 kg against 0.709 kg in the control group.
At the age from 9 and 12 months of cultivation of repair heifers of the II research group, which grain mixture included 15% of dry brewers grains, there was a tendency of the main body measurements increase: height at the withers, chest girth and oblique torso length, compared with the repair heifers of the control group. In heifers of the III research group, which ration included 20% of dry brewers grains of the grain mixture, the main body measurements were lower than in heifers of the control and II research groups.
While studding main hematological indicators of the repair heifers of the control and research groups at the age of 6 and 12 months of cultivation, it was found that the inclusion of 15% of dry brewers grains in the grain mixture of the ration of the repair heifers of the II research group improved their passage of biosynthetic processes and the use of nitrogen, which indicates a tendency to increase in their blood total protein content compared to the control group primarily due to globulins, which indicates an improvement of immune-protective properties in the heifers of this group. The increase in the content of total protein and globulins against the control group in the heifers of the III research group, grain mixture for which included 20% of dry brewers grains, was manifested to a lesser degree.
Summary. The inclusion of dry brewers grains in the grain mixture of the rations of repair heifers of the Jersey breed of the II research group in the amount of 15% of the total weight of the grain mixture, provided an increase in their average daily gains compared to the repair heifers of the control group and amounted to for the period from 2 until 6 months – 3.2%, for the period from 6 until 12 months – 2.1%, for the period from 2 until 12 months –2.6% with a tendency to increase the main measurements at the age of 9 months: height at the withers up to 104.0 cm against 103.5 cm, chest girth – 142.8 cm against 141.4 cm, oblique torso length – 131.8 cm against 131.4 cm in the control group.
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Ramadhani, Siti Hasdiyanti, Ni Luh Sri Suryaningsih, and Yosefina Mangera. "Analysis of Grain Yield and Quality of Rice Aromatic Inpago Unsoed 1." AGRICOLA 8, no. 1 (September 24, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.35724/ag.v8i1.2098.
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The purpose of the study was to determine the quality of the grainand rice are planted, the ricevarieties Inpago Unsoed 1. The research method use dis data collection, namely primary data andsecondary data. Primary data is used for observed in this research about grain moisturecontent,density of grain, foreign bodies, empty grains, grain crackedor broken, after the percentage ofgrain milled head of rice, broken rice, graing roats, grain limestone, yolk broken and milled rice yield.The results showed that during the observation the quality of grain varieties Inpago Unsoed 1 hasmilled at about 13,33% moisture content, grain density of 0,57g/ml, and grain weight is 27,60g/1000grain. The percentage point for the determination quality of head point is 73,49%, broken grainsabout 13,92%, and 12,34% graing roats. The quality of rice milled varieties inpago Unsoed 1 includelow. The lower of rice quality is due to the low of head rice percentage, while the percentage ofbroken grain sand high graing roats. Rice milled yield about 51,23%
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Pan, Wei, Ziyu Zhai, Yantao Liu, Bo Liang, Zhuoheng Liang, and Yongzhong Zhang. "Research on Microstructure and Cracking Behavior of Al-6.2Zn-2Mg-xSc-xZr Alloy Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting." Crystals 12, no. 10 (October 21, 2022): 1500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12101500.
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Selective laser melting (SLM) offers obvious advantages in the production of complex parts. However, the traditional 7xxx series aluminum alloy has a serious cracking tendency in the SLM process. Therefore, in order to analyze the microstructure and cracking mechanism, and obtain crack-free aluminum alloy fabricated by SLM, this paper studied the microstructure characteristics of as-deposited Al-6.2Zn-2Mg-xSc-xZr alloy with different Sc, Zr content, as well as the influence mechanism of Sc, Zr on cracking. The results show that with the increase of Sc and Zr content, the crack tendency and grain size decrease. When Sc and Zr content reach 0.6% and 0.36% respectively, cracks can no longer be observed in the as deposited alloy. The microstructure of the as deposited Al-6.2Zn-2Mg-0.6Sc-0.36Zr alloy consists of fine equiaxed and columnar crystals, in which Sc and Zr mainly exist in the aluminum matrix as solid solutions, and some exist in the form of Al3(Sc, Zr). The immediate reason for the absence of cracks is that the microstructure changes from coarse columnar grains to fine equiaxed-columnar grains when the content of Sc and Zr increases. The refined grain size may have the following beneficial effects: It helps with reducing the thickness of the liquid films. This will increase the tear sensitivity of the liquid film and the cracking tendency and therefore lowers the hot cracking tendency; And a refined grain size improves fracture roughness, leading to an enhanced cracking resistance. At the same time, the refinement of the grains will make the feeding channel of the grain boundary shorter and easy to feed, and the fine equiaxed grains can coordinate stress-strain during solidification more effectively than coarse columnar grains, which will decrease the cracking tendency.
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Liu, Yu Yan, Xing Qian Li, and Zi Li Jin. "Based on CSP Technics, the Experimental Research of Rare Earth Steel Hot-Rolled Deformation Behaviors." Advanced Materials Research 295-297 (July 2011): 1267–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.295-297.1267.
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Based on CSP technics, using Gleeble1500-D hot simulation machine, making the single, dual, multi-pass compression experiment of Q345B steel with rare earth Nd respectively, different deformation conditions influencing Q345B steel of recrystallization behavior and the microstructure evolution rule in the hot rolling process have been studied. The results show that: the single, dual-pass experiments of Q345B steel with rare earth Nd are according with general experimental rules. According to single, dual-pass results, we establish multi-pass compression project. In that project, the grain samples with rare earth element Nd are finer than others. It explains that appending rare earth Nd has the obvious function of refining grains. At the same time, the degree of refining grains is different in the different project. It explains that in order to obtain fine grains, we should choose feat technics. By contrast, we can educe that the grains are more fine and uniform in a project.
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Jin, Fang Wei, Long Wu, Zi Jian Ai, Li Mei Qiu, and Zhong Ming Ren. "Research of the Morphology and Distribution of the Primary Silicon in Al-18Si Alloy under a Gradient High Magnetic Field." Advanced Materials Research 490-495 (March 2012): 3432–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.490-495.3432.
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A gradient high magnetic field effected significantly the morphology and distribution of the primary silicon grains in Al-18Si alloy. Experimental studies shew that in the gradient high magnetic field the primary silicon phase grains, which are large plate-like or five-star-like in the case of solidification without magnetic field, are accumulated on the top of the specimen and refined remarkably with the morphology of polygonal or nodular shapes when the alloy solidifies from the semisolid state. In the segregated layer of the silicon, the distribution of the silicon grains is homogeneous. The size of the primary silicon grains decreases and the grain number density rises with the increase of the magnetic strength maintaining the magnetization force unchangeable. It seems that the high magnetic field influences the diffusion of silicon. Theoretical models have been proposed to explain the refining and the distribution of the silicon grains.
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Guo, Qing Miao, Zhen Lei Tang, Guo Liang Xie, Jie Hu, and De Fu Li. "Research on Microstructure and Properties of Pure Copper Tube during Rolling Process." Advanced Materials Research 915-916 (April 2014): 632–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.915-916.632.
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The pure copper tube with strong axial orientation columnar grain and equiaxed grain respectively were rolled using a three-roller precision tube mill. Optical microscope, hardness testing machine and universal testing machine were used to investigate the microstructure and mechanical properties of the pure copper tube rolled with different deformation degrees. The results show that the pure copper tube with two kinds of microstructure can be directly rolled from the dimension of Φ68.5mm×57.9mm to Φ34.7×30.4mm by 8 passes with accumulated deformation degree nearly 80% and without intermediate annealing. With the increasing deformation degree, the primary columnar grain boundaries of the pure copper tube with columnar grain blurred gradually until completely disappeared. However, the microstructures of pure copper tube with equiaxed grain completely transformed into fibrous microstructures when the deformation degree reaches to 79.11%. The columnar grain is without transverse grain boundaries but with small-angle boundary, which is conducive to axial deformation. It is also found that with the increasing deformation degree, the tensile strength of pure copper tube increased steadily, while the elongation decreased gradually. The elongation of pure copper tube with columnar grains is higher and the microhardness is lower than that of equiaxed grains, indicating that the cold deformation properties of pure copper tube with columnar grain was more excellent.
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Deng, MiaoLei, and Pan Feng. "Research on a Traceability Scheme for a Grain Supply Chain." Journal of Sensors 2021 (January 16, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8860487.
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The frequent occurrence of food safety accidents and the globalization of food import and export circulation make it very important to establish a food traceability system. Due to the bulk and low-value characteristics of grain, it is difficult to achieve traceability in a single unit like meat products; as grain has a longer supply chain, involving much more links and even more complicated factors, it is easy to cause information disconnection. In response to the above problems, this paper has done the following tasks: First, propose a RFID-based grain supply chain traceability model, which mainly describes the information flow and grain flow in the grain traceability system, and secondly, in combination with the GTIN coding standard in the GS1 system, a stage traceability code is set for each batch of grains at each link, providing a method for uniquely identifying the batch of grains at that link, to improve the accuracy of grain traceability. In addition, in order to enable consumers to inquire all the detailed information of the grain in the supply chain through a traceability code, the PRESENT algorithm and the format-preserving algorithm are used to encrypt the traceability codes of each link and generate a final traceability code. Finally, a security and performance analysis of the proposed traceability scheme was carried out. The results show that the proposed scheme is safe and effective, ensuring the safety and traceability of the traceability system of the grain supply chain.
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Zou, Jin, De Ping Lu, and Qi Jie Zhai. "The Research on Ni-Based Ammonia Decomposition Catalyst." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 5364–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.5364.
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The Ni-based ammonia decomposition catalysts were prepared by vacuum dip-molding, the structures of catalyst carriers and nickel grain were characterized by XRD and SEM. Through three dip-activate technics, the Ni content in catalyst could exceed 6%. The NiO grains bond to each other in vermiform stacks, it is propitious to improve the catalytic activity because of the larger specific area.
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Ding, Xiaoming, Liyuan Sun, Xu Huang, and Zhiwei Zhao. "Research on Three-Roll Screw Rolling Process for Ti6Al4V Titanium Alloy Bar." High Temperature Materials and Processes 38, no. 2019 (February 25, 2019): 178–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2016-0215.
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AbstractThe effects of both the microstructure and the original grain size on three-roll screw rolling process of Ti6Al4V titanium alloy bar were studied in the present work. The microstructure of Ti6Al4V titanium bar had a great influence on the mechanical properties of the rolling bar. When the original size was large, the grains were apparently refined but the microstructure was uneven. But for semi-finished titanium bar composed of fine equiaxed grains, the grains after rolling were fine and uniform. During the rolling process, the Ti6Al4V titanium alloy microstructure changed from equiaxed structure to the basket-weave one. After annealing at 800℃ for 1.5 hours and then cooling in air, the average tensile strength decreased from 984 MPa to 964 MPa; while after annealing at 950℃ for 1.5 hours and then cooling by water, and aging at 540℃ for 6 hours then cooling by air, the average tensile strength increased from 979 MPa to 1107 MPa.
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Drake, Anna, Claudia Keitel, and Angela Pattison. "The use of Australian native grains as a food: a review of research in a global grains context." Rangeland Journal 43, no. 4 (2021): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj21030.
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Australian native grains have an extended history of human consumption; however, their place in diets was disrupted when colonisation triggered a shift away from traditional lifestyles for Aboriginal people. Despite being time- and energy-intensive to harvest, the inclusion of native grains in diets is thought to have offered considerable adaptive advantage by assisting human occupation of arid and semiarid zones. Ethnographic evidence has shown that Aboriginal people developed specialised tools and techniques to transform grain into more edible forms. Research on native grain consumption has mainly been conducted from an ethnographic perspective, with the objective of furthering understanding of Aboriginal societies, instead of the agricultural or food science significance of these plant species. Consequently, a research gap in all aspects of Australian native grains in modern food-production systems from the paddock to plate has emerged, and is being filled by research projects in multiple parts of the country due to surging interest in this food system. There is a critical need for Aboriginal communities, land managers, food industry professionals and research institutions to come together and set a research agenda that ensures cultural protocols are respected, research investment is not unnecessarily duplicated, and the results are targeted to places where they will be of most benefit to people and the planet.
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Kruszelnicka, Weronika, Andrzej Marczuk, Robert Kasner, Patrycja Bałdowska-Witos, Katarzyna Piotrowska, Józef Flizikowski, and Andrzej Tomporowski. "Mechanical and Processing Properties of Rice Grains." Sustainability 12, no. 2 (January 11, 2020): 552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12020552.
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Strength properties of grains have a significant impact on the energy demand of grinding mills. This paper presents the results of tests of strength and energy needed the for destruction of rice grains. The research aim was to experimentally determine mechanical and processing properties of the rice grains. The research problem was formulated in the form of questions: (1) what force and energy are needed to induce a rupture of rice grain of the Oryza sativa L. of long-grain variety? (2) what is the relationship between grain size and strength parameters and the energy of grinding rice grain of the species Oryza sativa L. long-grain variety? In order to find the answer to the problems posed, a static compression test of rice grains was done. The results indicate that the average forces needed to crush rice grain are 174.99 kg m·s−2, and the average energy is 28.03 mJ. There was no statistically significant relationship between the grain volume calculated based on the volumetric mass density Vρ and the crushing energy, nor between the volume Vρ and other strength properties of rice grains. In the case of Vs, a low negative correlation between strength σmin and a low positive correlation between the power inducing the first crack were found for the grain size related volume. A low negative correlation between the grain thickness a3, stresses σmin and work WFmax was found as well as a low positive correlation between thickness a3 and the force inducing the first crack Fmin.
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Dyakonov, Aleksandr A., and Aleksey V. Sopeltsev. "The Statistical Analysis of Granulometric Composition and Microgeometrical Indicators of Abrasive Grains of Grinding Wheels for Rough Machining." Key Engineering Materials 685 (February 2016): 370–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.685.370.
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The analysis of geometry of abrasive grains on macrogeometrical and microgeometrical indicators is carried out; charts of distribution of these indicators are submitted. The research technique based on application of photometry for obtaining digital images of abrasive grains is described. On the basis of this method we have established that abrasive grains can be devided into following form types: isometric, beam-type, and laminar. Grains sharpening and peaks rounding radii R in samples scanning plane were investigated in order to analyse abrasive grains microgeometry. Statistic analysis provided following results: average grain sharpening angle is within limits of 85° ≤ β ≤ 90°; average grain peak rounding radius is equal to 0.2 ≤ R ≤ 0.4 mm.
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Zhang, Hong Xia, and Wu Yi Chen. "Research on the Distribution of Grains in the Grinding Process." Advanced Materials Research 500 (April 2012): 295–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.500.295.
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Grinding of metals is a complex material removal operation involving cutting, ploughing, and rubbing depending on the extent of interaction between the abrasive grains and the workmaterial under the conditions of grinding. In this investigation, various parameters of the process including the number of abrasive grains in actual contact, the number of actual cutting grains per unit area for a given depth of wheel indentation, the minimum diameter of the contacting and cutting grains, the probability of active contacting grains and cutting grains were determined analytically. The analytical work was proved to be practicable by the means of measuring grinding temperature. Research results enable the use of actual number of contacting and cutting grains in the grinding wheel for thermal distribution and wheel wear analyses and contribute to a better understanding on the mechanics of grinding.
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Deng, Ruoling, Ming Tao, Xunan Huang, Kemoh Bangura, Qian Jiang, Yu Jiang, and Long Qi. "Automated Counting Grains on the Rice Panicle Based on Deep Learning Method." Sensors 21, no. 1 (January 4, 2021): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21010281.
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Grain number per rice panicle, which directly determines grain yield, is an important agronomic trait for rice breeding and yield-related research. However, manually counting grains of rice per panicle is time-consuming, laborious, and error-prone. In this research, a grain detection model was proposed to automatically recognize and count grains on primary branches of a rice panicle. The model used image analysis based on deep learning convolutional neural network (CNN), by integrating the feature pyramid network (FPN) into the faster R-CNN network. The performance of the grain detection model was compared to that of the original faster R-CNN model and the SSD model, and it was found that the grain detection model was more reliable and accurate. The accuracy of the grain detection model was not affected by the lighting condition in which images of rice primary branches were taken. The model worked well for all rice branches with various numbers of grains. Through applying the grain detection model to images of fresh and dry branches, it was found that the model performance was not affected by the grain moisture conditions. The overall accuracy of the grain detection model was 99.4%. Results demonstrated that the model was accurate, reliable, and suitable for detecting grains of rice panicles with various conditions.
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Kawa, Bartosz, Patrycja Śniadek, Rafał Walczak, and Jan Dziuban. "Nanosatellite Payload for Research on Seed Germination in a 3D Printed Micropot." Sensors 23, no. 4 (February 10, 2023): 1974. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23041974.
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In this paper, an autonomous payload proposal for a nanosatellite mission allowing for the cultivation of grains in space was presented. For the first time, a micropot made with 3D printing technology, enabling the parametric determination of plant growth, both on Earth and in the simulated microgravity condition, was presented. A completed system for dosing the nutrient solution and observing the growth of a single grain, where the whole size did not exceed 70 × 50 × 40 mm3, was shown. The cultivation of Lepidium sativum seeds was carried out in the developed system, in terrestrial conditions and simulated microgravity conditions, using the RPM (Random Position Machine) device. The differences in plant growth depending on the environment were observed. It could be seen that the grains grown in simulated microgravity took longer to reach the full development stage of the plant. At the same time, fewer grains reached this stage and only remained at the earlier stages of growth. The conducted research allowed for the presentation of the payload concept for a 3U CubeSat satellite for research into the development of plants in space.
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Goryanina, Tatyana Aleksandrovna. "Features of inheritance of productivity traits by winter rye hybrids in the first generation." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 2 (February 18, 2021): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2021i2pp14-19.
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The results of the study of the inheritance of productivity traits by hybrids of the first generation of winter rye in the fields of the Samara Research Institute of Agricultural Sciences for 2012-2013 are presented. Inheritance of traits and heterosis (hypothetical and somatic) depend not only on the parental forms, but also on climatic factors. Heterosis for grain weight spike is positively correlated with an increased number of spikelets of the spike, number and weight of grains, and plants, weight of ear, degree of dominance and decreases with an increase in internode length (r=-0,23... -0,30). Heterosis for plant height correlated with an increase in the mass of 1000 grains and the "degree of dominance (hp)" plant height, hypothetical increases with increasing productive tillering (r=0,30±0,18), true - decreases with increasing number of grains per spike (r=-0,33±0,18). Heterosis for number of grains per spike increases with increasing number and weight of grain per spike and plant, weight of spike, heterosis for grain weight spike, "the degree of dominance (hp)" weight of grain per spike and number of grains and decreases with increasing the length of the top internode (r=-0,48... -0,49). The heterosis for 1000-grain weight manifested by increasing productive tillering, ear length, the heterosis of grain weight from the ear of heterosis for number of grains, the "degree of dominance (hp)" on the weight of grains in spike, weight of 1000 grains and decreases with increasing number of grains (r=-0,22 -0,33...), true of heterosis for plant height (r=-0,21... -0,22), "degree of dominance (hp)" the number of grains (r=-0,34... -0,38).
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Husain, Salfiana, Rukmelia, Andi Nurwidah, Syahmidarni Al Islamiyah, and Indrastuti. "Identification of rice characteristics and quality in Sidenreng Rappang Regency." Anjoro: International Journal of Agriculture and Business 1, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31605/anjoro.v1i2.838.
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Identification of the characteristics and quality of rice raises the case study of Sidenreng Rappang Regency. Sample is carried out in each District of Sidenreng Rappang Regency. The research aims to identify quantitatively the character of rice and to determine the quality classification of rice. The research was carried out by analyzing the water content of the sample, identification of head rice, broken grains, granular grains, red grains, yellow/damaged grains, calcifying grains, foreign objects and grain grains. The results showed that rice in Sidenreng Rappang Regency was 54.5% in accordance with the quality requirements of SNI 6128: 2015. While 45.5% of them do not meet quality standards. This shows that the quality of rice in Sidenreng Rappang Regency still needs to be improved, as well as maintaining the quality of rice that is in accordance with applicable quality standards.
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Kong, Hailing, Luzhen Wang, and Hualei Zhang. "The variation of grain size distribution in rock granular material in seepage process considering the mechanical–hydrological–chemical coupling effect: an experimental research." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 1 (January 2020): 190590. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.190590.
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As a common solid waste in geotechnical engineering, rock granular material should be properly treated and recycled. Rock granular material often coexists with water when it is used as the filling material in geotechnical engineering. Water flowing in rock granular materials is a complex progress with the mechanical–hydrological–chemical (MHC) coupling effect, i.e. the water scours in the gaps and spaces in the rock granular material structure, produces chemical reactions with rock grains, rock grains squeeze each other under the water pressure and compression leading to re-breakage and producing secondary rock grains, and the fine rock grains are migrated with water and rushed out. In this process, rock grain size distribution (GSD) changes, it affects the physical and mechanical characteristics of the rock granular materials, and even influences the seepage stability of the rock granular materials. To study the variation of GSD in the rock granular material considering the MHC coupling effect after the seepage process, seepage experiments of rock grain samples are carried out and analysed in this paper. The result is expected to have a positive impact on further studies of the properties of the rock granular material.
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Zhang, Shu Cai, Hong Chun Zhu, De Gang Liu, Hao Feng, Hua Bing Li, Zhou Hua Jiang, Guang Wei Fan, Wei Zhang, and Lei Ying Wang. "Research on Precipitation Kinetics of Super Austenitic Stainless Steel with High Mo and N." Applied Mechanics and Materials 687-691 (November 2014): 4197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.687-691.4197.
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The precipitates and precipitation kinetics of super austenitic stainless steel with high Mo and N (HHSASS) were investigated by optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and quantitative metallography method. The results show that the TTP curves are C-shaped, the “nose” temperatures of precipitation are found to be 1000°C with the incubation periods of 120s and 600s, respectively. At 1000°C, some precipitates form as ellipsoidal-shaped and connect along the grain boundaries first. Then a few precipitates start forming as needle-shaped within austenite grains. Until aging for 300min, the field is filled with needle-shaped precipitates. The main precipitates in HHSASS are Sigma phase and Chi phase that are rich in Cr and Mo. The precipitates on the grain boundaries are ellipsoidal-shaped and those in the austenite grains are needle-shaped. About the structures of precipitates need to be further researched.
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Magalis, Robin M., Maria Giovanni, and Kathryn Silliman. "Whole grain foods: is sensory liking related to knowledge, attitude, or intake?" Nutrition & Food Science 46, no. 4 (July 11, 2016): 488–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nfs-09-2015-0101.
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Purpose The health benefits of whole grains are well established, yet intake remains below recommendations. Knowledge and familiarity with whole grains may increase short-term intake, but sensory properties can limit consumption. These factors usually are researched separately, thus, this study aims to explore the relationships among sensory liking, knowledge, attitudes and intake. Design/methodology/approach This cross-sectional study had 69 college students participate in four tasks: sensory liking of whole vs refined grain bread, rice, pasta and tortillas; bitter taster status; knowledge and attitudes; and intake of whole grains. Findings Whole wheat bread and tortillas were liked, as well as their refined grain counterparts. However, white rice and pasta were liked significantly more than the whole grain products (p < 0.05), which are less familiar to most people. Higher consumers of whole grain foods preferred those samples to the refined product for some sensory attributes (p < 0.05). Bitter taster status was not related to sensory preferences. Understanding and recognition of whole grains was low, but attitudes were generally positive. Whole grain intake was overestimated by the food frequency questionnaire because of problems with the instrument and also subjects’ lack of understanding about these foods. Research limitations/implications The link between preference and consumption warrants further study. The survey used to measure whole grain intake was a limitation and demonstrates the need for an accurate and efficient tool. Although knowledge about whole grains is limited, the positive attitudes expressed by participants can strategically inform outreach. If people believe that they consume more whole grains than they actually do, they may have a false sense of security. Further research with different age groups and a wider variety of foods is needed. Practical implications Participants overestimated their consumption of whole grain foods, indicating that consumers may think that they are meeting recommended amounts but they are actually deficient in whole grain intake; thus, improved education and promotional efforts are needed. Originality/value Few studies examine the inter-relationships among sensory preference, bitter taster status, knowledge, attitude and intake of whole grains.
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Krivosheev, G. Ya, and A. S. Ignatiev. "Correlation between quantitative traits that affect grain yield of maize hybrids." Grain Economy of Russia, no. 6 (December 24, 2021): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31367/2079-8725-2021-78-6-27-32.
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The selection of pairs for hybridization requires knowledge about the correlation of the most important quantitative traits that affect grain yield of maize hybrids. The current study was carried out in the Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy” located in the south of the Rostov region with unstable moisture. The years of study (2018–2020) were arid (HThC 0.32–0.89). The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the correlation between quantitative traits and their influence on grain yield of maize hybrids under arid conditions. The objects of research were 96 interline maize hybrids. The analysis has identified the correlation between grain yield and such quantitative traits as ‘one maize ear weight’ (r = 0.64...0.87), ‘number of grains per one maize ear row’ (r = 0.37...0.75), ‘number of grains per maize ear’ (r = 0.32...0.51), ‘number of maize ears per plant’ (r = 0.41...0.53), ‘grain yield’ (r = 0.45...0.64). The traits ‘1000-grain weight’ and ‘number of grain rows’ had either no or slight effect on the formation of grain yield of maize hybrids (r = -0.12...0.28). There have been established the traits, the high values of which were well-combining in one genotype. The values of the trait ‘one maize ear weight’ raised due to an increase of the trait ‘number of grains per one maize ear row’ (r = 0.27...0.74), ‘number of grains per maize ear’ (r = 0.26...0.55), ‘grain yield’ (r = 0.21...0.52). The trait ‘number of grains per maize ear’ raised with an increase in the values of such constituent components as ‘number of grains per one maize ear row’ (r = 0.70...0.76), ‘number of grain rows per maize ear’ (r = 0.59...0.66), and also with an increase of ‘number of maize ears per plant’ (r = 0.32...0.51) and ‘grain yield’ (r = 0.36...0.38). There have been identified difficulty-combining quantitative traits, when the value of the trait ‘1000-grain weight’ decreased with the increase of the ‘number of grain rows per maize ear’ (r = – 0.18...-0.56), ‘number of grains per a maize ear row’ (r = -0.15...-0.31) and ‘grain yield’ (r = -0.01...-0.36).
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Han, Zhenhua, Luqing Zhang, and Jian Zhou. "Numerical Investigation of Mineral Grain Shape Effects on Strength and Fracture Behaviors of Rock Material." Applied Sciences 9, no. 14 (July 17, 2019): 2855. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9142855.
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Rock is an aggregate of mineral grains, and the grain shape has an obvious influence on rock mechanical behaviors. Current research on grain shape mostly focuses on loose granular materials and lacks standardized quantitative methods. Based on the CLUMP method in the two-dimensional particle flow code (PFC2D), three different grain groups were generated: strip, triangle, and square. Flatness and roughness were adopted to describe the overall contour and the surface morphology of the mineral grains, respectively. Simulated results showed that the grain shape significantly affected rock porosity and further influenced the peak strength and elastic modulus. The peak strength and elastic modulus of the model with strip-shaped grains were the highest, followed by the models with triangular and square grains. The effects of flatness and roughness on rock peak strength were the opposite, and the peak strength had a significant, positive correlation with cohesion. Tensile cracking was dominant among the generated microcracks, and the percentage of tensile cracking was maximal in the model with square grains. At the postpeak stage, the interlocking between grains was enhanced along with the increased surface roughness, which led to a slower stress drop.
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Munkager, Victoria, Mette Vestergård, Anders Priemé, Andreas Altenburger, Eva de Visser, Jesper Liengaard Johansen, and Flemming Ekelund. "AgNO3 Sterilizes Grains of Barley (Hordeum vulgare) without Inhibiting Germination—A Necessary Tool for Plant–Microbiome Research." Plants 9, no. 3 (March 17, 2020): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9030372.
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To understand and manipulate the interactions between plants and microorganisms, sterile seeds are a necessity. The seed microbiome (inside and surface microorganisms) is unknown for most plant species and seed-borne microorganisms can persist and transfer to the seedling and rhizosphere, thereby obscuring the effects that purposely introduced microorganisms have on plants. This necessitates that these unidentified, seed-borne microorganisms are removed before seeds are used for studies on plant–microbiome interactions. Unfortunately, there is no single, standardized protocol for seed sterilization, hampering progress in experimental plant growth promotion and our study shows that commonly applied sterilization protocols for barley grains using H2O2, NaClO, and AgNO3 yielded insufficient sterilization. We therefore developed a sterilization protocol with AgNO3 by testing several concentrations of AgNO3 and added two additional steps: Soaking the grains in water before the sterilization and rinsing with salt water (1% (w/w) NaCl) after the sterilization. The most efficient sterilization protocol was to soak the grains, sterilize with 10% (w/w) AgNO3, and to rinse with salt water. By following those three steps, 97% of the grains had no culturable, viable microorganism after 21 days based on microscopic inspection. The protocol left small quantities of AgNO3 residue on the grain, maintained germination percentage similar to unsterilized grains, and plant biomass was unaltered. Hence, our protocol using AgNO3 can be used successfully for experiments on plant–microbiome interactions.
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Фатыхов, Ильдус, Ildus Fatykhov, Елена Корепанова, Elena Korepanova, Борис Борисов, and Boris Borisov. "REACTION OF SPRING WHEAT IREN ON ABIOTIC CONDITIONS WITH CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GRAIN." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 12, no. 2 (October 3, 2017): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_59a7f75e3faa12.06301014.
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The problem of the chemical composition of fruits and seeds of field crops, depending on abiotic conditions, requires further investigation and is an urgent task. The aim of the research was to study the reaction of spring wheat Iren to abiotic conditions by the chemical composition of the grain. The research tasks are to determine the chemical composition of grain by 70 elements; to reveal differences in the content of chemical elements in grains, grown in various abiotic conditions. The object of research is the grains of spring wheat of Iren variety. Samples of Iren spring wheat grains of 2014 and 2015 years harvest were taken to determine the content of 70 chemical elements Agricultural consumers’ co-operative named after Michurin of Vavozhskiy district of the Udmurt Republic. The content of 70 chemical elements in grain was determined in the Analytical Certified Testing Center (ACTC) of All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Mineral Raw Materials named after N.M. Fedorovskiy (VIMS). The analysis method is mass-spectral with inductively coupled plasma (MS) + atomic emission with inductively coupled plasma (AE) according to the NSAM technique №512-MS. The reaction of Irene spring wheat to abiotic conditions was expressed by a different content of 45 chemical elements in the grains. The concentration of 25 chemical elements in the grain over the years of research did not differ. Grain, grown in the abiotic conditions of 2014, contained more lithium, boron, sodium, aluminum, calcium, vanadium, chromium, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, gallium, germanium, arsenic, selenium, rubidium, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, palladium, tin, lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, iridium, mercury, lead, thorium. In the abiotic conditions of 2015, the grains had a higher content of magnesium - by 255.3, silicon by 6.1, phosphorus by 738.8, sulfur by 153.2, potassium by 871.9, titanium by 6 , 23, manganese - by 19.4, iron - by 9.6 μg / g, relative to similar indicators in the grain crop of 2014.
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Akhmadi, Gerland, Bambang Sapta Purwoko, Iswari Saraswati Dewi, and Dan Desta Wirnas. "Pemilihan Karakter Agronomi untuk Seleksi pada Galur-galur Padi Dihaploid Hasil Kultur Antera." Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Agronomy) 45, no. 1 (May 10, 2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.24831/jai.v45i1.13681.
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Anther culture technique is able to accelerate plant breeding activities. The objectives of this research was to determine the agronomic traits that could be used for selection of the dihaploid rice line population through the calculation of heritability, genotypic correlation, path analysis and selecting dihaploid rice lines. The plant material used was 65 dihaploid rice lines DH 1 of F1 anther culture plants and Ciherang and Inpari 13 as check varieties. Agronomic characters that could be used as selection character are generative plant height, number of filled grain per panicle, the total number of grains per panicle, weight of 1,000 grains, and grain per hill. Twenty three dihaploid lines were selected based good agronomic characters with criteria generative plant height between 80-120 cm, number of filled grains per panicle > 100, number of grains per panicle > 120, weight of 1,000 grains > 20 g, and grain per hill > 25 g.Keywords: anther culture, heritability, agronomic characters
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Sevostyanov, Ivan, Oleksandr Melnik, Sergiy Kraevsky, and Anatoliy Gorbachenko. "RESEARCH OF CENTRIFUGAL GRINDER GRANTS." Vibrations in engineering and technology, no. 2(101) (June 29, 2021): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2306-8744-2021-2-2.
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The processes of grinding dry and wet dispersed materials are common in alcohol, beer, sugar, meat, bakery, feed, chemical and a number of other industries, as well as in construction. Relevant for these processes, especially recently, in connection with the rise in the cost of energy resources, is the problem of reducing energy costs during their implementation, subject to high productivity, sufficient degree and uniformity of grinding and moderate cost of equipment for the process. The article proposes scientifically substantiated dependencies for calculating the minimum required electrical power of an experimental industrial grinder, which is considered as a replacement for hammer crushers, when used to grind wet grain of wheat, rye or corn and ensure the specified performance, taking into account the daily volume of raw materials processed at the enterprise. as well as the permissible degree of its refinement. In particular, equations were obtained to determine the power consumption for bringing the raw material in the grinder into rotary motion, for the friction between the grains of the raw material and the grinder discs, as well as the internal surfaces of its working chamber, for the friction between the grains themselves, the power required for grinding. The electric power of the grinder, the effective efficiency (41%) and the total efficiency (14%), by which it is superior to hammer crushers, have been calculated. In this work, based on the theory of contactless hydraulic seals, the analysis of possible trajectories of the particles of the processed raw materials in the working chamber of the grinder (grains of wheat, rye or corn moistened with water) is carried out, the forces acting on the particles of the raw material in the process of their movement from the axis of the grinder to the periphery of the working chamber are determined, as well as the analysis of the interaction of particles during their grinding, based on the theoretical provisions of the mechanics of quasi-solid and quasi-liquid bodies.
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Rong, Shou Fan, Yong Chang Zhu, Jing Qiang Zhang, Hong Li Liu, and Chun Yan Shi. "Research on the Growth Mechanism of Alumina Ceramics with Columnar Grain." Advanced Materials Research 79-82 (August 2009): 1899–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.79-82.1899.
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Based on the structures and composition of ceramic materials, the microstructure design and new preparations were used to induce in situ grain growth by adjusting the main factors which had impacts on grain morphology. By adding CAS (CaO-Al2O3-SiO2) and Nb2O5, the complex toughened alumina ceramics with columnar grain was fabricated under pressureless sintering systematically. The influences of additives on the alumina ceramics with columnar grain were analyzed by means of TEM, SEM, XRD etc. The dynamic conditions of anisotropic growth of columnar grain were researched, and superior growth in some grain directions was induced by doping CAS and Nb2O5. The growth mechanism of columnar grains of alumina ceramics was explored, and established growth model.
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Sulistyo, A., A. Mubarak, and Hendris. "A Hedonic Pricing Model of Rice in Traditional Markets." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 748, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 012022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/748/1/012022.
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Abstract Every consumer would expect rice at an affordable price with a very good quality. This study aims to determine the quality of rice and estimate the hedonic price model of rice in the traditional market of Tarakan City. This research was conducted at the traditional market in Tarakan City, North Kalimantan. Analysis of the data was is descriptive analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. The results showed that the quality of rice found in the traditional market in Tarakan City was medium grain. The characteristics of rice that affected rice prices were chalk grains, head grains and yellow grains. While foreign objects, small grains, red grains and broken grains had no effect on the price of rice.
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Sluyter, Caroline, Kelly LeBlanc, and Kristen Hicks-Roof. "Boosting Whole-Grain Utilization in the Consumer Market: A Case Study of the Oldways Whole Grains Council’s Stamped Product Database." Nutrients 14, no. 3 (February 8, 2022): 713. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14030713.
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Whole grains are a vital part of a healthy diet, yet there are insufficient data on the whole-grain content of commercial food products. The purpose of this research is to examine the long-term change in (1) measured whole grains in food products, (2) Whole Grain Stamp usage and (3) the prominence of whole-grain ingredients and product categories, across the United States and Latin America. These changes were quantified by analyzing the Oldways Whole Grains Council’s (WGC) Stamped Product Database from 2007 to 2020. Mean whole grains increased 36–76%, from 19 grams to 25.8 grams per serving in the U.S. and 18.1 grams to 31.9 grams per serving in Latin America. Whole Grain Stamp usage worldwide has increased from 250 products in 2005 to more than 13,000 products in 2020. These findings suggest that manufacturers are increasing the percentage of the grain that is whole in their products and developing more whole-grain products for consumers, thus providing an opportunity for consumers to meet national-level whole-grain recommendations.
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Lyukshin, V. S. "Evaluation of Abrasive Grain Form." Applied Mechanics and Materials 682 (October 2014): 148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.682.148.
Full textAbstract:
The form of grinding grains is an important parameter which as show researches, has a great impact on efficiency of use of grinding tools. Generally the methods used for an assessment of a form of grinding grains can be divided into two groups – qualitative and quantitative. The principle of an assessment of a form of grain on qualitative methods is based on grain reference on some signs in the relevant group of forms. All existing ways of a quantitative assessment of a form of grain are based on research of a horizontal projection of grain. However application of horizontal projection results in inaccuracy in the analysis of a form of abrasive grain. This work is devoted to accuracy increase at an assessment of a form of grinding grains.
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Francavilla, Alyssa, and Iris J. Joye. "Anthocyanins in Whole Grain Cereals and Their Potential Effect on Health." Nutrients 12, no. 10 (September 24, 2020): 2922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12102922.
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Coloured (black, purple, blue, red, etc.) cereal grains, rich in anthocyanins, have recently gained a lot of attention in the food industry. Anthocyanins are water-soluble flavonoids, and are responsible for red, violet, and blue colours in fruits, vegetables, and grains. Anthocyanins have demonstrated antioxidant potential in both in vitro and in vivo studies, and the consumption of foods high in anthocyanins has been linked to lower risks of chronic diseases. As such, whole grain functional foods made with coloured grains are promising new products. This paper will review the characteristics of cereal anthocyanins, and assess their prevalence in various commercially relevant crops including wheat, barley, maize, and rice. A brief overview of the antioxidant potential, and current research on the health effects of cereal-based anthocyanins will be provided. Finally, processing of coloured cereals in whole grain products will be briefly discussed. A full understanding of the fate of anthocyanins in whole grain products, and more research targeted towards health outcomes of anthocyanin supplementation to/inclusion in cereal food products are the next logical steps in this research field.
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Stepanenko, S. P., B. І. Kotov, and I. S. Popadyuk. "Investigation of the process of pneumatic vibration separation of grain by density during one-dimensional movement of grain flow." Mehanization and electrification of agricultural, no. 14(113) (2021): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.37204/0131-2189-2021-14-8.
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Annotation Purpose. Formation of a mathematical description of the process of moving grains with different density in vibro-pneumatic liquefied grain medium under the action of pulsating air flow to determine the parameters of movement and the possibility of their separation into fractions. Methods. Theoretical determination of the dependences of the motion of grains with different densities in a vibro-pneumatic grain medium with pulsating air flow determines the mathematical method of research based on the addition and numerical solution of the equations of grain motion in a pneumatic vibrating separator. The mathematical model is formed as a result of drawing up the scheme of force interaction on grain in the vibro-pneumatic liquefied grain environment and the differential equations of movement of grains which are presented by a material point and indicators characterizing physical and mechanical properties of grain environment are received. Results. The motion of the center of mass of grains is considered as the motion of a certain particle, the coordinates of which coincide with the coordinates of the moving coordinate system (x, y), and the mass of a single grain m differs from the grains of the medium in density. The change of air flow velocity and the influence of pulsating air flow on the flow of grain material moving on a vibrating perforated surface are determined. The discrete-periodic change of the flow velocity, which is fed through the perforated support surface into the layer of grain material, is analytically described. The parameters of the grain motion process in an oscillating fluidized medium are determined, which are determined by the solution of a complex system of differential equations using computational methods using a PC. Conclusions. As a result of theoretical research, the possibility of increasing the efficiency of separation of grain materials by specific gravity of grains, by intensifying the process of separation of grain material provided the use of pulsating air flows to separate mixtures on vibrating surfaces and compared with existing separators using horizontal and inclined decks grain separation efficiency material increases by 35–42%. Keywords: pulsating air flow, grain, density, trajectory, fluidized medium, separation process, harmonic law of motion.
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MANWEILER, J. W., T. P. ARMSTRONG, and T. E. CRAVENS. "Complex charge distributions of dielectric dust grains due to plasma flow." Journal of Plasma Physics 63, no. 3 (April 2000): 269–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377899008314.
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We examine the charging of dielectric dust grains embedded in a plasma. Our work is a continuation and refinement of our previous research into grain charging problems. In 1993, we discussed preliminary simulation results regarding the charging and intergrain forces between two dielectric dust particles [J. W. Manweiler et al., Adv. Space Res. 13, 10175 (1993)]. Then, in 1996, we discussed preliminary results with respect to dust grain charging within asymmetric plasma conditions and how these affect grain–grain collisional cross-sections [J. W. Manweiler et al., In: The Physics of Dusty Plasmas (ed. P. K. Shukla et al.), p. 22. World Scientific, Singapore (1996)]. This work was extended to evaluate how asymmetric charging affects coagulation rates for dielectric dust grains [J. W. Manweiler et al., In: Physics of Dusty Plasmas, 7th Workshop (ed. M. Horanyi et al.), p. 12. AIP Conf. Proc. 446 (1998)]. Here we report on the results of a significant refinement to our work to study the behaviour of a dielectric dust grain in a plasma with a bulk flow. Since charge transport is inhibited on our dielectric grains, we can examine how asymmetric plasma distributions affect the symmetry of the charge distributions that develop on the surfaces of the grains. A dielectric dust grain in a flowing plasma develops a negative total charge and a dipole moment in its charge distribution that points upstream. We also use this model to study how the presence of a nearby dust grain affects the development of a grain's charge distribution. We demonstrate that a smaller grain–grain separation results in a reduced net charge on each grain. For grains in a flowing plasma, dipole moments are unaffected by close approach except when one grain is directly in the ‘wake’ of the other grain. The studies here show that monopole and dipole electrostatic forces are present when dust is bathed in flowing plasma. Recent infrared studies suggest that a large fraction of young stars have dusty envelopes [G. Schilling, Science286, 66 (1999)]. In the formation of accretion discs around young stars, dust–plasma interactions are probably important. Full details on the calculations of the results discussed in this paper are summarized from a more complete treatment of the subject by Manweiler [PhD Dissertation, University of Kansas (1997)].
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Zheng, Hao, Donghui Wen, Fanzhi Kong, and Donghai Cai. "Research on Critical Load of Lithium Niobate Crystal Lapping." Processes 10, no. 5 (May 5, 2022): 912. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10050912.
Full textAbstract:
The elastic modulus and hardness of lithium niobate crystals were obtained by nanoindentation technology, and critical load and critical indentation depth range were determined by AFM by indentation morphology under different loads. According to the normal distribution characteristics of abrasive grains, the critical load model of lapping was deduced, and the critical load of lithium niobate during lapping process under different grain sizes was obtained. It was verified using a single-factor experiment in which experimental results were consistent with theoretical research.